938:
learned, fundamental, deep-founded, unconscious beliefs and values that are taken as self-evident universals and inform an agent's actions and thoughts within a particular field. An example is the belief that a year must have 365 days or that days must be 24 hours long. The field represents a structured social space with its own rules, schemes of domination, legitimate opinions. Bourdieu uses the concept of field instead of analyzing societies solely in terms of classes. For example, fields in modern societies include arts, education, politics, law and economy. Cultural capital is also part of practice theory and is directly related to strategy. It is the intangible assets that enable actors to mobilize cultural authority/power as part of strategy e.g., e.g., competencies, education, intellect, style of speech, dress, social networks,. This is important in terms of an individual's strategy. A later addition to practice theory is structuration, coined by
Anthony Giddens.
903:
and the cognitive and motivating structures which they produce and which tend to reproduce them". What is perceived and experienced as culture is the result of dynamic interaction of internal and external structures, individual performance (practice), and strategy (strategy is based on existing structures, but it exists from the actions of individuals seeking to pursue their own interests). Bourdieu describes structure as the "products of historical practices and are constantly reproduced and transformed by historical practices whose productive principle is itself the product of the structures which it consequently tends to reproduce." According to practice theory, social actors are not just shaped by their social world, they shape it as well. Since
Bourdieu's formulation, practice theory has been expanded by sociologists, anthropologists, international relation scholars, and feminist scholars, among others.
1043:. Practices make up people's 'horizon of intelligibility.' Schatzki defines practices as 'open-ended spatial-temporal manifolds of actions' (Schatzki, 2005, p. 471) and also as 'sets of hierarchically organized doings/sayings, tasks and projects'. Such practices consist of four main elements: (1) practical understanding – "knowing how to X, knowing how to identify X-ings, and knowing how to prompt as well as respond to X-ings" (idem, p. 77); (2) rules – "explicit formulations, principles, precepts, and instructions that enjoin, direct or remonstrate people to perform specific actions" (idem, p. 79); (3) teleo-affective structure – "a range of normativized and hierarchically ordered ends, projects and tasks, to varying degrees allied with normativized emotions and even mood" (idem, p. 80); and (4) general understanding.
918:, Bourdieu uses the term habitus to refer to patterns of thought and behavior which are deeply internalized structures. Habitus is composed of social conventions, rules, values, etc., that guide our everyday practices. These mental structures are representations of the external social structures people are interact with on a daily basis. They inform our practice and give meaning to the world and are what drives us to behave in accordance with social and cultural conventions. Habitus is also influenced by external individual forces, such as confronting a new social norm, or a new way of doing things. Like structure, habitus is also the product of historical events.
951:
engagement with practice theory focuses on how agents "react to, cope with, or actively appropriate" external structures. These responses of agents are bound or enabled by the cultural schemas which are often rooted in the contradictions of society's structure and habitus of the agent. Agents create broader social narratives practices unique to their specific culture from multiple schemas. The many available to agents schemas woven to a social narrative help to "give society its distinctiveness and coherence" Ortner's agent is "loosely structured", their practice is constituted of how they respond to the schemas.
966:, the idea that the agency of social actors and structure are inseparable and co-create one another. Agency, according to Giddens, is neither free will or the intentionality of actions, but the capacity of the agent to act. The agency of individuals is constrained and enabled by structure. In turn, structure is created, transformed, and reproduced through the actions of agents. These reinforcing and transformative capacities of agents are Giddens identified two forms of consciousness that inform the knowledgeable agent's actions: practical consciousness and discursive consciousness.
986:(1990) and "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution" (1988), Butler advances their concept of gender performativity. They argue that all gender and sexual identities are constructs. These identities are not real or innately natural and they do not express any inner reality. Instead, gender and sexuality are constituted by performance, meaning the everyday repetition of acts that reaffirm these identities. The individual performs gender and then that identity is validated by society.
886:. The original goal of this work was to understand Algerian culture and its internal rules and laws in an effort to understand the conflict. Bourdieu later rejected the idea that culture and social life can be reduced to the acting-out of rules and the primacy of social structures over the individual. Instead, Bourdieu argues, culture and society are better understood as the product of dynamic interactions between social actors and structure.
51:
925:'s concept of 'discipline'. Like habitus, discipline 'is structure and power that have been impressed on the body forming permanent dispositions'. In contrast to Bourdieu, though, Foucault laid particular emphasis on the violence through which modern regimes (e.g. prisons and asylums) are used as a form of
937:
Another important concept to practice theory are doxa, which are the internalized societal or field-specific presuppositions that 'go without saying' and are not up for negotiation. The doxa is a constructed vision of reality so naturalized that it appears to be the only vision of reality. It is the
902:
Practices are conceptualized as "what people do," or an individual's performance carried out in everyday life. Bourdieu's theory of practice sets up a relationship between structure and the habitus and practice of the individual agent, dealing with the "relationship between the objective structures
1009:
Communities of practice center the relationship of the agent, the activity engaged in, and community, which are co-created and relational to one another. Learning and apprenticeship within practice communities are processes that place individual experience and everyday practice in active discourse
950:
defines practice theory as "a theory of history. It is a theory of how social beings, with their diverse motives and their diverse intentions, make and transform in which they live." Ortner developed what she terms "cultural schemas" to explain society's structural contradictions and agency. Her
1005:
as a place of learning. Roddick and Stahl summarize communities of practice as involving "embodied action and continuously renewed relations between understanding and experience, more and less skilled practitioners, and the objects and communities with which practitioners interact."
1010:
with the broader context of their society. According to Wenger and Lave, learning is "situated" through practice of novices and expert practitioners. More recent approaches extend the scope to issues such as agency, material, and interaction.
1833:
Roddick, Andrew P.; Stahl, Anne B. "Introduction: Knowledge in Motion".(2016). Knowledge in motion : constellations of learning across time and place. Ed.Andrew
Roddick and Anne P. Stahl. Tucson: The University of Arizona
913:
Along with practices, habitus is a key concept in practice theory. Bourdieu defined habitus as "a structuring structure, which organizes practices and the perception of practices" (1984: 170). First proposed by philosopher
853:, who saw human behavior and organization systems as products of innate universal structures that reflect the mental structures of humans. Structuralist theory asserted that these structures governed all human societies.
838:
society and culture as the result of structure and individual agency. Practice theory emerged in the late 20th century and was first outlined in the work of the French sociologist
921:
The embodied component of the habitus is the hexis. It is manifested as an individual's gait, gesture, postures, accent etc. A closely related notion to
Bourdieu's habitus is
1752:. Wiley.Giddens, Anthony (1979). Central problems in social theory: Action, structure, and contradiction in social analysis. University of California Press.
738:
791:
1816:
1781:
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de
Certeau, Michel (1984). "Foucault and Bourdieu". In The practice of everyday life. Trans. Rendall S. F.University of California Press.
763:
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1395:
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1837:
Turner, Stephen (1994). The Social Theory of
Practices: Tradition, Tacit Knowledge, and Presuppositions. University of Chicago Press.
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860:. For practice theorists, the individual agent is an active participant in the formation and reproduction of their social world.
720:
503:
753:
743:
883:
748:
341:
1735:
Calhoun, Craig, Edward LiPuma, and Moishe
Postone (1993). Bourdieu: critical perspectives. University of Chicago Press.
1758:
Moore, Jerry D.(2000). Visions of culture: An introduction to anthropological theories and theorists. Rowman
Altamira.
603:
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Morris, Rosalind C. (1995). "All made up: Performance theory and the new anthropology of sex and gender".
963:
850:
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451:
436:
376:
284:
223:
1755:
Giddens, Anthony (1984). The
Constitution Of Society: Outline Of A Theory Of Structuration. Polity Press.
1729:
Bourdieu, Pierre 1977. Outline of a Theory of
Practice. Trans. Richard Nice. Cambridge University Press.
1035:(2002). His basic premise is that people do what makes sense for them to do and derives from the work of
1726:
Archer, Margaret S. (2003). Structure, agency and the internal conversation. Cambridge University Press.
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in 1977), which emerged from his ethnographic field work in French-occupied Algeria among the
523:
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228:
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1804:
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Nicolini, Davide. Practice theory, work, and organization: An introduction. OUP Oxford, 2012
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1573:"Professional tacit knowledge sharing in practice. Agency, boundaries, and commitment"
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538:
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Bourdieu, Pierre ( 1990). The Logic of Practice. Trans. Richard Nice. Polity Press.
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83:
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Visions of culture: an introduction to anthropological theories and theorists
1124:
Visions of culture: an introduction to anthropological theories and theorists
1801:
Anthropology and social theory : culture, power, and the acting subject
1774:
Anthropology and social theory : culture, power, and the acting subject
1072:
994:
831:
571:
566:
498:
1808:
1572:
1612:"Problematising Practice, Reconceptualising Learning and Imagining Change"
982:'s work on gender and sex is based on performance and practice theory. In
1258:
835:
608:
588:
556:
346:
1515:
Knowledge in motion: constellations of learning across time and place
1490:
Knowledge in motion: constellations of learning across time and place
583:
1799:
Ortner, Sherry B. (2006). "Introduction: Updating Practice Theory".
894:
were also foundational to the theory in the late 1970's and 1980's.
1413:
The constitution of society: outline of the theory of structuration
1363:
High religion: a cultural and political history of Sherpa Buddhism
1311:
High religion: a cultural and political history of Sherpa Buddhism
593:
50:
1415:(1st pbk. ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
1365:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 200.
1313:. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 193.
849:
school of thought, developed by social scientists including
1750:
Organizational Knowledge: The Texture of Workplace Learning
1743:
How to Conduct a Practice-Based Study: Problems and Methods
1201:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p. 83.
1176:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p. 82.
1436:
Ahearn, Laura M. (October 2001). "Language and Agency".
1334:
Ahearn, Laura M. (October 2001). "Language and Agency".
1282:
Ahearn, Laura M. (October 2001). "Language and Agency".
1465:
Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity
1540:
Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation
1517:. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. p. 7.
1492:. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. p. 3.
868:
In 1972, French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu published
962:. Structuration is based on his previous work on the
1618:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 1–14,
1538:Lave, Jean; Wenger, Etienne (27 September 1991).
1698:Ahearn, Laura M. (2001). "Language and Agency".
990:Communities of practice and learning as practice
856:Practice theory is also built on the concept of
1226:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
1027:developed an alternative theory of practice in
1610:Hager, Paul; Lee, Alison; Reich, Ann (2012),
1126:(4th ed.). Lanham, Md.: AltaMira Press.
958:extended practice theory with his concept of
845:Practice theory developed in reaction to the
785:
8:
1513:Roddick, Andrew P.; Stahl, Anne B. (2016).
1488:Roddick, Andrew P.; Stahl, Anne B. (2016).
1001:draw from practice theory to conceptualize
1571:van Houten, Maarten Matheus (2023-01-01).
1151:. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 4–5.
792:
778:
29:
1147:Postill, John; Bräuchler, Birgit (2010).
1616:Professional and Practice-based Learning
1390:. Walnut Creek, Calif.: AltaMira Press.
1251:. In Bräuchler, B.; J. Postill (eds.).
1114:
41:
27:Body within anthropology and sociology
870:Esquisse d'une théorie de la pratique
7:
1018:
25:
1803:. Durham: Duke University Press.
1776:. Durham: Duke University Press.
49:
1712:10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.109
1450:10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.109
1348:10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.109
1296:10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.109
1224:Outline of a theory of practice
1199:Outline of a theory of practice
1174:Outline of a theory of practice
875:Outline of a Theory of Practice
1706:(1). Annual Reviews: 109–137.
739:Anthropologists by nationality
1:
1763:Annual review of anthropology
1700:Annual Review of Anthropology
1577:Journal of Workplace Learning
1438:Annual Review of Anthropology
1336:Annual Review of Anthropology
1284:Annual Review of Anthropology
1254:Theorising Media and Practice
1149:Theorising media and practice
1019:Schatzki's Theory of Practice
942:In anthropology and sociology
808:, the theory of human action.
884:Algerian War of Independence
1624:10.1007/978-94-007-4774-6_1
1467:. New York, NY: Routledge.
1867:
1772:Ortner, Sherry B. (2006).
1361:Ortner, Sherry B. (1989).
1309:Ortner, Sherry B. (1989).
1014:Other Theories of Practice
820:theory of social practices
803:
759:List of indigenous peoples
1411:Giddens, Anthony (1986).
1222:Bourdieu, Pierre (1977).
1197:Bourdieu, Pierre (1977).
1172:Bourdieu, Pierre (1977).
1047:Other important theorists
872:(published in English as
504:Cross-cultural comparison
1851:Sociological terminology
1589:10.1108/JWL-02-2023-0025
1548:10.1017/CBO9780511815355
1386:Moore, Jerry D. (1997).
1122:Moore, Jerry D. (2012).
946:Cultural anthropologist
804:Not to be confused with
676:Historical particularism
18:Practice (social theory)
1675:(Nicolini, 2014, p.164)
1463:Butler, Judith (1990).
1257:. Oxford and New York:
1003:communities of practice
882:at the outbreak of the
509:Participant observation
1809:10.2307/j.ctv11hppcg.4
1684:(Schatzki, 2002, p.73)
1664:The Site of the Social
1033:The Site of the Social
651:Cross-cultural studies
1748:Gherardi, S. (2006).
1741:Gherardi, S. (2014).
1247:Postill, J. (2010).
964:Duality of Structure
954:British sociologist
744:Anthropology by year
681:Boasian anthropology
656:Cultural materialism
641:Actor–network theory
239:Paleoanthropological
1745:. Edward Elgar Pub.
1041:Ludwig Wittgenstein
851:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
696:Performance studies
589:Kinship and descent
529:Cultural relativism
179:Paleoethnobotanical
154:Ethnoarchaeological
1765:. 24 (1): 567–592.
716:Post-structuralism
475:Research framework
1818:978-0-8223-8845-6
1783:978-0-8223-8845-6
1633:978-94-007-4773-9
1268:978-1-84545-741-9
1158:978-1-84545-741-9
1025:Theodore Schatzki
892:Michel de Certeau
802:
801:
701:Political economy
524:Thick description
321:Political economy
184:Zooarchaeological
144:Bioarchaeological
16:(Redirected from
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1068:Andreas Reckwitz
1063:Marshall Sahlins
1037:Martin Heidegger
1029:Social Practices
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1093:Michel Foucault
1088:Silvia Gherardi
1083:Elizabeth Shove
1078:Davide Nicolini
1049:
1023:In the 1990's,
1021:
1016:
992:
977:
972:
956:Anthony Giddens
944:
935:
923:Michel Foucault
911:
900:
888:Anthony Giddens
866:
840:Pierre Bourdieu
822:) is a body of
812:Practice theory
809:
798:
769:
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706:Practice theory
646:Alliance theory
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623:Postcolonialism
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1583:(9): 197–217.
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1444:(1): 109–137.
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1422:978-0520057289
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1397:978-0803970977
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1290:(1): 109–137.
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1267:
1249:"Introduction"
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1233:978-0521291644
1232:
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1208:978-0521291644
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999:Etienne Wenger
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984:Gender Trouble
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927:social control
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43:Anthropology
1031:(1996) and
619:Colonialism
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487:Ethnography
437:Descriptive
295:Development
234:Nutritional
209:Biocultural
134:Battlefield
1639:2024-02-27
1342:(1): 120.
1109:References
970:Influenced
816:praxeology
806:Praxeology
599:Prehistory
452:Historical
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337:Historical
305:Ecological
197:Biological
99:Linguistic
89:Biological
1827:262341007
1792:262341007
1720:0084-6570
1597:1366-5626
1073:Jean Lave
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832:sociology
572:Evolution
567:Ethnicity
499:Ethnology
377:Political
285:Cognitive
224:Molecular
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1259:Berghahn
836:explains
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671:Feminism
457:Semiotic
397:Symbolic
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315:Economic
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139:Biblical
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94:Cultural
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300:Digital
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260:Social
124:Aerial
104:Social
834:that
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614:Value
492:cyber
407:Urban
357:Media
352:Legal
78:Types
1823:OCLC
1813:ISBN
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1778:ISBN
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594:Meme
332:Food
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