Fiduciary - Knowledge (XXG)

1257:, and the Generation Foundation, aims to end the debate on whether fiduciary duty is a legitimate barrier to the integration of environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues in investment practice and decision-making. This followed the 2015 publication of "Fiduciary Duty in the 21st Century" which concluded that "failing to consider all long-term investment value drivers, including ESG issues, is a failure of fiduciary duty". Founded on the realization that there is a general lack of legal clarity globally about the relationship between sustainability and investors’ fiduciary duty, the programme engaged with and interviewed over 400 policymakers and investors to raise awareness of the importance of ESG issues to the fiduciary duties of investors. The programme also published roadmaps which set out recommendations to fully embed the consideration of ESG factors in the fiduciary duties of investors across more than eight capital markets. Drawing upon findings from Fiduciary Duty in the 21st Century, the European Commission High-Level Expert Group (HLEG) recommended in its 2018 final report that the EU Commission clarify investor duties to better embrace long-term horizon and sustainability preferences. 27: 285:

when they take actions for improper purposes or, in certain circumstances, when their actions have grossly inequitable results. The duty to act in good faith is an obligation not only to make decisions free from self-interest, but also free of any interest that diverts the control persons from acting in the best interest of the company. The duty to act in good faith may be measured by an individual's particular knowledge and expertise. The higher the level of expertise, the more accountable that person will be (e.g., a finance expert may be held to a more exacting standard than others in accepting a third party valuation).

733:... within a particular contractual relationship there are specific contractual obligations which the employee has undertaken which have placed him in a situation where equity imposes these rigorous duties in addition to the contractual obligations. Although terminologies like duty of good faith, or loyalty, or the mutual duty of trust and confidence are frequently used to describe employment relationships, such concepts usually denote situations where "a party merely has to take into consideration the interests of another, but does not have to act in the interests of that other. 184:. In Australia, it has been found that there is no comprehensive list of criteria by which to establish a fiduciary relationship. Courts have so far refused to define the concept of a fiduciary, instead preferring to develop the law on a case-by-case basis and by way of analogy. Fiduciary relationships are of different types and carry different obligations so that a test appropriate to determine whether a fiduciary relationship exists for one purpose might be inappropriate for another: 111:") such that there must be no conflict of duty between fiduciary and principal, and the fiduciary must not profit from their position as a fiduciary, unless the principal consents. The nature of fiduciary obligations differs among jurisdictions. In Australia, only proscriptive or negative fiduciary obligations are recognised, whereas in Canada, fiduciaries can come under both proscriptive (negative) and prescriptive (positive) fiduciary obligations. 314:. Scholarly literature has defined this as a "tripartite fiduciary duty", composed of (1) an overarching duty to the corporation, which contains two component duties — (2) a duty to protect shareholder interests from harm, and (3) a procedural duty of "fair treatment" for relevant stakeholder interests. This tripartite structure encapsulates the duty of directors to act in the "best interests of the corporation, viewed as a good corporate citizen". 1236:', trustees have started to exercise more forcefully their governance prerogatives across the boardrooms of Britain, Benelux and America: coming together through the establishment of engaged pressure groups." However, in the United States, there are questions whether a pension's decision to consider factors such as how investments impact contributors' continued employment violate a fiduciary duty to maximize the retirement fund's returns. 292: 345:, may be held to a fiduciary duty similar in some respects to that of a trustee. This happens when, for example, the directors of a bank are trustees for the depositors, the directors of a corporation are trustees for the stockholders or a guardian is trustee of their ward's property. A person in a sensitive position sometimes protects themselves from possible conflict of interest charges by setting up a 277:

critical eye and do not unquestionably accept the information and conclusions provided to them. Under normal circumstances, their actions are accorded the protection of the business judgment rule, which presumes that control persons acted properly, provided that they act on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the company.

1079:. Similarly, the fiduciary, who received the bribe, has committed a crime. Fiduciary duties are an aspect of equity and, in accordance with the equitable principles, or maxims, equity serves those with clean hands. Therefore, the bribe is held on constructive trust for the principal, the only innocent party. 1187:

is another potential remedy. It is usually used where the breach of duty was ongoing or when the gain is hard to identify. The idea of an account of profits is that the fiduciary profited unconscionably by virtue of the fiduciary position, so any profit made should be transferred to the principal. It

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planned to order a 180-delay of implementation of the rule, sometimes known as the 'fiduciary rule'. The rule would require "brokers offering retirement investment advice to put their clients' interest first". The Trump Administration later rescinded the fiduciary rule on July 20, 2018. Prior to its

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or fiduciary contract), involving essentially a sale to a person coupled with an agreement that the purchaser should sell the property back upon the fulfillment of certain conditions. Such contracts were used in the emancipation of children, in connection with testamentary gifts and in pledges. Under

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Australian courts also do not recognise parents and their children to be in fiduciary relationships. In contrast, the Supreme Court of Canada allowed a child to sue her father for damages for breach of his fiduciary duties, opening the door in Canada for allowing fiduciary obligations between parent

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The duty of good faith requires control persons to exercise care and prudence in making business decisions—that is, the care that a reasonably prudent person in a similar position would use under similar circumstances. Control persons fail to act in good faith, even if their actions are not illegal,

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is the most influential in the United States, as more than 50% of publicly traded companies in the United States, including 64% of the Fortune 500, have chosen to incorporate in that state. Under Delaware law, officers, directors and other control persons of corporations and other entities owe three

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which, although unrelated to the fiduciary position, came about because of an opportunity that the fiduciary position afforded. It is unnecessary that the principal would have been unable to make the profit; if the fiduciary makes a profit, by virtue of his role as fiduciary for the principal, then

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are also available. Accounts of profits can be hard remedies to establish, therefore, a plaintiff will often seek compensation (damages) instead. Courts of equity initially had no power to award compensatory damages, which traditionally were a remedy at common law, but legislation and case law has

795:, of a band currently under contract with one another (or with some other tangible, existing relationship that creates a legal duty) record songs together. Let us imagine it is a serious, successful band and that a court would declare that the two members are equal partners in a business. One day, 280:

The duty of loyalty requires control persons to look to the interests of the company and its other owners and not to their personal interests. In general, they cannot use their positions of trust, confidence and inside knowledge to further their own private interests or approve an action that will

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Constructive trusts pop up in many aspects of equity, not just in a remedial sense, but, in this sense, what is meant by a constructive trust is that the court has created and imposed a duty on the fiduciary to hold the money in safekeeping until it can be rightfully transferred to the principal.

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Therefore, it is said the fiduciary has a duty not to be in a situation where personal interests and fiduciary duty conflict, a duty not to be in a situation where his fiduciary duty conflicts with another fiduciary duty, and not to profit from his fiduciary position without express knowledge and

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The duty of care requires control persons to act on an informed basis after due consideration of all information. The duty includes a requirement that such persons reasonably inform themselves of alternatives. In doing so, they may rely on employees and other advisers so long as they do so with a

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in common law. The fiduciary has a duty not to be in a situation where personal interests and fiduciary duty conflict, not to be in a situation where their fiduciary duty conflicts with another fiduciary duty, and a duty not to profit from their fiduciary position without knowledge and consent. A

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noted that the "informed consent" on behalf of the beneficiary to breaches of either the no-profit and no-conflict rule will allow the fiduciary to get around these rules. Furthermore, it highlighted that a contract may include a clause that allows individuals to avoid all fiduciary obligations

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conclusion that a fiduciary cannot make the principal's interests a top priority if he has two principals and their interests are diametrically opposed; he must balance the interests, which is not acceptable to equity. Therefore, the conflict of duty and duty rule is really an extension of the

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In 2011, in an insider trading case, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission brought charges against a boyfriend of a Disney intern, alleging he had a fiduciary duty to his girlfriend and breached it. The boyfriend, Toby Scammell, allegedly received and used insider information on Disney's

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Remedies will differ according to the type of damage or benefit. They are usually distinguished between proprietary remedies, dealing with property, and personal remedies, dealing with pecuniary (monetary) compensation. Where concurrent contractual and fiduciary relationships exist, remedies

1143:, when an insider or a related party makes trades in a corporation's securities based on material non-public information obtained during the performance of the insider's duties at the corporation. Breach of fiduciary duty by a lawyer with regard to a client, if negligent, may be a form of 229:

To say that a man is a fiduciary only begins the analysis; it gives direction to further inquiry. To whom is he a fiduciary? What obligations does he owe as a fiduciary? In what respect has he failed to discharge these obligations? And what are the consequences of his deviation from his

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when it is based on acts, omissions or concealments considered fraudulent and that gives one an advantage against the other because such conduct—though not actually fraudulent, dishonest or deceitful—demands redress for reasons of public policy. Breach of fiduciary duty may occur in

722:, the High Court viewed the doctor's responsibilities over their patients as lacking the representative capacity of the trustee in fiduciary relationships. Moreover, the existence of remedies in contract and tort made the Court reluctant in recognising the fiduciary relationship. 67:, and asset managers, including managers of pension plans, endowments, and other tax-exempt assets, are considered fiduciaries under applicable statutes and laws. In a fiduciary relationship, one person, in a position of vulnerability, justifiably vests confidence, 1163:

available to the plaintiff beneficiary is dependent upon the duty of care owed by the defendant and the specific breach of duty allowing for remedy/damages. The courts will clearly distinguish the relationship and determine the nature in which the breach occurred.

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and the principal may miss out on recovery because other creditors were more secured. If the bribe is treated as held on a constructive trust then it will remain in the possession of the fiduciary, despite bankruptcy, until such time as the principal recovers it.

1068:, then the fiduciary may keep the benefit and be absolved of any liability for what would be a breach of fiduciary duty. If this requirement is not met then the property is deemed by the court to be held by the fiduciary on constructive trust for the principal. 1108:

within the course of dealings, and thereby continue to make a personal profit or deal with other parties- tasks that may otherwise have been in conflict with what would have been a fiduciary duty had it not been for this clause. In the Australian case of

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When a court desires to hold the offending party to a transaction responsible so as to prevent unjust enrichment, the judge can declare that a fiduciary relation exists between the parties, as though the offender were in fact a trustee for the partner.

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The law expressed here follows the general body of elementary fiduciary law found in most common law jurisdictions; for in-depth analysis of particular jurisdictional idiosyncrasies please consult primary authorities within the relevant jurisdiction.

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for another person. One party, for example, a corporate trust company or the trust department of a bank, acts in a fiduciary capacity to another party, who, for example, has entrusted funds to the fiduciary for safekeeping or investment. Likewise,

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on the side and has run up quite a lot of profits over a period of time, profits which he wouldn't have been able to make otherwise. The fiduciary in breach may however receive an allowance for effort and ingenuity expended in making the profit.

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The state of Texas in the United States sets out the duties of a fiduciary in its Estates Code, chapter 751, as follows (the bracketed references to TPC refer to the Texas Probate Code superseded by the Estates Code, effective January 1, 2014):

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Where a principal can establish both a fiduciary duty and a breach of that duty, through violation of the above rules, the court will find that the benefit gained by the fiduciary should be returned to the principal because it would be

989:(3) a complete account of receipts, disbursements, and other actions of the attorney in fact or agent that includes the source and nature of each receipt, disbursement, or action, with receipts of principal and income shown separately; 71:, reliance, and trust in another whose aid, advice, or protection is sought in some matter. In such a relation, good conscience requires the fiduciary to act at all times for the sole benefit and interest of the one who trusts. 737:

If fiduciary relationships are to arise between employers and employees, it is necessary to ascertain that the employee has placed himself in a position where he must act solely in the interests of his employer. In the case of

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an exception was noted to be the fiduciary's obligation of good faith; liability for breach of fiduciary duty by way of fraud or dishonesty cannot be avoided through an exclusion clause in a contract. The decision in

1159:. This will be the case, unless the fiduciary can show there was full disclosure of the conflict of interest or profit and that the principal fully accepted and freely consented to the fiduciary's course of action. 156:. It has been said that fiduciaries must conduct themselves "at a level higher than that trodden by the crowd" and that "he distinguishing or overriding duty of a fiduciary is the obligation of undivided loyalty". 710:

to but can give rise to fiduciary duties, should the appropriate circumstances arise. These are usually circumstances where the contract specifies a degree of trust and loyalty or it can be inferred by the court.

1112:, however, Gleeson CJ, Gummow, Callinan, Heydon and Crennan JJ observed that the sufficiency of disclosure may depend on the sophistication and intelligence of the persons to whom the disclosure must be made. 1729: 217: 1171:

Where the unconscionable gain by the fiduciary is in an easily identifiable form, such as the recording contract discussed above, the usual remedy will be the already discussed constructive trust.

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At one time, courts seemed to view the duty of good faith as an independent obligation. However, more recently, courts have treated the duty of good faith as a component of the duty of loyalty.

1011:(7) any other information and facts known to the attorney in fact or agent as necessary for a full and definite understanding of the exact condition of the property belonging to the principal. 1224:

have started to reassert their fiduciary prerogatives more strongly after 2008 – notably following the heavy losses or reduced returns incurred by many retirement schemes in the wake of the

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a fiduciary has obligations to the employer even after the employment relationship is terminated, whereas in the United States the employment and fiduciary relationships terminate together.

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reviewed the fiduciary duties of investment intermediaries, looking particularly at the duties on pension trustees. They commented that the term "fiduciary" is used in many different ways.

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hold fiduciary duties to each other, which means they must subdue their own interests in favor of the duo's collective interest. By signing an individual contract and taking all the money,

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by the fiduciary to the principal. This approach has been overruled; the bribe is now classified as a constructive trust. The change is due to pragmatic reasons, especially in regard to a

334:; however, the trustee is bound by equity to suppress their own interests and administer the property only for the benefit of the beneficiary. In this way, the beneficiary obtains the 1250: 873:, who supported Mesa's attempt. Fiduciary duty, however, required Habacht to seek the maximum possible return on the investment he managed by offering Weiss's Mesa shares to Cities's 2366: 1734: 1307: 1075:, also come under the no profit rule. The bribe shall be held in constructive trust for the principal. The person who made the bribe cannot recover it, since he has committed a 75:

A fiduciary is someone who has undertaken to act for and on behalf of another in a particular matter in circumstances which give rise to a relationship of trust and confidence.

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will be reluctant to find a fiduciary duty, but if the joint venture is carried out more in the manner of a partnership then fiduciary relationships can and often will arise.

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to carry a fiduciary duty; however, this is a matter of degree. If a joint venture is conducted at commercial arm's length and both parties are on an equal footing then the

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fiduciary. If a fiduciary takes a bribe and that bribe is considered a debt then if the fiduciary goes bankrupt the debt will be left in his pool of assets to be paid to

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In Canada, directors of corporations owe a fiduciary duty. A debate exists as to the nature and extent of this duty following a controversial landmark judgment from the

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issued a proposed rule that if finalized would extend the fiduciary duty relationship to investment advisors and some brokers including insurance brokers. In 2017, the

1017:(c) Unless directed otherwise by the principal, the attorney in fact or agent shall also provide to the principal all documentation regarding the principal’s property. 706:

to be in a fiduciary relationship in many jurisdictions; however, this may be easily established. Similarly, ordinary commercial transactions in themselves are not

1660: 1229: 26: 330:. The trustee to whom property is legally committed is the legal—i.e., common law—owner of all such property. The beneficiary, at law, has no legal title to the 96:

in a financial sense exist to ensure that those who manage other people's money act in their beneficiaries' interests, rather than serving their own interests.

2409: 983:(1) the property belonging to the principal that has come to the attorney in fact's or agent's knowledge or into the attorney in fact's or agent's possession; 2946: 3701: 1026:

A fiduciary's duty must not conflict with another fiduciary duty. Conflicts between one fiduciary duty and another fiduciary duty arise most often when a

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ideas: "Clearly, there is a mounting demand for CEOs (equity issuers) and governments (sovereign bond issuers) to be more 'accountable' ... No longer ‘

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LI Rotman "Fiduciary Law's 'Holy Grail': Reconciling Theory and Practice in Fiduciary Jurisprudence" (2011) 91 Boston University Law Review 921–971.

3399: 2326: 2121: 1851: 367: 970:(b) The attorney in fact or agent shall maintain all records until delivered to the principal, released by the principal, or discharged by a court. 961:(b) Failure of an attorney in fact or agent to timely inform, as to third parties, does not invalidate any action of the attorney in fact or agent. 3159: 2675: 1510: 3580:

MN Firzli, ‘Beyond SDGs: Can Fiduciary Capitalism and Bolder, Better Boards Jumpstart Economic Growth?’ (2016) 61 Revue Analyse Financière 65–67.

2848: 740: 1374: 3150: 1254: 1038:, represent more than one client, and the interests of those clients conflict. This would occur when a lawyer attempts to represent both the 1707: 3185: 3039: 2073: 1445: 905:

of the tangible or intangible property of the estate, describing the items or classes of property and usually placing a valuation on them.

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A fiduciary will be liable to account if proven to have acquired a profit, benefit or gain from the relationship by one of three means:

3686:, 1993, 36 J.L. & Econ. 425; etc. Berkman Center, Harvard Law School: Trust and Non-Trust in Law, Business, and Behavioral Science. 3627: 1711: 1563: 204: 188: 281:

provide them with a personal benefit (such as continued employment) that does not primarily benefit the company or its other owners.

3638: 776: 767: 351:, placing their financial affairs in the hands of a fiduciary and giving up all right to know about or intervene in their handling. 310: 3525: 3442: 952:

An attorney in fact or agent is a fiduciary and has a duty to inform and to account for actions taken under the power of attorney.

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The question of who is a fiduciary is a "notoriously intractable" question and this was the first of many questions. In

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are increasingly making their voices heard to call out irresponsible practices in the businesses in which they invest

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A bank or other fiduciary having legal title to a mortgage may sell fractional shares to investors, thereby creating a

2108: 2415: 958:(a) The attorney in fact or agent shall timely inform the principal of each action taken under the power of attorney. 3729: 3119: 2450: 1964: 1917: 1894: 1664: 901:, to guarantee faithful performance of his duties. One of those duties may be to prepare, generally under oath, an 744:, it was held that a senior employee is much more likely to be found to owe fiduciary duties towards his employer. 424: 108: 3682:, Winter 1995, 74 Or. L. Rev. 1209; "Contract and Fiduciary Duty", by Frank H. Easterbrook and Daniel R. Fischel, 2564: 869:

in 1982, Cities Service attempted to take over the smaller Mesa instead. Pickens was friends with Alan Habacht of

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When a fiduciary duty is imposed, equity requires a different, stricter standard of behavior than the comparable

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may receive property subject to passing it to another on fulfilment of certain conditions; the gift is called a

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Relationships which routinely attract by law a fiduciary duty between certain classes of persons include these:

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in equity or law. A fiduciary is expected to be extremely loyal to the person to whom he owes the duty (the "

3555:, ‘The Content of Fiduciary Obligation’ (2000) 34 Israel Law Journal 3; (2002) 16 Trust Law International 34 3385: 3372: 3328: 3304: 3280: 3099: 3071: 2857: 2768: 2699: 2655: 2624: 2600: 2395: 2348: 2315:

Official Receiver (Appellant) v. Wadge Rapps & Hunt (a firm) and another ("Re Pantmaenog Timber Co Ltd")

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takes some demos made cooperatively by the duo to a recording label, where an executive expresses interest.

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Bribes were initially considered not to be held on constructive trust, but were considered to be held as a

1005:(5) the cash balance on hand and the name and location of the depository at which the cash balance is kept; 992:(4) a listing of all property over which the attorney in fact or agent has exercised control that includes: 1243: 910: 870: 430: 1653:

Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Citigroup Global Markets Australia Pty Limited (No. 4)

137:) with the courts of common law, and as a result the concept of fiduciary duty also became applicable in 3724: 3595:

LI Rotman "Fiduciary Doctrine: A Concept in Need of Understanding" (1996) 34 Alberta Law Review 821–852.

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PD Finn, 'The Fiduciary Principle' in TG Youdan (ed) 'Equity, Fiduciaries and Trusts' (1989) Carswell.

3002: 1409: 2545: 2091: 1276: 1271: 1208: 938: 771: 342: 153: 3662: 3657:"Fiduciary Duties for Activist Shareholders". UCLA School of Law, Law-Econ Research Paper No. 08-02. 2411:

Comparing Apples and Oranges: The Fiduciary Principle in Australia and Canada after Breen v Williams

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M Conaglen, ‘The Nature and Function of Fiduciary Loyalty’ (2005) 121 Law Quarterly Review 452–480.

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DA De Mott, 'Beyond Metaphor: An Analysis of Fiduciary Obligation' (1988) 5 Duke Law Journal 879.

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Australian courts have also not accepted doctor-patient relationships as fiduciary in nature. In

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changed the situation so compensatory damages may now be awarded for a purely equitable action.

979:(b) Unless otherwise directed by the principal, an accounting under Subsection (a) must include: 3634: 3623: 3348: 2803: 2386: 2050: 1838: 1693: 1689: 1626: 1233: 1144: 1035: 748: 441: 222: 199:’, molding themselves flexibly around other legal structures, and sometimes filling the gaps. 134: 64: 60: 31: 2442: 1960: 1890: 1559: 195:

Fiduciary duties cannot be understood in isolation. Instead they are better viewed as ‘legal

3473: 3414:"Beyond SDGs: Can Fiduciary Capitalism and Bolder, Better Boards Jumpstart Economic Growth?" 3252: 3201: 3172: 3115: 2466: 1656: 1477: 1458: 1296: 1065: 858: 564: 556: 536: 251: 121:, the fiduciary relation is an important concept within a part of the legal system known as 104: 54:(person or group of persons). Typically, a fiduciary prudently takes care of money or other 20: 3364: 3320: 3296: 2691: 2647: 2616: 2592: 2235: 2142: 2012: 1936: 1913: 1535: 1415: 1379: 3589:

EJ Weinrib, ‘The Fiduciary Obligation’ (1975) 25(1) University of Toronto Law Journal 1–22

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or guardian of an estate, may be legally required to file with a probate court or judge a

831: 654: 399: 371: 359: 266: 196: 130: 126: 3695: 3674:, Definition of "fiduciary duties", by Tamar Frankel; "Fiduciary Law", by Tamar Frankel, 3155: 2508: 2069: 1441: 2831: 2170: 1502: 1482: 3678:, May 1983, 71 Ca. L. Rev. 795; "Fiduciary Duties as Default Rules", by Tamar Frankel, 2373: 1152: 1064:

the fiduciary must report the profit to the principal. If the principal provides fully

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A fiduciary must not profit from the fiduciary position. This includes any benefits or

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Gaius; Poste, Edward; Whittuck, E. A; Greenidge, A. H. J; De Zulueta, Francis (1904).

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to allow the fiduciary to retain the benefit by employing his strict common law legal

999:(B) the asset’s current value, if the value is known to the attorney in fact or agent; 826:

has put personal interest above the fiduciary duty. Therefore, a court will find that

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Generally, the employment relationship is not regarded as fiduciary, but may be so if

3713: 3690: 3652: 2736: 2339: 1333:, concerning the extension of fiduciary like remedies to a breach of contract context 502: 480: 355: 3344: 2671: 2318: 2113: 1843: 1313: 1239: 874: 688: 498: 262: 169: 165: 148: 122: 3067: 3025: 1754: 3564:‘Questioning the Trust Law Duty of Loyalty’ (2005) 114 Yale Law Journal 929–990. 3561: 1318: 1031: 890: 488: 476: 469: 412: 347: 331: 327: 168:, for example, has developed a more expansive view of fiduciary obligation than 51: 1680:

Rojas, Claudio R. (2014). "An Indeterminate Theory of Canadian Corporate Law".

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Frankel, Tamar, 'Legal Duries of Fiduciaries' (2012) Fathom Publishing Company

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In circumstances of conflict of duty to one person and duty to another person;

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Diagram illustrating fiduciary duty, placing good faith within duty of loyalty

138: 118: 68: 3518: 2529: 2030:"Tyrrell v The Bank Of London And Sir J v Shelley And Others; HL 27 Feb 1862" 180:

have developed more conservative approaches than either the United States or

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This article is about the legal term. For optical field-of-view markers, see

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Chodos, Rafael, 'The Law of Fiduciary Duties' (2001) Blackthorne Legal Press

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An account of profits is the appropriate remedy when, for example, a senior

1091: 1043: 1039: 976:(a) The principal may demand an accounting by the attorney in fact or agent. 752: 589: 335: 322:

The most common circumstance where a fiduciary duty will arise is between a

34:, which governed fiduciary relations in England prior to the Judicature Acts 1815: 354:

The fiduciary functions of trusts and agencies are commonly performed by a

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DR Paling ‘Trustees Duties of Skill and Care’ (1973) 37 Conveyancer 48–59

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is unaware of the encounter until reading it in the paper the next week.

804: 760: 572: 550: 457: 415:, attorney in fact usually from written grant of authority by principal, 257: 145: 3665:

The U.S. Department of Labor: Employee Benefits Security Administration.

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Dart Industries Inc v Decor Corporation Pty Ltd ("Lettuce Crisper case")

986:(2) each action taken or decision made by the attorney in fact or agent; 634:

In Australia, the categories of fiduciary relationships are not closed.

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in order to change her guardian or gain legal capacity to make a will.

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Some experts have argued that, in the context of pension governance,

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Different jurisdictions regard fiduciary duties in different lights.

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Wingecarribee Shire Council v Lehman Brothers Australia Ltd (in liq)

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has taken advantage of his fiduciary position by conducting his own

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Fiduciary principles may be applied in a variety of legal contexts.

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This is especially true in the area of Labor and Employment law. In

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Mothew (t/a Stapley & Co) v Bristol & West Building Society

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Frankel, Tamar, 'Fiduciary Law' (2008) Fathom Publishing Company

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This situation represents a conflict of interest and duty. Both

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Frankel, Tamar, 'Fiduciary Law' (2010) Oxford University Press

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Arklow Investments Ltd and Another v. I.D. Maclean and Others

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The Fiduciary Duty in the 21st Century Programme, led by the

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may sound like a constructive trust at first, but it is not.

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Rotman, Leonard I., 'Fiduciary Law' (2005) Thomson/Carswell

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T Frankel, 'Fiduciary Law' (1983) California Law Review 795.

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will not be punished or totally denied of the benefit; both

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Roman law a woman could arrange a fictitious sale called a

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Social Science Research Network (SSRN) Electronic Library.

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Finn, P.D., 'Fiduciary Obligations' (1977) The Law Book Co

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Hospital Products Ltd v United States Surgical Corporation

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and one that receives property from a fiduciary heir is a

454:/client; A solicitor is presumed to have a fiduciary duty. 3567:

A Hicks, ‘The Trustee Act 2000 and the Modern Meaning of

3516:

UNEP FI, the PRI, UNEP Inquiry, & UN Global Compact.

1046:

in the same matter, for example. The rule comes from the

854:

will receive a half share in the contract and the money.

637:

Roman and civil law recognized a type of contract called

16:

Person who holds a legal or ethical relationship of trust

2965:"Trump Administration Ends Flawed and Costly Labor Rule" 2272:

Green & Clara Pty Ltd v Bestobell Industries Pty Ltd

1574: 1572: 362:, organized for that purpose. In the United States, the 2688:

John Alexander's Clubs Pty Ltd v White City Tennis Club

1251:

United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative

2947:"The DOL's Fiduciary Rule Funeral Means Trust Is Dead" 1556:

Westpac Banking Corporation v The Bell Group (In Liq)

1308:

Revlon, Inc. v. MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings, Inc.

803:

pretends it is all his work and receives an exclusive

1459:"Breach of Fiduciary Duty Law & Legal Definition" 3672:

The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law

2921:"John Oliver Returns: 'I'm Not a Complete Nihilist'" 1833: 1831: 1829: 1675: 1673: 1621: 1619: 2087:

Peoples Department Stores Inc. (Trustee of) v. Wise

1648: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1472: 1470: 1468: 926:In circumstances of conflict of duty and interest; 2299:"Fiduciary duty proposal: Disruptors at the gate" 3602:(Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed, 2013)ch 10. 3519:"Fiduciary Duty in the 21st Century 2015 report" 3249:Australian Super Developments Pty Ltd v Marriner 3088:Consul Development Pty Ltd v DPC Estates Pty Ltd 2589:United Dominions Corporation Ltd v Brian Pty Ltd 2434: 2432: 2172: 1882: 1880: 1147:; if intentional, it may be remedied in equity. 3606:The following books cover the field in detail: 3496:PRI, UNEP FI, & The Generation Foundation. 1790:"Fiduciary Duties: Minority Shareholder Rights" 1708:"Fiduciary Duties of Investment Intermediaries" 955:Sec. 751.102. Duty to Timely Inform Principal. 338:of property without being its technical owner. 227: 193: 73: 2531:Gai Institutiones, or, Institutes of Roman law 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2134: 2132: 2130: 1905: 1903: 1599:BLB Corp of Australia Establishment v Jacobsen 996:(A) an adequate description of each asset; and 932:By taking advantage of the fiduciary position. 2871:"Insurers: Retirement plans look less golden" 2823: 2821: 2741:"The Importance of the Fiduciary Undertaking" 2644:Farah Constructions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Pty Ltd 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2288:, No. 02-01329 WHA (N.D. Cal. July. 26, 2002) 1928: 1926: 1759:The Official Website of the State of Delaware 1525: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1110:Farah Constructions Pty Ltd v Say-Dee Pty Ltd 775:repeal, the rule was also dealt blows by the 246:Fiduciary duties under Delaware corporate law 208:Fiduciary Duties of Investment Intermediaries 8: 3705:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2584: 2582: 1957:ABN AMRO Bank NV v Bathurst Regional Council 1404: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1359: 3571:’ (2001) 15 (4) Trust Law International 203 2984:"It's official: DOL fiduciary rule is dead" 2463:Trevorrow v State of South Australia (No 5) 2256:Fraser Edmiston Pty Ltd v AGT (Qld) Pty Ltd 1461:. Legal Definitions Legal Terms Dictionary. 838:holds both the contract and the money in a 3026:Fiduciary Bond Law & Legal Definition. 2714:"Fiduciary Law and Non-Economic Interests" 2259: 1816:"Stone v. Ritter, 911 A.2d 362 - Casetext" 86:Bristol and West Building Society v Mothew 3028:Legal Definitions Legal Terms Dictionary. 1682:University of British Columbia Law Review 665:. The fiduciary of a fideicommissum is a 364:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency 3669:Excerpts from texts on fiduciary duties. 3663:Meeting Your Fiduciary Responsibilities. 3151:The Attorney General of Hong Kong v Reid 3064:Farrington v Rowe McBride & Partners 2889: 2887: 885:A fiduciary, such as the administrator, 368:United States Department of the Treasury 300:Fiduciary duty in Canadian corporate law 2782:"SEC charges Disney intern's boyfriend" 1342: 3443:"The Use and Abuse of Labor's Capital" 3412:Firzli, M. Nicolas J. (October 2016). 1910:Commonwealth Bank of Australia v Smith 1485:, (1726) 2 Eq Cas Abr 741, 25 ER 223, 964:Sec. 751.103. Maintenance of Records. 3492: 3490: 3112:Grimaldi v Chameleon Mining NL (No 2) 2784:. The Financial Times. 12 August 2011 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1255:Principles for Responsible Investment 1216:Fiduciary duty and pension governance 1132:Conduct by a fiduciary may be deemed 1051:conflict of interest and duty rules. 830:has breached his fiduciary duty. The 7: 3239:, 428 Mass. 339, 345 (1998) (dicta). 2849:Canadian Aero Service Ltd v O'Malley 2094:, 3 SCR 461 (29 October 2004), 1933:Daly v The Sydney Stock Exchange Ltd 1513: (on appeal from NSW, Australia) 741:Canadian Aero Service Ltd v O'Malley 3474:"Pension Funds Investing in Change" 2919:Itzikoff, Dave (February 7, 2017). 2065:In Plus Group Ltd. & Ors v Pyke 937:consent. A fiduciary cannot have a 152:fiduciary ideally would not have a 3498:Fiduciary Duty in the 21st Century 2982:Schoeff, Mark Jr. (21 June 2018). 2009:Maher v Millennium Markets Pty Ltd 763:establishing this to be the case. 533:/ company and related subscribers; 326:, whether real or juristic, and a 261:primary fiduciary duties, (1) the 205:Law Commission (England and Wales) 189:Law Commission (England and Wales) 14: 3472:Farrand, Louise (December 2016). 3162: (on appeal from New Zealand) 2834:, RPC 22 (19 January 2000), 2678: (on appeal from New Zealand) 2613:Howard v Commissioner of Taxation 2394:, 2 SCR 226 (18 June 1992), 2347:, 1 SCR 1075 (31 May 1990), 2208:Re Saul D Harrison & Sons plc 1124:has been applied in Australian . 1103:The landmark Australian decision 777:US Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals 768:United States Department of Labor 311:BCE Inc. v. 1976 Debentureholders 133:(historically based in England's 3684:The Journal of Law and Economics 3600:Equity & Trusts in Australia 3523: 2832:[2000] EWHC 221 (QB) 2426:(1996) 8(2) Bond Law Review 158. 2362:Seminole Nation v. United States 2139:Maguire & Tansey v Makaronis 1531:Pilmer v Duke Group Ltd (in liq) 1483:[1726] EWHC J76 (Ch) 1353:, Chapter 1 (Thomson West, 2013) 1115:However, in the English case of 949:Sec. 751.101. Fiduciary Duties. 755:may owe fiduciary duties to the 584:Seminole Nation v. United States 3001:Nocera, Joseph (October 1982). 2856:, SCR 592 (29 June 1973), 2513:. New Haven Law Book. pp. 2109:Regal (Hastings) Ltd v Gulliver 1099:Avoiding these accountabilities 517:plan administrators (including 440:Confidential advisor including 374:of the fiduciary activities of 3447:New York University Law Review 3040:"Choosing the Right Fiduciary" 2828:Nottingham University v Fishel 2806:. The U.S. SEC. 11 August 2011 1230:ESG and Responsible Investment 596:- in Canada, not in Australia; 521:plans) / retirees and workers; 1: 2510:Roman law in the modern world 2054:, 5 A. 2d 503 (Del. Ch. 1939) 1999:, 213 P.3d 77, 93 (Cal. 2009) 1788:Lopez, Erik (June 27, 2015). 1499:Queensland Mines Ltd v Hudson 1412:(Medical records access case) 1128:Breaches of duty and remedies 1008:(6) each known liability; and 125:. In the United Kingdom, the 3178:[1997] EWCA Civ 1279 3038:Guertin & Guertin, LLC. 3003:""It's Time To Make a Deal"" 2724:Monash University Law Review 2718:Monash University Law Review 2497:, 814 So.2d 370 (Fla. 2002). 2120:134 (20 February 1942), 1977:Sims v Craig Bell & Bond 1444:, Ch 1 (24 July 1996), 1324:Uniform Prudent Investor Act 715:and child to be recognised. 376:federal savings associations 2546:"What is a fideicommissum?" 2070:[2002] EWCA Civ 370 1442:[1996] EWCA Civ 533 726:takeover of Marvel Comics. 702:Husbands and wives are not 525:Retirement account advisors 487:and officers / company and 46:or ethical relationship of 3748: 3341:Featherstonhaugh v Fenwick 3120:Federal Court (Full Court) 2534:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2408:Dorsett, Griffith (1996), 1965:Federal Court (Full Court) 1868:[1927] VicLawRp 19 1730:SEC v. Chenery Corporation 1386:41 (25 October 1984), 973:Sec. 751.104. Accounting. 787:For example, two members, 511:Senior employee / company; 341:Others, such as corporate 249: 218:SEC v. Chenery Corporation 160:In different jurisdictions 18: 3220:"Brief on fiduciary duty" 1630:(1928) 164 NE 545 at 546. 687:, as opposed to business 3598:Bryan, M.W and V.J Vann 3345:[1810] EngR 194 3158: (1 November 1993), 2674: (1 December 1999), 2325:158 (31 July 2003), 2285:Vivien v. WorldCom, Inc. 1560:[2012] WASCA 157 1351:ERISA for Money Managers 1330:Attorney General v Blake 871:Weiss, Peck & Greer 779:in March and June 2018. 366:(OCC), an agency of the 42:is a person who holds a 3702:Encyclopædia Britannica 3540:(PDF). 31 January 2018. 3386:Nocton v Lord Ashburton 3218:Wolfram Law Firm, P.C. 3180:, Ch 241 at 253-4 per 2712:Joyce, Richard (2002). 2467:[2007] SASC 285 2443:[1998] FCA 1711 2211:, 1 BCLC 14, BCC 475. 1961:[2014] FCAFC 65 1891:[2012] FCA 1028 1794:The M&A Lawyer Blog 1244:institutional investors 1228:and the progression of 1071:Secret commissions, or 865:attempted to take over 759:, although there is no 549:/ their depositors and 547:investment corporations 306:Supreme Court of Canada 210:Law Com 350, para 3.11 50:with one or more other 3365:[1993] HCA 54 3297:[1999] HCA 10 3253:[2014] VSC 464 3202:[1998] VSC 180 3156:[1993] UKPC 36 3116:[2012] FCAFC 6 3068:[1985] NZCA 21 2988:www.investmentnews.com 2672:[1999] UKPC 51 2507:Sherman, C.P. (1922). 2319:[2003] UKHL 49 2191:Woolworths Ltd v Kelly 2072: (21 March 2002), 1657:[2007] FCA 963 911:participating mortgage 735: 680:Possible relationships 561:trustees in bankruptcy 296: 232: 213: 91: 35: 3676:California Law Review 3351:(England and Wales)). 3321:[1985] HCA 78 3259:(Vic, Australia). 3208:(Vic, Australia). 2692:[2010] HCA 19 2648:[2007] HCA 22 2617:[2014] HCA 21 2593:[1985] HCA 49 2236:[1984] HCA 36 2143:[1997] HCA 23 2114:[1942] UKHL 1 2019:(Vic, Australia). 2013:[2004] VSC 82 1937:[1986] HCA 25 1914:[1991] FCA 73 1874:(Vic, Australia). 1844:[1966] UKHL 2 1579:McInerney v MacDonald 1536:[2001] HCA 31 1503:[1978] UKPC 2 1416:[1996] HCA 57 1380:[1984] HCA 64 1287:Corporate opportunity 731: 294: 256:The corporate law of 29: 3273:[1997] HCA 9 3188:(England and Wales). 3140:(England and Wales). 3092:[1975] HCA 8 2485:(2000) 98-CP-10-613. 2483:Glover v Porter-Gaud 2473:(SA, Australia). 2167:[1936] HCA 3 1566:(WA, Australia). 1448:(England and Wales). 1277:Compensatory damages 1209:Compensatory damages 1204:Compensatory damages 939:conflict of interest 772:Trump Administration 671:fideicommissary heir 543:Mutual savings banks 448:/ advisee or client; 154:conflict of interest 3293:Giumelli v Giumelli 2945:Menickella, Brian. 2838:(England and Wales) 2439:Paramasivam v Flynn 2076:(England and Wales) 1864:McKenzie v McDonald 1489:(England and Wales) 1167:Constructive trusts 842:for the duo. Note, 648:fiduciary coemption 643:contractus fiduciae 3651:Iman Anabtawi and 3503:2018-02-20 at the 3418:Analyse Financière 3395:2017-08-24 at the 3317:Muschinski v Dodds 3136:(1890) 45 Ch D 1, 2901:. February 3, 2017 2574:Alabama Law Review 2563:Rosen, Kenneth M. 2163:Furs Ltd v Tomkies 1997:People v. Martinez 1796:. Jasso Lopez PLLC 1282:Constructive trust 1234:absentee landlords 1185:account of profits 1179:Account of profits 1135:constructive fraud 1022:Conflict of duties 840:constructive trust 834:here will be that 579:indigenous peoples 495:Board of directors 446:investment advisor 435:real estate broker 297: 271:duty of good faith 65:financial planners 61:financial advisers 36: 3730:Legal professions 3696:"Fiduciary" 3680:Oregon Law Review 3441:(December 2014). 3349:Court of Chancery 2387:Norberg v. Wynrib 2051:Guth v. Loft Inc. 1839:Boardman v Phipps 1627:Meinhard v Salmon 1272:Directors' duties 1145:legal malpractice 1036:real estate agent 667:fideicommissioner 442:financial adviser 370:, is the primary 135:Court of Chancery 32:Court of Chancery 3737: 3706: 3698: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3527: 3522: 3514: 3508: 3494: 3485: 3484: 3478: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3439:Webber, David H. 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3409: 3403: 3402:(United Kingdom) 3382: 3376: 3358: 3352: 3338: 3332: 3314: 3308: 3290: 3284: 3266: 3260: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3222:. Archived from 3215: 3209: 3195: 3189: 3173:Armitage v Nurse 3169: 3163: 3147: 3141: 3129: 3123: 3109: 3103: 3085: 3079: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3051: 3042:. Archived from 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3013: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2942: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2931: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2907: 2906: 2891: 2882: 2881: 2875: 2867: 2861: 2845: 2839: 2825: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2778: 2772: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2709: 2703: 2685: 2679: 2665: 2659: 2641: 2628: 2610: 2604: 2586: 2577: 2571: 2569: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2460: 2454: 2436: 2427: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2414:, archived from 2405: 2399: 2383: 2377: 2358: 2352: 2336: 2330: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2295: 2289: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2261: 2253: 2247: 2229: 2212: 2204: 2198: 2188: 2182: 2174: 2160: 2154: 2136: 2125: 2105: 2099: 2083: 2077: 2061: 2055: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2037: 2026: 2020: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1974: 1968: 1954: 1948: 1930: 1921: 1907: 1898: 1884: 1875: 1861: 1855: 1835: 1824: 1823: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1785: 1770: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1751: 1745: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1714:. Archived from 1704: 1698: 1697: 1677: 1668: 1650: 1631: 1623: 1614: 1596: 1590: 1576: 1567: 1553: 1547: 1527: 1514: 1496: 1490: 1478:Keech v Sandford 1474: 1463: 1462: 1455: 1449: 1433: 1427: 1410:Breen v Williams 1406: 1391: 1371: 1354: 1349:Lemke and Lins, 1347: 1297:Equitable remedy 1242:and other large 1122:Armitage v Nurse 1117:Armitage v Nurse 1105:ASIC v Citigroup 1066:informed consent 881:Elements of duty 859:T. Boone Pickens 720:Breen v Williams 508:Partner/partner; 437:) / buyer client 252:US corporate law 211: 131:courts of equity 105:standard of care 94:Fiduciary duties 89: 21:Fiduciary marker 3747: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3710: 3709: 3689: 3648: 3549: 3547:Further reading 3544: 3536: 3532: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3505:Wayback Machine 3495: 3488: 3476: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3397:Wayback Machine 3383: 3379: 3359: 3355: 3339: 3335: 3315: 3311: 3291: 3287: 3267: 3263: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3196: 3192: 3186:Court of Appeal 3170: 3166: 3148: 3144: 3133:Lister v Stubbs 3130: 3126: 3110: 3106: 3086: 3082: 3076:Court of Appeal 3062: 3058: 3049: 3047: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3011: 3009: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2971:. 24 July 2018. 2969:economics21.org 2963: 2962: 2958: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2904: 2902: 2893: 2892: 2885: 2873: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2846: 2842: 2826: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2787: 2785: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2686: 2682: 2666: 2662: 2642: 2631: 2611: 2607: 2587: 2580: 2567: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2550:Ghostdigest.com 2544: 2543: 2539: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2493: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2461: 2457: 2437: 2430: 2421: 2419: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2384: 2380: 2359: 2355: 2345:1990 CanLII 104 2337: 2333: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2254: 2250: 2232:Chan v Zacharia 2230: 2215: 2205: 2201: 2189: 2185: 2161: 2157: 2137: 2128: 2106: 2102: 2084: 2080: 2074:Court of Appeal 2062: 2058: 2048: 2044: 2035: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1975: 1971: 1955: 1951: 1931: 1924: 1908: 1901: 1885: 1878: 1862: 1858: 1836: 1827: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1799: 1797: 1787: 1786: 1773: 1763: 1761: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1727: 1723: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1679: 1678: 1671: 1651: 1634: 1624: 1617: 1611:LawCite Records 1597: 1593: 1577: 1570: 1564:Court of Appeal 1554: 1550: 1528: 1517: 1497: 1493: 1475: 1466: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1446:Court of Appeal 1434: 1430: 1407: 1394: 1372: 1357: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1292:Court of equity 1263: 1226:Great Recession 1218: 1206: 1181: 1169: 1141:insider trading 1130: 1101: 1057: 1024: 1014: 1002: 920: 883: 832:judicial remedy 785: 682: 655:Roman Dutch law 481:joint venturers 404:legal guardians 360:commercial bank 320: 302: 267:duty of loyalty 254: 248: 212: 203: 162: 127:Judicature Acts 103:is the highest 90: 79: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3745: 3744: 3741: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3712: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3693:, ed. (1911). 3691:Chisholm, Hugh 3687: 3666: 3660: 3647: 3646:External links 3644: 3643: 3642: 3631: 3628:978-0195391565 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3604: 3603: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3530: 3509: 3486: 3464: 3430: 3404: 3400:House of Lords 3377: 3353: 3333: 3309: 3285: 3269:Hill v Van Erp 3261: 3241: 3229: 3226:on 2008-07-20. 3210: 3198:Reader v Fried 3190: 3164: 3142: 3124: 3104: 3080: 3078:(New Zealand). 3056: 3030: 3018: 2993: 2974: 2956: 2937: 2925:New York Times 2911: 2883: 2862: 2854:1973 CanLII 23 2840: 2817: 2795: 2773: 2761:1992 CanLII 31 2749: 2737:Edelman, James 2728: 2704: 2680: 2660: 2629: 2605: 2578: 2555: 2537: 2520: 2499: 2487: 2475: 2455: 2428: 2400: 2392:1992 CanLII 65 2378: 2353: 2331: 2327:House of Lords 2307: 2290: 2276: 2264: 2248: 2213: 2199: 2183: 2155: 2126: 2122:House of Lords 2100: 2078: 2056: 2042: 2021: 2001: 1989: 1987:(New Zealand). 1969: 1949: 1922: 1899: 1876: 1856: 1852:House of Lords 1825: 1807: 1771: 1755:"About Agency" 1746: 1721: 1718:on 2014-09-24. 1712:Law Commission 1699: 1669: 1632: 1615: 1591: 1585:, 2 SCR 138, 1583:1992 CanLII 57 1568: 1548: 1515: 1491: 1464: 1450: 1428: 1392: 1355: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1262: 1259: 1217: 1214: 1205: 1202: 1180: 1177: 1168: 1165: 1153:unconscionable 1129: 1126: 1100: 1097: 1056: 1055:No-profit rule 1053: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1001: 1000: 997: 993: 990: 987: 984: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 965: 962: 959: 956: 953: 950: 934: 933: 930: 927: 919: 918:Accountability 916: 895:fiduciary bond 882: 879: 867:Cities Service 863:Mesa Petroleum 807:and $ 50,000. 784: 781: 685:Joint ventures 681: 678: 663:fideicommissum 659:fiduciary heir 632: 631: 617: 607: 597: 587: 577:Governments / 575: 554: 540: 534: 528: 522: 512: 509: 506: 492: 473: 462:administrators 455: 449: 438: 428: 410: 397: 319: 316: 301: 298: 247: 244: 201: 174:Australian law 161: 158: 101:fiduciary duty 77: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3743: 3742: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3704: 3703: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3653:Lynn A. Stout 3650: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3639:0-459-24249-0 3636: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3534: 3531: 3526: 3520: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3475: 3468: 3465: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3367:, (1993) 179 3366: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3275:, (1997) 188 3274: 3270: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3257:Supreme Court 3254: 3250: 3245: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3206:Supreme Court 3203: 3199: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3160:Privy Council 3157: 3153: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3094:, (1975) 132 3093: 3089: 3084: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3057: 3046:on 2008-11-20 3045: 3041: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3019: 3008: 3007:Texas Monthly 3004: 2997: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2978: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2938: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2912: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2858:Supreme Court 2855: 2851: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2805: 2799: 2796: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2769:Supreme Court 2766: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2715: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2694:, (2010) 241 2693: 2689: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2676:Privy Council 2673: 2669: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2650:, (2007) 230 2649: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2619:, (2014) 253 2618: 2614: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2595:, (1985) 157 2594: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2566: 2565:"Fiduciaries" 2559: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2533: 2532: 2524: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2471:Supreme Court 2468: 2464: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2451:Federal Court 2448: 2445:, (1998) 90 2444: 2440: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2418:on 2018-10-02 2417: 2413: 2412: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2396:Supreme Court 2393: 2389: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2349:Supreme Court 2346: 2342: 2341: 2340:R. v. Sparrow 2335: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2308: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2265: 2257: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2238:, (1984) 154 2237: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2145:, (1997) 188 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2096:Supreme Court 2093: 2089: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2031: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2017:Supreme Court 2014: 2010: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1939:, (1986) 160 1938: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1918:Federal Court 1915: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1895:Federal Court 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1872:Supreme Court 1869: 1865: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1795: 1791: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1760: 1756: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1688:(1): 59–128. 1687: 1683: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665:Federal Court 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1609:(Australia). 1608: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1587:Supreme Court 1584: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1538:, (2001) 207 1537: 1533: 1532: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1511:Privy Council 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1454: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1418:, (1996) 186 1417: 1413: 1411: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1382:, (1984) 156 1381: 1377: 1376: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1346: 1343: 1337: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1240:Pension funds 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1186: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1106: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1067: 1062: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1021: 1016: 1010: 1007: 1004: 998: 995: 994: 991: 988: 985: 982: 981: 978: 975: 972: 969: 966: 963: 960: 957: 954: 951: 948: 947: 946: 942: 940: 931: 928: 925: 924: 923: 917: 915: 913: 912: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 880: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 782: 780: 778: 773: 769: 766:In 2015, the 764: 762: 758: 757:beneficiaries 754: 750: 745: 743: 742: 734: 730: 727: 723: 721: 716: 712: 709: 705: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 679: 677: 674: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 651: 649: 644: 640: 635: 629: 625: 621: 618: 615: 611: 608: 605: 601: 598: 595: 591: 588: 586: 585: 580: 576: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 555: 552: 548: 544: 541: 538: 535: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 500: 499:Legal persons 496: 493: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 471: 467: 463: 459: 456: 453: 450: 447: 443: 439: 436: 432: 429: 426: 422: 418: 414: 411: 409: 405: 401: 398: 395: 391: 388: 387: 386: 383: 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 356:trust company 352: 350: 349: 344: 339: 337: 333: 329: 325: 318:Relationships 317: 315: 313: 312: 307: 299: 293: 289: 286: 282: 278: 274: 272: 268: 264: 259: 253: 245: 243: 241: 236: 231: 226: 224: 223:Frankfurter J 220: 219: 209: 206: 200: 198: 192: 190: 185: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 159: 157: 155: 150: 147: 142: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 117: 112: 110: 106: 102: 97: 95: 88: 87: 82: 76: 72: 70: 66: 62: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 33: 28: 22: 3725:Equity (law) 3700: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3605: 3599: 3568: 3533: 3512: 3481:Pensions Age 3480: 3467: 3455:. Retrieved 3450: 3446: 3433: 3421:. Retrieved 3417: 3407: 3384: 3380: 3375:(Australia). 3360: 3356: 3340: 3336: 3331:(Australia). 3316: 3312: 3307:(Australia). 3292: 3288: 3283:(Australia). 3268: 3264: 3248: 3244: 3237:Clark v Rowe 3236: 3232: 3224:the original 3213: 3197: 3193: 3171: 3167: 3149: 3145: 3131: 3127: 3122:(Australia). 3111: 3107: 3102:(Australia). 3087: 3083: 3063: 3059: 3048:. Retrieved 3044:the original 3033: 3021: 3010:. Retrieved 3006: 2996: 2987: 2977: 2968: 2959: 2950: 2940: 2928:. Retrieved 2924: 2914: 2903:. Retrieved 2898: 2877: 2865: 2847: 2843: 2827: 2808:. Retrieved 2798: 2786:. 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