Equity (law) - Knowledge (XXG)

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Often, this form of relief is in practical terms more valuable to a litigant; for example, a plaintiff whose neighbor will not return his only milk cow, which had wandered onto the neighbor's property, may want that particular cow back, not just its monetary value. However, in general, a litigant cannot obtain equitable relief unless there is "no adequate remedy at law"; that is, a court will not grant an injunction unless monetary damages are an insufficient remedy for the injury in question. Law courts can also enter certain types of immediately enforceable orders, called "

398:". During the 15th century, Chancery pleadings began to expressly invoke "conscience", to the point that English lawyers in the late 15th century thought of Chancery as a court of "conscience", not a court of "equity". However, the "reasoning of the medieval chancellors has not been preserved" as to what they actually meant by the word "conscience", and modern scholars can only indirectly guess at what the word probably meant. The publication of the treatise 1010:: "If the legislature means to enact an injustice, however palpable, the court of Chancery is not the body with whom a correcting power is lodged. That it shall not interpose in any case which does not come within a general description and admit of redress by a general and practicable rule." The US Supreme Court, however, has concluded that courts have wide discretion to fashion relief in cases of equity. The first major statement of this power came in 988:, cases that traditionally would have been handled by the law courts. The question of whether a case should be determined by a jury depends largely on the type of relief the plaintiff requests. If a plaintiff requests damages in the form of money or certain other forms of relief, such as the return of a specific item of property, the remedy is considered legal, and a jury is available as the fact-finder. On the other hand, if the plaintiff requests an 4234: 1166: 4248: 592: 250:

organized into a Chancery Division and a Law Division. There is a difference of opinion in Commonwealth countries as to whether equity and common law have been fused or are merely administered by the same court, with the orthodox view that they have not (expressed as rejecting the "fusion fallacy") prevailing in Australia, while support for fusion has been expressed by the

926:

longer discretionary upon the courts or as the English law has it, "Chancellor's foot" but instead are enforceable rights subject to the conditions under the 1963 Act being satisfied. Nonetheless, in the event of situations not covered under the 1963 Act, the courts in India continue to exercise their inherent powers in terms of Section 151 of the

534:'s response to Selden in an 1818 chancery case: "I cannot agree that the doctrines of this court are to be changed with every succeeding judge. Nothing would inflict on me greater pain, in quitting this place, than the recollection that I had done anything to justify the reproach that the equity of this court varies like the Chancellor's foot." 1028:

successful handling of certain law cases is difficult or impossible unless a temporary restraining order (TRO) or preliminary injunction is issued at the outset, to restrain someone from fleeing the jurisdiction taking the only property available to satisfy a judgment, for instance. Furthermore, certain statutes like the

565:

In order to avoid paying land taxes and other feudal dues, lawyers developed a primitive form of trust called 'the use' that enabled one person (who was not required to pay tax) to hold the legal title of the land for the use of another person. The effect of this trust was that the first person owned

429:

The early chancellors were influenced by their training in theology and canon law, but the law of equity they applied was not canon law, but a new kind of law purportedly driven by conscience. Whatever it meant in the medieval era, the word "conscience" clearly carried a subjective connotation (as it

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Because the writ system was limited to enumerated writs for enumerated rights and wrongs, it sometimes produced unjust results. Thus, even though the King's Bench might have jurisdiction over a case and might have the power to issue the perfect writ, the plaintiff might still not have a case if there

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is particularly well known for the strength of its Equity jurisprudence. However, it was only in 1972 with the introduction of reform to the Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW) that empowered both the Equity and Common Law Division of the Supreme Court of NSW to grant relief in either equity or common law.

521:

Equity is a roguish thing: for law we have a measure, know what to trust to; equity is according to the conscience of him that is Chancellor, and as that is larger or narrower, so is equity. 'Tis all one as if they should make the standard for the measure we call a foot, a Chancellor's foot; what an

362:

argued that the delegation was initially driven by practical concerns and the moral justification came later. The moral justification went as follows: as Keeper of the King's Conscience, the Chancellor "would act in particular cases to admit 'merciful exceptions' to the King's general laws to ensure

526:

After 1660, Chancery cases were regularly reported, several equitable doctrines developed, and equity started to evolve into a system of precedents like its common law cousin. Over time, equity jurisprudence would gradually become a "body of equitable law, as complex, doctrinal, and rule-haunted as

425:

A common criticism of Chancery practice as it developed in the early medieval period was that it lacked fixed rules, varied greatly from Chancellor to Chancellor, and the Chancellor was exercising an unbounded discretion. The counterargument was that equity mitigated the rigour of the common law by

957:

In modern practice, perhaps the most important distinction between law and equity is the set of remedies each offers. The most common civil remedy a court of law can award is monetary damages. Equity, however, enters injunctions or decrees directing someone either to act or to forbear from acting.

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into Chancery. This was a "wild exaggeration", but as a result, the Crown began to transition away from clergy and nonlawyers and instead appointed only lawyers trained in the common law tradition to the position of Lord Chancellor (although there were six more nonlawyer chancellors in the decades

925:

With this codification, the nature and tenure of the equitable reliefs available earlier have been modified to make them statutory rights and are also required to be pleaded specifically to be enforced. Further to the extent that these equitable reliefs have been codified into rights, they are no

1027:

In the United States, the federal courts and most state courts have merged law and equity into courts of general jurisdiction, such as county courts. However, the substantive distinction between law and equity has retained its old vitality. This difference is not a mere technicality, because the

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Litigants began to seek relief against unfair judgments of the common law courts by petitioning the King. Such petitions were initially processed by the King's Council, which itself was quite overworked, and the Council began to delegate the hearing of such petitions to the Lord Chancellor. This

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influenced the development of the distinctly different but related English concept of equity: "The equity administered by the early English chancellors ... confessedly borrowed from the aequitas and the judicial powers of the Roman magistrates." By the 15th century, the judicial power of

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Jurisdictions which have inherited the common law system differ in their treatment of equity. Over the course of the twentieth century some common law systems began to place less emphasis on the historical or institutional origin of substantive legal rules. In England and Wales, Australia, New

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of the 1870s effected a procedural fusion of the two bodies of law, ending their institutional separation. The reforms did not fuse the actual bodies of law however. As an example, this lack of fusion meant it was still not possible to receive an equitable remedy for a purely common law wrong.

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of property. This split propagated to many of the colonies, including the United States. The states of Delaware, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Tennessee continue to have divided Courts of Law and Courts of Chancery. In New Jersey, the appellate courts are unified, but the trial courts are

371:

By the 14th century, it appears that Chancery was operating as a court, affording remedies for which the strict procedures of the common law worked injustice or provided no remedy to a deserving plaintiff. Chancellors often had theological and clerical training and were well versed in

498:(1615) where a judgment of Chief Justice Coke was allegedly obtained by fraud. Chancellor Ellesmere issued an injunction from the Chancery prohibiting the enforcement of the common law order. The two courts became locked in a stalemate, and the matter was eventually referred to the 367:

was right before God". This concern for the King's conscience was then extended to the conscience of the defendant in Chancery, in that the Chancellor would intervene to prevent "unconscionable" conduct on the part of the defendant, in order to protect the conscience of the King.

891:

and repealing the earlier "Specific Relief Act" of 1877. Under the 1963 Act, most equitable concepts were codified and made statutory rights, thereby ending the discretionary role of the courts to grant equitable reliefs. The rights codified under the 1963 Act were as under:

1016:, 75 U.S. 557 (1869). The Court concluded that "relief is not a matter of absolute right to either party; it is a matter resting in the discretion of the court, to be exercised upon a consideration of all the circumstances of each particular case." 537:

Equity's primacy over common law in England was later enshrined in the Judicature Acts of the 1870s, which also served to fuse the courts of equity and the common law (although emphatically not the systems themselves) into one unified court system.

303:, and whose jurisdiction over disputes between the King's subjects was based upon the King's writ. Initially, a writ was probably a vague order to do right by the plaintiff, and it was usually a writ of grace, issued at the pleasure of the King. 1476:

There is currently a divergence of opinion between the High Court of Australia and the Supreme Court of England on this point. In Australia, the continuing existence of the equitable jurisdiction to relieve against penalties has been confirmed:

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After US courts merged law and equity, American law courts adopted many of the procedures of equity courts. The procedures in a court of equity were much more flexible than the courts at common law. In American practice, certain devices such as

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rather than the letter" of the law. What was new was the application of the word "equity" to "the extraordinary form of justice administered by the chancellor", as a convenient way to distinguish Chancery jurisprudence from the common law.

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The latter part of the twentieth century saw increased debate over the utility of treating equity as a separate body of law. These debates were labelled the "fusion wars". A particular flashpoint in this debate centred on the concept of

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In 1972 NSW also adopted one of the essential sections of the Judicature reforms, which emphasised that where there was a conflict between the common law and equity, equity would always prevail. Nevertheless, in 1975 three alumni of

61:, with the general purpose of providing legal remedies for cases wherein the common law is inflexible and cannot fairly resolve the disputed legal matter. Conceptually, equity was part of the historical origins of the system of 577:

The response of the lawyers to this Statute was to create the 'use upon a use'. The Statute recognized only the first use, and so land owners were again able to separate the legal and beneficial interests in their land.

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in 1535 (which became effective in 1536) in an attempt to outlaw this practice and recover lost revenue. The Act effectively made the beneficial owner of the land the legal owner and therefore liable for feudal dues.

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Equity courts were widely distrusted in the northeastern United States following the American Revolution. A serious movement for merger of law and equity began in the states in the mid-19th century, when

2077:

As the title implies, this source is a 314-page treatment of the history of the concept of conscience in the Court of Chancery, to the extent that such history can be inferred from surviving sources.

338:(as a matter of right). Each of these writs was associated with particular circumstances and led to a particular kind of judgment. Procedure in the common law courts became tightly focused on the 1036:

equitable relief, which forces American courts to analyze in lengthy detail whether the relief demanded in particular cases brought under those statutes would have been available in equity.

465:

The development of a court of equity as a remedy for the rigid procedure of the common law courts meant it was inevitable that the two systems would come into conflict. Litigants would go '

2869: 473:

prohibiting the enforcement of a common law court order. The penalty for disobeying an equitable injunction and enforcing an unconscionable common law judgment was imprisonment.

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During the 12th and 13th centuries, writ procedure gradually evolved into something much more rigid. All writs to commence actions had to be purchased by litigants from the

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uncertain measure would this be? One Chancellor has a long foot, another a short foot, a third an indifferent foot: 'tis the same thing in a Chancellor's conscience.

2723: 1079:) have separate divisions for legal and equitable matters in a single court. Virginia had separate law and equity dockets (in the same court) until 2006. Besides 447: 41: 657:

re-affirm the continuing vitality of traditional equitable doctrines. In 2009 the High Court affirmed the importance of equity and dismissed the suggestion that

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argue that in many cases the inclusion of the label "legal" or "equitable" before a substantive rule is often unnecessary. Many English universities, such as

430:

still does today). Complaints about equity as an arbitrary exercise of conscience by nonlawyer Chancellors became quite frequent under the chancellorship of

2575: 438: 342:(the particular procedure authorized by a particular writ to enforce a particular substantive right), rather than what modern lawyers would now call the 1577: at – (Spigelman CJ), – (Mason P, dissenting), (Heydon JA), (2003) 56 NSWLR 298, 306 (Spigelman CJ), 325–9 (Mason P, dissenting), 391–2 (Heydon JA) 1127:

in 1978, bankruptcy courts are still officially considered "courts of equity" and exercise equitable powers under Section 105 of the Bankruptcy Code.

510:, upheld the use of the equitable injunction and concluded that in the event of any conflict between the common law and equity, equity would prevail. 949:

which confers wide powers on the Supreme Court to pass orders "as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause of matter pending before it".

4215: 764: 4298: 1029: 2638: 499: 3043: 2705: 1906: 1624: 477: 102:). Later, in civil law systems, equity was integrated in the legal rules, while in common law systems it became an independent body of law. 65:

of England, yet is a field of law separate from common law, because equity has its own unique rules and principles, and was administered by

691:. It remains one of the most highly regarded practitioner texts in Australia and England. The work is now in its 5th edition and edited by 1363:'Common law' here is used in its narrow sense, referring to that body of law principally developed in the superior courts of common law: 857:, but can deal with situations where the law is silent, or where there is an omission in statute. Such an omission is sometimes termed a 2999: 2932: 2532: 1364: 481: 355: 288: 170: 133: 3028: 2793:

Funk, Kellen (2015). "Equity without Chancery: The Fusion of Law and Equity in the Field Code of Civil Procedure, New York 1846–76".

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was not a single form of action combining them. Lacking a legal remedy, the plaintiff's only option would be to petition the King.

30:

This article is about the area of law. For remedies offered by this area of law, such as injunctions and specific performance, see

3755: 3624: 3018: 1049: 476:

The 1615 conflict between common law and equity came about because of a "clash of strong personalities" between Lord Chancellor

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and whether areas of law traditionally regarded as equitable could be rationalised as part of a single body of law known as the

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in the early 16th century marked the beginning of Chancery's transformation from a court of conscience to a court of equity.

3717: 3351: 2975: 2951: 2777: 2732: (2006). (Roberts CJ for a unanimous court) (reviewing the scope of equitable relief as authorized by the ERISA statute). 2304: 1965: 687: 455: 132:

For much of its history, the English common law was principally developed and administered in the central royal courts: the

1329:

A Law Dictionary, containing definitions of the terms and phrases of American and English jurisprudence, ancient and modern

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was appointed as Lord Chancellor in 2016, but this was after the position had been stripped of its judicial powers by the

266: 162: 1156: 3877: 3356: 2322: 2210: 2166: 2124: 459: 278: 3872: 251: 617: 494:

that required the release of people imprisoned for contempt of chancery orders. This tension reached a climax in the

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2 AC 694, 700), where the notion that the court's jurisdiction to grant relief was "unlimited and unfettered" (per

446:

after Wriothesley). The last person without training in the common law before 2016 to serve as Lord Chancellor was

395: 307: 196: 879:

doctrine of equity had traditionally been followed even after it became independent in 1947. However, in 1963 the

613: 322:

that the Chancellor could no longer create new writs without permission from the King and the King's Council (the

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in terms of Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. Further, such inherent powers are vested in the

3725: 3707: 1588: 880: 442: 408: 189: 73: 3376: 2248: 513:

Chancery continued to be the subject of extensive criticism, the most famous of which was 17th-century jurist

495: 125:. In common law jurisdictions, the word "equity" "is not a synonym for 'general fairness' or 'natural justice 4100: 3887: 3361: 1529: 888: 776: 745: 704: 654: 204: 35: 4155: 4140: 2464: 1552:

and equitable courts, procedure, rights, and remedies, etc., are frequently contrasted, and in this sense

942: 931: 804: 566:

the land under the common law, but the second person had a right to use the land under the law of equity.

400: 2449: 1000:, modification of contract, or some other non-monetary relief, the claim would usually be one in equity. 4288: 4259: 3852: 3530: 3341: 1068: 1048:

of 1848. The federal courts did not abandon the old law/equity separation until the promulgation of the

1041: 946: 812: 466: 390:

Early Chancery pleadings vaguely invoked some sort of higher justice, such as with the formula "for the

315: 157:

Zealand, and Canada, equity remains a distinct body of law. Modern equity includes, among other things:

3980: 3326: 1241: 1064: 997: 993: 938: 741: 551: 319: 153:

Judicial or academic reasoning which assumes the contrary has been described as a "fusion fallacy".

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Before that point in time, the word "equity" was used in the common law to refer to a principle of

287:

of England in the 11th century, royal justice came to be administered in three central courts: the

2599: 3950: 3609: 3463: 3448: 3426: 3170: 3150: 3103: 3093: 2893:"Another Conflict in the Circuits Brewing Over Bankruptcy Court's Equitable Powers Under §105(a)" 2836: 2810: 2678: 2380: 1832: 1687: 1204: 792: 559: 507: 418: 296: 234: 141: 1533: 1075:. However, merger in some states is less than complete; some other states (such as Illinois and 2549:"Nobile officium used to recognise English High Court orders due to statutory casus improvisus" 2525:

The Nobile Officium: The Extraordinary Equitable Jurisdiction of the Supreme Courts of Scotland

653:

Equity remains a cornerstone of Australian private law. A string of cases in the 1980s saw the

245:

to a party to do something, give something to someone, or stop doing something) and recognized

3935: 3857: 3695: 3438: 3433: 3386: 3311: 3305: 3145: 3063: 3039: 2995: 2971: 2947: 2928: 2822: 2818: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2701: 2614: 2528: 2332: 2326: 2300: 2270: 2220: 2214: 2176: 2170: 2134: 2128: 2094: 2059: 2025: 1991: 1961: 1936: 1902: 1863: 1857: 1812: 1760: 1735: 1710: 1645: 1620: 1537: 1457: 1432: 1395: 1389: 1301: 1266: 1226: 1194: 1012: 725: 674: 658: 262: 226: 145: 118: 81: 58: 46: 2495: 2088: 2053: 2019: 1985: 1896: 1614: 1574: 299:. The common law developed in these royal courts, which were created by the authority of the 129:", but refers to "a particular body of rules that originated in a special system of courts". 3940: 3907: 3406: 3270: 3265: 3230: 2802: 2670: 2372: 2264: 1930: 1824: 1792: 1679: 1327: 1231: 1220: 1214: 1003: 800: 359: 230: 66: 31: 2479: 2433: 2417: 1482: 4189: 4162: 4150: 4130: 4064: 4059: 4042: 4022: 4017: 3997: 3862: 3842: 3837: 3740: 3700: 3411: 3336: 3260: 3245: 3165: 3022: 2399: 1261: 1209: 1179: 1007: 854: 853:

or the common law already specify the relevant remedy. Thus, the Court cannot set aside a

818: 669: 570: 343: 314:. After writs began to become more specific and creative (in terms of the relief sought), 311: 300: 284: 149: 4266: 4074: 3992: 3581: 3547: 3498: 3483: 3255: 3160: 3140: 3130: 1522: 1293: 1236: 748:, continue to teach Equity as a standalone subject. Leading practitioner texts include 737: 682: 339: 257:

For most purposes, the U.S. federal system and most states have merged the two courts.

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delegation is often justified by the fact that the Lord Chancellor was literally the

326:). Pursuant to this authorization, litigants could purchase certain enumerated writs 211: 1490: 1067:(which includes a disproportionate number of multi-state corporations) are decided; 546:

One area in which the Court of Chancery assumed a vital role was the enforcement of

4252: 4002: 3970: 3925: 3663: 3658: 3629: 3542: 3520: 3488: 3421: 3401: 3295: 3235: 3225: 3177: 3113: 3056: 2845: 2508: 1144: 1136: 1100: 937:

There is no such inherent powers with the criminal courts in India except with the

830: 696: 692: 434:(1515–1529), who "had no legal training, and delighted in putting down lawyers". 2985:

For a brief outline of the maxims, doctrines and remedies developed under equity:

2806: 1862:(2001 reprint of 5th ed.). Boston: Little, Brown & Company. p. 180. 1508:

4. The body of law derived from law courts as opposed to those sitting in equity.

4233: 4174: 4115: 4105: 3902: 3897: 3735: 3636: 3552: 3511: 3478: 3443: 3366: 3290: 3240: 3155: 1960:. Clarendon Law Series (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 10–11. 1246: 1165: 1140: 973:

Another distinction is the unavailability of a jury in equity: the judge is the

733: 721: 662: 547: 514: 485: 391: 323: 246: 242: 200: 111: 1670:

Burrows, Andrew (1 March 2002), "We Do This At Common Law But That in Equity",

4238: 4167: 4047: 3985: 3730: 3651: 3646: 3604: 3586: 3574: 3535: 3381: 3371: 3331: 3316: 3300: 3250: 3187: 3182: 1189: 1170: 1112: 1088: 1076: 1045: 989: 978: 967: 918: 876: 838: 796: 555: 470: 364: 238: 122: 114: 77: 62: 17: 2700:. New Horizons in Law and Economics. Cheltenham, England: Elgar. p. 20. 841:

are silent, and prevent mistakes in procedure or practice that would lead to

728:. The main challenge to it has come from academic writers working within the 661:

has explanatory power in relation to traditional equitable doctrines such as

4145: 4110: 4052: 4027: 3892: 3789: 3777: 3762: 3750: 3678: 3596: 3569: 3453: 1256: 1084: 846: 842: 554:

could not accommodate. This role gave rise to the basic distinction between

451: 377: 373: 229:

had two complementary court systems: courts of "law" which could only award

221:, 10th ed., definition 4, differentiates "common law" (or just "law") from " 176: 93: 85: 1794:

An Historical Sketch of the Equitable Jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery

2661:"Events Subsequent to the Contract As a Defence to Specific Performance". 1683: 1548:

Second, with the development of equity and equitable rights and remedies,

1006:

explained in 1785 that there are three main limitations on the power of a

4194: 4179: 3882: 3767: 3564: 3108: 1184: 1104: 1096: 1056: 1021: 900: 808: 233:

and recognized only the legal owner of property, and courts of "equity" (

182: 98: 2918:

For a history of equity in England, including the Statute of Uses 1535:

2835:

Sources that mention four states (e.g., Laycock 2002) generally include

4084: 4032: 4012: 3960: 3772: 3690: 3506: 3468: 3416: 2682: 2384: 2361:"'Cardozo's Foot': The Chancellor's Conscience and Constructive Trusts" 2360: 1836: 1691: 1132: 1108: 1092: 834: 2839:, which abolished its separate chancery courts as of January 1, 2002. 27:

Set of legal principles supplementing but distinct from the Common Law

4184: 4037: 3782: 3673: 3668: 3614: 3285: 144:. Equity was the name given to the law which was administered in the 2674: 2376: 2090:

Conscience, Equity and the Court of Chancery in Early Modern England

2055:

Conscience, Equity and the Court of Chancery in Early Modern England

2021:

Conscience, Equity and the Court of Chancery in Early Modern England

1987:

Conscience, Equity and the Court of Chancery in Early Modern England

1828: 620:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 530:

One indicator of equity's evolution into a coherent body of law was

2961:

For a general treatise on Equity, including a historical analysis:

763:

Limits on the power of equity in English law were clarified by the

84:. The tradition of equity begins in antiquity with the writings of 4125: 4069: 3975: 3816: 3619: 3118: 2253:, I Ch Rep I, 21 ER 485 (Court of Chancery 1615). 872: 773:

Scandinavian Trading Tanker Co. A.B. v Flota Petrolera Ecuatoriana

40: 3038:

Hudson, Alastair, 5th edition, Routledge-Cavendish, London, 2007

4007: 3955: 3811: 3209: 3125: 2970:. Clarendon Law Series (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1709:. Clarendon Law Series (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1431:. Trusts, Wills and Probate Library (5th ed.). LexisNexis. 959: 3052: 1115:

was also historically considered an equitable matter; although

966:), but they are less flexible and less easily obtained than an 117:, equity is the body of law which was developed in the English 3079: 2639:"Judicial Revision of Frustrated Contracts: The United States" 2331:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 119. 2219:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 117. 2175:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 115. 2133:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 114. 1668:

For an example of the pro-fusionist view, see Andrew Burrows,

1394:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 105. 585: 462:

as the highest judge sitting in equity in England and Wales.)

2510:

Union Eagle Limited v. Golden Achievement Limited (Hong Kong)

2476:

Cukurova Finance International Ltd v Alfa Telecom Turkey Ltd

2269:(9th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 6. 1935:(9th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 5. 1898:

The Principles of Roman Law and Their Relation to Modern Law

1429:

Meagher, Gummow & Lehane's Equity: Doctrine and Remedies

1321: 1319: 1317: 1055:

Three states still have separate courts for law and equity:

488:. Chief Justice Coke began the practice of issuing writs of 2866:

Rules of the Supreme Court of Virginia, Rule 3:1. See also

1901:(2002 reprint ed.). The Lawbook Exchange. p. 79. 1119:

is today a purely federal matter, reserved entirely to the

1044:

convinced New York State to adopt what became known as the

981:

in civil cases tried in federal court is guaranteed by the

896:

Recovery of possession of immovable property (ss. 5–8)

2992:

Todd & Watt's Cases and Materials on Equity and Trusts

2870:"The Merger of Common-Law and Equity Pleading in Virginia" 1087:, areas traditionally handled by chancery courts included 332:(as a matter of course) which later became known as writs 1479:

Andrews v Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited

1024:

law regarding intent and enforcement. as well as equity.

2942:

Cockburn, Tina; Harris, Wendy; Shirley, Melinda (2005).

2513:

UKPC 5, delivered 3 February 1997, accessed 13 July 2023

1391:

An Introduction to the Legal System of the United States

845:. The exercise of this power is limited by adherence to 57:

is the particular body of law, developed in the English

1640:

Degeling, Simone; Edelman, James, eds. (October 2005).

609: 582:

Comparison of equity traditions in common law countries

3048: 1485:, 247 CLR 205. In England, this view was not adopted: 417:: the idea that written laws ought to be interpreted " 2923:

Cockburn, Tina; Shirley, Melinda (14 November 2011).

1848: 1846: 1427:

Heydon, J. D.; Leeming, M. J.; Turner, P. G. (2014).

1332:(second ed.). West Publishing Co. pp. 432–3 1154: 783:

A.C. 691, 726) was rejected as a "beguiling heresy".

795:

have never recognised a division between the normal

121:

and which is now administered concurrently with the

4203: 4093: 3916: 3825: 3716: 3595: 3497: 3218: 3086: 3016:

Christopher St. Germain's Doctor and Student (1518)

2297:

Sources of English Legal and Constitutional History

1797:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 9. 758:

Hayton & Underhill's Law of Trusts and Trustees

441:, a nonlawyer, was accused of trying to inject the 346:(the underlying substantive right to be enforced). 2761: 2637: 2576:"A Brief Excursion into the Scottish Legal System" 2574: 1589:"Fallacy or Furphy?: Fusion in a Judicature World" 1521: 2743:Great-West Life & Annuity Ins. Co. v. Knudson 2317: 2315: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2119: 2117: 1979: 1977: 185:(including promissory and proprietary estoppel); 2724:Sereboff v. Mid Atlantic Medical Services, Inc. 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1487:Cavendish Square Holding BV v Talal El Makdessi 1300:. Oxford University Press 2021. pp. 11ff. 519: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1619:(3rd ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster. 448:Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury 3064: 2764:Modern American Remedies: Cases and materials 977:. In the American legal system, the right of 273:History of equity in common law jurisdictions 8: 2891:Hawes, Lesley Anne (January–February 2013). 912:Cancellation of instruments (ss. 31–33) 695:, former Justice of the High Court, Justice 106:Equity in common law jurisdictions (general) 2631: 2629: 2093:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. p. 44. 2058:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. p. 17. 2024:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. p. 15. 1990:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. p. 13. 1298:The Function of Equity in International Law 858: 824: 816: 412: 381: 333: 327: 3071: 3057: 3049: 2698:Inflation and the Enforcement of Contracts 2299:, Sydney: Butterworths, pp. 223–224, 2295:Evans, Michael; Jack, R Ian, eds. (1984), 1806: 1804: 1664: 1662: 1354:(Peter Muckley tr, Martinus Nijhoff 2008) 426:looking to substance rather than to form. 3029:Delaware Court of Chancery: Official site 2994:(6th ed.). Oxford University Press. 1759:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1734:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 906:Rectification of instruments (s. 26) 636:Learn how and when to remove this message 450:, who served briefly from 1672 to 1673. ( 4216:History of the American legal profession 3025:, the classic common law text on equity. 2328:An Introduction to English Legal History 2216:An Introduction to English Legal History 2172:An Introduction to English Legal History 2130:An Introduction to English Legal History 1757:The Principles of the Law of Restitution 380:. During this era, the Roman concept of 2587:(2). University of Birmingham: 155–161. 1278: 1161: 1030:Employee Retirement Income Security Act 1020:was for many years the leading case in 909:Recession of contracts (ss. 27–30) 72:Equity exists in domestic law, both in 2966:Worthington, Sarah (12 October 2006). 1956:Worthington, Sarah (12 October 2006). 1456:(33rd ed.). Sweet & Maxwell. 1452:McGhee, John, ed. (13 December 2017). 720:Equity remains a distinct part of the 318:responded in 1258 by providing in the 2768:(3rd ed.). Aspen Press. p. 1422: 1420: 1418: 677:and judges of the NSW Supreme Court, 550:, a role that the rigid framework of 7: 2844:. Arkansas Judiciary. Archived from 2461:Law Reform (Law and Equity) Act 1972 2359:Powell, H. Jefferson (Summer 1993). 1506:(10th ed.). 2014. p. 334. 1288: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1147:originated in the courts of equity. 915:Declaratory decrees (ss. 34–35) 887:following the recommendation of the 469:' and often would seek an equitable 2946:. Sydney: LexisNexis Butterworths. 2598:Jefferson, Thomas (November 1785). 1859:A Concise History of the Common Law 1730:Burrows, Andrew (2 December 2010). 1528:(2nd, revised ed.). New York: 1504:Black's Law Dictionary – Common law 1524:A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage 387:Chancery was clearly recognised. 25: 3200:Restitution and unjust enrichment 2874:University of Richmond Law Review 1895:Burdick, William Livesey (1938). 811:) has exercised an equitable and 4247: 4246: 4232: 2636:Dawson, John P. (January 1984). 1854:Plucknett, Theodore Frank Thomas 1791:Kerly, Duncan Mackenzie (1890). 1755:Virgo, Graham (13 August 2015). 1705:Birks, Peter (13 January 2005). 1613:Friedman, Lawrence Meir (2005). 1164: 1050:Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 688:Equity: Doctrines & Remedies 590: 4211:History of the legal profession 1672:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 1121:United States Bankruptcy Courts 1117:bankruptcy in the United States 945:in terms of Article 142 of the 829:enables the Court to provide a 701:New South Wales Court of Appeal 506:. Sir Francis, by authority of 356:Keeper of the King's Conscience 110:In jurisdictions following the 53:In the field of jurisprudence, 49:, in early 19th-century London. 4299:Legal doctrines and principles 2492:Harris v Digital Pulse Pty Ltd 1571:Harris v Digital Pulse Pty Ltd 1326:Black, Henry Campbell (1891). 1063:is where most cases involving 781:Shiloh Spinners Ltd v. Harding 456:Constitutional Reform Act 2005 192:and relief against forfeiture; 1: 2807:10.1080/01440365.2015.1047560 2365:Law and Contemporary Problems 1125:United States Bankruptcy Code 1083:, which developed out of the 928:Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 480:and the Chief Justice of the 2990:Watt, Gary (29 March 2007). 2644:Boston University Law Review 799:and equity, and as such the 460:Chancellor of the High Court 310:, the head of which was the 279:History of equity and trusts 2602:. Letter to Phillip Mazzei. 1817:Political Science Quarterly 1350:María José Falcón y Tella, 616:the claims made and adding 252:New Zealand Court of Appeal 4315: 3878:International legal theory 3357:International slavery laws 3352:International human rights 3347:International criminal law 2087:Klinck, Dennis R. (2010). 2052:Klinck, Dennis R. (2010). 2018:Klinck, Dennis R. (2010). 1984:Klinck, Dennis R. (2010). 1811:Goodnow, Frank J. (1891). 1200:Delaware Court of Chancery 527:the common law ever was". 419:according to the intention 276: 29: 4226: 3931:Administration of justice 2760:Laycock, Douglas (2002). 2523:Thomson, Stephen (2015). 1616:A History of American Law 1587:Tilbury, Michael (2003). 1575:[2003] NSWCA 10 1520:Garner, Bryan A. (2001). 703:, and Dr Peter Turner of 685:and John Lehane produced 3708:Basic structure doctrine 3558:Natural and legal rights 3439:Public international law 2795:Journal of Legal History 2696:Renner, Shirley (1999). 2573:White, J. R. C. (1981). 2527:. Edinburgh: Avizandum. 1813:"The Writ of Certiorari" 1642:Equity in Commercial Law 1123:by the enactment of the 899:Specific performance of 730:law of unjust enrichment 409:statutory interpretation 267:law of unjust enrichment 3888:Principle of typicality 3362:International trade law 2496:[2003] NSWCA 10 2403:(1818) 2 Swan 402, 414. 1530:Oxford University Press 1032:specifically authorize 930:, which applies to all 889:Law Commission of India 777:Lord Simon of Glaisdale 655:High Court of Australia 569:Henry VIII enacted the 2927:. Sydney: Lawbook Co. 2868:Bryson, W. H. (2006). 2480:[2013] UKPC 20 2446:Supreme Court Act 1970 1732:The Law of Restitution 1644:. Sydney: Lawbook Co. 1556:is distinguished from 1491:[2015] UKSC 67 986:in Suits at common law 943:Supreme Court of India 859: 825: 817: 524: 413: 401:The Doctor and Student 382: 334: 328: 219:Black's Law Dictionary 50: 34:. For other uses, see 3883:Principle of legality 3642:Delegated legislation 3342:Intellectual property 2581:Holdsworth Law Review 2434:[2009] HCA 44 2418:[1985] HCA 78 2249:Earl of Oxford's Case 1483:[2012] HCA 30 1065:Delaware corporations 1042:David Dudley Field II 962:" (such as a writ of 947:Constitution of India 813:inherent jurisdiction 496:Earl of Oxford's case 467:jurisdiction shopping 293:Court of Common Pleas 289:Court of King's Bench 138:Court of Common Pleas 134:Court of King's Bench 44: 4101:Barristers' chambers 4043:Legal representation 3981:Justice of the peace 3327:Financial regulation 2925:Equity in a Nutshell 2669:(5): 411. May 1916. 1382:Farnsworth, E. Allan 1242:Politics (Aristotle) 998:specific performance 994:declaratory judgment 705:Cambridge University 542:Statute of Uses 1535 437:In 1546, Chancellor 320:Provisions of Oxford 161:the law relating to 4136:Election commission 3848:Expressive function 3377:Landlord–tenant law 3276:Consumer protection 2944:Equity & Trusts 2663:Columbia Law Review 2553:The Nobile Officium 2430:Bofinger v Kingsway 2263:Watt, Gary (2020). 1929:Watt, Gary (2020). 1684:10.1093/ojls/22.1.1 885:Parliament of India 881:Specific Relief Act 732:. Scholars such as 560:equitable interests 335:ex debito justitiae 237:) that could issue 171:constructive trusts 4094:Legal institutions 3961:Lawsuit/Litigation 3951:Dispute resolution 3756:Catholic canon law 3464:State of emergency 3427:Will and testament 3151:Law of obligations 3104:Constitutional law 3094:Administrative law 3021:2014-04-07 at the 2600:"To Philip Mazzei" 2414:Muschinski v Dodds 883:was passed by the 793:courts of Scotland 601:possibly contains 439:Thomas Wriothesley 235:courts of chancery 183:equitable estoppel 51: 45:Legal equity: The 4276: 4275: 3936:Constitutionalism 3858:Law and economics 3696:Act of parliament 3434:Product liability 3387:Legal archaeology 3312:Environmental law 3306:Entertainment law 3146:International law 3044:978-0-415-41847-8 3035:Equity and Trusts 2848:on August 4, 2011 2707:978-1-84064-062-5 2615:Willard v. Tayloe 2507:Lord Hoffman, in 2266:Trusts and Equity 1932:Trusts and Equity 1908:978-1-58477-253-8 1707:Unjust Enrichment 1626:978-0-7432-8258-1 1267:Unjust enrichment 1227:Inequity aversion 1195:Court of Chancery 1061:Court of Chancery 1018:Willard v. Tayloe 1013:Willard v. Tayloe 983:Seventh Amendment 726:England and Wales 716:England and Wales 675:Sydney Law School 659:unjust enrichment 646: 645: 638: 603:original research 263:unjust enrichment 239:injunctive relief 195:the doctrines of 146:Court of Chancery 119:Court of Chancery 115:common law system 82:international law 59:Court of Chancery 47:Court of Chancery 16:(Redirected from 4306: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4237: 4236: 4060:Question of fact 3941:Criminal justice 3271:Construction law 3266:Conflict of laws 3231:Agricultural law 3073: 3066: 3059: 3050: 3005: 2981: 2957: 2938: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2767: 2757: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2641: 2633: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2578: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2520: 2514: 2505: 2499: 2489: 2483: 2482: at para. 20 2473: 2467: 2458: 2452: 2443: 2437: 2427: 2421: 2410: 2404: 2396: 2390: 2388: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2319: 2310: 2309: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2260: 2254: 2252: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2207: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2163: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2121: 2112: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2084: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1981: 1972: 1971: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1926: 1913: 1912: 1892: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1850: 1841: 1840: 1808: 1799: 1798: 1788: 1771: 1770: 1752: 1746: 1745: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1702: 1696: 1694: 1666: 1657: 1655: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1596:UNSW Law Journal 1593: 1584: 1578: 1568: 1562: 1561: 1527: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1500: 1494: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1424: 1413: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1378: 1372: 1361: 1355: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1323: 1312: 1311: 1290: 1232:Maxims of equity 1221:Ex aequo et bono 1215:Equitable remedy 1169: 1168: 1160: 1004:Thomas Jefferson 921:(ss. 36–42) 862: 860:casus improvisus 828: 822: 801:Court of Session 641: 634: 630: 627: 621: 618:inline citations 594: 593: 586: 500:Attorney General 416: 385: 363:that the King's 360:Francis Palgrave 337: 331: 225:". 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698: 694: 690: 689: 684: 680: 679:Roddy Meagher 676: 671: 668:The state of 666: 664: 660: 656: 648: 640: 637: 629: 626:November 2007 619: 615: 611: 605: 604: 599:This article 597: 588: 587: 581: 579: 575: 572: 567: 563: 561: 557: 553: 549: 541: 539: 535: 533: 528: 523: 518: 517:'s aphorism: 516: 511: 509: 505: 504:Francis Bacon 501: 497: 493: 492: 491:habeas corpus 487: 483: 479: 474: 472: 468: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 444: 440: 435: 433: 432:Thomas Wolsey 427: 423: 420: 415: 411:derived from 410: 405: 403: 402: 397: 393: 388: 384: 379: 375: 369: 366: 361: 357: 351: 347: 345: 341: 336: 330: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 280: 272: 270: 268: 264: 258: 255: 253: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 231:money damages 228: 224: 220: 213: 209: 206: 202: 198: 194: 191: 187: 184: 181: 178: 177:fiduciary law 175: 172: 168: 164: 160: 159: 158: 154: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 130: 124: 120: 116: 113: 105: 103: 101: 100: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 70: 68: 64: 60: 56: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 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Selden, 2211:Baker, John 2167:Baker, John 2125:Baker, John 1875:27 February 1678:(1): 1–16, 1247:Restitution 1141:cross-claim 1069:Mississippi 939:High Courts 934:in India. 919:Injunctions 851:legislation 849:, and when 805:civil court 734:Peter Birks 663:subrogation 515:John Selden 486:Edward Coke 392:love of God 358:, although 324:curia regis 243:court order 205:marshalling 201:subrogation 92:) and with 4294:Common law 4283:Categories 4168:Law school 4048:Prosecutor 3986:Magistrate 3773:Jewish law 3731:Common law 3652:Rulemaking 3647:Regulation 3597:Law making 3536:Divine law 3512:Legal code 3459:Sports law 3382:Law of war 3332:Health law 3317:Family law 3301:Energy law 3251:Bankruptcy 3188:Punishment 3183:Public law 2977:0199290504 2953:0409321346 2914:References 2779:0735524696 2748:534 US 204 2730:547 US 356 2344:August 26, 2306:0409493821 2291:Table Talk 2232:August 26, 2188:August 26, 2146:August 26, 1967:0199290504 1554:common law 1550:common law 1532:. p. 1190:Common law 1113:Bankruptcy 1077:New Jersey 1046:Field Code 990:injunction 979:jury trial 968:injunction 877:common law 839:common law 797:common law 610:improve it 532:Lord Eldon 471:injunction 365:conscience 316:Parliament 295:, and the 283:After the 210:equitable 140:, and the 123:common law 78:common law 63:common law 4146:Judiciary 4141:Executive 4116:The bench 4053:Solicitor 4028:Barrister 3908:Sociology 3893:Pseudolaw 3833:Anarchist 3790:Roman law 3778:Parsi law 3763:Hindu law 3751:Canon law 3726:Civil law 3679:Concordat 3570:Precedent 3479:Trust law 3454:Space law 3291:Drugs law 3161:Procedure 3099:Civil law 2815:142977209 2450:s 44 1257:Trust Law 1097:adoptions 1073:Tennessee 1052:in 1938. 901:contracts 847:precedent 843:injustice 746:Cambridge 649:Australia 614:verifying 478:Ellesmere 452:Liz Truss 443:civil law 378:canon law 374:Roman law 297:Exchequer 190:penalties 167:resulting 142:Exchequer 94:Roman law 90:epieikeia 86:Aristotle 74:civil law 4253:Category 4195:Tribunal 4180:Military 4023:Attorney 3993:Judgment 3853:Feminist 3768:Jain law 3565:Case law 3286:Cyberlaw 3193:Corporal 3171:Criminal 3141:Evidence 3131:Doctrine 3109:Contract 3019:Archived 2880:: 77–82. 2837:Arkansas 2650:(1): 32. 2465:s 5 2325:(2019). 2213:(2019). 2169:(2019). 2127:(2019). 1856:(1956). 1384:(2010). 1296:(2021). 1185:Case law 1151:See also 1105:marriage 1059:, whose 1057:Delaware 1022:contract 809:Scotland 787:Scotland 552:land law 414:aequitas 383:aequitas 329:de cursu 308:Chancery 99:aequitas 4267:Outline 4204:History 4111:The bar 4085:Verdict 4033:Counsel 4013:Justice 3868:History 3691:Statute 3507:Charter 3469:Tax law 3417:Probate 2902:18 June 2852:July 3, 2823:2600201 2683:1110409 2385:1192175 1837:2139490 1692:3600632 1558:equity. 1388:(ed.). 1133:joinder 1109:divorce 1093:probate 837:or the 835:statute 699:of the 608:Please 396:charity 227:England 212:set-off 163:express 112:English 76:and in 4185:Police 4156:Agency 4038:Lawyer 3783:Sharia 3674:Treaty 3669:Repeal 3615:Decree 3526:Custom 3422:Estate 3372:Labour 3136:Equity 3042: 2998: 2974: 2968:Equity 2950: 2931: 2821: 2813: 2776: 2704: 2681: 2558:11 May 2531: 2463:(NSW) 2448:(NSW) 2383: 2335: 2303: 2273: 2223: 2179: 2137: 2097: 2062: 2028: 1994: 1964: 1958:Equity 1939: 1905: 1866: 1835: 1763: 1738: 1713: 1690: 1648: 1623: 1540: 1460: 1435: 1398: 1336:14 May 1304: 1157:Portal 1103:, and 1071:; and 833:where 823:. 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