636:(including vision), strength, coordination, reflexes, sensation and gait. This information helps the neurologist determine whether the problem exists in the nervous system and the clinical localization. Localization of the pathology is the key process by which neurologists develop their differential diagnosis. Further tests may be needed to confirm a diagnosis and ultimately guide therapy and appropriate management. Useful adjunct imaging studies in neurology include CT scanning and MRI. Other tests used to assess muscle and nerve function include nerve conduction studies and electromyography.
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601:(or the Irish equivalent) and complete two years of core medical training before entering specialist training in neurology. Up to the 1960s, some intending to become neurologists would also spend two years working in psychiatric units before obtaining a diploma in psychological medicine. However, that was uncommon and, now that the
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Also, many nonmedical doctors, those with doctoral degrees (usually PhDs) in subjects such as biology and chemistry, study and research the nervous system. Working in laboratories in universities, hospitals, and private companies, these neuroscientists perform clinical and laboratory experiments and
875:
studies ā needle EMG and NCSs. In the US, physicians do not typically specialize in all the aspects of clinical neurophysiology ā i.e. sleep, EEG, EMG, and NCSs. The
American Board of Clinical Neurophysiology certifies US physicians in general clinical neurophysiology, epilepsy, and intraoperative
1036:
physicians may treat patients with neuromuscular diseases with electrodiagnostic studies (needle EMG and nerve-conduction studies) and other diagnostic tools. In the United
Kingdom and other countries, many of the conditions encountered by older patients such as movement disorders, including
793:
have made genetic testing an important tool in the classification of inherited neuromuscular disease and diagnosis of many other neurogenetic diseases. The role of genetic influences on the development of acquired neurologic diseases is an active area of research.
1194:
The emerging field of neurological enhancement highlights the potential of therapies to improve such things as workplace efficacy, attention in school, and overall happiness in personal lives. However, this field has also given rise to questions about
1147:
and a neurologist by training, wrote, "the separation of the two categories is arbitrary, often influenced by beliefs rather than proven scientific observations. And the fact that the brain and mind are one makes the separation artificial anyway".
605:
takes three years to obtain, would no longer be practical. A period of research is essential, and obtaining a higher degree aids career progression. Many found it was eased after an attachment to the
Institute of Neurology at
596:
In the United
Kingdom and Ireland, neurology is a subspecialty of general (internal) medicine. After five years of medical school and two years as a Foundation Trainee, an aspiring neurologist must pass the examination for
632:, the neurologist reviews the patient's health history with special attention to the patient's neurologic complaints. The patient then takes a neurological exam. Typically, the exam tests mental status, function of the
924:. In some countries, additional legal responsibilities of a neurologist may include making a finding of brain death when it is suspected that a patient has died. Neurologists frequently care for people with hereditary (
557:
While neurologists may treat general neurologic conditions, some neurologists go on to receive additional training focusing on a particular subspecialty in the field of neurology. These training programs are called
915:
Neurologists are responsible for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of all the conditions mentioned above. When surgical or endovascular intervention is required, the neurologist may refer the patient to a
1846:
554:. On average, neurologists complete a total of eight to ten years of training. This includes four years of medical school, four years of residency and an optional one to two years of fellowship.
428:
appeared in various texts from 1610 denoting an anatomical focus on the nerves (variably understood as vessels), and was most notably used by Willis, who preferred Greek Ī½ĪµĻ
ĻĪæĪ»ĪæĪ³ĪÆĪ±.
1230:
903:
and neurology. Many neurologists work in academic training hospitals, where they conduct research as neuroscientists in addition to treating patients and teaching neurology to
867:
Some neurologists specialize in certain parts of the nervous system or in specific procedures. For example, clinical neurophysiologists specialize in the use of EEG and
319:
1353:
1280:
1842:
598:
892:, and neurology. Neurosurgery is a distinct specialty that involves a different training path and emphasizes the surgical treatment of neurological disorders.
996:-certified stroke centers has increased the role of neurologists in stroke care in many primary, as well as tertiary, hospitals. Some cases of nervous system
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64:
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and certifies technologists in nerve-conduction studies. Sleep medicine is a subspecialty field in the US under several medical specialties including
1924:
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are believed by many to be neurological disorders affecting the central nervous system, traditionally they are classified separately, and treated by
822:
191:
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greatly influenced the developing field of neurology. He published a human brain atlas in 1894 and wrote a fundamental book on migraines in 1912.
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in the first three-quarters of the 20th century has since then been largely replaced by a focus on pharmacology. Despite the shift to a medical
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2018:
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can point to readily discernible pathological lesions or genetic abnormalities that in and of themselves serve as reliable or predictive
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2106:
988:. Although stroke cases have been traditionally managed by internal medicine or hospitalists, the emergence of vascular neurology and
1170:, to name a few. Hence, the sharp distinction between neurology and psychiatry is not always on a biological basis. The dominance of
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1236:
689:
93:
2882:
2042:"Looking at things in a different perspective created the idea of ethics of neural enhancement using noninvasive brain stimulation"
75:
614:
in the US) to specialise in neurological rehabilitation, which may include stroke medicine, as well as traumatic brain injuries.
976:
Some overlap also occurs with other specialties, varying from country to country and even within a local geographic area. Acute
42:
1319:
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2188:
1139:
849:, and various infections and tumors of the nervous system. Neurologists are also asked to evaluate unresponsive patients on
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The academic discipline began between the 15th and 16th centuries with the work and research of many neurologists such as
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68:
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In the United States and Canada, neurologists are physicians who have completed a postgraduate training period known as
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are treated by general practitioners, though they may be referred to neurologists or surgeons (neurosurgeons or
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280:
208:
1612:
1424:
Mehta, Arpan R; Mehta, Puja R; Anderson, Stephen P; MacKinnon, Barbara L H; Compston, Alastair (10 April 2021).
74:
Help add sources such as review articles, monographs, or textbooks. Please also establish the relevance for any
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562:, and are one to three years in duration. Subspecialties in the United States include brain injury medicine,
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are treated by infectious disease specialists. Most cases of headache are diagnosed and treated primarily by
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tests to learn more about the nervous system and find cures or new treatments for diseases and disorders.
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Treatment options vary depending on the neurological problem. They can include referring the patient to a
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550:. This additional training period typically lasts four years, with the first year devoted to training in
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Martin JB (May 2002). "The integration of neurology, psychiatry, and neuroscience in the 21st century".
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Parkinson's disease, stroke, dementia, or gait disorders, are managed predominantly by specialists in
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1426:"Reply: The etymology of 'neurology', redux: early use of the term by Jean Riolan the Younger (1610)"
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dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the
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This article is about the branch of medicine. For the scientific study of the nervous system, see
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as part of the evaluation. Commonly employed tests in neurology include imaging studies such as
1032:, but care may be transferred to an adult neurologist after the patient reaches a certain age.
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In
Germany, a compulsory year of psychiatry must be done to complete a residency of neurology.
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1377:"The etymology of 'neurology', redux: early use of the term by Jean Riolan the Younger (1610)"
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strengths and weaknesses, and measuring change over time (e.g., for identifying abnormal
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monitoring. The
American Board of Electrodiagnostic Medicine certifies US physicians in
871:
to diagnose certain neurological disorders. Other neurologists specialize in the use of
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settings. Neurologists begin their interactions with patients by taking a comprehensive
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Some of the commonly encountered conditions treated by neurologists include headaches,
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Neurologists examine patients who are referred to them by other physicians in both the
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928:) diseases when the major manifestations are neurological, as is frequently the case.
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936:. Some neurologists may develop an interest in particular subfields, such as stroke,
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498:(UK), D.M. (Doctorate of Medicine) (India), M.B. B.Ch. B.A.O. (Republic of Ireland)
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31:
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some neurologists have considered psychiatry and neurology to overlap. Although
765:
of major blood vessels of the head and neck. Neurophysiologic studies, including
610:, London. Some neurologists enter the field of rehabilitation medicine (known as
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In the past, prior to the advent of more advanced diagnostic techniques such as
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762:
707:
460:
195:
179:
155:
2006:
1789:
1764:"Neurology in the German training system for psychiatrists ā a personal view"
1705:
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1402:
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2832:
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2411:
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2250:
1441:
1393:
1376:
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703:
611:
299:
2075:
1967:
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1723:
1568:
1467:
1410:
516:
2014:
1998:
306:. Neurologists diagnose and treat myriad neurologic conditions, including
78:
cited. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed.
17:
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specializing in neurology and trained to investigate, diagnose and treat
212:
187:
175:
159:
121:
1281:"ACGME Program Requirements for Graduate Medical Education in Neurology"
531:
260:
2817:
2277:
2245:
2138:
810:
674: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1697:
307:
163:
125:
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1068:
992:
has created a demand for stroke specialists. The establishment of
530:
515:
1737:
1680:
Nutma, E.; Willison, H.; Martino, G.; Amor, S. (September 2019).
864:, prescribing medications, or recommending a surgical procedure.
1511:
1178:, brain science has not advanced to a point where scientists or
957:
743:
2917:
2913:
2088:
1158:
manifestations, such as post-stroke depression, depression and
1166:, mood and cognitive dysfunctions in Alzheimer's disease, and
1126:
643:
47:
27:
Medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system
718:
focusing on evaluating the nervous system. Components of the
41:"Neurological sciences" redirects here. For the journal, see
1813:""How long does it take to become a neurologist in the UK?""
2084:
1533:
Kumar DR, Aslinia F, Yale SH, Mazza JJ (12 November 2014).
781:
are also commonly ordered. Neurologists frequently perform
1004:, at least the less severe cases. Likewise, most cases of
362:. Neurology is a nonsurgical specialty, its corresponding
1843:"Neurological Diagnostic Tests and Procedures Fact Sheet"
1083:
In some countries such as the United States and
Germany,
590:, neuroimaging, neurooncology, and neurorehabilitation.
1894:
1868:
1654:. American Board of Medical Specialties. Archived from
1261:, a physician interested in inpatient neurological care
283:. Neurological practice relies heavily on the field of
1231:
1510:. Medicalcouncil.ie. 15 February 2010. Archived from
749:
In some instances, neurologists may order additional
586:, headache, neuroimmunology and infectious disease,
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3293:
3233:
3108:
2969:
2775:
2713:
2474:
2402:
2357:
2266:
2137:
2122:
582:, neurocritical care, vascular neurology (stroke),
502:
481:
476:
466:
454:
446:
441:
234:
226:
201:
148:
136:
1895:"American Board of Clinical Neurophysiology, Inc"
984:of head trauma may be treated by neurologists or
1682:"Neuroimmunology ā the past, present and future"
1055:relationships for the purpose of assisting with
980:is most often treated by neurosurgeons, whereas
546:specializing in neurology after graduation from
1322:. American Academy of Neurology. Archived from
1535:"Jean-Martin Charcot: The Father of Neurology"
1314:
1312:
538:is considered one of the fathers of neurology.
2929:
2100:
1983:"A New Intellectual Framework for Psychiatry"
599:Membership of the Royal College of Physicians
8:
3464:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
1103:. In other countries, this is an autonomous
436:
108:
1869:"American Clinical Neurophysiology Society"
2936:
2922:
2914:
2389:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
2134:
2107:
2093:
2085:
1226:American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology
322:, autoimmune neurologic disorders such as
2730:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
2065:
1921:"Specialty and Subspecialty Certificates"
1779:
1713:
1558:
1457:
1392:
785:to assess characteristics of a patient's
690:Learn how and when to remove this message
94:Learn how and when to remove this message
1079:Relationship to clinical neurophysiology
823:attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
330:, brain injury, headache disorders like
192:attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
1271:
1107:(e.g., United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain).
899:A great deal of overlap occurs between
1356:from the original on 15 September 2021
1143:, Professor Joseph B. Martin, Dean of
986:specialists in rehabilitation medicine
435:
346:. Neurologists may also have roles in
107:
1629:from the original on 24 February 2017
1488:from the original on 30 December 2013
1375:Janssen, Diederik F (10 April 2021).
1350:Johns Hopkins Department of Neurology
7:
3554:
2868:
2629:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
2021:from the original on 17 January 2023
1927:from the original on 23 January 2020
1849:from the original on 4 December 2021
1823:from the original on 4 December 2021
1686:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
1593:from the original on 16 October 2021
1587:Washington University Medical School
1484:. Irishstatutebook.ie. 28 May 1927.
1091:, the field responsible for EEG and
1034:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
722:include assessment of the patient's
672:adding citations to reliable sources
2878:
1649:"ABMS Guide to Medical Specialties"
1508:"Medical Council ā Medical Council"
1095:, or in electrodiagnostic medicine
570:, neurodevelopmental disabilities,
2765:Medical Scientist Training Program
1948:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1901:from the original on 22 March 2015
1875:from the original on 24 March 2015
1811:Tuarez, Jaimar (28 October 2020).
1762:Thiels, Cornelia (December 2013).
1137:. In a 2002 review article in the
25:
3444:Development of the nervous system
1768:The British Journal of Psychiatry
1738:"Neurology Fellowships Directory"
1482:"Medical Practitioners Act, 1927"
1240:, a peer-reviewed medical journal
1237:Developmental Neurorehabilitation
1071:or tracking the progression of a
259:, "string, nerve" and the suffix
3553:
3542:
3541:
3099:
2897:
2887:
2877:
2867:
2858:
2857:
1209:
648:
114:
52:
2898:
922:interventional neuroradiologist
659:needs additional citations for
450:Physician, Medical Practitioner
263:, "study of") is the branch of
43:Neurological Sciences (journal)
2755:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
2189:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1987:American Journal of Psychiatry
1140:American Journal of Psychiatry
287:, the scientific study of the
1:
3285:Social cognitive neuroscience
1249:List of women neuroscientists
990:interventional neuroradiology
314:, movement disorders such as
69:secondary or tertiary sources
3260:Molecular cellular cognition
2735:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
2502:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
2058:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318205d50d
1186:of a given mental disorder.
932:are frequently performed by
3479:Neurodevelopmental disorder
3454:Neural network (biological)
3449:Neural network (artificial)
1045:Clinical neuropsychologists
3598:
3006:Computational neuroscience
1960:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.695
1320:"Working with Your Doctor"
1114:
878:electrodiagnostic medicine
873:electrodiagnostic medicine
759:magnetic resonance imaging
621:
377:
40:
29:
3537:
3474:Neurodegenerative disease
3318:Evolutionary neuroscience
3097:
2951:
2853:
1781:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.126516
1093:intraoperative monitoring
1047:are often called upon to
869:intraoperative monitoring
755:computed axial tomography
254:
209:Computed axial tomography
113:
76:primary research articles
3439:Brainācomputer interface
3388:Neuromorphic engineering
3313:Educational neuroscience
3220:Nutritional neuroscience
3125:Clinical neurophysiology
3021:Integrative neuroscience
2689:Transplantation medicine
2580:Clinical neurophysiology
2497:Obstetric anesthesiology
2417:Interventional radiology
2177:Digestive system surgery
1981:Kandel, Eric R. (1998).
1346:"Neurological Disorders"
1190:Neurological enhancement
1097:nerve conduction studies
1089:clinical neurophysiology
1063:strategies, documenting
1028:is initially treated by
775:nerve conduction studies
720:neurological examination
714:, and then performing a
630:neurological examination
624:Neurological examination
564:clinical neurophysiology
61:This scientific article
3250:Behavioral neuroscience
2560:Intensive care medicine
2534:Mass gathering medicine
2379:Maternalāfetal medicine
1583:"Length of Residencies"
1111:Overlap with psychiatry
402:Moritz Heinrich Romberg
34:. For the journal, see
3245:Affective neuroscience
3026:Molecular neuroscience
2981:Behavioral epigenetics
2152:Cardiothoracic surgery
1152:Neurological disorders
1145:Harvard Medical School
1057:differential diagnosis
847:neuromuscular diseases
767:electroencephalography
572:neuromuscular medicine
539:
528:
422:John Hughlings Jackson
360:translational research
304:neurological disorders
271:, which comprises the
221:electroencephalography
3308:Cultural neuroscience
3303:Consumer neuroscience
3145:Neurogastroenterology
3001:Cellular neuroscience
2803:Personalized medicine
2662:Reproductive medicine
2587:Occupational medicine
2541:Evolutionary medicine
2040:Hamilton Roy (2011).
1999:10.1176/ajp.155.4.457
1613:"Neurologist Profile"
1442:10.1093/brain/awab024
1394:10.1093/brain/awab023
1279:ACGME (1 July 2016).
1172:psychoanalytic theory
1117:Psychoneuroimmunology
1115:Further information:
1087:may subspecialize in
1002:general practitioners
534:
519:
3280:Sensory neuroscience
3120:Behavioral neurology
3091:Systems neuroscience
2823:Traditional medicine
2783:Alternative medicine
2650:Addiction psychiatry
2464:Transfusion medicine
2459:Medical microbiology
2374:Gynecologic oncology
2226:Reproductive surgery
1661:on 23 September 2020
1551:10.3121/cmr.2009.883
1352:. 24 February 2020.
1244:List of neurologists
1016:are also treated by
716:physical examination
668:improve this article
618:Physical examination
584:behavioral neurology
406:Duchenne de Boulogne
380:History of neurology
239:Glossary of medicine
3423:Social neuroscience
3323:Global neurosurgery
3200:Neurorehabilitation
3170:Neuro-ophthalmology
3155:Neurointensive care
2986:Behavioral genetics
2845:History of medicine
2828:Veterinary medicine
2635:Preventive medicine
2487:Adolescent medicine
2329:Infectious diseases
1514:on 25 November 2015
1164:Parkinson's disease
1010:orthopedic surgeons
998:infectious diseases
946:neurointensive care
831:Tourette's syndrome
827:Parkinson's disease
819:Alzheimer's disease
787:cerebrospinal fluid
536:Jean-Martin Charcot
438:
414:Jean-Martin Charcot
344:Alzheimer's disease
336:tumors of the brain
316:Parkinson's disease
172:Parkinson's disease
110:
36:Neurology (journal)
3499:Neuroimmune system
3393:Neurophenomenology
3333:Neural engineering
3056:Neuroendocrinology
3036:Neural engineering
2793:Molecular oncology
2750:Doctor of Medicine
2740:Master of Medicine
2657:Radiation oncology
2529:Emergency medicine
2482:Addiction medicine
2449:Clinical chemistry
2444:Clinical pathology
2236:Transplant surgery
2194:Orthopedic surgery
2172:Colorectal surgery
1297:on 13 January 2017
1168:Huntington disease
1039:geriatric medicine
962:multiple sclerosis
942:movement disorders
835:multiple sclerosis
730:, motor strength,
724:cognitive function
588:movement disorders
540:
529:
510:Hospitals, Clinics
483:Education required
410:William A. Hammond
324:multiple sclerosis
184:muscular dystrophy
3569:
3568:
3418:Paleoneurobiology
3353:Neuroepistemology
3328:Neuroanthropology
3294:Interdisciplinary
3180:Neuropharmacology
3140:Neuroepidemiology
2911:
2910:
2745:Master of Surgery
2709:
2708:
2694:Tropical medicine
2640:Prison healthcare
2555:Hospital medicine
2519:Disaster medicine
2509:Aviation medicine
2324:Hospital medicine
2231:Surgical oncology
2216:Pediatric surgery
2210:
2157:Endocrine surgery
1698:10.1111/cei.13279
1101:evoked potentials
972:Overlapping areas
886:internal medicine
779:evoked potentials
700:
699:
692:
552:internal medicine
514:
513:
348:clinical research
281:peripheral nerves
244:
243:
104:
103:
96:
63:needs additional
16:(Redirected from
3589:
3557:
3556:
3545:
3544:
3459:Detection theory
3343:Neurocriminology
3270:Neurolinguistics
3185:Neuroprosthetics
3103:
3066:Neuroinformatics
3016:Imaging genetics
2938:
2931:
2924:
2915:
2901:
2900:
2891:
2881:
2880:
2871:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2565:Medical genetics
2550:General practice
2427:Nuclear medicine
2302:Gastroenterology
2258:Vascular surgery
2208:
2135:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1783:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1717:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1660:
1653:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1620:Education Portal
1617:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1461:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1396:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1326:on 2 August 2014
1316:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1296:
1290:. Archived from
1285:
1276:
1259:Neurohospitalist
1254:Neuroepigenetics
1219:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1162:associated with
1131:mental illnesses
994:Joint Commission
930:Lumbar punctures
911:General caseload
905:medical students
783:lumbar punctures
771:electromyography
751:diagnostic tests
695:
688:
684:
681:
675:
652:
644:
468:Activity sectors
439:
418:C. Miller Fisher
320:brain infections
258:
205:
152:
118:
111:
99:
92:
88:
85:
79:
56:
55:
48:
21:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3565:
3533:
3519:Neurotechnology
3514:Neuroplasticity
3509:Neuromodulation
3504:Neuromanagement
3427:
3398:Neurophilosophy
3295:
3289:
3275:Neuropsychology
3236:
3229:
3190:Neuropsychiatry
3150:Neuroimmunology
3135:Neurocardiology
3111:
3104:
3095:
3086:Neurophysiology
3076:Neuromorphology
3031:Neural decoding
2972:
2965:
2947:
2942:
2912:
2907:
2849:
2838:Chief physician
2771:
2716:
2705:
2699:Travel medicine
2684:Sports medicine
2667:Sexual medicine
2607:Palliative care
2602:Pain management
2546:Family medicine
2524:Diving medicine
2470:
2398:
2360:
2353:
2269:
2262:
2221:Plastic surgery
2167:General surgery
2147:Cardiac surgery
2128:
2126:
2118:
2113:
2083:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2022:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1217:Medicine portal
1215:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1192:
1123:
1121:Neuropsychiatry
1113:
1081:
1014:Sleep disorders
974:
954:sleep disorders
913:
890:family medicine
862:physiotherapist
843:sleep disorders
791:genetic testing
789:. Advances in
712:medical history
696:
685:
679:
676:
665:
653:
642:
626:
620:
507:
505:
484:
469:
457:
456:Occupation type
434:
394:Matthew Baillie
382:
376:
352:clinical trials
328:sleep disorders
256:Ī½Īµįæ¦ĻĪæĪ½ (neĆ»ron)
217:lumbar puncture
203:
150:
132:
100:
89:
83:
80:
73:
57:
53:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3595:
3593:
3585:
3584:
3574:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3551:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3529:Self-awareness
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3484:Neurodiversity
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3383:Neuromarketing
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3358:Neuroesthetics
3355:
3350:
3348:Neuroeconomics
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3195:Neuroradiology
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3175:Neuropathology
3172:
3167:
3165:Neuro-oncology
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3106:
3105:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3051:Neurochemistry
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2895:
2885:
2875:
2865:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2776:Related topics
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2725:Medical school
2721:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2679:Sleep medicine
2676:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2492:Anesthesiology
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2422:Neuroradiology
2419:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2359:Obstetrics and
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2241:Trauma surgery
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2204:Otolaryngology
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2132:
2130:subspecialties
2120:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2089:
2082:
2081:
2052:(2): 187ā193.
2032:
1993:(4): 457ā469.
1973:
1954:(5): 695ā704.
1938:
1912:
1886:
1860:
1834:
1803:
1774:(6): 399ā400.
1754:
1729:
1692:(3): 278ā293.
1672:
1640:
1604:
1574:
1525:
1499:
1473:
1436:(4): awab024.
1416:
1387:(4): awab023.
1367:
1337:
1308:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1204:
1201:
1191:
1188:
1112:
1109:
1080:
1077:
1061:rehabilitation
1026:Cerebral palsy
1018:pulmonologists
973:
970:
912:
909:
882:anesthesiology
769:(EEG), needle
728:cranial nerves
698:
697:
656:
654:
647:
641:
640:Clinical tasks
638:
634:cranial nerves
622:Main article:
619:
616:
580:sleep medicine
548:medical school
512:
511:
508:
503:
500:
499:
485:
482:
479:
478:
474:
473:
470:
467:
464:
463:
458:
455:
452:
451:
448:
444:
443:
433:
430:
378:Main article:
375:
372:
289:nervous system
269:nervous system
242:
241:
236:
232:
231:
228:
224:
223:
206:
199:
198:
168:encephalopathy
153:
146:
145:
142:Nervous system
138:
134:
133:
119:
102:
101:
60:
58:
51:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3594:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3562:
3561:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3413:Neurotheology
3411:
3409:
3408:Neurorobotics
3406:
3404:
3403:Neuropolitics
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:Neuroethology
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3265:Motor control
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3255:Chronobiology
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:Neurovirology
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3107:
3102:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:Neurogenetics
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:Brain-reading
2994:
2992:
2991:Brain mapping
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2904:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2876:
2874:
2866:
2864:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:Public health
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2788:Allied health
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2712:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2597:Oral medicine
2595:
2593:
2592:Ophthalmology
2590:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:Cytopathology
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2394:Urogynecology
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2297:Endocrinology
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2077:
2073:
2068:
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1969:
1965:
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1173:
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1135:psychiatrists
1132:
1128:
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1054:
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1040:
1035:
1031:
1030:pediatricians
1027:
1023:
1022:psychiatrists
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
971:
969:
967:
966:neuromuscular
963:
959:
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951:
948:, headaches,
947:
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804:
800:
799:radiculopathy
795:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
757:(CAT) scans,
756:
752:
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745:
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725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
694:
691:
683:
680:February 2015
673:
669:
663:
662:
657:This section
655:
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631:
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609:
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594:
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581:
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576:pain medicine
573:
569:
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545:
537:
533:
526:
525:Edward Flatau
522:
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419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:Thomas Willis
381:
373:
371:
369:
366:specialty is
365:
361:
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135:
131:
127:
123:
120:A network of
117:
112:
106:
98:
95:
87:
77:
71:
70:
66:
59:
50:
49:
44:
37:
33:
19:
3558:
3546:
3494:Neuroimaging
3489:Neurogenesis
3373:Neurohistory
3338:Neurobiotics
3237:neuroscience
3205:Neurosurgery
3159:
3130:Epileptology
3112:neuroscience
3081:Neurophysics
3071:Neurometrics
3046:Neurobiology
3041:Neuroanatomy
3011:Connectomics
2945:Neuroscience
2813:Rural health
2798:Nanomedicine
2574:
2349:Rheumatology
2280: /
2199:Hand surgery
2184:Neurosurgery
2049:
2045:
2035:
2023:. Retrieved
1990:
1986:
1976:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1923:. Abms.org.
1915:
1903:. Retrieved
1897:. Abcn.org.
1889:
1877:. Retrieved
1871:. Acns.org.
1863:
1851:. Retrieved
1837:
1825:. Retrieved
1816:
1806:
1771:
1767:
1757:
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1741:
1732:
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1685:
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1656:the original
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1619:
1607:
1597:15 September
1595:. Retrieved
1586:
1577:
1542:
1539:Clin Med Res
1538:
1528:
1516:. Retrieved
1512:the original
1502:
1490:. Retrieved
1476:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1360:15 September
1358:. Retrieved
1349:
1340:
1328:. Retrieved
1324:the original
1299:. Retrieved
1292:the original
1287:
1274:
1235:
1193:
1150:
1138:
1124:
1085:neurologists
1082:
1043:
975:
960:management,
934:neurologists
918:neurosurgeon
914:
901:neuroscience
898:
894:
866:
859:
851:life support
796:
748:
740:coordination
701:
686:
677:
666:Please help
661:verification
658:
627:
608:Queen Square
595:
592:
556:
541:
523:neurologist
425:
424:. Neo-Latin
398:Charles Bell
390:Robert Whytt
383:
368:neurosurgery
295:
293:
285:neuroscience
246:
245:
202:Significant
149:Significant
140:
105:
90:
84:October 2018
81:
62:
32:Neuroscience
3363:Neuroethics
3210:Neurotology
2883:Wikiproject
2672:Venereology
2617:Neonatology
2514:Dermatology
2369:Gynaecology
2361:gynaecology
2344:Pulmonology
2162:Eye surgery
2124:Specialties
1742:www.aan.com
1665:26 November
1633:23 February
1545:(1): 46ā9.
1197:neuroethics
1156:psychiatric
1154:often have
1099:, EMG, and
1059:, planning
978:head trauma
855:brain death
853:to confirm
839:head trauma
777:(NCSs) and
761:(MRI), and
560:fellowships
477:Description
437:Neurologist
296:neurologist
277:spinal cord
230:Neurologist
130:hippocampus
3524:Neurotoxin
3225:Psychiatry
2645:Psychiatry
2631:(PM&R)
2624:Phlebology
2612:Pediatrics
2439:Anatomical
2404:Diagnostic
2384:Obstetrics
2334:Nephrology
2319:Hematology
2314:Geriatrics
2307:Hepatology
2292:Cardiology
2282:Immunology
1853:4 December
1827:4 December
1330:28 October
1301:10 January
1267:References
1184:biomarkers
1180:clinicians
968:diseases.
956:, chronic
805:, stroke,
803:neuropathy
763:ultrasound
708:outpatient
506:employment
461:Profession
442:Occupation
426:neurologia
227:Specialist
196:narcolepsy
180:meningitis
156:Neuropathy
18:Neurologic
3582:Neurology
3469:Neurochip
3235:Cognitive
3160:Neurology
2833:Physician
2717:education
2575:Neurology
2570:Narcology
2434:Pathology
2412:Radiology
2287:Angiology
2251:Andrology
2046:Neurology
2007:0002-953X
1790:0007-1250
1706:0009-9104
1450:0006-8950
1403:0006-8950
1105:specialty
1065:cognitive
732:sensation
704:inpatient
628:During a
612:physiatry
544:residency
504:Fields of
340:dementias
300:physician
247:Neurology
122:dendrites
109:Neurology
65:citations
3576:Category
3548:Category
3432:Concepts
3378:Neurolaw
3110:Clinical
2863:Category
2339:Oncology
2270:medicine
2268:Internal
2116:Medicine
2076:21220723
2019:Archived
1968:11986119
1931:30 March
1925:Archived
1905:30 March
1899:Archived
1879:30 March
1873:Archived
1847:Archived
1821:Archived
1798:24297784
1724:30768789
1624:Archived
1591:Archived
1569:20739583
1518:30 March
1492:30 March
1486:Archived
1468:33837768
1411:33837748
1354:Archived
1203:See also
1160:dementia
1073:dementia
1053:behavior
1049:evaluate
1006:sciatica
982:sequelae
950:epilepsy
938:dementia
815:epilepsy
811:seizures
807:dementia
736:reflexes
603:MRCPsych
568:epilepsy
496:M.B.B.S.
472:Medicine
432:Training
364:surgical
342:such as
332:migraine
312:epilepsy
279:and the
265:medicine
235:Glossary
213:MRI scan
188:migraine
176:epilepsy
160:dementia
151:diseases
3560:Commons
2973:science
2961:History
2956:Outline
2903:Outline
2873:Commons
2818:Therapy
2715:Medical
2278:Allergy
2246:Urology
2139:Surgery
2067:3030230
2015:9545989
1715:6693969
1560:3064755
1459:7610959
926:genetic
773:(EMG),
374:History
126:neurons
3296:fields
2893:Portal
2760:MDāPhD
2074:
2064:
2025:9 June
2013:
2005:
1966:
1796:
1788:
1747:5 June
1722:
1712:
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1466:
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1051:brain-
920:or an
742:, and
521:Polish
494:(US),
354:, and
308:stroke
275:, the
261:-logia
249:(from
164:stroke
137:System
2971:Basic
2475:Other
1659:(PDF)
1652:(PDF)
1627:(PDF)
1616:(PDF)
1430:Brain
1381:Brain
1295:(PDF)
1284:(PDF)
1176:model
1069:aging
964:, or
447:Names
356:basic
298:is a
273:brain
251:Greek
204:tests
128:in a
124:from
2072:PMID
2027:2021
2011:PMID
2003:ISSN
1964:PMID
1933:2015
1907:2015
1881:2015
1855:2021
1829:2021
1794:PMID
1786:ISSN
1749:2024
1720:PMID
1702:ISSN
1667:2012
1635:2017
1599:2021
1565:PMID
1520:2015
1494:2015
1464:PMID
1446:ISSN
1407:PMID
1399:ISSN
1362:2021
1332:2012
1303:2017
1119:and
1020:and
958:pain
813:and
744:gait
706:and
492:D.O.
488:M.D.
420:and
338:and
2209:ENT
2127:and
2062:PMC
2054:doi
1995:doi
1991:155
1956:doi
1952:159
1776:doi
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1710:PMC
1694:doi
1690:197
1555:PMC
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1438:doi
1434:144
1389:doi
1385:144
1127:MRI
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670:by
490:or
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