1870:
1143:
Thus, each actor appeared to have top billing depending on whether the poster was read from left to right or top to bottom. Technically, McQueen has top billing and is mentioned first in the film's trailers; however, at the end of the movie, as the cast's names roll from the bottom of the screen, Newman's name is fully visible first, giving him top billing in the closing credits. This was the first time that this type of "staggered but equal" billing had been used for a movie, although the same thing had been discussed for the same two actors five years earlier when McQueen was going to play the
914:, who played Gilligan, was so upset with this treatment that he reportedly told the producers that since his contract stipulated that his name could appear anywhere in the credits that he wished, he wanted to be moved to the end credits with his co-stars. From the show's second season, the studio capitulated, and moved Denver's co-stars to the opening credits of the show, and also changed the theme song's lyrics to include "The Professor and Mary Ann" instead of saying "and the rest".
1910:
and directors. But star talent is free to individually negotiate larger name presentations, such as when a star actor or director has his or her name above a movie's title. The union contracts also cover billing blocks in trailers, outdoor billboards, TV commercials, newspaper advertising and online advertising. Using a condensed typeface allows the heights of the characters to meet contractual constraints while still allowing enough horizontal space to include all the required text.
334:(1910), she became the first film star to receive billing on the credits of her film. From then on, actors received billing on film. Also originating during that time was the system of billing above and below the title, to delineate the status of the players. Big stars such as Pickford, Fairbanks, and Chaplin were billed above the title, while lesser stars and supporting players were billed below the title.
117:
1695:. For writers who belong to the WGA, the writing credits affect reputation, union membership, and income. Under the rules, the film producer must first submit the proposed writing credits for the project to both the WGA and all the participating writers. If any participating writer objects to the proposed credits, it then enters arbitration, with the WGA being the final arbiter.
36:
232:
77:
1726:. If the main credits occur at the beginning, then the director's name is last to be shown before the film's narrative starts, as a result of an agreement between the DGA and motion picture producers in 1939. If all billing is shown at the end, the director's name will be displayed first, immediately followed by the writing credits.
1706:
For writing teams of two, they are credited as one, separated on the credits by an ampersand ("X & Y"). If each works independently on the script (the most common system), they are separated by an "and". If more than two persons worked on the screenplay, the credits may read like "screenplay by X
1702:
The WGA's rules also outlines when credits can be apportioned separately for the story, and for the screenplay itself when all writers were not equally involved in the creation of both. When the same writers are entitled to both "Screenplay by" and "Story by" credit, they will instead by listed under
1142:
all tried to obtain top billing. Holden was refused as his diminished star power was no longer considered to be in the league of McQueen's and Newman's. To provide dual top billing and mollify McQueen, the credits were arranged diagonally, with McQueen at the lower left and Newman at the upper right.
652:
The two or three top-billed actors in a movie will usually be announced prior to the title of the movie; this is referred to as "above-title billing". For an actor to receive it, he/she will generally have to be well-established, with box-office drawing power. Those introduced afterward are generally
1909:
39, Univers 49, and Bee. Inclusion in the credits and the billing block is generally a matter of detailed contracts between
Hollywood labor unions representing creative talent and the producer or film distributor. The labor union contracts specify minimum requirements for presenting actors, writers
1698:
The WGA rules help dictate whether a screenplay should be classified as "original" or is instead based on another source. If based on another source, an additional "Based on a book/play/other source by" is generally required. In the case of a sequel to the film, the credited writers of the original
288:
that was prevalent on
Broadway at that time. They also feared that, once actors were billed on film, they would be more popular and would seek large salaries. Actors themselves did not want to reveal their film careers to their stage counterparts via billing on film, because at that time working in
1026:
344:
After the studio system's collapse in the 1950s, actors and their agents fought for billing on a film-by-film basis. This, combined with changes in union contracts and copyright laws, led to more actors and crew members being included in the credits sequence, expanding its size significantly. As a
1316:
An actor may receive "last billing", which usually designates a smaller role played by a famous actor. They are usually credited after the rest of the lead cast, prefixed by "and" or "with". In some cases, for extra emphasis the actor's name is followed by "as" and the name of the character (thus
597:
in the mid-1960s. Sometimes the producer or writer may also get a possessory credit. Up until the establishment of the director's possessive credit, in the early 1970s, some directors were so highly regarded that they received what seems to be a producer's credit, even if they did not produce the
431:
The order in which credits are billed generally signify their importance. While there are numerous variations, most opening credits use some variation of the following basic order. In the absence of opening credits, these roles will often be credited in reverse order at the beginning of the
950:
but the young actor was not considered for the movie version since Newman, viewed by studios at the time as mainly a stage and television actor only beginning his movie career, was in no position to compete with Bogart. Tracy would also later back out of costarring in the 1965 film
341:, on-screen billing was presented at the beginning of a film; only a restatement of the cast and possibly additional players appeared at the end, because the studios had actors under contract and could decide billing. The studios still followed the billing system of the silent era.
1055:
and on television prior to the film's release, but in the film itself, Wayne is accorded top billing. Their names are displayed on pictures of signposts, one after the other, with Wayne's name shown first with his sign mounted slightly higher on its post than
Stewart's. Director
805:. The two names appear simultaneously with Newman's on the right side of the screen and raised slightly higher than McQueen's, to indicate the comparable status of both actors' characters (this also features on the advertising poster). A similar situation occurred in 2002 with
1401:, he requested that his name be completely removed from the billing and credits in order to "do it anonymously". However, Nathan Murray is still credited as "Mr. Oldman's assistant" and Oldman's name was added to the end credits upon the film's home video release.
761:). However "and introducing" is now mostly used in feature films by a young actor (usually a child) who appears for the first time in a motion picture. Sometimes, they may not receive special billing even if their role is crucial. For example, the then-unknown
328:(IMP). Laemmle wanted Lawrence to be his star attraction, so he offered her more money (US$ 250 per week (equivalent to $ 8,175 in 2023)) and marquee billing, something Biograph did not allow. She signed on; with the release of her first IMP film,
865:
If an actor is not an established star, he or she may not receive above-the-title billing, or even "star" billing; they may just be listed at the head of the cast. This is the way that all of the actors were listed in the opening credits to
1121:. For the trailer, the circular animation of the two names was repeated and neither name was spoken aloud. For the posters, the names made an X, Lewis' going up from the bottom left and Curtis' going down from the upper left.
1633:
Other unbilled roles feature famous actors or actresses who pop up in a movie as a face in a crowd, a man on a bench, or other 'background' characters, who are given screen time for a brief, but recognizable, moment, such as
790:
If more than one name appears at the same time or of a similar size, then those actors are said to have "equal billing", with their importance decreasing from left to right. However, an instance of "equal importance" is
632:
whose names appear first are said to have "top billing". They usually play the principal characters in the film and have the most screen time. Frequently, top-billed actors are also named in advertising material such as
283:
From the beginning of motion pictures in the 1900s to the early 1920s, the moguls that owned or managed big film studios did not want to bill the actors appearing in their films because they did not want to recreate the
1839:
1298:
he demanded top billing and received it despite his role actually being much smaller than
Farrell's. Foxx's name appears first in the opening credits, while Farrell still receives top billing in the closing credits.
736:, yet Schell went on to win the Oscar for Best Actor in a Leading Role. In recent decades, however, the practice of giving top billing to a star actor has largely been discontinued especially if they only play a
1386:
An actor may go uncredited and not be listed in the credits at all, or may forgo a listing in the opening credits and only be listed in the closing credits. Reasons for this may vary. Some examples include:
1463:
declined to be credited in three episodes despite playing a central guest role. He did not want to give the impression he had taken the role for money or exposure, as he had actually taken it to please his
1502:
agreed to provide a cameo performance without compensation on the condition that he not be credited under his real name; he was credited under a fictitious name of his choosing, "Walter
Matuschanskayasky".
653:
considered to be the supporting cast. Well-known actors may be given top billing for publicity or contractual purposes if juvenile, lesser-known, or first-time performers appear in a larger role: e.g.,
1157:, who did not enjoy McQueen's status and took second billing to Newman. Today, it has become understood that whoever's name appears to the left has top billing, but this was by no means the case when
819:
received "stacked billing" on the film's poster, where a person reading from left to right would read Zeta-Jones' name first and a person reading from top to bottom would read
Zellweger's name first.
688:
It used to be common practice to give top billing based on a person's level of fame, regardless of the significance of their role in the film. For example, Marlon Brando received top billing in
671:, the then-unknown actor who played the title character and protagonist, was not, even though Brando only appears in the introduction while Hackman was the main antagonist. Similarly in
1710:
The WGA system also puts limits on the number of writers: on films, "Screenplay by", "Teleplay by", and "Written by" credit each can list no more than three writers (or writing teams).
1357:, had top billing, but Tracy was too big a star to receive second billing. In promotional posters and screen credits, Tracy's name is displayed in larger letters than Johnson's.
850:, there were many famous actors playing supporting or bit roles, and these actors were given prominent billing in the posters along with the film's actual stars: Branagh,
876:, although listed first, was given equal billing to all the others, with the cast list reading "with Judy Garland, Frank Morgan, Ray Bolger, Bert Lahr, Jack Haley", etc.
1252:). Cheadle removed his name from the credits. The producers apparently wanted Clooney, not Cheadle, to be the first name a casual viewer of the advertising would see.
698:'s character; Pacino was displeased that he was only nominated for the Best Supporting Actor Oscar while Brando received the Oscar for Best Actor in a Leading Role),
1722:(DGA) requires that a film lists only one director, even if more than one director has worked on the film, with few exceptions, such as for directing teams like the
1673:
at the time and was arguably their biggest star but appears briefly as an unbilled and presumably unpaid extra at the beginning of the rival studio's seagoing epic.
1533:
1648:. They can be recognized, but sometimes are not credited for financial reasons – if they receive credit, they would be due payment commensurate with their fame.
826:
with no clear lead role, it is traditional to bill the participants alphabetically or in the order of their on-screen appearance. An example of the former is
613:
refuses to use a possessory credit, such as "A Kevin Smith Film", feeling that a movie is made by everyone involved and not the product of just the director.
751:
If an unfamiliar actor has the lead role, they may be listed last in the list of principal supporting actors, their name prefixed with "and introducing" (as
1577:, was Marion Robert Morrison (his widely reported middle name of Michael was apparently a change made by studio publicists after he became famous as Wayne).
2165:
1441:
1754:(1977), which had a similar opening sequence, to go unchallenged because the writer-director credit (George Lucas) matched the company name Lucasfilm Ltd.
832:(1977), which featured 14 roles played by established stars, any one of whom would have ordinarily received top billing as an individual. The cast of the
537:
that is normally credited is the one that distributed the film. However, a studio may not necessarily be the party that produced it. Instead, a separate
134:
49:
838:
films includes many recognized stars in supporting roles who are billed alphabetically, but after the three principals who were initially child actors.
2570:
2461:
302:
355:
By the 1990s, some films had moved all billing to the film's end, with the exception of company logos and the title. Although popularised by the
893:
In some cases, the position of a name in the credits roll can become a sticking point for both cast and crew. Such was the case on the 1960s TV
862:. In the actual film's credits, they (along with the other actors in the film) were listed in alphabetical order and in the same size typeface.
2014:
2429:
1982:
1169:
1762:
is one of the few MGM films in which the director receives very prominent billing in the posters advertising the movie – the posters state "
1068:' character had never entirely recovered from an abortive romance with Wayne's gunslinging rancher because "I wanted Wayne to be the lead."
1452:
that her recurring character was impersonating one of the lead characters. She was listed as "Special Guest Star" rather than "Guest Star."
349:
of the film, which generally includes a recap of the billing shown at the beginning. In addition, more stars began to demand top billing.
2636:
2651:
1192:
1149:
1082:(1976), with Redford receiving top billing in posters and trailers while Hoffman was billed over Redford in the film itself. In 2021,
965:, whom McQueen had idolized from childhood. Whenever it was pointed out to Tracy that he routinely took top billing in his films with
602:
was one such director: his films usually featured the credit "A Victor
Fleming Production", even when someone else produced the film.
325:
181:
2592:
1022:(who does not even appear until halfway through the picture). In the closing credits, Guinness is billed second, with Hawkins third.
258:
are presented for plays, films, television, or other creative works. Information given in billing usually consists of the companies,
2498:
2349:
2332:
1644:
218:
200:
153:
63:
1078:
2120:
2282:
1798:(1971) he generally received main billing, with the actors only listed in the billing block. Advertising materials for Kubrick's
1657:
1609:'s casting was kept secret during production, and he is not credited in the film. This was a deliberate decision by the director
1485:
1431:, requested not to be credited in the opening titles or in any advertising for the film. His name appears in the closing credits.
1039:
2646:
2608:
1955:
1692:
1682:
1588:
1304:
934:
160:
910:) were the only ones whose mention in the opening theme song was abbreviated simply as "the rest" in the show's first season.
2066:
1919:
138:
91:
55:
1228:
167:
1905:
of the billing block is 15 to 35 percent of the average height of each letter in the title logo. Typefaces used include
1084:
1006:
868:
828:
902:, where two of the stars were only mentioned by name in the closing credits. In fact, the characters of The Professor (
1878:
1613:, as he uses the audience's familiarity with Matt Damon as a 'good guy' actor to hide his character's true intentions.
1126:
581:
Depending on their standing, the director may be granted an extra, prominent credit before the film's title (as in "A
330:
240:
681:
was billed second despite a brief supporting role that earned him an Oscar nomination for Best
Supporting Actor, and
2411:
149:
2641:
2218:
1772:
1719:
1436:
834:
622:
352:
Billing demands even extended to publicity materials, down to the height of the letters and the position of names.
1766:'s Production of", although the same credit does not appear in the actual on-screen credits. A similar example is
127:
1794:
1349:
1332:
1109:
981:
757:
479:
469:
393:
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1001:, he had a similar clause included in his own contract, effectively ending the hugely popular Gable-Tracy team.
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1330:
to the end credit listings, as the film made him a huge star, such that the credits of the film's first sequel
1322:
646:
285:
1418:
was afforded sole, above the title, top billing with the letters of his name equal to that of the film title.
1212:). Thus, Abraham asked for his name to be completely removed, even from the closing credits. That same year,
1740:
1554:
642:
503:
1448:
agreed to be listed in the end credits (rather than in the opening credits as usual) to avoid spoiling the
541:
may have actually made the film or financed a substantial part of the film. For instance, on the 1979 film
1935:
1494:
255:
2473:
1977:
Doug & Mary: A biography of
Douglas Fairbanks & Mary Pickford, by Gary Carey, E.P. Dutton, 1977,
2462:"When Robert Rodriguez approached Frank Miller about adapting Sin City, he knew he needed a great pitch"
2152:
1851:
1366:
1265:
demanded top billing and a share of the film's earnings (including associated merchandise), even though
784:
770:
716:
1236:'s and, unlike with the later sequels, the cast above the title was presented alphabetically (Clooney,
890:; his onscreen credit reads "with F. Murray Abraham", although his name does appear first in the cast.
677:, Brando was billed first even though he only appears at the end as the film's chief antagonist, while
2490:
The Movie
Business: The Definitive Guide to the Legal and Financial Secrets of Getting Your Movie Made
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1410:
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The "billing block" is the "list of names that adorn the bottom portion of the official poster (or '
1025:
2100:
1758:
1621:
1601:
1527:
807:
497:
373:(1984), this "title-only" billing became an established form for summer blockbusters in 1989, with
1117:), their animated names appeared in a spinning, circular fashion in front of an airplane engine's
2060:
1626:
1360:
Occasionally, films have both an "and-as" credit and a separate last billing credit, such as the
1344:
1257:
962:
953:
846:
594:
543:
538:
512:
399:
1819:
always inserts his name into the title of each of his films and television shows. For instance:
1778:
938:(1955), but when neither actor would relinquish top billing, Tracy withdrew and was replaced by
1326:, which simply listed a question mark (?) as portraying the monster. Reissued prints add actor
2494:
2328:
2083:
1978:
1945:
1829:
1616:
1610:
1516:
1427:
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1014:, who is generally regarded as the main character in the film, receives third billing, after
2469:
2095:
1847:
1750:
1662:
1209:
1163:
1144:
993:
943:
766:
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752:
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733:
485:
2304:
2253:
1927:, pseudonym used by directors who do not want their name associated with the final project.
1308:(2009), the aforementioned characters mock-argue over who gets top billing for their show.
1213:
391:(1989) following the practice. Occasionally, even the title is left to the end, such as in
2618:
2613:
2600:
2286:
1940:
1930:
1856:
1788:
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asked for above-title billing. This was rejected as too many other stars were getting it (
942:, who took second billing to Bogart. Bogart's role in the film had earlier been played on
929:
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1029:
John Wayne was billed second on posters and in trailers but first in the film itself for
2559:
Marich, Robert (2013) Marketing To Moviegoers: Third Edition (2013), SIU Press, p. 18-20
2204:
1894:
and other film advertising copy, the billing block is usually set in a highly condensed
90:
Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
1950:
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requested above the title billing alongside Robert Redford and Lena Olin for the drama
1180:
1175:
1154:
1139:
1073:
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Sometimes actors can become highly competitive over the order of billing. For example:
882:
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673:
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236:
2279:
1629:, and not his own voice, which ultimately brought the character of Abe Sapien to life.
1226:
did exactly the same thing when his name was not allowed to appear above the title in
345:
result, since the late 1960s, a significant amount of the billing is reserved for the
289:
the movies was unacceptable to stage actors. As late as the 1910s, stars as famous as
2630:
1873:
1809:
1763:
1723:
1707:& Y and Z and W", where X and Y worked as a team, but Z and W worked separately.
1573:
1564:
1474:
1370:, the opening credits of which, after listing a large cast of stars, concludes with "
1340:
1327:
1295:
1287:
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1222:. When the producers rejected this, he decided to go uncredited. Eleven years later,
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Nicholson... demanded top-billing and a deal that gave him royalties on merchandise.
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contract and made three major films in the 1930s with Tracy in supporting roles (
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was billed as "Michael Morris" in two cameo television appearances directed by
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motion picture may be entitled to a "Based on characters created by" credit.
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Writing credits for films and TV shows written under the jurisdiction of the
1161:
was produced. This same approach has often been used subsequently, including
957:
when he learned he would have to take second billing behind the film's star,
297:
were not known by name to moviegoers. According to Mary Pickford's biography
2223:
2019:
1887:
1745:
1582:
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886:, did not receive special star billing although he played the lead role of
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1890:', as it is called in the movie industry) of the movie". In the layout of
231:
2536:
1895:
1639:
737:
748:
where they are only noted within the other cast during the end credits.
2434:
2127:
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1906:
1232:(2001), presumably because his name would have alphabetically preceded
1118:
1052:
1840:
For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf
1782:
both carry the credit "David Lean's Film of" (followed by the title).
1270:
894:
1898:(one in which the height of characters is several times the width).
1744:, be credited at the beginning of the film because the company name
1489:
and is uncredited, although he is one of the film's main characters.
2080:
Who The Devil Made It: Conversations with Legendary Film Directors
1868:
1734:
resigned from the DGA after it insisted, against his wishes, that
1153:(1969). McQueen ultimately passed on the part and was replaced by
1024:
779:, received tenth billing as if he were merely a bit player, while
629:
461:
259:
230:
551:
as presenting the film, but the actual production was handled by
2308:
2043:
1998:
1092:
receiving top billing on the posters and in the trailers while
2290:
1320:
An early example of last billing is found in the 1931 classic
1096:
was accorded top billing at the beginning of the film itself.
976:
110:
88:
about billing for plays, television, and other creative works.
70:
29:
254:
term used in referring to the order and other aspects of how
1051:
in the movie's posters and the previews (trailers) shown in
2350:"Chris Nolan explains why he kept actor's casting a secret"
559:, one of the three main stars (the others were Douglas and
1655:
being clearly glimpsed during the opening scenes of MGM's
787:
of the musical, received fourth billing in the 1936 film.
361:
series (see below) and used sporadically in films such as
1509:
is not credited for his prominent role in the portion of
1567:. Wayne's real name, before it was changed for the 1930
1525:
does not receive credit for his "Jedidiah" character in
1827:. To date, the only film he has not done this with is
783:, an established star who played the same role in the
685:, who portrayed the main character, was billed third.
1619:
declined to be credited for his voice-acting role in
320:". In 1910, Lawrence was lured away from Biograph by
567:
got the possessory credit ("A James Bridges Film").
1625:because he felt it was the physical performance of
1473:, the credit for "The Monster" is a question mark.
1414:he chose not to receive any billing credit because
997:), but when Tracy renegotiated his contract during
585:Film"); this practice began with directors such as
427:
Opening credits § Common opening credits order
141:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2119:
1748:was there; it had previously allowed the original
1642:momentarily appearing in a circus audience during
961:. The role Tracy had been cast in went instead to
555:/IPC Films; IPC Films was a production company of
1353:, since another top box office star of the time,
1290:originally received top billing. However, after
969:, he responded, "It's a movie, not a lifeboat."
2318:
2316:
1339:One of the first "and-as" credits was given to
1064:that he made it apparent to the audience that
928:was originally cast to play the lead opposite
2166:"The Towering Inferno Masterprint at Art.com"
8:
2394:"Glatzer (October 1998) "Movie credits 101""
1882:(1958), with a billing block at the bottom.
1076:used precisely the same billing formula for
301:, she was referred to by the public as "the
2323:Erdmann, Terry J.; Block, Paula M. (2000).
1531:, though he receives credit in the sequel,
235:Man on a ladder, changing the billing on a
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1483:appears as Hank in the 2003 family comedy
975:had a top billing clause written into his
694:(although he had less on-screen time than
2405:
2403:
2008:
2006:
1850:quit the DGA because he wanted to credit
219:Learn how and when to remove this message
201:Learn how and when to remove this message
2375:(transcript). Interviewed by Staci Layne
1505:Because he played the part without pay,
2348:Nepales, Ruben V. (November 14, 2014).
2327:. New York: Pocket Books. p. 208.
2205:"Ocean's Eleven Movie Poster (#2 of 5)"
2191:"Righteous Kill Movie Poster (#1 of 9)"
2058:Enhanced Playback Trivia Track (2004).
1970:
661:were both credited before the title in
305:girl" in all of her films before 1905.
2096:"All the President's Men Movie Poster"
1786:received prominent title billing from
1557:" and an anthology installment called
1170:Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow
1088:used exactly the same approach, with
7:
2325:Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Companion
1821:Tyler Perry's Why Did I Get Married?
880:, a supporting actor at the time of
139:adding citations to reliable sources
2537:"Corey Holmes watches the Watchmen"
2412:"Why not quit the Directors Guild?"
2219:"Top ten Batman villains on screen"
1336:credits him only by his last name.
621:For the South African TV show, see
2535:Jaramillo, Brian (March 4, 2009).
2493:. Simon and Schuster. p. 72.
2369:"Doug Jones – Exclusive Interview"
1150:Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid
326:Independent Motion Picture Company
25:
2617:. January 5, 1962. Archived from
2569:Schott, Ben (February 23, 2013).
1347:") in the 1944 World War II film
741:
45:This article has multiple issues.
2591:Glatzer, Robert (October 1998).
2517:. Posterwire.com. March 21, 2005
2252:Hochman, David (March 3, 2000).
2013:Glatzer, Robert (October 1998).
1833:, which is an adaptation of the
1477:is named in the closing credits.
1395:appeared under heavy make-up in
1040:The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance
1031:The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance
744:); some major actors may have a
115:
75:
34:
2410:Engber, Daniel (8 April 2005).
2149:Private Screenings: Tony Curtis
1956:WGA screenwriting credit system
1693:WGA screenwriting credit system
1683:WGA screenwriting credit system
1589:Beavis and Butt-head Do America
1305:Michael and Michael Have Issues
1018:(who demanded top billing) and
126:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2571:"Assembling the Billing Block"
2118:(director) (5 December 2021).
2067:Buena Vista Home Entertainment
1920:Acknowledgment (creative arts)
1060:remarked in an interview with
150:"Billing" performing arts
1:
1854:as "co-director" on the film
1825:Tyler Perry's Meet the Browns
1580:For his cameo appearances in
529:Studio vs. production company
2515:"Credit Where Credit is Due"
2367:Jones, Doug (May 11, 2007).
1995:Keyword 'no opening credits'
1596:was billed as "Earl Hofert".
1317:called an "and-as" credit).
1302:In a comedic commercial for
1007:The Bridge on the River Kwai
2254:"The biggest movie payoffs"
1879:Attack of the 50 Foot Woman
1669:. Cagney was contracted to
1193:The Bonfire of the Vanities
1047:was given top billing over
765:, who played Joe and sang "
617:Top and above-title billing
455:Above-title billed actor(s)
241:Chapel Hill, North Carolina
2668:
2637:Film and video terminology
2280:Interview with Gary Oldman
1720:Directors Guild of America
1680:
1645:The Greatest Show on Earth
1457:Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
1437:Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
1004:In the opening credits of
623:Top Billing (TV programme)
620:
574:
547:, the opening titles bill
504:Director(s) of Photography
424:
312:, the public used to call
270:, and other crew members.
2652:Film advertising material
2063:Tenth Anniversary Edition
1815:Filmmaker and playwright
1792:(1964) onwards, and from
1703:one "Written by" credit.
1534:Battle of the Smithsonian
1467:In the opening of 1931's
1350:Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo
1333:The Bride of Frankenstein
480:Visual effects supervisor
394:The Passion of the Christ
2130:. Event occurs at 11:28
1689:Writers Guild of America
1408:had a prominent role in
1343:("as Lieutenant Colonel
606:was similarly credited.
2241:(subscription required)
1741:The Empire Strikes Back
1555:The Colter Craven Story
1421:For suspense purposes,
1107:wanted top billing for
1079:All the President's Men
918:Competitive top billing
447:Production company(ies)
2647:Television terminology
1936:Credit (creative arts)
1883:
1804:featured the billing "
1651:An example of this is
1034:
337:During the era of the
244:
86:is missing information
2609:"Egos: Watch My Line"
2487:Crabb, Kelly (2005).
2153:Turner Classic Movies
2027:on December 20, 2010.
1966:Specific references:
1872:
1677:Screenwriters billing
1028:
717:Judgment at Nuremberg
513:Executive Producer(s)
234:
2621:on February 4, 2013.
2585:General references:
2259:Entertainment Weekly
2039:"James Whale - IMDb"
1658:Mutiny on the Bounty
1486:Cheaper by the Dozen
1382:Unbilled appearances
1374:as Clarence ... and
1277:was the antagonist.
1159:The Towering Inferno
1127:The Towering Inferno
817:Catherine Zeta-Jones
794:The Towering Inferno
714:was billed fifth in
466:Last billed actor(s)
324:when he started the
135:improve this article
27:Performing arts term
2593:"Movie credits 101"
2015:"Movie credits 101"
1901:By convention, the
1528:Night at the Museum
1364:1978 disaster film
935:The Desperate Hours
841:In the case of the
498:Production designer
470:Casting director(s)
2603:on April 22, 2009.
2575:The New York Times
2285:2009-02-26 at the
2126:(Motion picture).
1884:
1795:A Clockwork Orange
1738:, the director of
1345:James H. Doolittle
1273:while Nicholson's
1035:
963:Edward G. Robinson
954:The Cincinnati Kid
758:Lawrence of Arabia
710:(also see above).
595:John Frankenheimer
571:Possessory credits
544:The China Syndrome
539:production company
451:Possessory credits
245:
2642:Stage terminology
2084:Peter Bogdanovich
1983:978-0-525-09512-5
1946:Possessory credit
1830:For Colored Girls
1617:David Hyde Pierce
1611:Christopher Nolan
1517:Quentin Tarantino
1492:In the 1974 film
1271:titular character
1198:F. Murray Abraham
1094:Jennifer Lawrence
1090:Leonardo DiCaprio
1062:Peter Bogdanovich
967:Katharine Hepburn
899:Gilligan's Island
878:F. Murray Abraham
822:If a film has an
785:1936 film version
771:1951 film version
712:Maximilian Schell
704:(see above), and
669:Christopher Reeve
577:Possessory credit
549:Columbia Pictures
314:Florence Lawrence
229:
228:
221:
211:
210:
203:
185:
109:
108:
68:
16:(Redirected from
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2477:
2472:. Archived from
2470:Associated Press
2466:Lexington Herald
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2438:. Archived from
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2168:. Archived from
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2055:
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2048:
2035:
2029:
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2023:. Archived from
2010:
2001:
1992:
1986:
1975:
1848:Robert Rodriguez
1714:Director billing
1663:Charles Laughton
1661:(1935) starring
1547:, an episode of
1210:Melanie Griffith
1179:(2008) starring
1164:Cruel Intentions
906:) and Mary Ann (
869:The Wizard of Oz
829:A Bridge Too Far
797:(1974) starring
763:William Warfield
734:Marlene Dietrich
563:), and director
533:The name of the
486:Costume designer
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2287:Wayback Machine
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2227:. July 17, 2012
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2012:
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1993:
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1976:
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1941:Opening credits
1931:Closing credits
1916:
1867:
1789:Dr. Strangelove
1784:Stanley Kubrick
1779:Ryan's Daughter
1716:
1685:
1679:
1594:David Letterman
1560:Flashing Spikes
1384:
1314:
930:Humphrey Bogart
920:
904:Russell Johnson
888:Antonio Salieri
843:Kenneth Branagh
813:Renee Zellweger
730:Richard Widmark
626:
619:
579:
573:
553:Michael Douglas
531:
518:Screenwriter(s)
434:closing credits
429:
423:
382:Lethal Weapon 2
376:Ghostbusters II
347:closing credits
331:The Broken Oath
295:Charlie Chaplin
281:
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252:performing arts
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2506:
2499:
2479:
2476:on 2005-04-19.
2452:
2421:
2416:Slate Magazine
2399:
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2359:
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2155:, 19 Jan 1999.
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1959:
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1951:Title sequence
1948:
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1933:
1928:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1876:'s poster for
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1844:
1835:Ntozake Shange
1813:
1801:Eyes Wide Shut
1773:Doctor Zhivago
1755:
1736:Irvin Kershner
1715:
1712:
1691:(WGA) use the
1681:Main article:
1678:
1675:
1631:
1630:
1614:
1597:
1578:
1538:
1520:
1503:
1500:Walter Matthau
1490:
1481:Ashton Kutcher
1478:
1465:
1461:Frank Langella
1453:
1442:Heart of Stone
1432:
1419:
1402:
1383:
1380:
1372:Fred MacMurray
1313:
1310:
1267:Michael Keaton
1263:Jack Nicholson
1234:George Clooney
1229:Ocean's Eleven
1181:Robert De Niro
1176:Righteous Kill
1155:Robert Redford
1140:William Holden
1074:Robert Redford
1070:Dustin Hoffman
1016:William Holden
919:
916:
856:Julie Christie
726:Burt Lancaster
701:Apocalypse Now
674:Apocalypse Now
667:(1978), while
618:
615:
600:Victor Fleming
587:Otto Preminger
575:Main article:
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18:Billing (film)
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2500:9780743264921
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2467:
2463:
2460:Coyle, Jake.
2456:
2453:
2442:on 2017-02-10
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2172:on 2004-12-28
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2122:Don't Look Up
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1874:Reynold Brown
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1764:William Wyler
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1570:
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1328:Boris Karloff
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1318:
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1288:Colin Farrell
1285:
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799:Steve McQueen
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753:Peter O'Toole
749:
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722:Spencer Tracy
719:
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713:
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691:The Godfather
686:
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2509:
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2440:the original
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2372:
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2354:Inquirer.net
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2018:
1990:
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1732:George Lucas
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1671:Warner Bros.
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1653:James Cagney
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1602:Interstellar
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1515:directed by
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1507:Bruce Willis
1493:
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1470:Frankenstein
1468:
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1435:
1434:In the 1995
1426:
1423:Kevin Spacey
1409:
1406:Gene Hackman
1404:Even though
1396:
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1338:
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1323:Frankenstein
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1312:Last billing
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1280:In the film
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1227:
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1206:Bruce Willis
1191:
1189:
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1173:(2004), and
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1145:Sundance Kid
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1005:
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874:Judy Garland
867:
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860:Kate Winslet
852:Derek Jacobi
845:
840:
835:Harry Potter
833:
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792:
789:
781:Paul Robeson
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742:Last billing
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683:Martin Sheen
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659:Gene Hackman
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583:Ridley Scott
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440:Name of the
430:
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409:(2010), and
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385:(1989), and
380:
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370:Ghostbusters
368:
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322:Carl Laemmle
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133:Please help
128:verification
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61:
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47:Please help
44:
2265:January 16,
2231:January 16,
2116:McKay, Adam
1817:Tyler Perry
1812:/ KUBRICK".
1667:Clark Gable
1636:Bing Crosby
1550:Wagon Train
1523:Owen Wilson
1446:Salome Jens
1393:Gary Oldman
1376:Henry Fonda
1362:Irwin Allen
1355:Van Johnson
1269:played the
1242:Andy García
1224:Don Cheadle
1136:Paul Newman
1105:Jerry Lewis
1101:Tony Curtis
973:Clark Gable
948:Paul Newman
803:Paul Newman
611:Kevin Smith
604:James Whale
561:Jack Lemmon
523:Director(s)
509:Producer(s)
492:Film editor
475:Composer(s)
442:film studio
413:Dark Knight
367:(1972) and
286:star system
2631:Categories
2546:2012-10-04
2541:Lettercult
2521:2012-05-29
2446:2016-12-01
2379:2008-06-11
2373:Horror.com
2176:2010-01-09
1962:References
1903:point size
1768:David Lean
1627:Doug Jones
1607:Matt Damon
1569:widescreen
1541:John Wayne
1512:Four Rooms
1495:Earthquake
1416:Tom Cruise
1292:Jamie Foxx
1283:Miami Vice
1238:Matt Damon
1214:Raúl Juliá
1066:Vera Miles
1049:John Wayne
988:Test Pilot
912:Bob Denver
908:Dawn Wells
643:billboards
591:David Lean
557:Jane Fonda
458:Film title
425:See also:
161:newspapers
50:improve it
2597:Salon.com
2430:"YouTube"
2224:The Times
2061:Clerks. X
2020:Salon.com
1888:one sheet
1751:Star Wars
1746:Lucasfilm
1730:In 1980,
1583:Cabin Boy
1563:starring
1545:John Ford
1464:children.
1440:episode "
1367:The Swarm
1246:Brad Pitt
1202:Tom Hanks
1185:Al Pacino
1058:John Ford
994:Boom Town
776:Show Boat
769:" in the
696:Al Pacino
609:Director
462:Main cast
406:Inception
388:The Abyss
358:Star Wars
268:producers
264:directors
92:talk page
56:talk page
2283:Archived
2134:26 April
1914:See also
1896:typeface
1857:Sin City
1846:In 2004
1770:, whose
1640:Bob Hope
1553:titled "
1455:Also on
1450:surprise
1411:The Firm
1398:Hannibal
1286:(2006),
1261:(1989),
1196:(1990),
1167:(1999),
1130:(1974),
1099:As both
1043:(1962),
1010:(1957),
944:Broadway
811:, where
738:bit part
707:Superman
664:Superman
647:TV spots
635:trailers
403:(2009),
397:(2004),
379:(1989),
303:Biograph
2435:YouTube
2128:Netflix
2065:(DVD).
1907:Univers
1759:Ben-Hur
1622:Hellboy
1294:won an
1119:nacelle
1053:cinemas
1033:(1962).
883:Amadeus
808:Chicago
755:was in
639:posters
415:trilogy
308:Before
279:History
256:credits
248:Billing
237:marquee
175:scholar
2497:
2331:
2305:Trivia
1981:
1810:KIDMAN
1806:CRUISE
1258:Batman
1248:, and
1219:Havana
991:, and
895:sitcom
858:, and
847:Hamlet
732:, and
720:after
645:, and
630:actors
598:film.
593:, and
535:studio
400:Avatar
260:actors
177:
170:
163:
156:
148:
2302:Seven
2289:from
1997:from
1985:p. 21
1837:play
1571:film
1428:Seven
1425:, in
1275:Joker
746:cameo
740:(see
316:the "
274:Films
250:is a
182:JSTOR
168:books
2614:Time
2495:ISBN
2329:ISBN
2309:IMDb
2267:2020
2233:2020
2136:2022
2044:IMDb
1999:IMDb
1979:ISBN
1776:and
1718:The
1665:and
1638:and
1586:and
1183:and
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1103:and
1072:and
1037:For
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657:and
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293:and
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2082:by
1823:or
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1190:In
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932:in
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2371:.
2352:.
2315:^
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2235:.
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1808:/
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