Binge drinking - Knowledge (XXG)

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than three occasions in the past two weeks are statistically 19 times more likely to develop alcoholism than non-binge drinkers, though the direction of causality remains unclear. This is particularly interesting, as drinking for the sole purpose of getting drunk remains a major health and social problem on college campuses across the United States. Heavy and regular binge drinking during adolescence is associated with an increased risk of alcoholism. Approximately 40% of alcoholics report heavy drinking during adolescence. Repeated episodes of excessive drinking, especially at an early age, are thought to cause a profound increase in the risk of developing an alcohol-related disorder (ICD-10, harmful use/dependence syndrome). Heavy drinking is also closely associated with depression. Those with severe depression have higher rates of alcohol abuse than those with low depression. College students who are depressed are more susceptible to use alcohol than college students who are not depressed. In a study conducted at Harvard University, it was found that about 32% of students surveyed were diagnosable for alcohol abuse and about 6% were diagnosed as alcohol dependent. Binge drinking is also becoming an increasing problem in Australian adolescents, the Australian School Students Alcohol and Drug survey conducted by the National Cancer Council discovered that around 33% of students between years 7 and 11 consumed alcohol in the week leading up to the survey, they also found that 10% of the students participated in binge drinking at a consumption level which is considered dangerous to adults. When the survey results were separated into age groups the findings were that 13% of 15-year-old's and 22% of 17-year-old's had alcohol consumption levels above the daily maximum suggested to adults and that 20% of 17-year-old's had a consumption level of alcohol considered risky to adults.

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interventions by healthcare providers are the most effective means of reducing morbidity and mortality rates associated with binge drinking. Programs in the United States have thought of numerous ways to help prevent binge drinking. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests increasing the cost of alcohol or the excise taxes, restricting the number of stores who may obtain a license to sell liquor (reducing "outlet density"), and implementing stricter law enforcement of underage drinking laws. There are also a number of individual counseling approaches, such as motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioral approaches, that have been shown to reduce drinking among heavy drinking college students. In 2006, the Wisconsin Initiative to Promote Healthy Lifestyles implemented a program that helps primary care physicians identify and address binge drinking problems in patients. In August 2008, a group of

349:, and an increased risk of HIV infection. 10% of women and 19% of men have reported being assaulted as a result of alcohol. Males who drink more than 35 units of alcohol per week report being physically hurt as a result of alcohol, and 15% report physically hurting others as a result of their drinking. Almost 16% of binge drinkers report being taken advantage of sexually, and 8% report taking advantage of another person sexually as a result of alcohol within a one-year period. Heavy drinkers cause approximately 183,000 rapes and sexual assaults, 197,000 robberies, 661,000 aggravated assaults, and 1.7 million simple assaults each year. Binge drinking has been associated with higher probability of divorce, spousal abuse, and poor job performance. Binge drinking can cause adverse effects on the body including effects on blood 553:. Impairments in spatial working memory and pattern recognition tasks also have been found in heavy binge drinkers. Impulse control is also impaired in binge drinkers, especially female binge drinkers. Additionally, immediate and delayed recall of verbal and visual information is impaired; conversely, semantic organizational ability is better in binge drinkers compared to non-binge drinkers. Studies in adolescents have shown that regular binge drinking may cause long-lasting cognitive impairments, though the threshold needed to produce significant effects remains unclear. Cognitive impairment in adults is also unclear, as one study found no association between binge drinking and cognitive impairment. Binge drinking is believed to increase impulsivity due to altered functioning of 1025:

drunk driving, and expenditures related to criminal acts. Overall, 11.9% of binge drinkers drove during or within two hours of their most recent binge drinking episode. Those drinking in licensed establishments (bars, clubs, and restaurants) accounted for 54.3% of these driving episodes. Significant independent risk factors for driving after binge drinking included male gender (AOR=1.75); being aged 35–54 or ≥55 years compared to 18–34 years (AOR=1.58 and 2.37, respectively); and drinking in bars or clubs compared to drinking in the respondent's home (AOR=7.81). Drivers who drank most of their alcohol in licensed establishments consumed an average of 8.1 drinks, and 25.7% of them consumed ≥10 drinks.

2274: 728: 240:(NIAAA) defines the term "binge drinking" as a pattern of drinking that brings a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 percent or above. Whatever the numerical definition used, heavy drinking or rapid consumption over a short period of time with the intention of becoming intoxicated is often implied when the term is used colloquially, since four or five drinks consumed over the course of a whole day and as an accompaniment to meals will not have the same effects as the same amount consumed over a couple of hours on an empty stomach. 802: 438:

travelling after binge drinking and, also, it is more common that adolescents that binge-drink drive drunk or are the passenger of a drunk driver. It has been found that 50% of all head injuries in adolescents in the US are associated with alcohol consumption. Violence and suicide combine to become the third-most-common cause of death associated with binge drinking among adolescents. The suicide risk in adolescents is more than four times higher among binge drinkers than non-binge drinking adolescents.

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drinking is defined by one academic publication as drinking more than twice the daily limit, that is, drinking eight units or more for men or six units or more for women (roughly equivalent to five or four American standard drinks, respectively). In Australia, binge drinking is also known as risky single occasion drinking (RSOD) and can be classified by the drinking of seven or more standard drinks (by males) and five or more standard drinks (by females) within a single day. When BEACH (

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of the fetus with regard to sensitivity to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol, and if long-lasting or permanent damage to the brain occurs similar to what animal studies suggest, then this represents a major public health issue due to the high levels of alcohol use by adolescents. Indeed, alcohol can affect the remodeling and functional changes in synaptic plasticity and neuronal connectivity in different brain regions that occurs during adolescence (

1092: 178:(brain cells). Each binge drinking episode immediately insults the brain; repeat episodes result in accumulating harm. The developing adolescent brain is thought to be particularly susceptible to the neurotoxic effects of binge drinking, with some evidence of brain damage occurring from drinking more than 10 or 11 drinks once or twice per month. A 2020 study found that even a single episode of binge drinking can lead to atrophy of the brain's 938:

strategies for reducing the harm of binge drinking. Encouraging recreational and adventurous training activities such as climbing or driving can be used alternative "natural buzzes" to alcohol misuse. Additionally, the provision of educational content about the risks of binge drinking and a risk assessment are beneficial during intervention with young binge drinkers and a referral in the case of an alcohol use disorder for specialised help.

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e.g. for alcohol poisoning or injury, is manualised brief interventions at the hospital in one to four counseling sessions each lasting 30 to 60 minutes conducted by trained staff. Evaluation of personal pattern of drinking and associated risks and an emphasis on personal responsibility in a non-condescending manner is recommended during the intervention; discussing and informing and educating the adolescent of possible negative short and

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in poor metabolism of alcohol, which leads to severe adverse effects such as facial flushing. Men are more likely to binge drink (up to 81% of alcohol binges are done by men) than women and men are also more likely to develop alcohol dependence than women. People who are homozygous for the ALDH2 gene are less likely to binge-drink due to severe adverse effects that occur even with moderate amounts of alcohol consumption.

398: 7111: 486: 213:, defines binge drinking as "a pattern of drinking that brings a person's blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 percent or above. This typically happens when men consume five or more drinks, and when women consume four or more drinks, in about two hours." and estimated that about 16% of American adults met these criteria at least four times per month. One 2001 definition from the publication 430: 159:. Binge drinking during adolescence is associated with traffic accidents and other types of accidents, violent behavior as well as suicide. The more often a child or adolescent binge drinks and the younger they are the more likely that they will develop an alcohol use disorder including alcoholism. A large number of adolescents who binge-drink also consume other psychotropic substances. 912:

People who were loners or who did not see close friends important to their sense of who they were reacted better to ads featuring an individual. A similar pattern was shown for ads showing a person driving at dangerous speeds. This suggests ads showing potential harm to citizens from binge drinking or dangerous driving are less effective than ads highlighting a person's close friends.

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strict policies and active monitoring. However, the festivities did not stop and many members were not only affected during their time in college, but also later in life. Studies have shown that both male and female students that were associated with Greek organizations were more likely to develop Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) in comparison to their non-Greek counterparts.

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drinks (male) or 80 drinks (female) per month (concentrated to 21 occasions or less per month) throughout a three-year period had impaired decision-making skills compared to non-binge drinkers. Repeated acute withdrawal from alcohol, which occurs in heavy binge drinkers, has been shown in several studies to be associated with cognitive deficits as a result of neural

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show the harms and consequences of risky single occasion drinking (RSOD) as binge drinking is defined in Australia. Evidence as to the effectiveness of these types of campaigns is mixed. Research needs to be completed to ensure that the effectiveness of the messages are resulting in a positive shift in the behaviours of the target audience.

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problems (more common in adolescent girls), excessive drinking among peers, poor relationship with parents, alcohol abuse by parents. Genetic conditions combined with a background of negative environmental factors increase the harmful use of alcohol. Additionally the risk-taking behavior associated with adolescence promotes binge drinking.

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age at which people started drinking could be delayed to age 20, there would be a 50% reduction in the number of cases of alcohol use disorder. However, it is unclear whether this is a causal relationship, or a function of confounding familial (and other) factors associated with both age at first drink and propensity for alcoholism.

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a high level of novel seeking, thrill seeking and risk taking behaviour and thus alcohol and other drug experimentation and abuse is common. An adolescent rat study found that a short exposure to high levels of alcohol resulted in long-lasting changes to functional brain activity with corresponding abnormalities in

682:. Excessive alcohol consumption is responsible for an average of 80,000 deaths in the U.S. each year and $ 223.5 billion in economic costs in 2006. More than half of these deaths and three-quarters of the economic costs are due to binge drinking (≥4 drinks for women; ≥5 drinks for men, per occasion). 1024:

released a study in October 2011 that showed that in the United States binge drinking costs society $ 223 billion a year, which amounts to $ 2 per drink. These costs include health care costs for alcohol-related issues, including liver cirrhosis, loss of work productivity, property damage due to

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Individuals of African descent have a lower level of binge drinking followed by those of Asian descent. In the case of Asians their low level of binge drinking may be due to the presence of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH2, Chromosome 12) in many (but by no means the vast majority) that results

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Due to the risks especially in adolescents, of cognitive impairments and possible irreversible brain damage associated with binge drinking, urgent action has been recommended. There is some evidence that interventions by employers such as, health and lifestyle checks, psychosocial skills training and

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Understanding consumer personality and how people view others is important. People were shown ads talking of the harmful effects of binge drinking. People who valued close friends as a sense of who they are, were less likely to want to binge drink after seeing an ad featuring them and a close friend.

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systems mature. This critical developmental stage is where lifelong adult traits e.g., talents, reasoning and complex skills mature; however alcohol and in particular binge drinking may disrupt and interfere with this developmental process. Adolescence is also a period of development characterised by

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Binge drinking is a more important factor rather than average alcohol intake, with regard to the severity of alcohol induced damage to the fetus. Alcohol has definite long-term adverse effects on the fetus, in particular impaired attentional skills and may lead to psychiatric disorders when the child

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A recent study conducted on an American College tested to discover if excessive binge drinking would have an effect on the cardiovascular system. From the results they received they found alterations in the binge drinker's macrocirculation and microcirculation functions which may be sign of a risk in

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can occur in individuals who chronically abuse alcohol and have a recent history of binge drinking. Alcohol affects brain development quite significantly especially during adolescence when the brain is still developing. The main lobes that are involved in decision making and complex thought processes

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Binge drinking is more common in men than it is in women. Among students in the US, approximately 50% of men and 39% of women binge drink. Racial differences exist among binge drinking with Hispanics followed by Caucasians having the highest level of binge drinking. Caucasians have been found to be

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In 2009 the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing spent $ 53.5 million Australian Dollars on National Binge Drinking Strategy to target young Australians. This campaign titled "Don't Turn a Night Out Into a Nightmare" was delivered to the public over many mass media platforms to

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Research shows ways to reduce binge drinking or engage in dangerous drinking. Some computer-based intervention appear to reduce binge drinking, an example of which is "rethinking drinking". A systematic review of published research also indicated that face-to-face interventions are most effective in

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brain waves that persisted into adulthood, including persisting disturbances in sleep EEG with a reduction in slow wave sleep. These EEG findings are similar to premature aging. According to one review of the literature, if the developmental stage of adolescence is similar to the developmental stage

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While several rat studies indicate that alcohol is more toxic during adolescence than adulthood, some researchers believe that it remains unclear whether this is also the case in humans. Though heavy binge drinking adolescent humans show impaired brain activity during memory tests and underdeveloped

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The high levels of binge drinking among young people and the adverse consequences that include increased risk of alcoholism as an adult and liver disease make binge drinking a major public health issue. Recent research has found that young college binge drinkers who drink four or more drinks on more

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with resultant learning deficits. While brain damage from binge drinking is known to occur as a result of binge drinking patterns, it is unclear how long drinking sessions last and how regular binge drinking is done to cause brain damage in humans. One study found that humans who drank at least 100

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and problems with learning, memory, attention, problem solving and problems with mental health and social interactions. Deformities in facial features, skeletal and body organs as well as a smaller head circumference are also sometimes present in these children. Studies in sheep indicate that fetal

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In college, many students will join Greek organizations that heavily revolve around social drinking. For new members, especially in fraternities, binge drinking is heavily encouraged and underage drinking is commonplace. Over the past few decades, many schools have cracked down on Greek events with

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effects of alcohol abuse during adolescence can be permanent. Research in humans, which used sophisticated brain scanning technology suggests that in adolescent teenagers, drinking more than four or five drinks once or twice a month results in subtle damage to the teenagers developing brain tissue,

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Earlier sexual activity, increased changing of sexual partners, higher rate of unwanted pregnancy, higher rate of sexually transmitted diseases, infertility, and alcohol-related damage to the fetus during pregnancy is associated with binge drinking. Female binge drinkers are three times more likely

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or alcoholism include social and genetic factors. Several researchers have found that starting drinking before the age of 15 is associated with a fourfold increased risk for developing alcoholism compared to people that delay drinking until age 20 or later. It has been estimated by some that if the

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states that five drinks for men and four drinks for women must be consumed on one occasion at least once in a two-week period for it to be classed as binge drinking. This is colloquially known as the "5/4 definition", and depending on the source, the timeframe can vary. In the United Kingdom, binge

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Rhodes KV, Rodgers M, Sommers M, Hanlon A, Crits-Christoph P. The Social Health Intervention Project (SHIP): Protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial assessing the effectiveness of a brief motivational intervention for problem drinking and intimate partner violence in an urban emergency

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Adolescents who misuse alcohol can benefit from interventions aimed at risk reduction. For more severe cases an intervention involving parents, guardians, or a psychotherapist is recommended. An effective strategy of intervention for adolescents whose binge drinking leads to admission to hospital,

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to 18 (presumably) was one way to curb the "culture of dangerous binge drinking" among college students. This idea is currently the subject of controversy. Proponents argue that the 21 law forces drinking underground and makes it more dangerous than it has to be, while opponents have claimed that

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Semi-structured interview were carried out with 64 14- to 17-year-olds who had an experience of binge drinking. These interviews found that motivations included social facilitation which was ease in social situations, individual benefits such as getting a 'buzz' and influences of peer pressure and

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Increasing public information and awareness regarding the risks of binge drinking, conducting interviews in emergency departments of young people suspected of harmful drinking patterns and trying to persuade them to accept individual counseling in youth addiction counseling services are effective

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release; due to the repeated intoxication, followed by acute withdrawal, a neurotoxic effect that damages the central nervous system develops, leading to persisting impairments in verbal and nonverbal cognitive abilities as well as impairment of spatial orientation. Due to developmental processes

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function with rebound NMDA (glutamate) activity combined with excessive glucocorticoid release induced by the stress of repeated intoxication followed by acute withdrawal/abstinence is the proposed mechanism of neural kindling leading to neurotoxicity of structures involved in learning and memory

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with resultant distortion of neurotransmission. Adolescents, females and young adults are most sensitive to the neuropsychological effects of binge drinking. Adolescence, in particular early adolescence, is a developmental stage that is particularly vulnerable to the neurotoxic and neurocognitive

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The main cause of death among adolescents as a result of binge drinking is road traffic accidents; a third of all fatal road traffic accidents among 15- to 20-year-olds are associated with drinking alcohol. Cyclists and pedestrians are likely to have less spatial awareness and concentration while

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Binge drinking costs the UK economy approximately £20 billion a year; 17 million working days are estimated to be lost due to hangovers and drink-related illness each year. The cost of binge drinking to employers is estimated to be £6.4 billion and the cost per year of alcohol harm is

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per week or four drinks per day, and women may be at risk if they have more than seven standard drinks per week or three drinks per day. Despite this risk, a 2014 report in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that only 10% of either "heavy drinkers" or "binge drinkers" also met the

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For the purpose of identifying an alcohol use disorder when assessing binge drinking, using a time frame of the past 6 months eliminates false negatives. For example, it has been found that using a narrow two-week window for assessment of binge drinking habits leads to 30% of heavy regular binge

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and sudden death. Binge drinking increases the risk of stroke by 10 times. In countries where binge drinking is commonplace, rates of sudden death on the weekend in young adults and middle aged people increase significantly. The withdrawal phase after an episode of binge drinking is particularly

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Risk factors for binge drinking among adolescents include: low socioeconomic status, large amount of disposable (pocket) money, sensation and novelty seeking, low self-control, delinquency and having delinquent friends. Other risk factors include: using alcohol as a coping strategy for emotional

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Several studies have been conducted to discover if there is a link between binge drinking in adolescent years and becoming a chronic alcohol consumer when they transition into adulthood. A particular study conducted by the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth found that harmful drinking during

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Binge drinking is considered harmful, regardless of a person's age, and there have been calls for healthcare professionals to give increased attention to their patients' drinking habits, especially binge drinking. Some researchers believe that raising the legal drinking age and screening brief

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Binge drinking has the propensity to result in brain damage faster as well as more severely than chronic drinking (alcoholism), due to the neurotoxic effects of the repeated rebound withdrawal effects. During the repeated alcohol free stages associated with binge drinking, a larger amount of

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brain region, in particular those who began drinking in early adolescence. Heavy binge drinking is associated with neurocognitive deficits of frontal lobe processing and impaired working memory as well as delayed auditory and verbal memory deficits. Animal studies suggest that the

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An alcohol use disorder may develop when a person continues to drink heavily despite recurrent social, interpersonal, and/or legal problems. Behaviorally, frequent binge drinking is usually involved, but not everyone who engages in binge drinking develops an alcohol use disorder.

715:(overdose), which can be fatal. Choking on (or inhalation of) vomit is also a potential cause of death, as are injuries from falls, fights, motor vehicle and bicycle accidents. Nine percent of college students who binge drink drive after binge drinking. Another common risk is a 1017:

estimated to cost the National Health Service £2.7 billion. Urgent action has been recommended to understand the binge drinking culture and its aetiology and pathogenesis and urgent action has been called for to educate people with regard to the dangers of binge drinking.

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Segura-Sampedro, Juan José; Pineño-Flores, Cristina; García-Pérez, Jose María; Jiménez-Morillas, Patricia; Morales-Soriano, Rafael; González-Argente, Xavier (28 March 2017). "Balconing: An alcohol-induced craze that injures tourists. Characterization of the phenomenon".

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brain structures compared to adolescents who did not binge-drink, they argue that these findings are similar to adult alcoholics who did not abuse alcohol during adolescence. Extrapolation from animal studies to humans is notoriously difficult, and a review by the group

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Andréasson, S; Allebeck, P (2005). "Alcohol as medication is no good. More risks than benefits according to a survey of current knowledge" [Alcohol as medication is no good. More risks than benefits according to a survey of current knowledge and understanding].

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Stolle, Sack and Thomasius define binge drinking as episodic excessive drinking. There is currently no worldwide consensus on how many drinks constitute a "binge", but in the United States, the term has been described in academic research to mean consuming five or more

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since it is often done in groups. The degree of intoxication however, varies between and within various cultures that engage in this practice. A binge on alcohol can occur over hours, last up to several days, or in the event of extended abuse, even weeks. Due to the

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if overfilled and not emptied. This can occur in the case of binge drinkers having consumed very large quantities, but are not aware, due to stupor, of the need to urinate. This condition is very rare in women, but it does occur. Symptoms include localized pain and

1126:(or Dutch gin) was used by English soldiers for its calming effects before battle, and for its purported warming properties on the body in cold weather. Another version has it that English soldiers noted the bravery-inducing effects of jenever on Dutch soldiers. 1041:. This difference in effect occurs even when a woman's body weight and consumption of alcohol are the same as that of a man. Because of these discrepancies, college-age women tend to experience the consequences of binge drinking before their male counterparts. 950:, while only 1.3% of non-binge drinkers met these criteria. An inference drawn in this study is that evidence-based policy strategies and clinical preventive services may effectively reduce binge drinking without requiring addiction treatment in most cases. 470:

highlights the non-addictive use of alcohol for managing developmental issues, personality traits, and psychiatric symptoms, emphasizing the need for informed, harm-controlled approaches to alcohol consumption within a personalized health policy framework.

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lowering the age would only make the situation worse. Despite health warnings, most Australian women drink at least one night a week. But experts are warning they are not only damaging their bodies but are also at risk of attracting sexual predators.

674:. Due to these risks experts believe that it is extremely important to warn people of the risks of binge drinking. Binge-drinking by people otherwise considered to be light drinkers is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular problems and 459:

adolescent years was significantly associated with the continuance of dangerous levels of alcohol consumption into adulthood years. Binge drinking is a way for young adolescents to rely alcohol as a way to cope with certain stress or depression.

783:; neural kindling due to repeated withdrawals is believed to be the mechanism of cognitive damage in both binge drinkers and alcoholics. Neuronal kindling also leads to each subsequent acute withdrawal episode being more severe than previous 5671: 5656: 588:

release in the central nervous system, which increases neurotoxicity and may result in cognitive impairments, psychological problems and in long-term heavy binge drinkers may cause irreversible brain damage in both adolescents and adults.

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is recommended. The setting of goals and rules to achieve those goals is also recommended during intervention with problem binge drinking adolescents. Motivational enhancement therapy also shows promise as a treatment.

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Urban, Nina B. L.; Kegeles, Lawrence S.; Slifstein, Mark; Xu, Xiaoyan; Martinez, Diana; Sakr, Ehab; Castillo, Felipe; Moadel, Tiffany; O'Malley, Stephanie S.; Krystal, John H.; Abi-Dargham, Anissa (15 October 2010).

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Altura, BM.; Altura, BT. (October 1999). "Association of alcohol in brain injury, headaches, and stroke with brain-tissue and serum levels of ionized magnesium: a review of recent findings and mechanisms of action".

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Bowden, SC.; Crews, FT.; Bates, ME.; Fals-Stewart, W.; Ambrose, ML. (February 2001). "Neurotoxicity and neurocognitive impairments with alcohol and drug-use disorders: potential roles in addiction and recovery".

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is a word people use to describe binge drinking. binge drinking was considered to be a period of drinking that went on for several days. Usually, a person who went on a binge or a bender was an alcoholic

222:) conducted a study which gathered information of people over the age of 18, it defined binge drinkers as those who consumed six or more standard drinks on one occasion whether that be weekly or monthly. 377:

levels as well as adverse effects on the fetus. There is also evidence from animal studies that binge drinking causes brain damage. Binge drinking has been associated with lower abdominal pain in women.

2997:"How collegiate fraternity and sorority involvement relates to substance use during young adulthood and substance use disorders in early midlife: A National Longitudinal Study. Journal of Adolescent" 2570: 995:

College students have been found to be more likely to binge drink than their same age peers who were not enrolled in college. In the US, this effect has caused serious problems with the country's

2818: 743:. The tolerance that occurs during chronic ('non-stop') drinking delays alcohol-related brain damage compared to binge drinking, which induced immediate and repeated insults to the brain. 4352: 612:

grows up. In a 2005 study in the US, approximately one in five non-pregnant women binge-drank and one in 25 pregnant women binge-drank. Binge drinking during pregnancy is associated with

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glutamate is released than occurs during withdrawal from chronic alcohol abuse; additionally this extreme release of glutamate happens on a repeated basis in binge drinkers leading to

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Knight, John R; Wechsler, Henry; Kuo, Meichun; Seibring, Mark; Weitzman, Elissa R; Schuckit, Marc A (4 January 2015). "Alcohol abuse and dependence among U.S. college students".

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within the brain of binge drinkers. Frontal lobe processing may become impaired as a result of binge drinking with resultant neurocognitive deficits and impaired working memory.

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Sessarego, Stephanie N.; Siller, Laura; Edwards, Katie M. (October 2021). "Patterns of Violence Victimization and Perpetration Among Adolescents Using Latent Class Analysis".

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Khadjesari, Z; Murray, E; Hewitt, C; Hartley, S; Godfrey, C (February 2011). "Can stand-alone computer-based interventions reduce alcohol consumption? A systematic review".

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Ward RJ, Lallemand F, de Witte P (2009). "Biochemical and neurotransmitter changes implicated in alcohol-induced brain damage in chronic or 'binge drinking' alcohol abuse".

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Clark, DB.; Bukstein, O.; Cornelius, J. (2002). "Alcohol use disorders in adolescents: epidemiology, diagnosis, psychosocial interventions, and pharmacological treatment".

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Heavy binge drinkers tend to have delayed auditory and verbal memory and deficits in executive planning function and episodic memory, which are similar to deficits seen in

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Miller, B. E.; Miller, M. N.; Verhegge, R.; Linville, H. H.; Pumariega, A. J. (2002). "Alcohol misuse among college athletes: self-medication for psychiatric symptoms?".

6451: 5856: 4198:"With Support From Collaborative, Primary Care Practices Identify and Address Behavioral Health Issues, Reducing Binge Drinking, Marijuana Use, and Depression Symptoms" 5428: 2883:

McCarty C.; Ebel B.; Garrison M.; DiGiuseppe D.; Christakis D.; Rivara F. (2004). "Continuity of Binge and Harmful Drinking From Late Adolescence to Early Adulthood".

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Other factors that have been found to correlate with higher levels of binge drinking include low religiosity, marijuana use, living with roommates, and cigarette use.

5291:"Sex Differences in Striatal Dopamine Release in Young Adults After Oral Alcohol Challenge: A Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Study With [11C]Raclopride" 1079:

release causing a stronger association with pleasure and alcohol intoxication. "This may contribute to the initial reinforcing properties of alcohol and the risk for

750:. The findings in humans have been largely concordant with animal studies. Such animal studies find that heavy and regular binge drinking causes neurodegeneration in 4684: 3679:

Puddey, IB.; Rakic, V.; Dimmitt, SB.; Beilin, LJ. (May 1999). "Influence of pattern of drinking on cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors—a review".

6833: 6395: 4197: 4474:"How to stop binge drinking and speeding motorists: Effects of relational-interdependent self-construal and self-referencing on attitudes toward social marketing" 666:. Binge drinking has negative effects on metabolism, lipid profile, blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, blood pressure and vascular tone and is associated with 507:

seem to play a pivotal role in the falls. Over 95% of the victims were found to have high levels of alcohol in their blood, and 37% had consumed other drugs.

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to be sexually assaulted; 50% of adolescent girls reporting sexual assault were under the influence of alcohol or another psychotropic substance at the time.

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peer referral, can reduce the level of binge drinking. In the US brief motivational interventions have shown some benefit in reducing future binge drinking.

719:, which can cause shame, guilt, embarrassment, harm to personal relationships, injury or death, and is also associated with the loss of personal belongings. 455:

in particular the white matter. However, this research is primarily cross-sectional and done with fairly small sample sizes, making causality less certain.

3899:: A new report says binge drinking has increased to such an extent that cases of 'exploding bladders' are on the rise in the UK." report of article in the 219: 711:

The most common risk of consuming massive quantities of alcohol in a short period of time is a dangerously high blood alcohol level. The result is called

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concluded that alcohol's long-term damage to cognitive processes was the same regardless of whether heavy drinking commenced during adolescence or later.

7036: 6606: 2050: 1970: 206: 4473: 703:. A person is more likely to urinate while passed out before the bladder ruptures, as alcohol relaxes the muscles that normally control their bladder. 6588: 5938: 4521:

Webb, G.; Shakeshaft, A.; Sanson-Fisher, R.; Havard, A. (March 2009). "A systematic review of work-place interventions for alcohol-related problems".

336: 147:. A US-based review of literature found that up to one-third of adolescents binge-drink, with 6% reaching the threshold of having an alcohol-related 5979: 930: 850: 332: 3883: 3422:

Williams, JH.; Ross, L. (June 2007). "Consequences of prenatal toxin exposure for mental health in children and adolescents: a systematic review".

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Other causes include feeling more grown-up and fitting in with peers and to increase the chance of sexual encounters. Some also drink to alleviate

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Binge drinking is more common in males, during adolescence and young adulthood. Heavy regular binge drinking is associated with adverse effects on

6576: 6095: 4226: 678:. Binge drinking increases cardiovascular toxicity due to its adverse effects on the electrical conduction system of the heart and the process of 341:

Acute intoxication, such as binge drinking and alcoholism, are known potent risk factors for suicide. Binge drinking is also associated with an

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van de Wiel, A.; de Lange, DW. (December 2008). "Cardiovascular risk is more related to drinking pattern than to the type of alcoholic drinks".

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According to the NIAAA definition of "heavy drinkers", men may be at risk for alcohol-related problems if their alcohol consumption exceeds 14

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Floyd, RL.; O'Connor, MJ.; Sokol, RJ.; Bertrand, J.; Cordero, JF. (November 2005). "Recognition and prevention of fetal alcohol syndrome".

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are undergoing their final development phase during adolescence and binge drinking can negatively stunt the growth of these frontal lobes.

4652:"Effects of a persistent pinge drinking pattern of alcohol consumption in young people: a follow-up study using event-related potentials" 6793: 6718: 3496: 1893:"The Australian national binge drinking campaign: campaign recognition among young people at a music festival who report risky drinking" 2076: 2054: 1784: 616:, alcohol-related birth defects as well as alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders. The affected children after birth may have an 6691: 6517: 6458: 6129: 5791: 5366: 4737: 3973: 790: 716: 519: 531:

cardiovascular disease. The study suggests that binge drinkers with a history of strong binge drinking should be screened regularly.

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Crews, F.; He, J.; Hodge, C. (February 2007). "Adolescent cortical development: a critical period of vulnerability for addiction".

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to focus on a non-judgmental stance, on personal empowerment, and on offering contraceptives to women engaging in sex, to prevent

833:. Adolescence, especially early adolescence (i.e. before age 15), is a critical and delicate developmental stage when specialised 6510: 6306: 5730: 4601:

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4272: 2454:"Reported levels of alcohol consumption and binge drinking within the UK undergraduate student population over the last 25 years" 746:

Impairments in impulse control in binge drinkers, which is more prominent in female binge drinkers, is due to dysfunction of the

561:

circuits. Binge drinking and alcoholics who have undergone multiple detoxifications is associated with an inability to interpret

156: 5151:"Psychological and/or educational interventions for reducing alcohol consumption in pregnant women and women planning pregnancy" 6686: 6166: 6119: 4792: 1053: 780: 606: 544: 255:

play an important role in driving binge drinking. An increased risk of binge drinking in adulthood has been linked to having a

5468: 4951: 4907: 1615: 6331: 6149: 5953: 5127: 3145: 1011: 959: 972:

Among the Australian youth population, 31% of males and 14% of women aged 15–17 years engage in risky alcohol consumption.

243:

An alternative colloquial term for binge drinking, "going on a bender", formerly implied a drinking spree of several days.

5851: 5705: 3053:"Self-management with alcohol over lifespan: psychological mechanisms, neurobiological underpinnings, and risk assessment" 727: 5149:

Stade, Brenda C; Bailey, Carol; Dzendoletas, Darlene; Sgro, Michael; Dowswell, Therese; Bennett, Daniel (15 April 2009).

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than women, there being a higher rate of alcohol-related hospitalizations among males than females. Researchers from

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drinkers wrongly being classed as not having an alcohol use disorder. However, the same researchers also note that

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in younger men. In individuals with an underlying cardiac disorder a binge on alcohol increases the risk of silent

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or falling from height while climbing from one balcony to another, performed by foreign tourists during holidays.

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There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption either when trying to get pregnant or during pregnancy. With

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Binge drinking is a style of drinking that is popular in several countries worldwide, and overlaps somewhat with

162:

Frequent binge drinking can lead to brain damage faster and more severe than chronic drinking (alcoholism). The

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reducing binge drinking among college students, although internet-based interventions may also be beneficial.

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The balconies have a median height of 8 metres (26 ft), and the people have a median age of 24 years.

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1138: 1119: 1034: 843: 659: 374: 346: 308: 280: 256: 144: 89: 5263: 5195: 1431: 629:. Binge drinking three or more times during pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of 7066: 6940: 6681: 6666: 6616: 6321: 6311: 6090: 6020: 5808: 5675: 5253:"Trends in alcohol-related morbidity among community hospital discharges, United States, 2000–2014" 3632:"The relation between alcohol and cardiovascular disease in Eastern Europe: explaining the paradox" 3177: 2996: 1557: 1064: 1038: 984: 980: 891: 751: 202: 113: 1592: 6898: 6841: 6823: 6816: 6757: 6656: 6649: 6611: 6571: 6377: 6278: 6193: 6171: 6025: 5984: 5746: 5575: 5515: 4153: 4014: 3739: 3576: 3447: 2951: 2908: 2697: 2646: 2370: 2255: 1396: 1318: 1272: 1162: 1060: 996: 947: 895: 85: 2493:

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Excessive episodic consumption of alcohol is usually referred to these days as 'binge drinking.'

4729: 4723: 975: 6928: 6798: 6661: 6639: 6542: 6417: 6361: 6139: 6078: 6068: 6040: 6016: 5620: 5596: 5544: 5525: 5501: 5328: 5310: 5233: 5215: 5176: 5101: 5032: 5025: 5017: 5006:"A discrepancy of definitions: Binge drinking and female students at an Australian university" 4986: 4888: 4839: 4831: 4784: 4733: 4676: 4632: 4573: 4538: 4454: 4391: 4325: 4145: 4110: 4063: 4006: 3969: 3946: 3856: 3807: 3780: 3731: 3696: 3661: 3612: 3568: 3527: 3488: 3439: 3404: 3322: 3273: 3223: 3126: 3118: 3082: 3026: 2943: 2900: 2865: 2789: 2754: 2736: 2689: 2681: 2638: 2551: 2524: 2475: 2434: 2362: 2320: 2247: 2239: 2227: 2198: 2116: 1985: 1924: 1870: 1818: 1738: 1720: 1671: 1570: 1519: 1444: 1388: 1353: 1310: 1264: 1226: 1146: 887: 880: 775: 767: 763: 712: 562: 554: 467: 451: 312: 60: 3466: 2046: 1781: 1336:

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increased rapidly in Great Britain, especially in London. By 1743, England was drinking 2.2

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adverse effects of binge drinking due to it being a time of significant brain development.

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remaining highly stigmatized—particularly in the case of pregnant women—some advocate for

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Adolescents who regularly participated in binge drinking for several years show a smaller

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and restructuring of the synapses, adolescents are thought to be more vulnerable to the

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Experts and governments have warned and discouraged a few alcoholic beverages including

229:

defines binge drinking as more than six units of alcohol in one sitting for both sexes.

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Talking with College Students About Alcohol: Motivational Strategies for Reducing Abuse

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Kanny, Dafna; Naimi, Timothy S.; Liu, Yong; Lu, Hua; Brewer, Robert D. (1 April 2018).

5171: 5150: 5096: 5071: 4883: 4858: 4627: 4602: 4320: 4295: 4082: 4058: 4033: 3941: 3920: 3851: 3826: 3692: 3656: 3631: 3483: 3399: 3374: 3317: 3292: 3218: 3193: 3173:"Espagne: Aux Baléares le 'balconing' fait de nouveau des victimes parmi les touristes" 3021: 2860: 2835: 2749: 2716: 2519: 2494: 2429: 2404: 2316: 2193: 2168: 1919: 1892: 1865: 1840: 1733: 1690: 1666: 1641: 1514: 1489: 1440: 942: 814: 755: 740: 667: 504: 397: 366: 358: 304: 171: 93: 4268: 3608: 311:) among adolescents reported a significantly higher proportion of teenagers endorsing 7129: 7071: 6952: 6856: 6752: 6341: 6273: 6223: 6218: 6203: 6198: 6176: 6085: 6052: 5917: 5786: 5614: 5579: 5519: 4534: 4387: 3012: 2420: 2259: 1616:"New study shows that binge drinking – even once – can do serious harm to your brain" 1384: 1306: 1110: 1076: 1049: 1045: 830: 819: 771: 558: 422: 292: 252: 5680: 3743: 3580: 3451: 2955: 2912: 2701: 2374: 1400: 1349: 1322: 1276: 170:

which are released and overstimulate the brain as a binge finishes. This results in

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Wechsler, Henry; Dowdall, George W.; Davenport, Andrea; Rimm, Eric B. (July 1995).

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brain regions areas that are involved in learning and spatial memory, such as the

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nearly twice as likely to binge drink than blacks. It is a common pattern among

205:(male), or four or more drinks (female), over a two-hour period. In 2015, the US 151:. Approximately one in 25 women binge-drinks during pregnancy, which can lead to 6962: 6957: 6828: 6708: 6598: 6491: 6263: 6208: 5813: 2969: 2677: 2544:

Revista Medico-chirurgicală̆ A Societă̆ţ̜ii de Medici ş̧i Naturaliş̧ti Din Iaş̧i

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The reasons for binge drinking by children and adolescents in Europe include:

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is the name given in Spain to the act of jumping into a swimming pool from a

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was a period in the first half of the 18th century when the consumption of

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Alcohol suppresses brain function during intoxication; but upon withdrawal

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Martin Brett A. S.; Lee Christina K.C.; Weeks Clinton; Kaya Maria (2013).

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Age and genetic factors influence the risk of developing alcohol-related

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and engagement in binge drinking among those subjected to victimization.

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Binge drinking regimes are associated with causing an imbalance between

6788: 6346: 5905: 3759:"Alcohol and cardiovascular health: the razor-sharp double-edged sword" 2358: 1178: 1123: 838: 696: 642: 497: 406: 284: 175: 124: 1715: 1165:, a popular pastime that was regarded as one of the primary causes of 813:

occur in the glutamate/NMDA system and with excess glutamate activity

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A young man lying comatose after a binge drinking session

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Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States

4755:"Booze barns: fuelling hazardous drinking in Australia?" 4172:"Research about Alcohol and College Drinking Prevention" 3338: 3336: 1157:. c. 40) which was enacted to reduce the consumption of 565:

properly; this is believed to be due to kindling of the

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However, men are almost twice as likely to partake in

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is somewhat enhanced when longer timeframes are used.

413:(pictured), that often makes young people binge drink. 4224:"Bid to reconsider drinking age taps unlikely source" 1075:

during alcohol consumption than women. The increased

421:

Other risk factors that influence the development of

5776:

Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States

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Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2107:Watson, Stephanie (1 September 2011). 259:of B or lower and to being unmarried. 6560:List of dry communities by U.S. state 4759:Health Promotion Journal of Australia 4083:"Terminology surrounding alcohol use" 3354:from the original on 22 February 2014 1886: 1884: 1763:from the original on 27 February 2010 1603:from the original on 20 October 2017. 1122:(1618–1648). One version states that 7: 6073:List of methanol poisoning incidents 5706:Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004 4915:Cabinet Office of the United Kingdom 4204:from the original on 25 January 2016 1591:Michelle Trudeau (25 January 2010). 1114:to English soldiers fighting in the 6794:Alcohol consumption recommendations 6719:Temperance and Good Citizenship Day 5251:CM, Chen; Young, Y (January 2017). 3886:from the original on 12 March 2016. 3630:Britton, A.; McKee, M. 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"". 4178:from the original on 10 March 2010 3693:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.9456493.x 3499:from the original on 12 June 2010. 3171:Planchard, Claire (21 July 2018). 2317:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02215.x 1845:Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1759:. hsph.harvard.edu. 25 June 2004. 1441:10.1097/01.AOG.0000181822.91205.6f 931:long-term consequences of drinking 717:blackout (alcohol-related amnesia) 520:Alcohol and cardiovascular disease 25: 7077:Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 7057:Index of alcohol-related articles 6500:Administrative License Suspension 5130:from the original on 28 June 2015 5076:American Journal of Public Health 4863:American Journal of Public Health 4701:Davies, Pamela (1 January 2013). 4174:. Collegedrinkingprevention.gov. 3874:Atkins, Lucy (20 November 2007). 3512:J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2219:Journal of Interpersonal Violence 7110: 7109: 6511:Alcoholic beverage control state 6307:Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate 4535:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02472.x 4388:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03214.x 4275:from the original on 14 May 2013 4249:http://www.amethystintiative.org 3968:. Mnemosyne Press. p. 221. 3013:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.09.029 2452:Gill, Jan S (March–April 2002). 2421:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.12.007 2347:Irish Journal of Medical Science 2057:from the original on 12 May 2013 1385:10.2165/00128072-200204080-00002 1307:10.1097/00007611-200407000-00012 215:Psychology of Addictive Behavior 157:fetal alcohol spectrum disorders 97: 29:Form of excessive alcohol intake 6120:Alcohol in association football 5543:. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science. 5469:"College Students and Drinking" 4965:Naimi, Timothy (October 2009). 4355:from the original on 7 May 2016 3465:May, PA.; Gossage, JP. (2001). 2109:"The History of Binge Drinking" 1350:10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.10.009 1054:fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 607:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 545:Kindling (substance withdrawal) 387:Adolescence and young adulthood 295:and perpetration (specifically 272:I feel happy/relaxed (51% each) 52:An early 20th-century postcard 6332:List of deaths through alcohol 6150:Epidemiology of binge drinking 5954:Subjective response to alcohol 5365:Byrne, Eugene (26 July 2013). 5307:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.005 5163:10.1002/14651858.cd004228.pub2 4967:"Driving After Binge Drinking" 4816:Archives of General Psychiatry 4081:Gittings, D. (November 2019). 3564:10.1113/expphysiol.2007.038448 3146:"Un 'balconing': 30.000 euros" 2571:"Talking about binge drinking" 1707:10.1002/14651858.CD006748.pub4 1599:. USA: National Public Radio. 1012:List of deaths through alcohol 960:Epidemiology of binge drinking 88:with an intention of becoming 1: 6817:Sweat alcohol content monitor 5852:Alcoholism in rural Australia 5613:; Wuethrich, Bernice (2002). 4906:Unit, Strategy (March 2004). 4481:Journal of Consumer Behaviour 4343:White, Alex (27 March 2013). 4050:10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.09.033 3609:10.1016/S0741-8329(99)00025-7 2852:10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.09.034 2774:Journal of Studies on Alcohol 1944:Journal of Consumer Marketing 1891:van Gemert, Caroline (2011). 6740:Adult Children of Alcoholics 6528:Drunk driving law by country 5944:Long-term effects of alcohol 5862:Disease theory of alcoholism 5847:Alcoholism in family systems 5837:Alcohol and Native Americans 5595:. New York: Guilford Press. 5572:10.1080/13676261.2011.630997 5212:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.12.021 5004:Murugiah, Sera (June 2012). 4983:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.06.013 3843:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.03.001 3825:Esser, Melissa (June 2012). 3636:J Epidemiol Community Health 3545:Wood, CE. (September 2007). 3524:10.3928/02793695-20040601-09 3424:Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 3373:Bracken, Michael B. (2009). 3115:10.1016/j.injury.2017.03.037 2733:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.030 2609:Enoch, MA. (December 2006). 2083:. March 2005. Archived from 1782:Fact Sheets – Binge Drinking 403:caffeinated alcoholic drinks 110:long term effects of alcohol 6467:International whisk(e)y day 5781:Driving under the influence 5500:. Westport, Conn: Praeger. 5496:Dowdall, George W. (2009). 5479:. July 1995. Archived from 2814:(1), 28–31. Retrieved from 2678:10.2190/JDFM-AVAK-G9FV-0MYY 2546:(in Romanian and English). 2511:10.1136/bmj.39247.454005.BE 2409:Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2081:British Medical Association 1151:Parliament of Great Britain 894:asserted that lowering the 234:blood alcohol concentration 7162: 6983:Christian views on alcohol 6589:List of alcohol laws of US 5867:High-functioning alcoholic 5518:; Smyth, Caroline (2004). 4607:Preventing Chronic Disease 4570:10.1024/0040-5930.64.2.121 4105:(in Swedish and English). 3933:10.15288/jsads.2009.s16.12 3776:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.04.089 3728:10.1177/147323000703500104 3210:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.03.049 3069:10.1038/s41380-023-02074-3 2388:Dasgupta, Amitava (2011). 1815:10.1037/0893-164x.15.4.292 1009: 957: 878: 604: 538: 523: 517: 478: 390: 330: 275:I forget my problems (41%) 269:I feel more sociable (65%) 7105: 6882:Alcoholic spirits measure 6867:Low-alcoholic malt drinks 6548:Ignition interlock device 6437:Drunken monkey hypothesis 6270:Routes of administration 5899:Alcohol congener analysis 5842:Alcoholism in adolescence 5348:Oxford English Dictionary 4828:10.1001/archpsyc.62.3.321 4271:. Choose Responsibility. 4142:10.4278/0890-1171-14.2.98 4003:10.1016/j.pbb.2006.12.001 3436:10.1007/s00787-006-0596-6 3309:10.1016/j.pbb.2009.04.018 2666:Journal of Drug Education 1956:10.1108/07363761111127644 1658:10.1016/j.pbb.2009.04.018 1646:Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav 1506:10.3238/arztebl.2009.0323 656:intracerebral haemorrhage 489:Hotel Rocamar in Mallorca 393:Alcoholism in adolescence 291:focused on mechanisms of 51: 42: 5560:Journal of Youth Studies 5524:. Dublin: Liffey Press. 4229:25 December 2017 at the 3903:(BMJ) by Lucy Atkins in 3391:10.1258/jrsm.2008.08k033 2897:10.1542/peds.2003-0864-L 2786:10.15288/jsa.2002.63.263 2236:10.1177/0886260519862272 1910:10.1186/1471-2458-11-482 1143:Sale of Spirits Act 1750 652:subarachnoid haemorrhage 526:Alcoholic cardiomyopathy 236:(BAC). For example, the 92:by heavy consumption of 7062:Alcohol and spaceflight 6804:Alcohol server training 6677:Managed alcohol program 6255:Binge drinking devices 5949:Pharmacology of ethanol 5619:. Emmaus, Pa.: Rodale. 5352:Oxford University Press 5010:Youth Studies Australia 4255:1 November 2012 at the 4236:The Wall Street Journal 3991:Pharmacol Biochem Behav 3964:Sweeney, Donal (2004). 3901:British Medical Journal 3297:Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2940:10.1136/gut.2007.145573 2821:5 December 2022 at the 2635:10.1196/annals.1376.019 2575:Counselling in Practice 2471:10.1093/alcalc/37.2.109 1757:"College Alcohol Study" 1261:10.1136/gut.2007.145573 618:intellectual impairment 363:ischaemic heart disease 82:heavy episodic drinking 6667:Alcohol rehabilitation 6635:Alcohol detoxification 6538:Field sobriety testing 6423:Health effects of wine 6391:International Beer Day 6155:Holiday heart syndrome 4659:Alcohol and Alcoholism 4437:Alcohol and Alcoholism 2458:Alcohol and Alcoholism 1857:10.1098/rstb.2008.0097 1190:Holiday heart syndrome 1105: 988: 806: 770:, and the hippocampal 735: 701:septic blood poisoning 614:fetal alcohol syndrome 535:Central nervous system 490: 434: 414: 289:interpersonal violence 153:fetal alcohol syndrome 149:substance use disorder 6919:Disulfiram-like drugs 6459:Ritual use of alcohol 6428:Wine and food pairing 6413:Apéritif and digestif 6064:Adulterated moonshine 5911:Blood alcohol content 5873:Seeing pink elephants 5295:Biological Psychiatry 5088:10.2105/AJPH.85.7.982 4875:10.2105/ajph.85.7.921 4753:Howat, Peter (2013). 4672:10.1093/alcalc/agt046 4450:10.1093/alcalc/agv047 4251:Amethyst Intitative 3648:10.1136/jech.54.5.328 3348:Choose Responsibility 3269:10.1093/alcalc/agn100 2019:"Alcohol and smoking" 1567:10.1093/alcalc/agn100 1094: 978: 879:Further information: 804: 730: 672:myocardial infarction 595:Choose Responsibility 514:Cardiovascular system 488: 432: 400: 347:unplanned pregnancies 266:It's really fun (76%) 145:psychiatric disorders 100:) vary considerably. 6988:Alcohol in the Bible 6975:Religion and alcohol 6941:General anaesthetics 6734:Alcoholics Anonymous 6692:List of mixed drinks 6145:Alcohol intoxication 6060:Adulterated alcohol 5483:on 28 September 2021 5422:"History of Alcohol" 4619:10.5888/pcd11.140329 3057:Molecular Psychiatry 2305:Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2273:Davies, Sue (2005). 1803:Psychol Addict Behav 985:disturbing the peace 851:this related article 826:effects of alcohol. 660:myocardial ischaemia 551:Korsakoff's syndrome 375:reproductive hormone 309:teen dating violence 281:psychological stress 7067:Gateway drug effect 6853:Low-alcohol drinks 6682:Non-alcoholic drink 6617:Temperance movement 6599:Alcohol prohibition 6322:Gilbert Paul Jordan 6312:Dionysian Mysteries 6096:on college campuses 6091:Alcohol advertising 5809:Public intoxication 5516:MacLachlan, Malcolm 4924:on 18 November 2017 4917:: 9. Archived from 4690:on 1 February 2014. 4312:10.1257/app.1.1.164 2976:. 14 September 2011 2970:"Underage Drinking" 2808:Australian Educator 2721:Addictive Behaviors 2627:2006NYASA1094..193E 2053:. 7 November 2012. 1787:12 May 2013 at the 1425:(5 Pt 1): 1059–64. 1219:J Nutr Health Aging 1039:blood alcohol level 1006:Society and culture 981:public intoxication 892:Amethyst Initiative 890:calling itself the 805:A drunken man, 1804 692:bladder may rupture 257:grade point average 251:Culture as well as 114:public health issue 86:alcoholic beverages 7141:Alcohol and health 6899:Addiction medicine 6842:Get Your Sexy Back 6782:Alcohol limitation 6758:Sober living house 6724:Twelve-step groups 6657:Brief intervention 6650:Open-container law 6612:Neo-prohibitionism 6572:Legal drinking age 6378:Alcoholic beverage 6279:Alcohol inhalation 6194:Drinking in public 6172:Blackout Wednesday 6030:Beverage-specific 5747:Alcohol and health 4795:on 5 December 2022 4780:20.500.11937/19781 4130:Am J Health Promot 4087:Some Like It Sober 3471:Alcohol Res Health 2581:on 5 December 2022 2359:10.1007/BF03168983 1999:on 5 December 2019 1106: 1061:excessive drinking 1050:treatment programs 997:legal drinking age 989: 948:alcohol dependence 896:legal drinking age 888:college presidents 807: 736: 563:facial expressions 491: 435: 415: 7123: 7122: 7045: 7044: 6995:Islam and alcohol 6929:Calcium carbimide 6799:Alcohol education 6687:List of cocktails 6662:Designated driver 6640:Alcohol-free zone 6543:Hip flask defence 6477: 6476: 6418:Hangover remedies 6362:Whiskey Rebellion 6352:Six o'clock swill 6140:Austrian syndrome 6079:Surrogate alcohol 6069:Denatured alcohol 6041:Red wine headache 5701: 5700: 5626:978-1-57954-583-3 5602:978-1-59385-222-1 5550:978-1-60692-037-4 5531:978-1-904148-42-5 5507:978-0-275-99981-0 5434:on 21 August 2013 5269:on 14 August 2022 5052:: This refers to 4711:on 28 April 2016. 4410:"Featured review" 4349:Sunday Herald Sun 3763:J Am Coll Cardiol 3001:Adolescent Health 2228:SAGE Publications 1897:BMC Public Health 1851:(1507): 3169–79. 1494:Dtsch Ärztebl Int 1163:distilled spirits 1120:Thirty Years' War 881:Alcohol education 776:entorhinal cortex 768:entorhinal cortex 764:perirhinal cortex 713:alcohol poisoning 557:–subcortical and 468:systematic review 452:neurodegenerative 373:activity, female 75: 74: 54:New Year hangover 32:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 7153: 7146:Drinking culture 7113: 7112: 6912:Chlordiazepoxide 6862:Low-alcohol beer 6506:Alcohol monopoly 6488: 6408:Drinking culture 6401:Women in brewing 6284:Vodka eyeballing 6251:Passive drinking 5762: 5740: 5733: 5726: 5717: 5640: 5630: 5606: 5594: 5583: 5554: 5535: 5511: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5455: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5433: 5427:. Archived from 5426: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5350:(2nd ed.). 5343: 5337: 5336: 5326: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5268: 5262:. Archived from 5257: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5231: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5174: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5099: 5067: 5061: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4950:. 13 July 2018. 4940: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4923: 4912: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4886: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4791:. Archived from 4782: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4683:. Archived from 4674: 4656: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4630: 4598: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4502:on 27 April 2015 4501: 4495:. Archived from 4478: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4452: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4323: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4269:"Binge Drinking" 4265: 4259: 4246: 4240: 4239:, 21 August 2008 4220: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4061: 4029: 4023: 4022: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3944: 3916: 3910: 3909:20 November 2007 3894: 3888: 3887: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3854: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3778: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3711: 3705: 3704: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3659: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3566: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3486: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3402: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3340: 3331: 3330: 3320: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3271: 3247: 3232: 3231: 3221: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3109:(7): 1371–1375. 3097: 3091: 3090: 3080: 3063:(7): 2683–2696. 3048: 3042: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3024: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2863: 2831: 2825: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2752: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2615:Ann N Y Acad Sci 2606: 2600: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2577:. 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Archived from 1975: 1971:"Binge Drinking" 1966: 1960: 1959: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1922: 1912: 1888: 1879: 1878: 1868: 1836: 1827: 1826: 1798: 1792: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1736: 1718: 1701:(12): CD006748. 1686: 1680: 1679: 1669: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1588: 1579: 1578: 1560: 1540: 1531: 1530: 1517: 1484: 1453: 1452: 1434: 1414: 1405: 1404: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1333: 1327: 1326: 1290: 1281: 1280: 1244: 1235: 1234: 1214: 1116:Anglo-Dutch Wars 967:Native Americans 680:atherothrombosis 648:ischaemic stroke 646:associated with 371:white blood cell 129:gastrointestinal 47: 35: 21: 7161: 7160: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7119: 7101: 7082:Self-medication 7041: 6999: 6969: 6907:Benzodiazepines 6893: 6777: 6763:Sobering center 6748:Sober companion 6729:Al-Anon/Alateen 6621: 6593: 6483: 6473: 6366: 6295: 6235:In vino veritas 6229:Hair of the dog 6047: 5963:Adverse effects 5958: 5927: 5877: 5823: 5767: 5766:Alcohol-related 5757: 5749: 5744: 5702: 5697: 5696: 5651: 5637: 5627: 5611:Wechsler, Henry 5609: 5603: 5586: 5557: 5551: 5538: 5532: 5514: 5508: 5495: 5486: 5484: 5467: 5464: 5459: 5458: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5405: 5403: 5393:"Dutch courage" 5390: 5389: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5255: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5157:(2): CD004228. 5148: 5147: 5143: 5133: 5131: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5058:gender identity 5048: 5044: 5003: 5002: 4998: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4910: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4771:10.1071/he13068 4752: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4654: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4585: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4520: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4493:10.1002/cb.1417 4476: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4293: 4292: 4288: 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drinks 922: 905: 883: 877: 860: 811:rebound effects 760:piriform cortex 732:William Hogarth 725: 723:Pathophysiology 709: 688: 639: 609: 603: 584:and changes in 547: 537: 528: 522: 516: 483: 477: 395: 389: 339: 331:Main articles: 329: 249: 225:In Ireland the 203:standard drinks 196: 180:corpus callosum 141:musculoskeletal 105:social drinking 33: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7159: 7157: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7128: 7127: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7117: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7099: 7097:French paradox 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7053: 7051: 7047: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7007: 7005: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6979: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6953:Sulfonic acids 6950: 6949: 6948: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6903: 6901: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6887:Standard drink 6884: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6851: 6849:Liquor license 6846: 6845: 6844: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6785: 6783: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6721: 6716: 6714:Temperance bar 6711: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6637: 6631: 6629: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6603: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6569: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6552: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6503: 6496: 6494: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6461: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6430: 6420: 6415: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6380: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6261: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6184: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6135:Binge drinking 6132: 6127: 6125:Alcohol powder 6122: 6117: 6115:Alcohol myopia 6112: 6111: 6110: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6088: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6066: 6057: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6037: 6028: 6023: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5923:Wine chemistry 5920: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5891: 5889:Beer chemistry 5885: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5833: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5770: 5759: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5735: 5728: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5683: 5668: 5652: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5643:Classification 5636: 5635:External links 5633: 5632: 5631: 5625: 5607: 5601: 5584: 5566:(1): 119–142. 5555: 5549: 5536: 5530: 5512: 5506: 5493: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5445: 5413: 5391:Martin, Gary. 5383: 5357: 5338: 5301:(8): 689–696. 5280: 5243: 5206:(4): 486–496. 5186: 5141: 5111: 5082:(7): 982–985. 5062: 5054:biological sex 5042: 4996: 4977:(4): 314–320. 4957: 4935: 4898: 4869:(7): 921–926. 4849: 4822:(3): 321–327. 4806: 4745: 4739:978-0300033250 4738: 4714: 4693: 4665:(4): 464–471. 4642: 4593: 4583: 4548: 4513: 4464: 4443:(5): 526–535. 4423: 4401: 4366: 4335: 4286: 4260: 4241: 4215: 4189: 4163: 4120: 4103:Läkartidningen 4092: 4073: 4024: 3981: 3975:978-0974794303 3974: 3956: 3927:(s16): 12–20. 3911: 3889: 3866: 3837:(6): 625–629. 3817: 3806:(11): 467–73. 3790: 3749: 3706: 3671: 3622: 3586: 3537: 3502: 3457: 3414: 3385:(3): 120–122. 3365: 3332: 3283: 3233: 3204:(3): 201–207. 3184: 3163: 3136: 3092: 3043: 3007:(3): S35–S43. 2987: 2961: 2934:(1): 613–617. 2918: 2891:(3): 714–719. 2875: 2826: 2799: 2780:(3): 263–270. 2764: 2707: 2656: 2621:(1): 193–201. 2601: 2592: 2569:Hayes, Katie. 2561: 2534: 2485: 2444: 2415:(1–2): 62–72. 2395: 2380: 2330: 2291: 2265: 2208: 2142: 2121: 2113:Binge Drinking 2098: 2068: 2035: 2010: 1961: 1950:(3): 225–233. 1934: 1880: 1828: 1793: 1774: 1748: 1681: 1632: 1620:PsychNewsDaily 1606: 1580: 1558:10.1.1.695.779 1532: 1454: 1419:Obstet Gynecol 1406: 1379:(8): 493–502. 1373:Paediatr Drugs 1363: 1328: 1282: 1236: 1205: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1174: 1171: 1088: 1085: 1030: 1027: 1007: 1004: 958:Main article: 955: 952: 921: 918: 904: 901: 876: 873: 859: 856: 815:glucocorticoid 756:olfactory bulb 741:excitotoxicity 724: 721: 708: 705: 687: 686:Urinary system 684: 668:embolic stroke 638: 635: 605:Main article: 602: 599: 536: 533: 518:Main article: 515: 512: 479:Main article: 476: 473: 388: 385: 367:blood pressure 359:cardiac rhythm 328: 327:Health effects 325: 319:social norms. 313:depressed mood 305:sexual assault 287:. Research on 277: 276: 273: 270: 267: 248: 245: 195: 192: 172:excitotoxicity 84:, is drinking 78:Binge drinking 73: 72: 63: 57: 56: 49: 48: 40: 39: 38:Binge drinking 31: 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7158: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7136:Alcohol abuse 7134: 7133: 7131: 7116: 7108: 7107: 7104: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7072:Mood disorder 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7048: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6993: 6989: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6972: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6954: 6951: 6947: 6946:Nitrous oxide 6944: 6943: 6942: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6857:Fermented tea 6855: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6780: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6753:Sober curious 6751: 6749: 6746: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6624: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6480: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6442:Ladies' night 6440: 6438: 6435: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6406: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6342:Rum Rebellion 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6274:Alcohol enema 6272: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6224:Flaming drink 6222: 6220: 6219:Dutch courage 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6204:Drunk walking 6202: 6200: 6199:Drunk dialing 6197: 6195: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6177:Drinking game 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6086:Alcohol abuse 6084: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6053:Social issues 6050: 6042: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5990:breast cancer 5988: 5987: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5918:Fusel alcohol 5916: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5904: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5787:Drunk driving 5785: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5741: 5736: 5734: 5729: 5727: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5618: 5617: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5593: 5592: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5503: 5499: 5494: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5473:No. 29 PH 357 5470: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5454: 5449: 5446: 5430: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5387: 5384: 5372: 5371:History Extra 5368: 5361: 5358: 5353: 5349: 5342: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5284: 5281: 5265: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5244: 5239: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5142: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4958: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4936: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4902: 4899: 4894: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4853: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4807: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4746: 4741: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4726: 4718: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4697: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4646: 4643: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4597: 4594: 4587: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4529:(3): 365–77. 4528: 4524: 4517: 4514: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4468: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4414:PubMed Health 4411: 4405: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4382:(2): 267–82. 4381: 4377: 4370: 4367: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4306:(1): 164–82. 4305: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4287: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4190: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4136:(2): 98–103. 4135: 4131: 4124: 4121: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4096: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4028: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3997:(2): 189–99. 3996: 3992: 3985: 3982: 3977: 3971: 3967: 3960: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3716:J Int Med Res 3710: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3687:(5): 649–63. 3686: 3682: 3675: 3672: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3642:(5): 328–32. 3641: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3603:(2): 119–30. 3602: 3598: 3590: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3506: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3477:(3): 159–67. 3476: 3472: 3468: 3461: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3430:(4): 243–53. 3429: 3425: 3418: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3366: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3303:(3): 237–47. 3302: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3284: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3262:(2): 128–35. 3261: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3188: 3185: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3167: 3164: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3096: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3044: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2988: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2879: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2605: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2464:(2): 109–20. 2463: 2459: 2455: 2448: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2396: 2391: 2384: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2334: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2311:(2): 317–21. 2310: 2306: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2230:: 9167–9186. 2229: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2212: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2179:(1): 142–56. 2178: 2174: 2170: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2124: 2122:9781617878503 2118: 2114: 2110: 2102: 2099: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2072: 2069: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2024: 2020: 2014: 2011: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1972: 1965: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1938: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1783: 1778: 1775: 1762: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1685: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1652:(3): 237–47. 1651: 1647: 1643: 1636: 1633: 1621: 1617: 1610: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1551:(2): 128–35. 1550: 1546: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1500:(19): 323–8. 1499: 1495: 1491: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1367: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1344:(1): 113–27. 1343: 1339: 1332: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1301:(7): 664–72. 1300: 1296: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1228: 1225:(3): 167–72. 1224: 1220: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112: 1111:Dutch courage 1103: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1077:neurochemical 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046:alcohol abuse 1042: 1040: 1036: 1033:Women become 1028: 1026: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 993: 986: 982: 977: 973: 970: 968: 961: 953: 951: 949: 946:criteria for 944: 939: 935: 932: 926: 919: 917: 913: 909: 902: 900: 897: 893: 889: 882: 874: 872: 870: 864: 857: 855: 853: 852: 845: 840: 836: 832: 831:neurotoxicity 827: 825: 821: 820:myelinization 816: 812: 803: 799: 796: 792: 788: 786: 782: 777: 773: 772:dentate gyrus 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 752:corticolimbic 749: 744: 742: 733: 729: 722: 720: 718: 714: 707:Acute hazards 706: 704: 702: 698: 693: 685: 683: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 644: 636: 634: 632: 628: 624: 619: 615: 608: 600: 598: 596: 590: 587: 583: 580: 576: 571: 568: 564: 560: 559:orbitofrontal 556: 552: 546: 542: 534: 532: 527: 521: 513: 511: 508: 506: 501: 499: 495: 487: 482: 474: 472: 469: 464: 460: 456: 453: 448: 443: 439: 431: 427: 424: 423:alcohol abuse 419: 412: 408: 404: 399: 394: 386: 384: 381: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 338: 334: 326: 324: 320: 316: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 293:victimization 290: 286: 282: 274: 271: 268: 265: 264: 263: 260: 258: 254: 253:peer pressure 246: 244: 241: 239: 235: 230: 228: 223: 221: 216: 212: 209:, citing the 208: 204: 198: 193: 191: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 160: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 117: 115: 111: 106: 101: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 71: 67: 64: 62: 58: 55: 50: 46: 41: 36: 27: 19: 7032:Gin Act 1751 7022:Bratt System 7015: 7011: 6878:Measurement 6812:Breathalyzer 6582:Shoulder tap 6234: 6134: 6108:Beer goggles 5685: 5670: 5655: 5615: 5590: 5563: 5559: 5540: 5520: 5497: 5485:. 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