Bimodal bilingualism - Knowledge (XXG)

287:

readers first learn to communicate in a sign language. Research suggests that there is a mapping process, in which features from the sign language are accessed as a basis for the written language, Similar to the way hearing unimodal bilinguals access their primary language when communicating in their second language. Profoundly deaf ASL signers show that fluency in ASL is the best predictor of high reading skills in predicting proficiency in written English. In addition, highly proficient signing deaf children use more evaluative devices when writing than less proficient signing deaf children, and the relatively frequent omission of articles when writing in English by proficient signers may suggest a stage in which the transfer effect (that normally facilitates deaf children in reading) facilitates a mix of the morphosyntactic systems of written English and ASL. Deaf children then appear to map the new morphology, syntax, and lexical choices of their written language onto the existing structures of their primary sign language. The study examined deaf and hearing readers' reading processes. The study examined deaf readers' responses to syntactic manipulations with using self-pacing methods. The experimental included of animate and inanimate subjects, actives and passives, as well as subject and object relatives. Hearing readers had higher comprehension accuracy than deaf readers, according to the findings of the study. Deaf readers, on the other hand, can read and grasp sentences faster than hearing readers, according to the study. Self-pacing is a better method for deaf readers, according to the study.

91:(an area of the brain largely associated with memory consolidation and higher cognitive function, such as decision-making) of bimodal bilinguals, areas of the brain that help control phonological working memory tend to also have higher activation in those individuals who are proficient in two or more languages. There is also evidence that suggests that the age at which an individual acquires a second language may play a significant role in the varying brain functions associated with bilingualism. For example, individuals who acquired their second language early (before the age of 10) tend to have drastically different activation patterns than do late learners. However, late learners who achieve full proficiency in their second language tend to show similar patterns of activation during auditory tasks regardless of which language is being used, whereas early learners tend to activate different brain areas depending upon which language is being used. 95:

signers when asked to use only sign language, those same bimodal bilinguals demonstrated greater left parietal activation than did monolinguals. Parietal activation is not typically associated with language production but rather with motor activity. Therefore, it is logical that bimodal bilinguals, when switching between speech- and sign-based language, stimulate their left parietal areas as a result of their increased need to combine both motor action and language production. Moreover, it has been proven that there is a parallel or simultaneous language activation during language use. This activation occurs when the bilingual uses language, regardless of the L1 or L2, being used. The dominance or lack of dominance of a language does not impact the stimulation of the brain when a language is being used. This same activation happens with any language modality, meaning the brain is activated whether the language is written, signed, or spoken.

312:

reading tasks, word recognition tasks or homophonic tasks; however, deaf signers who are not orally trained do utilize phonological information in word-rhyming tasks. Furthermore, when performing on tasks with phonologically confusable initial sounds, hearing readers made more errors than deaf readers. Yet when given sentences that are sub-lexically confusable when translated into ASL, deaf readers made more errors than hearing readers. The body of literature clearly shows that skilled deaf readers can employ phonological skills, even if they do not all the time; without additional longitudinal studies it is uncertain if a profoundly deaf person must know something about the phonology of the target language to become a skilled reader (less than 75% of the deaf population) or if by becoming a skilled reader a deaf person learns how to employ phonological skills of the target language.

246:

development in a spoken language (such as English)." This conclusive research emphasizes the need for more additive models of bilingual education, as opposed to subtractive or transitional models of education, which are designed to shift the learner away from the native language for the goal of complete use and reliance of the majority language. For deaf children, subtractive models of bilingual education, combined with the lack of foundation of a native language, typically result in language deprivation and delay in cognitive development. In comparison, the aim the maintenance model, an additive model is "to support the development of the native language while also fostering acquisition and use of the majority language." This model is embedded in a bimodal, bilingual education and may include "comparative and integrative pedagogic strategies such as translation,

256:, or SimCom, which is a method of signing that represents English in its structure and elements, typically following English word order but still using one sign per word. However, research has shown this method of communication is not ideal for bilingual language learning. In a study about bimodal bilingual teachers and students' vocabulary levels, the results revealed a "slower speech rate, lower lexical richness, and lower syntactic complexity in the SimCom condition compared with the speech-only condition." These findings suggest that "the production of the less dominant language (ASL) during SimCom entails inhibition of the dominant language relative to the speech-only condition." This study also acknowledges that SimCom is a "complex communication unit that cannot be reduced to the combination of two languages." 74:(that is, alternate rapidly between multiple languages within a conversation), not only demonstrate increased connectivity and density of the neural network in multilinguals, but also appear to provide protection against damage due to age and age-related pathologies, such as Alzheimer's. Multilingualism, especially bimodal multilingualism, can help slow to process of cognitive decline in aging. It is thought that this is a result of the increased work load that the executive system, housed mostly in the frontal cortex, must assume in order to successfully control the use of multiple languages at once. This means that the cortex must be more finely tuned, which results in a "neural reserve" that then has neuroprotective benefits. 137:

fluency in written English choose not to speak it because of the general social unacceptability of their voices, or because they are unable to monitor factors like pitch and volume. The simultaneous production of speech and sign is referred to as code-switching. Using the fundamental concepts of Minimalism and Distributed Morphology, the research examined the phenomenon of code-switching and captured the true understanding and meaning of code-switching. The Synthesis model and WH-question were used in the study. The second modality, sign language, is recognized by the model. With any two language pairs, this method is intended to capture a variety of data. Their goal is to propose bilingual effects for any two language pairs.

357:

students (i.e., those with mild to moderate hearing loss) fare better overall, but even mild hearing losses can create significant challenges for developing reading skills". These concerning numbers are generally the result of varying levels of early language exposure. Most deaf children are born to hearing parents, which usually leaves a deficiency in their language exposure and development compared to children and parents who use the same modality to communicate. This group of children acquire a wide range of proficiency in a first language, which then impacts their ability to become proficient in a second (though sometimes possibly a first) language in the written modality. Children exposed to

160:

conversing by showing an ASL classifier and speaking the English equivalent phrase simultaneously. Like unimodal bilinguals, bimodal bilinguals will activate, deactivate or adjust their use of each language according to their domain. For ASL-English bilingualism, "deaf students' vocabulary knowledge in each language will be related to the contexts where the two languages are used." That is, vocabulary and topics learned and discussed in ASL will be recognized and recalled in ASL, and "English vocabulary will reflect the contexts where English is accessible to deaf students."

169:

through such "methods" as having their hands tied together. Hearing parents of Deaf children have historically been advised not to allow their children to learn ASL, as they were informed it would prevent the acquisition of English. Despite the fact that Deaf children's early exposure to ASL has now been shown to enhance their aptitude for acquiring English competency, the unequal social status of ASL and English, and of sign languages and oral languages, remains. Consequently, CODAs have a wide range of both positive and negative impacts based on their

326: 155:

restrict themselves to the language of the individual with whom they are conversing. However, when interacting with another bilingual, all bilinguals can use a mixture of the two common languages. While early aged bimodal bilinguals have more than one mode to communicate a language, they are just as susceptible as unimodal bilinguals to confusing domains and using the "wrong" language in a given situation.

200:. Deaf children and their parents communicated using several modalities, such as oral-aural and visual-gestural. The mixed use of ASL and spoken English in bilinguals is discussed in this article. It led to the contact signing. The author of the paper covered many contact sign approaches in complex layers of ASL and spoken English expressions. In the deaf community, contact signing is a common occurrence. 133:

flaw. It can be concluded that most bilingual children achieve phonological, lexical, and grammatical milestones at the same rate as monolingual children. This same phenomenon has been found in comparing unimodal bilinguals and bimodal bilinguals. In a study by Fish & Morford (2012), bimodal bilingual CODAs have demonstrated the same rate of success in these areas as their unimodal bilingual peers.

278:

as the United States and the Netherlands, deaf individuals do gain skill sets in reading and writing in the oral language of the community. In such a state, bilingualism is achieved between a sign language and the written form of the community's oral language. In this view, all sign–print bilinguals are bimodal bilinguals, but all bimodal bilinguals may not be sign–print bilinguals.

237:

proficient in ASL. However, those who are able to produce and perceive a spoken and signed language simultaneously demonstrated a slower speech rate, decreased lexical richness, and lower syntactic complexity when compared to the results of the speech-only condition. In addition, ASL users rely more on pragmatic inferences and background context versus syntactic information.

211:"occurs when speakers in a community give up speaking their language and take up the use of another in its place". ASL in particular, and sign languages in general, are undeniably influenced by their close contact with English or other oral languages, as evidenced by phenomena such as "loan signs" or lexicalized fingerspelling (the sign language equivalent of 87:—a centrally located brain feature that is near the thalamus and the basal ganglia—is an important part of this mechanism, as bilinguals tend to have significantly increased GMV and activation in this region as compared to monolinguals, especially during active code switching tasks. As implied by the significant preservation of gray matter in the 5329: 311:

all seem to require the reader/writer to know something about the phonology of their target language prior to learning the system. Profoundly deaf children do not have access to the same auditory base that hearing children do. Orally trained deaf children do not always use phonological information in

227:

the majority language in the same way or with the same competency that the hearing population does. Simultaneously, Deaf people still often have a need or desire to learn some form of English in order to communicate with family members and the majority culture. Thus, Deaf communities and individuals,

186:

Since linguists did not recognize ASL as a true language until the second half of the twentieth century, there has been very little acknowledgment of, or attention or study devoted to, the bilingual status of the American Deaf community. Deaf people are often "still seen by many as monolingual in the

168:

As is the case in many situations of oral-language bilingualism, bimodal bilingualism in the U.S. involves two languages with vastly different social status. ASL has traditionally not even had the status of being considered a legitimate language, and Deaf children have been prevented from learning it

277:

systems employ the morphology, syntax, lexical choices, and often phonetic representation of their target language in at least superficial ways; one must learn these new features of the target language in order to read or write. In communities where there is standardized education for the deaf, such

195:

Because almost all members of the American Deaf community are to some extent bilingual in ASL and English, it is rare that a Deaf person will find themselves conversing with a person who is monolingual in ASL. Therefore, unless an American Deaf person is communicating with someone who is monolingual

136:

Regardless of English competency in other areas, no Deaf individual is likely to comprehend English in the same way as a hearing person when others are speaking it because only a small percentage of English phonemes are clearly visible through lip reading. Additionally, many Deaf bilinguals who have

236:

Bimodal bilinguals are able to produce and perceive a spoken and a signed language simultaneously compared to those who are unimodal. Thus, these individuals are only able to perceive a spoken language at a given time and would not be able to process a signed language at the same time unless one is

154:

Deaf or bimodal bilinguals, in their day-to-day lives, move among and between various points on the language mode continuum depending on the situation and the language competency and skills of those with whom they are interacting. For example, when conversing with a monolingual, all bilinguals will

145:

Like hearing oral-language bilinguals, Deaf bimodal bilinguals generally "do not judge themselves to be bilingual". Whether because they do not believe the sign language to be a legitimate and separate language from the majority oral language, or because they do not consider themselves sufficiently

272:

forms, so deaf individuals learn to read and write an oral language. This is known as sign–print bilingualism—a deaf individual has fluency in (at least) one sign language as their primary language and has literacy skills in the written form of (at least) one oral language, without access to other

132:

deaf, style of and language used in their education, and whether the individual comes from a hearing or Deaf family. Historically, assessment of bilingual children would only measure proficiency in one of their languages. In more recent research, linguists and educators have identified this design

94:

Along with the neuroprotective benefits that help to prevent onset of age-related cognitive issues such as dementia, bimodal bilinguals also experience a slightly different pattern of organization of language in the brain. While hearing bimodal bilinguals showed less parietal activation than deaf

82:

is highly lateralized to the left side during facial recognition tasks, while this lateralization was not present in hearing, bimodal signers. Bilinguals also require an effective and fast neural control system to allow them to select and control their languages even while code switching rapidly.

77:

Gray matter volume (GMV) has been shown to be significantly preserved in bimodal bilinguals as compared to monolinguals in multiple brain areas, including the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior temporal lobes, and left insula. Similarly, neuroimaging studies that have compared monolinguals, unimodal

356:

In 2012, "About one in five deaf students who graduate from high school have reading skills at or below the second grade level; about one in three deaf students who graduate from high school have reading skills between the second and fourth grade level. Compared to deaf students, hard of hearing

286:

Children who are deaf and employ a sign language as their primary language learn to read in slightly different ways than their hearing counterparts. Much as speakers of oral languages most frequently achieve spoken fluency before they learn to read and write, the most successful profoundly deaf

159:

is a common phenomenon found among bilinguals; for bimodal bilinguals, another equivalent phenomenon is code-blending, which "involves simultaneous production of parts of an utterance in speech and sign." Examples of code-blending would be using ASL word order in a spoken English utterance, or

245:

In more recent research related to bilingualism and ASL, early exposure and adequate access to a first language has been imperative to children's development of language, academic and social opportunities, and critical thinking and reasoning skills – all of which can be "applied to literacy

69:

Most modern neurological studies of bilingualism employ functional neuroimaging techniques to uncover the neurological underpinnings of multilingualism and how multilingualism is beneficial to the brain. Neuroimaging and other neurological studies have demonstrated in recent years that

61:), with significantly increased grey matter in various brain areas and evidence of increased plasticity as well as neuroprotective advantages that can help slow or even prevent the onset of age-related cognitive diseases, such as Alzheimer's and dementia. 259:

Methodologies, strategies and support in bimodal bilingual education, as well as the language background and linguistic capital of bimodal bilingual educators are key aspects to the achievements of language competence of bimodal bilingual learners.

51:

in the 1960s (in discussions of bimodal bilingualism in the U.S., the two languages involved are generally ASL and English). However, bimodal bilinguals share many of the same traits as traditional bilinguals (those with competency in at least two

78:

bilinguals, and bimodal bilinguals provide evidence that deaf signers exhibit brain activation in patterns different from those of hearing signers, especially in regards to the left superior temporal sulcus. In deaf signers, activation of the

5682:

Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely,

196:

in English (the majority language), he or she can expect to be conversing in a "bilingual language mode". The result of this prolonged bilingual contact and mixing between a sign language and an oral language is known as

56:

languages), as well as differing in some interesting ways, due to the unique characteristics of the Deaf community. Bimodal bilinguals also experience similar neurological benefits as do unimodal bilinguals (see

31:, which utilize two different modalities. An oral language consists of a vocal-aural modality versus a signed language which consists of a visual-spatial modality. A substantial number of bimodal bilinguals are 111:

To be defined as bilingual, an individual need not have perfect fluency or equal skill in both languages. Bimodal bilinguals, like oral-language bilinguals, exhibit a wide range of language competency in their

39:, but invariably live within a larger hearing culture with its own oral language. Thus, "most deaf people are bilingual to some extent in language in some form". In discussions of multilingualism in the 98:

A 2021 study used event-related potential (ERP) to track the brain's language switch in bimodal bilinguals and measured a brain response pattern not found in unimodal bilinguals.

5584: 1645: 1620: 1258:

Rozen-Blay O, Novogrodsky R, Degani T (February 2022). "Talking While Signing: The Influence of Simultaneous Communication on the Spoken Language of Bimodal Bilinguals".

35:(CODA) or other hearing people who learn sign language for various reasons. Deaf people as a group have their own sign language(s) and culture that is referred to as 5599: 2883: 120:

languages. For Deaf people (the majority of bimodal bilinguals in the U.S.), level of competency in ASL and English may be influenced by factors such as degree of

1556: 1440:

van Beijsterveldt LM, van Hell J (2010). "Lexical noun phrases in texts written by deaf children and adults with different proficiency levels in sign language".

5589: 4773: 4728: 1750: 5620: 4785: 1836: 1831: 228:

in contrast to many hearing bilingual communities and individuals, will tend to "remain bilingual throughout their lives and from generation to generation".

3113: 1220:

Berent GP (2012-11-07). "Sign Language–Spoken Language Bilingualism and the Derivation of Bimodally Mixed Sentences". In Bhatia TK, Ritchie WC (eds.).

5497: 5394: 146:

fluent in one of their languages, denial of one's bilingualism is a common and well-known phenomenon among bilinguals, be they hearing or Deaf.

1613: 2136: 1237: 1204: 1108: 914: 511: 295:

There are mixed results in how important phonological information is to deaf individuals when reading and when that information is obtained.

1671: 1475:

Mayer C, Leigh G (2010). "The changing context for sign bilingual education programs: issues in language and the development of literacy".

5639: 5046: 2250: 5465: 5092: 4670: 2834: 882: 5041: 3519: 1606: 1367: 361:(MCE) as their primary form of communication show lower literary levels than their ASL signing peers. However, in countries such as 58: 5538: 5148: 5117: 5036: 4685: 3488: 5742: 4839: 3888: 3149: 3123: 1990: 5644: 5138: 5031: 4718: 4304: 3358: 2197: 2002: 1914: 636:

Zou L, Ding G, Abutalebi J, Shu H, Peng D (October 2012). "Structural plasticity of the left caudate in bimodal bilinguals".

369:

policy in their schools for the deaf, one sees a higher literacy rate compared to school systems favoring an oral tradition.

366: 716:"Words in the bilingual brain: an fNIRS brain imaging investigation of lexical processing in sign-speech bimodal bilinguals" 5558: 4521: 4516: 3428: 2785: 2050: 5634: 5492: 4780: 4636: 4386: 4137: 3841: 2739: 2628: 2269: 2037: 1877: 1797: 1774: 43:, bimodal bilingualism and bimodal bilinguals have often not been mentioned or even considered. This is in part because 5207: 5161: 4844: 4834: 4424: 3756: 3477: 3465: 3408: 3266: 2929: 2711: 2638: 2407: 2165: 2027: 1593: 1385:

Neuroth-Gimbrone, C., & Logiodic, C. M. (1992). A Cooperative Bilingual Language Program for Deaf Adolescents.

5594: 5282: 5169: 4378: 4026: 2333: 2182: 253: 5704:

Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.

4623: 5277: 5247: 5237: 5222: 5112: 5102: 4811: 4743: 4680: 4537: 4124: 4089: 4066: 4034: 3620: 3603: 3418: 3296: 3231: 3186: 2901: 2822: 2674: 2017: 1850: 1810: 1734: 5553: 5404: 5267: 5202: 5165: 5157: 5097: 5082: 4978: 4952: 4944: 4936: 4790: 4618: 4610: 4597: 4574: 4545: 4497: 4328: 4296: 4272: 3903: 3854: 3764: 3614: 3593: 3534: 3494: 3471: 3458: 3423: 3413: 3363: 3323: 3261: 3241: 3159: 3128: 2911: 2349: 2232: 2209: 2055: 1782: 1717: 79: 4907: 3313: 3278: 2424: 1187:

Davis J (January 1989). "Distinguishing language contact phenomena in ASL interpretation.". In Lucas C (ed.).

679:

Abutalebi J, Cappa SF, Perani D (August 2001). "The bilingual brain as revealed by functional neuroimaging".

268:

The written forms of language can be considered another modality. Sign languages do not have widely accepted

5649: 5470: 5374: 5303: 5272: 5262: 5217: 5212: 5122: 5004: 4970: 4923: 4897: 4881: 4753: 4748: 4432: 4404: 4362: 4312: 4232: 4224: 4071: 3979: 3953: 3823: 3807: 3685: 3608: 3547: 3383: 3196: 3191: 3180: 3169: 2891: 2656: 2651: 2505: 2485: 2309: 2219: 2204: 2095: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1723: 5691:

both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to

4166: 3096: 3088: 5684: 5664: 5389: 5257: 5252: 5232: 5227: 5087: 5023: 4957: 4889: 4849: 4803: 4795: 4738: 4733: 4692: 4660: 4631: 4605: 4566: 4471: 4466: 4440: 4344: 4256: 4190: 4174: 4153: 4116: 4108: 4081: 4010: 4002: 3987: 3971: 3963: 3945: 3921: 3911: 3893: 3698: 3669: 3664: 3598: 3499: 3453: 3438: 3398: 3272: 3256: 3251: 3174: 3154: 3058: 2919: 2896: 2793: 2682: 2646: 2607: 2586: 2540: 2526: 2490: 2320: 2264: 2240: 2187: 2177: 2146: 2045: 2012: 1862: 1787: 1740: 1704: 1694: 1640: 1303:"Bilingual deaf readers' use of semantic and syntactic cues in the processing of English relative clauses" 467: 378: 358: 44: 1513:

Treiman R, Hirsh-Pasek K (January 1983). "Silent reading: insights from second-generation deaf readers".

5737: 5688: 5444: 5384: 5242: 5107: 5077: 4915: 4758: 4723: 4665: 4589: 4579: 4558: 4486: 4396: 4370: 4357: 4352: 4336: 4280: 4264: 4248: 4182: 4145: 4132: 4058: 4050: 3992: 3898: 3880: 3867: 3836: 3815: 3799: 3780: 3772: 3690: 3572: 3560: 3529: 3524: 3509: 3482: 3448: 3433: 3403: 3368: 3350: 3303: 3221: 3201: 3074: 2755: 2729: 2623: 2602: 2581: 2565: 2510: 2500: 2454: 2284: 2214: 2151: 2126: 2087: 2079: 2065: 2060: 1997: 1949: 1867: 1815: 1728: 1710: 1699: 1350:

Strong M (1988-01-29). "A bilingual approach to the education of young deaf children: ASL and English".

423: 129: 70:

multilingualism has a significant impact on the human brain. The mechanisms required by bilinguals to

5692: 5399: 4902: 4862: 4824: 4768: 4511: 4506: 4476: 4391: 4320: 4208: 4195: 4161: 4042: 3958: 3937: 3929: 3916: 3831: 3748: 3719: 3706: 3677: 3588: 3567: 3443: 3378: 3343: 3338: 3328: 3318: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3164: 3144: 2803: 2798: 2769: 2724: 2719: 2692: 2661: 2495: 2441: 2387: 2328: 2226: 2022: 1882: 1872: 1805: 1745: 496: 5624: 5568: 5484: 5072: 4962: 4854: 4829: 4763: 4584: 4550: 4529: 4481: 4288: 4240: 4216: 4200: 4018: 3997: 3875: 3740: 3732: 3714: 3539: 3514: 3504: 3393: 3388: 3373: 3308: 3291: 3236: 3226: 2847: 2687: 2560: 2449: 2192: 1959: 1954: 1904: 1688: 388: 125: 32: 5615: 5513: 4994: 4819: 4076: 3846: 3727: 3627: 3552: 3246: 2697: 1538: 1492: 1457: 1283: 1114: 1068: 855: 696: 661: 121: 5518: 5179: 1583: 1530: 1363: 1332: 1275: 1233: 1200: 1166: 1104: 1045: 1013: 964: 910: 878: 847: 796: 747: 653: 618: 566: 517: 507: 5717: 5528: 5523: 5359: 5340: 1522: 1484: 1449: 1419: 1355: 1322: 1314: 1267: 1225: 1192: 1156: 1148: 1096: 1060: 1003: 995: 954: 946: 837: 827: 786: 778: 737: 727: 688: 645: 608: 600: 556: 548: 408: 48: 832: 815: 782: 5654: 5449: 5429: 5308: 413: 117: 84: 20: 339:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

5563: 5548: 5439: 5424: 5194: 1410:

Goldin-Meadow S, Mayberry IR (2001). "How Do Profoundly Deaf Children Learn to Read?".

1327: 1302: 1196: 1161: 1136: 1008: 983: 959: 934: 791: 766: 742: 715: 613: 588: 561: 536: 393: 247: 208: 156: 113: 71: 5731: 5533: 5434: 5419: 5414: 5051: 1629: 1526: 1496: 1461: 1287: 1118: 1072: 859: 665: 584: 418: 383: 269: 47:, the predominant sign language used in the U.S., only began to be acknowledged as a 40: 28: 24: 1542: 1090: 700: 187:

majority language whereas in fact many are bilingual in that language and in sign".

5409: 5354: 443: 403: 398: 216: 197: 36: 1137:"Deaf readers' response to syntactic complexity: evidence from self-paced reading" 935:"Deaf readers' response to syntactic complexity: evidence from self-paced reading" 814:

Declerck M, Meade G, Midgley KJ, Holcomb PJ, Roelofs A, Emmorey K (October 2021).

537:"How bilingualism protects the brain from aging: Insights from bimodal bilinguals" 1359: 649: 5543: 5313: 1588: 1271: 604: 535:

Li L, Abutalebi J, Emmorey K, Gong G, Yan X, Feng X, et al. (August 2017).

274: 170: 88: 1229: 5659: 5298: 4641: 4450: 3859: 3333: 2274: 1488: 1453: 1318: 1152: 950: 692: 984:"The Development of Bimodal Bilingualism: Implications for Linguistic Theory" 732: 521: 5184: 5153: 5009: 4445: 1423: 308: 1336: 1279: 1170: 1017: 968: 851: 800: 751: 657: 622: 570: 223:

fact of deafness or hearing loss, deaf people generally cannot acquire and

1534: 1100: 1064: 999: 5364: 5323: 5174: 4928: 1135:

Traxler MJ, Corina DP, Morford JP, Hafer S, Hoversten LJ (January 2014).

933:

Traxler MJ, Corina DP, Morford JP, Hafer S, Hoversten LJ (January 2014).

638:

Cortex; A Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior

296: 273:

resources of the oral language that are gained through auditory stimuli.

212: 4999: 842: 300: 552: 5628: 4713: 1985: 1973: 362: 5328: 1046:"The Bilingual and Bicultural Person in the Hearing and Deaf World" 589:"The bimodal bilingual brain: effects of sign language experience" 304: 5318: 1598: 3647: 1663: 1602: 319: 1477:

International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism

1442:

International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism

1301:

Piñar P, Carlson MT, Morford JP, Dussias PE (November 2017).

182:

Lack of societal acknowledgment of bilingual community status

816:"Language control in bimodal bilinguals: Evidence from ERPs" 1584:

ESL Literacy for a Linguistic Minority: The Deaf Experience

506:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–60. 982:

Lillo-Martin D, de Quadros RM, Pichler DC (2016-12-31).

714:

Kovelman I, Shalinsky MH, Berens MS, Petitto LA (2014).

1557:"Search Funded Research Grants and Contracts – Details" 765:

Kroll JF, Dussias PE, Bice K, Perrotti L (2015-01-01).

5585:

Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada

875:

Code–Switching: Theoretical and Methodological Issues

5608: 5577: 5506: 5483: 5458: 5373: 5339: 5291: 5193: 5131: 5060: 5022: 4987: 4871: 4703: 4413: 4098: 3789: 3654: 3640: 3581: 3137: 3112: 3073: 3056: 2928: 2910: 2882: 2846: 2812: 2784: 2738: 2710: 2673: 2637: 2616: 2595: 2574: 2553: 2519: 2478: 2469: 2439: 2422: 2405: 2366: 2342: 2249: 2164: 2135: 2113: 2078: 2036: 1972: 1942: 1913: 1891: 1849: 1824: 1796: 1670: 1654: 1381: 1379: 1089:Hill JC, Lillo-Martin DC, Wood SK (December 2018). 1435: 1433: 1260:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 150:Everyday shifts along the language mode continuum 1405: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1354:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 113–130. 1222:The Handbook of Bilingualism and Multilingualism 316:Pedagogical challenges for sign–print bilinguals 5600:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters 907:Language contact in the American deaf community 164:Unequal social status of the languages involved 5590:International Center on Deafness and the Arts 1614: 1412:Learning Disabilities Research & Practice 1191:. New York: Academic Press. pp. 85–102. 8: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1027: 177:Differences from oral-language bilingualism 5347: 3644: 2934: 2475: 2257: 2170: 2119: 1978: 1897: 1855: 1793: 1660: 1621: 1607: 1599: 1508: 1506: 1189:The sociolinguistics of the Deaf community 204:Unlikelihood of large-scale language shift 102:Similarities to oral-language bilingualism 1326: 1224:(1st ed.). Wiley. pp. 351–374. 1160: 1007: 958: 841: 831: 790: 741: 731: 612: 560: 1182: 1180: 900: 898: 896: 894: 250:, and chaining/sandwiching strategies." 232:Comprehension and expression of language 191:Bilingual language mode: Contact signing 5395:Manually coded language in South Africa 1092:Sign Languages: Structures and Contexts 877:. Belgrade: Belgrade University Press. 444:"What is sign language and what is not" 435: 833:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108019 783:10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124937 504:The Sociolinguistics of Sign Languages 1253: 1251: 1249: 1130: 1128: 1084: 1082: 988:Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 928: 926: 490: 488: 468:"The Deaf Community: An Introduction" 65:Neurological implications and effects 7: 681:Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 497:"Bilingualism and Language Contact." 107:Diverse range of language competency 2432:Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL) 1095:(1 ed.). New York: Routledge. 3745:Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti 3359:Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain) 1197:10.1016/B978-0-12-458045-9.50010-0 14: 83:Evidence indicates that the left 59:Cognitive effects of bilingualism 5327: 5118:Sandy River Valley Sign Language 324: 215:), and through the influence of 141:Denial of their own bilingualism 19:is an individual or community's 5708: 5699: 5677: 5645:U.S. Army hand and arm signals 4729:Far North Queensland Indigenous 3351:Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign) 1594:Individual Experiences of CODAs 767:"Bilingualism, Mind, and Brain" 720:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 282:How deaf children learn to read 5466:Bilingual–bicultural education 4786:Western Torres Strait Islander 3860:Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese) 1837:Western Torres Strait Islander 1352:Language Learning and Deafness 291:Using phonological information 1: 4538:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq) 3686:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa) 3548:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa) 3297:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq) 2804:Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu) 909:. San Diego: Academic Press. 3124:Providence Island (Provisle) 2774:North West Frontier Province 1527:10.1016/0010-0285(83)90003-8 1360:10.1017/cbo9781139524483.007 771:Annual Review of Linguistics 650:10.1016/j.cortex.2011.05.022 124:, whether the individual is 4724:Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke) 1272:10.1044/2021_JSLHR-21-00326 605:10.1016/j.bandl.2008.03.005 241:Bimodal bilingual education 23:competency in at least one 5759: 5595:Mimics and Gesture Theatre 4804:Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo) 4734:Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme) 3520:Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL) 3374:Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu) 2794:Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa) 2188:Estonian (Eesti viipekeel) 1230:10.1002/9781118332382.ch14 254:Simultaneous communication 5673: 5350: 4840:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL) 3279:Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo) 3089:Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam) 2937: 2496:Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL) 2260: 2173: 2122: 1991:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL) 1981: 1900: 1858: 1646:List by number of signers 1636: 1489:10.1080/13670050903474085 1454:10.1080/13670050903477039 1319:10.1017/S1366728916000602 1153:10.3758/s13421-013-0346-1 951:10.3758/s13421-013-0346-1 905:Lucas C, Valli C (1992). 693:10.1017/s136672890100027x 333:This section needs to be 5405:Paget Gorman Sign System 4859:Samoa and American Samoa 3649:Sign languages by region 3434:Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem) 3160:Albarradas Sign Language 3150:Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL) 2983:Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk 2835:Martha's Vineyard (MVSL) 2799:Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo) 2051:Finland-Swedish (FinSSL) 1665:Sign languages by family 733:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00606 80:superior temporal sulcus 5650:Monastic sign languages 5498:Television shows (list) 5471:Manually coded language 5304:Hamburg Notation System 3097:Shuswap (Secwepemcékst) 2343:Indonesian (Nusantaric) 2066:Finnish (Viittomakieli) 2003:Northern Ireland (NISL) 1424:10.1111/0938-8982.00022 587:, McCullough S (2009). 264:Sign–print bilingualism 33:children of deaf adults 5743:Education for the deaf 5621:CHCI chimpanzee center 5390:Manually coded English 5088:Henniker Sign Language 4754:Warumungu (Warramunga) 4739:Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka) 3733:Hausa (Magannar Hannu) 1641:List of sign languages 1141:Memory & Cognition 939:Memory & Cognition 379:American Sign Language 359:Manually Coded English 219:. However, due to the 171:individual experiences 45:American Sign Language 5445:Signing Exact English 5385:Indian Signing System 5108:Plateau Sign Language 4482:Inuit (Atgangmuurniq) 4059:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda) 3589:Amami Shuwa languages 3262:Guatemalan (Lensegua) 3202:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda) 3181:Caucasian (Harsneren) 3129:Old Cayman (Guyanese) 2657:Norwegian (Tegnspråk) 2629:French Belgian (LSFB) 2061:Swedish (Teckenspråk) 1101:10.4324/9780429020872 1065:10.1353/sls.1992.0020 1053:Sign Language Studies 1000:10.1075/lab.6.6.01lil 424:Signing Exact English 365:which have adopted a 5693:French Sign Language 5400:Manually Coded Malay 5208:British (two-handed) 5144:Bimodal bilingualism 4774:Far North Queensland 4082:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd) 3604:Sri Lankan languages 3535:Venezuelan (LSV/VSL) 3439:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd) 2950:Chaticks si Chaticks 2930:Plains Sign Language 2848:Mayan (Meemul Tziij) 2350:Indonesian (Bisindo) 2028:South African (SASL) 1751:Far North Queensland 1515:Cognitive Psychology 502:. In Lucas C (ed.). 472:National Deaf Center 367:bilingual–bicultural 17:Bimodal bilingualism 3615:Tanzanian languages 3594:Ethiopian languages 3561:Nanabin (NanabinSL) 2652:Icelandic (Táknmál) 2367:Francophone African 2325:Puerto Rican (PRSL) 2183:Swiss-German (DSGS) 2114:Chilean-Paraguayan- 1044:Grosjean F (1992). 541:Human Brain Mapping 389:Child of Deaf adult 5616:Baby sign language 5514:Jabbar Baghtcheban 4995:International Sign 4898:Brazilian (Libras) 4812:New Zealand (NZSL) 4759:Mudbura (Mudburra) 4687:Sandy River Valley 4666:Keresan (Keresign) 4257:Yugoslav (Kosovar) 3628:International Sign 3609:Sudanese languages 3232:Navajo/Diné Family 3046:Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e 2884:Original Thai Sign 2662:Danish (Tegnsprog) 2205:Brazilian (Libras) 2018:New Zealand (NZSL) 1589:CODA Mental Health 593:Brain and Language 5725: 5724: 5718:extinct languages 5640:Legal recognition 5519:Jeanette Berglind 5479: 5478: 5180:Nonmanual feature 5093:Martha's Vineyard 5018: 5017: 4672:Martha's Vineyard 4167:Faroese (Teknmál) 3889:Al-Sayyid Bedouin 3699:Bouakako (LaSiBo) 3636: 3635: 3621:Zimsign languages 3599:Laotian languages 3483:Rwandan (AKR/AMR) 3242:Ecuadorian (LSEC) 3187:Azerbaijani (AİD) 3108: 3107: 2706: 2705: 2549: 2548: 2465: 2464: 2455:Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG) 2160: 2159: 2088:Chinese (CSL/ZGS) 2074: 2073: 1968: 1967: 1938: 1937: 1845: 1844: 1700:Eltye eltyarrenke 1680: 1679:multiple families 1239:978-1-4443-3490-6 1206:978-0-12-458045-9 1110:978-0-429-02087-2 916:978-0-12-458040-4 553:10.1002/hbm.23652 513:978-0-521-79137-3 448:www.handspeak.com 354: 353: 27:and at least one 5750: 5712: 5703: 5681: 5569:Pierre Pélissier 5554:Thomas Gallaudet 5529:Thomas Braidwood 5360:Initialized sign 5348: 5331: 4816:Papua New Guinea 4719:Australian-Irish 4425:Plains Sign Talk 4305:Northern Ireland 4301:Northern Ireland 3824:Hong Kong (HKSL) 3645: 3424:Nicaraguan (ISN) 3339:Kenyan (KSL/LAK) 3155:Albanian (AlbSL) 2935: 2749:Bangalore-Madras 2730:Israeli (Shassi) 2698:Thai (TSL/MSTSL) 2608:Honduran (LESHO) 2476: 2334:Singapore (SgSL) 2270:Black ASL (BASL) 2258: 2198:Australian-Irish 2171: 2120: 2096:Hong Kong (HKSL) 2056:Portuguese (LGP) 2046:Eritrean (EriSL) 1979: 1898: 1856: 1794: 1678: 1661: 1623: 1616: 1609: 1600: 1571: 1570: 1568: 1567: 1553: 1547: 1546: 1510: 1501: 1500: 1472: 1466: 1465: 1437: 1428: 1427: 1407: 1390: 1387:Language Studies 1383: 1374: 1373: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1330: 1298: 1292: 1291: 1255: 1244: 1243: 1217: 1211: 1210: 1184: 1175: 1174: 1164: 1132: 1123: 1122: 1086: 1077: 1076: 1050: 1041: 1022: 1021: 1011: 979: 973: 972: 962: 930: 921: 920: 902: 889: 888: 873:Savic J (1996). 870: 864: 863: 845: 835: 820:Neuropsychologia 811: 805: 804: 794: 762: 756: 755: 745: 735: 711: 705: 704: 676: 670: 669: 644:(9): 1197–1206. 633: 627: 626: 616: 599:(2–3): 124–132. 581: 575: 574: 564: 547:(8): 4109–4124. 532: 526: 525: 501: 492: 483: 482: 480: 479: 464: 458: 457: 455: 454: 440: 409:Language contact 349: 346: 340: 328: 327: 320: 49:natural language 5758: 5757: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5706: 5697: 5675: 5669: 5655:Tactile signing 5604: 5573: 5502: 5475: 5454: 5430:Signed Japanese 5376: 5369: 5342: 5335: 5309:Stokoe notation 5287: 5189: 5149:Phonology (ASL) 5127: 5062: 5056: 5014: 4983: 4882:Argentine (LSA) 4867: 4699: 4522:New Costa Rican 4517:Old Costa Rican 4417: 4415: 4409: 4293:North Macedonia 4094: 3785: 3720:Bamako (LaSiMa) 3650: 3632: 3582:Other groupings 3577: 3429:Old Costa Rican 3404:Burkina (Mossi) 3384:Mauritian (MSL) 3257:Ghardaia (AJSL) 3170:Argentine (LSA) 3133: 3115: 3104: 3069: 3052: 2924: 2906: 2878: 2842: 2808: 2780: 2741: 2734: 2702: 2669: 2639:Danish (Tegnic) 2633: 2612: 2591: 2570: 2545: 2520:Yugoslavic Sign 2515: 2486:Bulgarian (БЖЕ) 2471: 2461: 2450:Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG) 2435: 2425:Hoailona ʻŌlelo 2418: 2401: 2388:Bamako (LaSiMa) 2369:(Françafrosign) 2368: 2362: 2338: 2310:Malaysian (BIM) 2252: 2245: 2220:Valencian (LSV) 2156: 2147:Paraguay (LSPY) 2138: 2131: 2115: 2109: 2070: 2032: 1964: 1934: 1909: 1893: 1887: 1851:Arab (Ishaaric) 1841: 1820: 1792: 1705:Iltyeme iltyeme 1676: 1673: 1666: 1656: 1650: 1632: 1627: 1580: 1575: 1574: 1565: 1563: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1512: 1511: 1504: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1439: 1438: 1431: 1409: 1408: 1393: 1384: 1377: 1370: 1349: 1348: 1344: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1257: 1256: 1247: 1240: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1207: 1186: 1185: 1178: 1134: 1133: 1126: 1111: 1088: 1087: 1080: 1048: 1043: 1042: 1025: 981: 980: 976: 932: 931: 924: 917: 904: 903: 892: 885: 872: 871: 867: 813: 812: 808: 764: 763: 759: 713: 712: 708: 678: 677: 673: 635: 634: 630: 583: 582: 578: 534: 533: 529: 514: 499: 494: 493: 486: 477: 475: 466: 465: 461: 452: 450: 442: 441: 437: 432: 414:Multilingualism 375: 350: 344: 341: 338: 329: 325: 318: 293: 284: 266: 243: 234: 206: 193: 184: 179: 166: 152: 143: 109: 104: 85:caudate nucleus 67: 12: 11: 5: 5756: 5754: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5730: 5729: 5723: 5722: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5618: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5564:William Stokoe 5561: 5556: 5551: 5549:Valerie Sutton 5546: 5541: 5539:Abbé de l'Épée 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5489: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5450:Signed Swedish 5447: 5442: 5440:Signed Spanish 5437: 5432: 5427: 5425:Signed Italian 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5381: 5379: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5268:Serbo-Croatian 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5199: 5197: 5195:Fingerspelling 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5028: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4973: 4968: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4947: 4942: 4939: 4934: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4918: 4913: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4892: 4887: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4814: 4809: 4806: 4801: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4781:Western Desert 4778: 4777: 4776: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4690: 4683: 4678: 4675: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4632:American (ASL) 4629: 4626: 4624:Old Salvadoran 4621: 4616: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4600: 4595: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4569: 4564: 4561: 4556: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4540: 4535: 4532: 4527: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4501: 4494: 4491: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4472:Maritime (MSL) 4469: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4448: 4441:American (ASL) 4438: 4435: 4430: 4427: 4421: 4419: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4387:Central Taurus 4384: 4381: 4376: 4373: 4368: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4347: 4342: 4339: 4334: 4331: 4326: 4323: 4318: 4315: 4310: 4307: 4302: 4299: 4294: 4291: 4286: 4283: 4278: 4275: 4270: 4267: 4262: 4259: 4254: 4251: 4246: 4243: 4238: 4235: 4230: 4227: 4222: 4219: 4214: 4211: 4206: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4185: 4180: 4177: 4172: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4156: 4151: 4148: 4143: 4142:United Kingdom 4140: 4138:French Belgian 4135: 4130: 4127: 4122: 4119: 4114: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4061: 4056: 4053: 4048: 4045: 4040: 4037: 4032: 4029: 4024: 4021: 4016: 4013: 4008: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3982: 3977: 3974: 3969: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3948: 3943: 3940: 3938:Kazakh-Russian 3935: 3932: 3927: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3870: 3865: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3849: 3844: 3842:Indo-Pakistani 3839: 3834: 3829: 3826: 3821: 3818: 3813: 3810: 3805: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3775: 3770: 3767: 3762: 3759: 3754: 3751: 3746: 3743: 3738: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3709: 3704: 3701: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3680: 3675: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3555: 3550: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3468: 3463: 3462: 3461: 3454:Peruvian (LSP) 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3399:Miyakubo Shuwa 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3353: 3348: 3347: 3346: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3300: 3299: 3294: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3276: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3237:Dogon/Douentza 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3126: 3120: 3118: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3094: 3091: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3061: 3059:American (ASL) 3054: 3053: 3051: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2922: 2920:Namibian (NSL) 2916: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2888: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2876: 2875: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2856: 2852: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2838: 2826: 2818: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2790: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2744: 2740:Indo-Pakistani 2736: 2735: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2716: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2679: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2667: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2643: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2589: 2587:Tunisian (TSL) 2584: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2543: 2541:Yugoslav (YSL) 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2527:Croatian (HZJ) 2523: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2482: 2480: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2446: 2444: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2427: 2420: 2419: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2410: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2399: 2398:Sierra Leonean 2396: 2393: 2390: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2361: 2360: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2323: 2321:Filipino (FSL) 2318: 2315: 2312: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2293: 2290: 2282: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2265:American (ASL) 2261: 2255: 2247: 2246: 2244: 2243: 2241:Romanian (LSR) 2238: 2237: 2236: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2178:Algerian (LSA) 2174: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2154: 2149: 2143: 2141: 2139:Uruguayan Sign 2133: 2132: 2130: 2129: 2127:Chilean (LSCh) 2123: 2117: 2116:Uruguayan Sign 2111: 2110: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2084: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2042: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2013:Maritime (MSL) 2010: 2007: 2006: 2005: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1908: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1878:Qatari Unified 1875: 1870: 1865: 1859: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1828: 1826: 1825:Zendath Kesign 1822: 1821: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1802: 1800: 1798:Western Desert 1791: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1777: 1775:Worora Kinship 1772: 1767: 1760: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1743: 1738: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1714: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1684: 1682: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1658: 1652: 1651: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1625: 1618: 1611: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1579: 1578:External links 1576: 1573: 1572: 1548: 1502: 1483:(2): 175–186. 1467: 1448:(4): 439–486. 1429: 1418:(4): 222–229. 1391: 1375: 1368: 1342: 1313:(5): 980–998. 1293: 1266:(2): 785–796. 1245: 1238: 1212: 1205: 1176: 1124: 1109: 1078: 1023: 994:(6): 719–755. 974: 922: 915: 890: 884:978-8680267210 883: 865: 806: 777:(1): 377–394. 757: 706: 687:(2): 179–190. 671: 628: 576: 527: 512: 495:Ann J (2001). 484: 459: 434: 433: 431: 428: 427: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 394:Code-switching 391: 386: 381: 374: 371: 352: 351: 332: 330: 323: 317: 314: 292: 289: 283: 280: 265: 262: 248:fingerspelling 242: 239: 233: 230: 209:Language shift 205: 202: 192: 189: 183: 180: 178: 175: 165: 162: 157:Code-switching 151: 148: 142: 139: 130:post-lingually 108: 105: 103: 100: 66: 63: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5755: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5672: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609:Miscellaneous 5607: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5578:Organisations 5576: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5534:Laurent Clerc 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5524:Pär Aron Borg 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5435:Signed Polish 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5420:Signed German 5418: 5416: 5415:Signed French 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5338: 5330: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5139:Grammar (ASL) 5137: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988:International 4986: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4872:South America 4870: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4845:Rossel Island 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4835:Mount Avejaha 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4684: 4682: 4681:Navajo Family 4679: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4628:United States 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3757:South African 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3629: 3626: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3568:Yoruban (YSL) 3566: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3553:Bura (Burasl) 3551: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3544:West African 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3530:Ugandan (USL) 3528: 3526: 3525:Turkish (TİD) 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3510:Spanish (LSE) 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3478:Rossel Island 3476: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3467: 3466:Qahveh Khaneh 3464: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3409:Mount Avejaha 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3369:Maltese (LSM) 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3292:Atgangmuurniq 3290: 3289: 3287: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3268: 3267:Guinea-Bissau 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3111: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3055: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2881: 2873:Cepeda Peraza 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2855:Highland Maya 2854: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2786:Japanese Sign 2783: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2624:Flemish (VGT) 2622: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2603:Mexican (LSM) 2601: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2582:Italian (LIS) 2580: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2511:Russian (РЖЯ) 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2501:Latvian (LSL) 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2474: 2468: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2438: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2421: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2404: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2365: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2215:Catalan (LSC) 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2153: 2152:Uruguay (LSU) 2150: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2112: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1998:British (BSL) 1996: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1816:Ngaatjatjarra 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1675: 1669: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1630:Sign language 1624: 1619: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1562: 1558: 1552: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1471: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369:9780521340465 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1346: 1343: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1297: 1294: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1216: 1213: 1208: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147:(1): 97–111. 1146: 1142: 1138: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1047: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 978: 975: 970: 966: 961: 956: 952: 948: 945:(1): 97–111. 944: 940: 936: 929: 927: 923: 918: 912: 908: 901: 899: 897: 895: 891: 886: 880: 876: 869: 866: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 825: 821: 817: 810: 807: 802: 798: 793: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 761: 758: 753: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 725: 721: 717: 710: 707: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 675: 672: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 632: 629: 624: 620: 615: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 580: 577: 572: 568: 563: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 531: 528: 523: 519: 515: 509: 505: 498: 491: 489: 485: 473: 469: 463: 460: 449: 445: 439: 436: 429: 425: 422: 420: 419:Sign language 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 384:Biculturalism 382: 380: 377: 376: 372: 370: 368: 364: 360: 348: 336: 331: 322: 321: 315: 313: 310: 306: 302: 298: 290: 288: 281: 279: 276: 271: 263: 261: 257: 255: 251: 249: 240: 238: 231: 229: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 203: 201: 199: 190: 188: 181: 176: 174: 172: 163: 161: 158: 149: 147: 140: 138: 134: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 106: 101: 99: 96: 92: 90: 86: 81: 75: 73: 64: 62: 60: 55: 50: 46: 42: 41:United States 38: 34: 30: 29:sign language 26: 25:oral language 22: 18: 5738:Bilingualism 5713: 5707: 5698: 5696: 5676: 5493:Films (list) 5410:Signed Dutch 5355:Contact sign 5143: 4800:Hawaii (USA) 4693: 4686: 4671: 4496: 4487: 4379:Swiss-German 4015:Saudi Arabia 3753:South Africa 3487: 3470: 3344:Somali (SSL) 3271: 3179: 3114:Providencia– 3093:Nesilextcl'n 3066:Oneida (OSL) 3028:Tickanwa•tic 3016:Schitsu'umsh 2998:Nųmą́khų́·ki 2912:Paget Gorman 2833: 2828: 2821: 2813: 2777:Punjab-Sindh 2725:Polish (PJM) 2720:German (DGS) 2596:Mexican Sign 2575:Italian Sign 2479:Russian Sign 2442:French (LSF) 2415:Oneida (OSL) 2329:Quebec (LSQ) 2314:Oneida (OSL) 2231: 2227:French (LSF) 2080:Chinese Sign 2038:Swedish Sign 1762: 1733: 1716: 1709: 1687: 1564:. Retrieved 1560: 1551: 1521:(1): 39–65. 1518: 1514: 1480: 1476: 1470: 1445: 1441: 1415: 1411: 1389:(74), 79–91. 1386: 1351: 1345: 1310: 1307:Bilingualism 1306: 1296: 1263: 1259: 1221: 1215: 1188: 1144: 1140: 1091: 1056: 1052: 991: 987: 977: 942: 938: 906: 874: 868: 823: 819: 809: 774: 770: 760: 723: 719: 709: 684: 680: 674: 641: 637: 631: 596: 592: 579: 544: 540: 530: 503: 476:. Retrieved 474:. 2017-09-27 471: 462: 451:. Retrieved 447: 438: 404:Deaf culture 399:Contact sign 355: 342: 334: 294: 285: 275:Orthographic 267: 258: 252: 244: 235: 224: 220: 217:Contact Sign 207: 198:contact sign 194: 185: 167: 153: 144: 135: 126:prelingually 122:hearing loss 110: 97: 93: 76: 68: 53: 16: 15: 5635:Open Outcry 5559:Abbé Sicard 5544:Roger Fouts 5375:Signed Oral 5314:SignWriting 5162:Orientation 5132:Linguistics 5113:Pitha Pitha 4808:New Zealand 4744:Manjiljarra 4615:El Salvador 4375:Switzerland 4285:Netherlands 4125:Azerbaijani 4067:Old Bangkok 4007:Philippines 3695:Ivory Coast 3489:Sandy River 3227:Cuban (LSC) 3116:Cayman Sign 2965:Hinono'eino 2956:Coahuilteco 2941:Anishinaabe 2902:Old Bangkok 2823:Old Kentish 2752:Beluchistan 2712:German Sign 2693:Ho Chi Minh 2617:Old Belgian 2561:Dutch (NGT) 2300:Costa Rican 2193:Irish (ISL) 2137:Paraguayan- 1928:Palestinian 1811:Manjiljarra 1806:Kartutjarra 1741:Rdaka rdaka 1735:Pitha Pitha 1059:: 307–320. 843:2066/236777 309:syllabaries 72:code-switch 5732:Categories 5660:Protactile 5299:ASL-phabet 5283:Portuguese 5185:Sign names 5170:Expression 5098:Old French 5083:Kalkutungu 5052:Name signs 5042:Literature 4979:Venezuelan 4953:Inmaculada 4945:Paraguayan 4937:Ecuadorian 4791:Yir Yoront 4642:Protactile 4619:Salvadoran 4611:Panamanian 4598:Nicaraguan 4575:Albarradas 4546:Guatemalan 4503:Costa Rica 4498:Old Cayman 4451:Protactile 4329:Portuguese 4297:Macedonian 4273:Lithuanian 4121:Azerbaijan 4090:Vietnamese 4047:Tajikistan 4035:Sri Lankan 3934:Kazakhstan 3904:Kafr Qasem 3855:Indonesian 3557:Mofu-Gudur 3495:Salvadoran 3472:Rennellese 3459:Inmaculada 3414:Mozambican 3364:Macedonian 3334:Kata Kolok 3324:Kafr Qasim 3283:Creole HSL 3034:Tsuu T'ina 2995:Niitsítapi 2989:Ni Mii Puu 2980:Maagiadawa 2944:Apsáalooke 2870:Trascorral 2554:Dutch Sign 2357:Yogyakarta 2317:Panamanian 2275:Protactile 2233:Old French 2210:Lithuanian 2166:Francosign 1783:Yir Yoront 1770:Warramunga 1718:Kalkutungu 1674:Aboriginal 1672:Australian 1566:2022-03-13 1561:ies.ed.gov 826:: 108019. 478:2022-03-13 453:2022-03-13 430:References 89:hippocampi 5716:indicate 5377:Languages 5278:Ukrainian 5238:Hungarian 5223:Esperanto 5154:Handshape 5123:Warluwara 5063:languages 5047:Profanity 5010:Signalong 4975:Venezuela 4971:Uruguayan 4924:Colombian 4878:Argentina 4749:Warlmanpa 4710:Australia 4648:Blackfeet 4637:Black ASL 4594:Nicaragua 4542:Guatemala 4534:Greenland 4457:Blackfoot 4446:Black ASL 4414:North and 4405:Ukrainian 4363:Valencian 4345:Slovenian 4313:Norwegian 4269:Lithuania 4233:Icelandic 4225:Hungarian 4072:Chiangmai 4043:Taiwanese 4031:Sri Lanka 4027:Singapore 4023:Singapore 3980:Mongolian 3954:Malaysian 3851:Indonesia 3820:Hong Kong 3808:Cambodian 3765:Tanzanian 3641:By region 3197:Bhutanese 2992:Niimíipuu 2974:Karankawa 2897:Hai Phong 2892:Chiangmai 2683:Hai Phong 2675:Viet-Thai 2537:Slovenian 2506:Mongolian 2472:Hungarian 2408:Hand Talk 2375:Ethiopian 2303:Dominican 2297:Cambodian 2092:Shanghai 1922:Jordanian 1915:Levantine 1894:Levantine 1779:Yan-nhaŋu 1764:Warluwara 1758:Warlmanpa 1724:Miriwoong 1497:145185707 1462:214654221 1288:246145393 1119:189700971 1073:144263426 860:237407166 666:206984201 585:Emmorey K 522:441595914 297:Alphabets 213:loanwords 21:bilingual 5365:Mouthing 5341:Language 5324:ASLwrite 5248:Japanese 5203:American 5175:Mouthing 5166:Movement 5158:Location 5103:Old Kent 5069:Chilmark 5005:Monastic 4958:Peruvian 4941:Paraguay 4929:Provisle 4920:Colombia 4890:Bolivian 4850:Sinasina 4694:Henniker 4654:Cheyenne 4606:Chiriqui 4567:Honduran 4563:Honduras 4433:Belizean 4341:Slovenia 4325:Portugal 4191:Ghardaia 4175:Estonian 4154:Croatian 4117:Austrian 4109:Armenian 4063:Thailand 4011:Filipino 4003:Nepalese 3988:Ghandruk 3976:Mongolia 3972:Maldives 3968:Maldives 3964:Selangor 3950:Malaysia 3922:Miyakubo 3912:Japanese 3894:Ghardaia 3804:Cambodia 3761:Tanzania 3674:Cameroon 3670:Ghardaia 3665:Algerian 3500:Sinasina 3273:Henniker 3252:Ghandruk 3192:Belizean 3175:Armenian 3138:Isolates 3085:Kalispel 3082:A'aninin 3040:Wazhazhe 3037:Umatilla 3019:Shiwinna 3010:Piipaash 2959:Dane-zaa 2953:Cheyenne 2858:Yucatec 2829:Chilmark 2763:Calcutta 2647:Malagasy 2491:Georgian 2395:Nigerian 2392:Moroccan 2381:Ghanaian 2306:Jamaican 2292:Mandalay 2281:Bolivian 2251:American 1943:Possible 1925:Lebanese 1863:Egyptian 1729:Mudburra 1695:Djingili 1657:families 1655:Language 1543:10156902 1337:29308049 1280:35050718 1171:23868696 1018:28603576 969:23868696 852:34487737 801:28642932 752:25191247 701:96477886 658:21741636 623:18471869 571:28513102 373:See also 345:May 2014 301:abugidas 221:physical 5714:Italics 5665:Tic-tac 5507:Persons 5343:contact 5292:Writing 5273:Spanish 5263:Russian 5218:Chilean 5213:Catalan 5078:Jaralde 5061:Extinct 5032:Grammar 5000:Makaton 4967:Uruguay 4933:Ecuador 4916:Chilean 4908:Ka'apor 4886:Bolivia 4704:Oceania 4590:Mexican 4580:Chatino 4559:Haitian 4488:Plateau 4418:America 4416:Central 4401:Ukraine 4397:Turkish 4371:Swedish 4358:Spanish 4353:Catalan 4337:Russian 4281:Russian 4277:Moldova 4265:Latvian 4249:Italian 4237:Ireland 4229:Iceland 4221:Hungary 4205:Germany 4183:Finnish 4179:Finland 4171:Estonia 4158:Denmark 4150:Croatia 4146:British 4133:Flemish 4129:Belgium 4113:Austria 4105:Armenia 4086:Vietnam 4051:Russian 3993:Jhankot 3946:Laotian 3899:Israeli 3881:Kurdish 3868:Persian 3837:Bengali 3816:Chinese 3800:Bengali 3781:Zambian 3773:Ugandan 3737:Senegal 3724:Nigeria 3691:Nanabin 3661:Algeria 3573:Zambian 3449:Persian 3355:Kisindo 3314:Ka'apor 3304:Jhankot 3222:Chatino 3075:Plateau 3057:Mixed, 3049:Wyandot 3043:Wichita 3031:Tháumgá 3013:Ppáⁿkka 3001:Nʉmʉnʉʉ 2977:Liksiyu 2968:Hiraacá 2947:Arikara 2814:Kentish 2756:Bengali 2666:Teknmál 2566:Gambian 2534:Serbian 2531:Kosovar 2470:Austro- 2440:Mixed, 2423:Mixed, 2406:Mixed, 2384:Guinean 2378:Chadian 2354:Jakarta 2285:Burmese 2253:(ASLic) 1950:Emirati 1868:Kuwaiti 1711:Jaralde 1535:6831857 1328:5754007 1162:3864115 1009:5461974 960:3864115 792:5478196 743:4139656 726:: 606. 614:2680472 562:5503481 335:updated 270:written 5629:Loulis 5625:Washoe 5459:Others 5258:Polish 5253:Korean 5233:German 5228:French 5073:Diyari 5037:Idioms 4894:Brazil 4863:Samoan 4825:Kailge 4769:Umpila 4714:Auslan 4677:Navajo 4661:Oneida 4657:Ojibwa 4602:Panama 4571:Mexico 4512:Brunca 4507:Bribri 4493:Cayman 4477:Quebec 4467:Oneida 4463:Ojibwa 4437:Canada 4429:Belize 4392:Mardin 4383:Turkey 4367:Sweden 4333:Russia 4321:Polish 4317:Poland 4309:Norway 4261:Latvia 4253:Kosovo 4213:Greece 4209:German 4196:French 4187:France 4162:Danish 4099:Europe 4039:Taiwan 3959:Penang 3930:Korean 3917:Koniya 3885:Israel 3832:Alipur 3796:Bengal 3777:Zambia 3769:Uganda 3749:Somali 3707:Kenyan 3678:Maroua 3655:Africa 3611:(~150) 3444:Penang 3389:M'bour 3379:Mardin 3329:Kailge 3319:Kajana 3288:Inuit 3212:Brunca 3207:Bribri 3165:Alipur 3145:Afghan 3101:Sqeliz 2986:Nakota 2864:Nohkop 2861:Chicán 2770:Nepali 2760:Bombay 2289:Yangon 2023:Samoan 2009:Fijian 1986:Auslan 1974:BANZSL 1931:Syrian 1892:Iraqi– 1883:Yemeni 1873:Libyan 1832:Meriam 1746:Umpila 1689:Diyari 1541: 1533: 1495: 1460: 1366: 1335: 1325: 1286: 1278: 1236: 1203: 1169: 1159: 1117: 1107: 1071: 1016: 1006: 967: 957: 913: 881: 858: 850: 799: 789: 750: 740: 699: 664: 656: 621: 611: 569: 559: 520: 510: 363:Sweden 307:, and 305:abjads 118:second 54:spoken 5485:Media 5243:Irish 4963:Sivia 4912:Chile 4855:Wanib 4830:Mehek 4796:Yolŋu 4764:Ngada 4585:Mayan 4555:Haiti 4551:Mayan 4530:Cuban 4349:Spain 4289:Dutch 4245:Italy 4241:Irish 4217:Greek 4201:Lyons 4055:Tibet 4019:Saudi 3998:Jumla 3984:Nepal 3926:Korea 3908:Japan 3876:Iraqi 3828:India 3812:China 3741:Mbour 3715:Tebul 3703:Kenya 3682:Ghana 3540:Wanib 3515:Tebul 3505:Sivia 3394:Mehek 3309:Jumla 3022:Sioux 3007:Palus 3004:Omaha 2867:Nohya 2766:Delhi 2688:Hanoi 2100:Macau 1960:Omani 1955:Saudi 1905:Iraqi 1788:Yolŋu 1539:S2CID 1493:S2CID 1458:S2CID 1284:S2CID 1115:S2CID 1069:S2CID 1049:(PDF) 856:S2CID 697:S2CID 662:S2CID 500:(PDF) 225:speak 114:first 5687:and 5319:si5s 4949:Peru 4903:Cena 4820:Enga 4651:Cree 4526:Cuba 4460:Cree 4077:Thai 3942:Laos 3872:Iraq 3864:Iran 3847:Naga 3790:Asia 3728:Bura 3711:Mali 3617:(7+) 3419:Naga 3247:Enga 3217:Cena 3025:Taos 2971:Icāk 2962:Diné 2742:Sign 1531:PMID 1364:ISBN 1333:PMID 1276:PMID 1234:ISBN 1201:ISBN 1167:PMID 1105:ISBN 1014:PMID 965:PMID 911:ISBN 879:ISBN 848:PMID 797:PMID 748:PMID 654:PMID 619:PMID 567:PMID 518:OCLC 508:ISBN 116:and 37:Deaf 5689:BSL 5685:ASL 5024:ASL 1523:doi 1485:doi 1450:doi 1420:doi 1356:doi 1323:PMC 1315:doi 1268:doi 1226:doi 1193:doi 1157:PMC 1149:doi 1097:doi 1061:doi 1004:PMC 996:doi 955:PMC 947:doi 838:hdl 828:doi 824:161 787:PMC 779:doi 738:PMC 728:doi 689:doi 646:doi 609:PMC 601:doi 597:109 557:PMC 549:doi 128:or 5734:: 5709:^c 5700:^b 5695:. 5678:^a 5627:, 5168:/ 5164:/ 5160:/ 5156:/ 1559:. 1537:. 1529:. 1519:15 1517:. 1505:^ 1491:. 1481:13 1479:. 1456:. 1446:13 1444:. 1432:^ 1416:16 1414:. 1394:^ 1378:^ 1362:. 1331:. 1321:. 1311:20 1309:. 1305:. 1282:. 1274:. 1264:65 1262:. 1248:^ 1232:. 1199:. 1179:^ 1165:. 1155:. 1145:42 1143:. 1139:. 1127:^ 1113:. 1103:. 1081:^ 1067:. 1057:77 1055:. 1051:. 1026:^ 1012:. 1002:. 990:. 986:. 963:. 953:. 943:42 941:. 937:. 925:^ 893:^ 854:. 846:. 836:. 822:. 818:. 795:. 785:. 773:. 769:. 746:. 736:. 722:. 718:. 695:. 683:. 660:. 652:. 642:48 640:. 617:. 607:. 595:. 591:. 565:. 555:. 545:38 543:. 539:. 516:. 487:^ 470:. 446:. 303:, 299:, 173:. 5720:. 5631:) 5623:( 5332:) 5326:( 1681:) 1677:( 1622:e 1615:t 1608:v 1569:. 1545:. 1525:: 1499:. 1487:: 1464:. 1452:: 1426:. 1422:: 1372:. 1358:: 1339:. 1317:: 1290:. 1270:: 1242:. 1228:: 1209:. 1195:: 1173:. 1151:: 1121:. 1099:: 1075:. 1063:: 1020:. 998:: 992:6 971:. 949:: 919:. 887:. 862:. 840:: 830:: 803:. 781:: 775:1 754:. 730:: 724:8 703:. 691:: 685:4 668:. 648:: 625:. 603:: 573:. 551:: 524:. 481:. 456:. 347:) 343:( 337:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index