121:, puts it this way: "BioArt is often ludicrous. It can be lumpy, gross, unsanitary, sometimes invisible, and tricky to keep still on the auction block. But at the same time, it does something very traditional that art is supposed to do: draw attention to the beautiful and grotesque details of nature that we might otherwise never see." While raising questions about the role of science in society, "most of these works tend toward social reflection, conveying political and societal criticism through the combination of artistic and scientific processes." Works of bioart are most often seen as a contribution to the social, political and economic questions that arise from scientific research, however at times contribute and make advancements in research.
366:, "The Fabric of the Living" in 2019, a group exhibition of living and artificial life with recent work of artists, designers, and research from scientific laboratories. The artworks question the links between the living and the artificial, as well as the processes of artificial recreation of life; the manipulation of chemical procedures on living matter; self-generating works with ever-changing forms; hybrid works of organic matter and industrial material, or the hybridization of human and plant cells. In this era of digital technologies, artists draw on the world of biology, developing new social and political environments based on issues of those living in this era.
269:. A broader definition of the term would include work that addresses the social and ethical considerations of the biological sciences. Under these terms BioArt as a genre has many crossovers with fields such as critical or speculative design. This type of work often reaches a much broader general audience, and is focused on starting discussions in this space, rather than pioneering or even using specific biological practices. Examples in this space include Ray Fish shoes, which advertised shoes made and patterned with genetically engineered stingray skin, BiteLabs, a biotech startup that attempted to make salami out of meat cultured from celebrity tissue samples, and
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bodies in a single day. His pursuit of knowledge across the sciences, including detailed studies of plants, optics, and light, was driven by Da Vinci's goal to enhance his artistic representations. Leonardo da Vinci's deep exploration of human anatomy and movement anticipated modern robotics, as he connected anatomy to engineering and designed automata that mimicked human motion.
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foods, tissue-growing clothing, sculptural forms from fabric culture and the changing relationship between the living and non-living company, among other things. Within the framework of their artistic research, the artists have developed the term “Semi-Living” to describe a new category of life that was created in the laboratory.
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His celebrated publication "Kunstformen Der Natur" (Artforms in Nature) from 1904 is regarded as a "visual encyclopedia" of living organisms even to this day. His work fusing biology and art, not only promoted
Darwinism in Germany but also deeply influenced art, design, and architecture of the early 20th century.
80:. The scope of BioArt is a range considered by some artists to be strictly limited to "living forms", while other artists include art that uses the imagery of contemporary medicine and biological research, or require that it address a controversy or blind spot posed by the very character of the life sciences.
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the latest scientific and technological developments in fields such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, robotics and augmented reality used in art, design, and architecture – of how human beings, their lives, and the environmental issues may look in the imminent future because of these developments.
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by the Tissue
Culture & Art Project. "An actualized possibility of wearing 'leather' without killing an animal is offered as a starting point for cultural discussion. Our intention is not to provide yet another consumer product, but rather to raise questions about our exploitation of other living
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for four years and culminated with him being indicated for mail and wire fraud for obtaining a strain of bacteria commonly used in school lab experiments. He was planning on using that bacteria in a project critiquing the United States. His bioart work was considered pioneering in politically engaged
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had the first of two experimental surgeries to have his “Ear On Arm” implanted. The second surgery was to implant a microphone in the implanted ear so it could hear. The implanted ear then projects the sound to other parts of the world, so people could listen into what the ear on arm was hearing. He
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in
Norfolk, Virginia, has stated that using animals for the sake of art is no different from using animal fur for clothing material. "Transgenic manipulation of animals is just a continuum of using animals for human end, regardless of whether it is done to make some sort of sociopolitical critique.
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was a German biologist, zoologist, and artist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries who used art to illustrate his scientific findings before macrophotography and photographic microscopy. He meticulously recorded the hidden intricacies of natural forms through his vibrant and stylized drawings.
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in Tokyo, Japan Future and the Arts: AI, Robotics, Cities, Life - How
Humanity Will Live Tomorrow in 2019-2020 This was a group exhibition that included a "bio atelier" with bioartworks from prominent bioartists across the world. One of the curatorial goals was to evoke the contemplation – through
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magazine has reported that the "emerging field of "bioart" can be extremely provocative, and brings with it a range of technical, logistical and ethical issues." Bioart practitioners can and have at times aided the advancement of scientific research and researchers in the process of creating their
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also founded The Tissue
Culture & Art Project. Since the early 1990s, The Tissue Culture & Art Project has been working with the artificial production of biological tissue whereas the cell culture serves as an artistic medium. The works of TC&A deal, among other things, with foods bred
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born 1452, renowned for masterpieces like the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, was deeply invested in the intersection of science and art. To produce accurate and realistic art, he conducted firsthand, extensive studies of anatomy by dissecting around 30 human cadavers, sometimes dissecting multiple
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While most people who practice BioArt are categorized as artists in this new media, they can also be seen as scientists. In Bio Art, artists often work with scientists, and in some cases they are scientists themselves. While some artists have prior scientific training, others must be trained to
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Bioart originated at the end of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st century. Although BioArtists work with living matter, there is some debate as to the stages at which matter can be considered to be alive or living. Creating living beings and practicing in the life sciences brings about
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In 2016, The
Beijing Media Art Biennale's Theme was "Ethics of Technology" and in 2018 it was "<Post-Life>". The Biennale is held at the CAFA Museum in Beijing, China and includes major works in biological arts, with thematic exhibitions. The 2018 Bienalle included international artworks
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The goal of transgenic art is to create organisms that carry foreign DNA within them. In Kac's vision, art can continue evolution and make an actual creation of new living beings. Eduardo Kac's best-known works include
Genesis (1998/99), The Eight Day (2000/2001) and GFP Bunny (2000) which he
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The creation of living beings and the study of the biological sciences bring with them ethical, social and aesthetic questions. Within Bio Art there is a debate about whether any form of artistic engagement with the biosciences and their social consequences (e.g. in the form of images from
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Another big issue are the dangers that come from errors and fringe activities that could occur through creating in non-regulated or not completely safe lab spaces, DIYbio, biohacking, and bioterrorism. One of the most publicized instances of a non-scientist being arrested for suspected
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work; however, bioart and bioartists can also cross into controversy by challenging scientific thinking, by working with controversial human or animal material, or by releasing invasive species, as they are not regulated to adhere to standards, including biosafety or biosecurity.
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and refers to an art form “which works with genetic methods to transplant synthetic genes into one organism or natural genetic material from one species into another and thus to create unique living beings.” Already before this definition,
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In previous centuries artists dealt more critically with the images from the life sciences and understand them not only as a mere illustration of biological findings, but as a process linked to the time and the respective style vocabulary.
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Prixars
Electronica : 2004 CyberArts : international compendium Prix Ars Electronica : computer animation/visual effects, digital musics, interactive art, net vision, digital communities, u19, freestyle computing, the nest
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reported that animal rights groups accused Kac and others of using animals unfairly for their own personal gain, and conservative groups question the use of transgenic technologies and tissue-culturing from a moral standpoint.
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in Linz, Austria and the Ars
Electronica Festival was an early adaptor of exhibiting and promoting bioart, and continues to be a pioneer of sharing and promoting bioart, life projects, and bioartists. Their long-standing
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beings." However, due to rapid cell growth, the exhibit was eventually "killed" by cutting off its nutrients, aligning with the creators' intent to remind viewers of the responsibility towards manipulated life.
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BioArt is often intended to highlight themes and beauty in biological subjects, address or question philosophical notions or trends in science, and can at times be shocking or humorous. One survey of the field,
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relevant to the thematic topics of “Data Life”, “Mechanical Life” and “Synthesized Life” and a Lab Space exhibition area that focused on showcasing international laboratory practice in art and technology.
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Vita-More, Natasha. "Brave BioArt 2: Shedding the Bio, Amassing the Nano, and
Cultivating Emortal Life." "Reviewing the Future" Summit, Montreal, Canada, Coeur des Sciences, University of Quebec, 2007.
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The scope of the term BioArt is a subject of ongoing debate. The primary point of debate centers around whether BioArt must necessarily involve manipulation of biological material, as is the case in
246:, a 3D printed heart featuring a redesigned vascular system to potentially improve the heart's functionality and mitigate the impact of embolism. In 2024 she created an interactive artwork
2228:, 9th Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations Conference, IFIP AICT 412, pp. 687–692, 2013, © IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2013, Springer.
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Wilson, Stephen. "Art and Science Now: How scientific research and technological innovation are becoming key to 21st-century aesthetics." London, England: Thames and Hudson, 2012.
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242:, a sculpture of bio-printed scaffolds for human MSC stem cell culture into bone, in the shape of a human hand form installed in a vessel. In 2019, Karle made
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has connected it to the internet, which further connects his bio to technology but also opens the possibility of being hacked. The project took over 12 years.
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108:) should be viewed as part of the art movement, or whether only such works of art, that were created in the laboratory are classified as organic art.
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Artworks that use living materials created with scientific processes and biotechnology in itself brings up many ethical questions and concerns.
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Kaniarē, Asēmina, and Kathryn High. Institutional Critique to Hospitality: Bio Art Practice Now : A Critical Anthology, Grigoris publications,
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Pentecost, Claire (2008). "Outfitting the Laboratory of the Symbolic: Toward a Critical Inventory of Bioart". In Beatrice, da Costa (ed.).
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Pentecost, Claire (2008). "Outfitting the Laboratory of the Symbolic: Toward a Critical Inventory of Bioart". In Beatrice, da Costa (ed.).
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707:
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Levy, Steven. "Best of Technology Writing 2007." Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007 (in conjunction with DIGITALCULTUREBOOKS)
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rabbit. "The PR campaign included a picture of Kac holding a white rabbit and another rabbit photographically enhanced to appear green."
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Creating artscience collaboration : bringing value to organizations. Cham, Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-030-04549-4. OCLC 108901485
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298:, a founding member of Critical Art Ensemble (arrest in 2004, bioterrorism charges never brought). He was investigated by the
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laboratories for artists interested in working with BioArt methods and technologies. Some of the founders of SymbioticA,
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introduced the term Bioart, and defined an art movement that uses biological systems as a means of artistic expression.
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Edited, translated from the Italian, and with a preface by Alan N. Shapiro. Berlin: Avinus Press, 2010. Online at
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Bioart continues to evolve into the 2020s to address issues of environmental sustainability and social justice.
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perform the procedures or work in tandem with scientists who can perform the tasks that are required.
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Stuart Bunt (2008), Melentie Pandilovski (ed.), "The Role of the Scientist and Science in Bio-Art",
277:, an installation of five rolling robotic fish-bowl sculptures controlled by Siamese Fighting Fish.
2231:
Thacker, Eugene. "Aesthetic Biology, Biological Art." Contextin' Art (Fall Issue, 2003). Online at
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810:"Before Macro Photography Was Invented, This Scientist Used to Illustrate His Microscopic Findings"
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art, biotechnology and ecological struggle. The ordeal became the subject of a book and a film.
211:: the Art & Science Collaborative Research Laboratory, School of Anatomy and Human Biology,
2067:. "Bio Art - Taxonomy of an Etymological Monster." UCLA Art/Sci Center series, 2006. Online at
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977:"WA Now – Biomess: The Tissue Culture & Art Project | The Art Gallery of Western Australia"
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award which exhibits and honors artists in various media categories includes categories of
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Many BioArt projects deal with the manipulation of cells and not whole organisms, such as
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44:, living organisms, and life processes. Using scientific processes and practices such as
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Alexandra Daisy Ginsberg, Jane Calvert, Pablo Schyfter, Alistair Elfick and Drew Endy.
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Technik und Gesellschaft. Symposion der technischen Universität Wien in Lech am Arlberg
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1686:"Performative Science in an Age of Specialization: The Case of Critical Art Ensemble"
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250:, which sends DNA samples converted into powder and encased in a polymer into space.
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sk-interfaces. Exploding borders - creating membranes in art, technology and society
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2013:
1985:"Future and the Arts: AI, Robotics, Cities, Life - How Humanity Will Live Tomorrow"
1956:"Future and the Arts: AI, Robotics, Cities, Life - How Humanity Will Live Tomorrow"
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also helped establish the integration of molecular biology with artistic practice.
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1971:"Biopolitics in Future and the Arts: AI, Robotic, Cities, Life - Tokyo Exhibition"
1757:"Richard Powers' new novel is based on the notorious Steve Kurtz case in Buffalo"
1723:"The Strange Case of Steve Kurtz: Critical Art Ensemble and the Price of Freedom"
1651:
1389:"The Guy Who Wants to Sell Lab-Grown Salami Made of Kanye West Is "100% Serious""
1111:. Dorothy Nelkin. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
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The suffering and exacerbation of stress on the animals is very problematic."
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BioArt has been scrutinized and criticized as it may lack ethical oversight.
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Gaymon Bennett, Nils Gilman, Anthony Stavrianakis & Paul Rabinow (2009).
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See Bio Art entry in Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, 2007-2014.
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1478:"Synthetic Aesthetics Investigating Synthetic Biology's Designs on Nature"
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Peter Weibel (1981), M.E.A. Schmutzer (ed.), "Biotechnologie und Kunst",
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2180:. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008. Interactive DVD.
1221:
Creating artscience collaboration : bringing value to organizations
1195:"This Artist Is Biohacking The Body To 3D-Print Fantastical Human Bones"
1055:"Why This Australian Artist Has a Third Ear Casually Growing on His Arm"
882:
835:"'The Art and Science of Ernst Haeckel' Review: The Zoologist as Artist"
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544:"Bioart: The Ethics and Aesthetics of Using Living Tissue as a Medium"
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Electrophotographs and Photographs with Human Hair for Future Cloning
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The concept of transgenic art (transgenic art) was coined in 1998 by
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Biofakte - Versuch über den Menschen zwischen Artefakt und Lebewesen
2005:
Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004.
1970:
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In 2003, The Tissue Culture & Art Project in collaboration with
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grew a 1/4 scale replica of an ear using human cells to create the
2249:(Massachusetts: MIT Press/Leonardo Books, 2006. pp. 305–320.
2205:. Connessioni. Pisa: Pisa University Press, 2018. (pub.09/2018,
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34:
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Simou Panagiota, Tiligadis Konstantinos, Alexiou Athanasios.
1375:"The Rise and Fall or Rayfish Footwear - Next Nature Network"
1684:
Chatzichristodoulou, Maria; Jefferies, Janis, eds. (2016).
760:"Leonardo da Vinci's Robots and Their Modern-Day Influence"
96:
inquiry. With his essay “Biotechnology and Art” from 1981,
72:) the artworks are produced in laboratories, galleries, or
1589:"Diffusion of synthetic biology: a challenge to biosafety"
708:"Leonardo da Vinci's Scientific Studies, 500 Years Later"
119:
Isotope: A Journal of Literary Science and Nature Writing
2246:
The Global Genome - Biotechnology, Politics, and Culture
1521:"From synthetic biology to biohacking: are we prepared?"
2023:
Tactical Biopolitics: Art, Activism, and Technoscience
1942:"La Fabrique du vivant - " Mutations / Créations 3 ""
1170:"An Artist Is Growing A Skeleton Human Hand In A Lab"
904:
Tactical Biopolitics: Art, Activism and Technoscience
514:
Tactical Biopolitics: Art, Activism and Technoscience
173:
commissioned in 2000 as the creation of a transgenic
2176:Mitchell, Rob, Helen Burgess, and Phillip Thurtle.
2225:Exploring Artificial Intelligence Utilizing BioArt
2076:. Liverpool: University of Liverpool Press, 2008.
1313:"This Futurist Wants To Send Your DNA To The Moon"
2165:. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2010.
2094:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005.
1081:"Artist gets an extra ear implanted into his arm"
1108:The molecular gaze : art in the genetic age
736:"Curated: the Many Wonders of Leonardo da Vinci"
615:, Cambridge, London: The MIT Press, p. 19,
572:, vol. 19, Wien: Springer, pp. 158–169
406:Bio Atelier at Mori Art Museum exhibiting bioart
2150:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2008.
40:where artists work with biology, live tissues,
1268:"The woman creating art with human stem cells"
785:"Leonardo da Vinci's lessons in design genius"
2279:. Cambridge: MIT Press/Leonardo Books, 2009.
2178:Biofutures: Owning Body Parts and Information
2109:. Cambridge: MIT Press/Leonardo Books, 2007.
2046:. Cambridge: MIT Press/Leonardo Books, 2010.
2021:Da Costa, Beatriz, and Kavita Philip (eds.).
674:, Experimental Art Foundation, pp. 62–67
8:
1572:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1490:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1040:"Stelarc — Making Art out of the Human Body"
588:"Bio-Art: Die Kunst für das 21. Jahrhundert"
537:
535:
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257:Art addressing topics in biology and society
2148:Human Futures: Art in an Age of Uncertainty
2003:The Molecular Gaze: Art in the Genetic Age.
1252:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1650:Mitchell, Robert E. (14 September 2015).
1612:
1452:
951:Zurr, Oron Catts and Ionat (2017-11-15).
1350:"The beginnings and the ends of Bio Art"
2044:Green Light: Toward an Art of Evolution
866:Eduardo Kac (1998), "Transgene Kunst",
653:"Bio-artists use science to create art"
504:
381:
316:Alka Chandna, a senior researcher with
168:presented an art project in 1986 named
1565:
1483:
1245:
1145:"Bio Artists Face an Uncertain Future"
953:"The Tissue Culture & Art Project"
928:"The Tissue Culture & Art Project"
646:
644:
642:
294:“bioterrorism” was the case of artist
2203:Arte transgenica: la vita è il medium
1168:Callaghan, Meaghan Lee (2016-10-12).
1138:
1136:
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2138:. Paderborn: Mentis 2003. In German.
2001:Anker, Suzanne, and Dorothy Nelkin.
1006:The Tissue Culture & Art Project
581:
579:
1900:"Cafa预告丨第二届北京媒体艺术双年展"后生命"9月5日即将登场！"
1287:"Dove ci porterà la biotecnologia?"
248:Echoes From the Valley of Existence
1969:Flores, Ana Paola (January 2020).
1914:"Beijing Media Arts Biennale 2018"
1656:. University of Washington Press.
833:Irmscher, Christoph (2018-04-13).
351:and life art encompassing bioart.
207:. The project was carried out at
27:Artwork involving living organisms
25:
2277:Bioethics in the Age of New Media
2107:Signs of Life: Bio Art and Beyond
1743:"Orfeo by Richard Powers, review"
734:McAshan, Britni R. (2017-11-01).
613:Signs Of Life. Bio Art and Beyond
2163:Bioart and the Vitality of Media
1653:Bioart and the Vitality of Media
651:Pasko, Jessica M. (2007-03-05).
411:
399:
384:
60:(including technologies such as
265:which by definition is made of
213:University of Western Australia
1406:. Austria: Hatje Cantz. 2004.
1193:Pangburn, D. J. (2016-07-06).
1053:Moore, Jack (14 August 2015).
906:. The MIT Press. p. 107.
542:Solon, Olivia (28 July 2011).
516:. The MIT Press. p. 110.
1:
1824:Schwartz, John (2008-05-13).
1774:Ransford, Matt (2008-05-15).
1593:Systems and Synthetic Biology
1079:Pidd, Helen (13 April 2009).
335:Notable exhibitions of bioart
183:developed one of the earlier
2187:. Springer, 2005. In German.
2034:The Technological Herbarium.
1143:Amant, Alisyn (2023-12-18).
808:Taggart, Emma (2019-08-03).
1928:""后生命"——第二届北京媒体艺术双年展即将拉开帷幕"
1826:"Museum Kills Live Exhibit"
868:Leonardo Electronic Almanac
362:in Paris, France presented
2321:
2018:. Coach House Books, 2015.
870:, vol. 6, no. 11
2198:Zoom Internacional, 1995.
1690:Interfaces of Performance
1605:10.1007/s11693-008-9018-z
1506:"Bioart: An introduction"
1445:10.1007/s11569-016-0253-6
1429:"What Ethics for Bioart?"
1218:Schnugg, Claudia (2019).
690:October 20, 2008, at the
586:Ingeborg Reichle (2018).
2092:Telepresence and Bio Art
592:KUNSTFORUM International
1637:"Critical Art Ensemble"
1348:Anker, Suzanne (2014).
1337:(subscription required)
1105:Anker, Suzanne (2004).
125:Artists in laboratories
1872:"Prix Ars Electronica"
672:Art in the Biotech Era
419:Regenerative Reliquary
275:Augmented Fish Reality
244:The Heart Of Evolution
240:Regenerative Reliquary
2032:Gatti, Gianna Maria.
1776:"Victimless Leather?"
1698:10.4324/9781315589244
1224:. Cham, Switzerland.
1026:"Extra Ear 1/4 Scale"
764:www.artpublikamag.com
364:La Fabrique Du Vivant
227:and Dorothy Nelkin's
2132:Nicole C. Karafyllis
2105:Kac, Eduardo (ed.).
2072:Hauser, Jens (ed.).
1800:"Victemless Leather"
1537:10.1038/nbt1209-1109
1525:Nature Biotechnology
1427:Vaage, Nora (2016).
1285:RADAR (2023-11-10).
881:Eduardo Kac (1999).
611:Eduardo Kac (2007),
394:by Eduardo Kac, 1999
345:Prix Ars Electronica
166:Reiner Maria Matysik
2275:Zylinska, Johanna.
2196:Sergio Valle Duarte
2190:Sammartano, Paola.
2185:Kunst aus dem Labor
2183:Reichle, Ingeborg.
2146:Miah, Andy. (ed.).
1587:Schmidt, M (2008).
1377:. 19 December 2012.
1042:. 10 November 2018.
1028:. 15 December 2004.
839:Wall Street Journal
155:Contemporary BioArt
62:genetic engineering
2305:Visual arts genres
2237:2017-11-15 at the
2216:Schnugg, Claudia.
1830:The New York Times
957:Interalia Magazine
327:Victimless Leather
229:The Molecular Gaze
2285:978-0-262-24056-7
2271:978-0-500-23868-4
2255:978-0-262-70116-7
2243:Thacker, Eugene.
2171:978-0-295-99008-8
2156:978-1-84631-181-9
2100:978-0-472-06810-4
2082:978-1-84631-149-9
2052:978-0-262-01414-4
2042:Gessert, George.
1531:(12): 1109–1111.
1231:978-3-030-04549-4
913:978-0-262-04249-9
883:"Transgene Kunst"
622:978-0-262-11293-2
523:978-0-262-04249-9
458:Environmental art
421:, Amy Karle, 2016
205:Extra Ear project
141:Leonardo da Vinci
134:Historical BioArt
16:(Redirected from
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2038:alan-shapiro.com
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2009:Bök, Christian
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1763:on 2014-01-25.
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2025:. Cambridge:
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2073:
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2043:
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2022:
2014:The Xenotext
2012:
2002:
1996:Bibliography
1979:
1964:
1950:
1936:
1922:
1908:
1894:
1880:
1866:
1852:
1841:. Retrieved
1829:
1819:
1808:. Retrieved
1804:the original
1794:
1783:. Retrieved
1779:
1769:
1761:the original
1751:
1737:
1726:
1716:
1689:
1679:
1667:. Retrieved
1652:
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1631:
1599:(1–2): 1–6.
1596:
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1582:
1568:cite journal
1556:. Retrieved
1528:
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1397:
1383:
1369:
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1320:. Retrieved
1316:
1306:
1295:. Retrieved
1293:(in Italian)
1290:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1220:
1213:
1202:. Retrieved
1199:Fast Company
1198:
1188:
1177:. Retrieved
1173:
1163:
1152:. Retrieved
1148:
1107:
1100:
1088:. Retrieved
1085:The Guardian
1084:
1074:
1062:. Retrieved
1058:
1048:
1034:
1020:
1009:. Retrieved
1005:
996:
985:. Retrieved
983:. 2019-04-19
980:
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960:. Retrieved
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935:. Retrieved
931:
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886:. Retrieved
876:
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850:. Retrieved
838:
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792:. Retrieved
788:
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767:. Retrieved
763:
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743:. Retrieved
739:
715:. Retrieved
711:
706:Amsen, Eva.
680:
671:
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630:
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595:. Retrieved
591:
569:
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551:. Retrieved
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478:Internet art
433:Computer art
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98:Peter Weibel
82:
50:life science
30:
29:
2061: [
932:Experimenta
789:www.bbc.com
473:Hybrid arts
468:Genetic art
443:Digital art
349:hybrid arts
296:Steve Kurtz
281:Controversy
271:Ken Rinaldo
185:art/science
161:Eduardo Kac
52:practices,
2294:Categories
1843:2023-09-25
1810:2011-02-19
1785:2023-09-25
1439:: 87–104.
1433:Nanoethics
1322:2024-01-22
1297:2024-01-22
1240:1089014855
1204:2021-03-31
1179:2023-08-12
1154:2024-01-22
1011:2023-09-25
987:2023-09-25
962:2023-09-25
937:2023-09-25
888:2021-08-05
852:2023-09-24
819:2023-09-24
794:2023-09-25
769:2023-09-25
745:2023-09-25
717:2023-09-25
597:2021-08-05
499:References
209:Symbiotica
193:Ionat Zurr
189:Oron Catts
181:Symbiotica
54:microscopy
2027:MIT Press
1838:0362-4331
1669:2 October
1558:1 October
1248:cite book
1090:1 October
1064:1 October
847:0099-9660
657:USA Today
553:2 October
438:Cyberarts
309:USA Today
236:Amy Karle
223:In 2004,
94:aesthetic
2235:Archived
2016:: Book I
1858:"BioArt"
1728:ProQuest
1623:19003431
1553:26343447
1545:20010587
1486:cite web
1463:27069514
1272:BBC News
1127:53019483
740:TMC News
688:Archived
483:Land art
427:See also
267:microbes
238:created
112:Overview
106:medicine
42:bacteria
38:practice
2134:(ed.).
2029:, 2008.
1614:2671588
1454:4791467
1357:Artlink
1002:"About"
392:Genesis
378:Gallery
217:Stelarc
201:Stelarc
86:ethical
78:studios
74:artists
70:cloning
46:biology
18:Bio-art
2300:BioArt
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1317:Forbes
1238:
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910:
845:
712:Forbes
685:BIOart
619:
520:
92:, and
90:social
68:, and
56:, and
33:is an
31:BioArt
2128:2017.
2065:]
1549:S2CID
1353:(PDF)
548:Wired
287:Wired
2281:ISBN
2267:ISBN
2251:ISBN
2207:ISBN
2167:ISBN
2152:ISBN
2122:ISBN
2111:ISBN
2096:ISBN
2078:ISBN
2048:ISBN
1834:ISSN
1702:ISBN
1671:2022
1658:ISBN
1619:PMID
1574:link
1560:2022
1541:PMID
1492:link
1459:PMID
1408:ISBN
1404:idea
1363:(3).
1254:link
1236:OCLC
1226:ISBN
1123:OCLC
1113:ISBN
1092:2022
1066:2022
908:ISBN
843:ISSN
617:ISBN
555:2022
518:ISBN
369:The
358:The
318:PETA
191:and
48:and
1694:doi
1609:PMC
1601:doi
1533:doi
1449:PMC
1441:doi
300:FBI
273:'s
175:GFP
35:art
2296::
2194:.
2063:fr
2011:.
1832:.
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