1205:, leading to a better fuel economy than the comparisons of energy content different fuels indicate. By increasing the compression ratio, further gains in fuel economy, power and torque can be achieved. Conversely, a fuel with lower octane rating is more prone to knocking and will lower efficiency. Knocking can also cause engine damage. Engines designed to run on 87 octane will not have any additional power/fuel economy from being operated with higher octane fuel.
40:
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exceeded by running the engine on pure ethanol or a gasoline blend with a high percentage of ethanol, the engine will run lean, something which can critically damage components. Compared to ethanol, butanol can be mixed in higher ratios with gasoline for use in existing cars without the need for retrofit as the air-fuel ratio and energy content are closer to that of gasoline.
1336:
that can run on 100% Gasoline and or any mix of ethanol and gasoline up to 85% ethanol (E85). These flex fuel cars represent 90% of the sales of personal vehicles in Brazil, in 2009. BP and DuPont, engaged in a joint venture to produce and promote butanol fuel, claim that "biobutanol can be blended
1307:
for fuel sold as gasoline currently range from 5% to 10%. It is estimated that around 9.5 gigaliter (Gl) of gasoline can be saved and about 64.6 Gl of butanol-gasoline blend 16% (Bu16) can potentially be produced from corn residues in the US, which is equivalent to 11.8% of total domestic gasoline
1217:
Alcohol fuels have less energy per unit weight and unit volume than gasoline. To make it possible to compare the net energy released per cycle a measure called the fuels specific energy is sometimes used. It is defined as the energy released per air fuel ratio. The net energy released per cycle is
1213:
Alcohol fuels, including butanol and ethanol, are partially oxidized and therefore need to run at richer mixtures than gasoline. Standard gasoline engines in cars can adjust the air-fuel ratio to accommodate variations in the fuel, but only within certain limits depending on model. If the limit is
905:
plan to make biobutanol the first product of their joint effort to develop, produce, and market next-generation biofuels. In Europe the Swiss company
Butalco is developing genetically modified yeasts for the production of biobutanol from cellulosic materials. Gourmet Butanol, a United States-based
1331:
Currently no production vehicle is known to be approved by the manufacturer for use with 100% butanol. As of early 2009, only a few vehicles are approved for even using E85 fuel (i.e. 85% ethanol + 15% gasoline) in the USA. However, in Brazil all vehicle manufacturers (Fiat, Ford, VW, GM, Toyota,
1289:
The fuel in an engine has to be vaporized before it will burn. Insufficient vaporization is a known problem with alcohol fuels during cold starts in cold weather. As the heat of vaporization of butanol is less than half of that of ethanol, an engine running on butanol should be easier to start in
1285:
The viscosity of alcohols increase with longer carbon chains. For this reason, butanol is used as an alternative to shorter alcohols when a more viscous solvent is desired. The kinematic viscosity of butanol is several times higher than that of gasoline and about as viscous as high quality diesel
488:
is derived from the atmosphere, cyanobacteria do not need plant matter to synthesize isobutanol (in other organisms which synthesize isobutanol, plant matter is the source of the carbon necessary to synthetically assemble isobutanol). Since plant matter is not used by this method of isobutanol
2663:
Lee, Won-Heong; Seo, Seung-Oh; Bae, Yi-Hyun; Nan, Hong; Jin, Yong-Su; Seo, Jin-Ho (April 28, 2012). "Isobutanol production in engineered
Saccharomyces cerevisiae by overexpression of 2-ketoisovalerate decarboxylase and valine biosynthetic enzymes".
549:
Cyanobacteria can be re-engineered to increase their butanol production, showing the importance of ATP and cofactor driving forces as a design principle in pathway engineering. Many organisms have the capacity to produce butanol utilizing an
2578:
Kondo T, Tezuka H, Ishii J, Matsuda F, Ogino C, Kondo A (May 1, 2012). "Genetic engineering to enhance the
Ehrlich pathway and alter carbon flux for increased isobutanol production from glucose by Saccharomyces cerevisiae".
1189:
is used as an additive in gasoline but cannot be used as a fuel in its pure form because its relatively high melting point of 25.5 °C (79 °F) causes it to gel and solidify near room temperature. On the other hand,
1315:-like smell of n-butanol. Plans are underway to market a fuel that is 85% ethanol and 15% butanol (E85B), so existing E85 internal combustion engines can run on a 100% renewable fuel that could be made without using any
117:
pathways for producing butanol remain inefficient. Titer and yields are low and separation is very expensive. As such, microbial production of butanol is not cost-competitive relative to petroleum-derived butanol.
1298:
Standards for the blending of ethanol and methanol in gasoline exist in many countries, including the EU, the US, and Brazil. Approximate equivalent butanol blends can be calculated from the relations between the
456:
Cyanobacteria grow faster than plants and also absorb sunlight more efficiently than plants. This means they can be replenished at a faster rate than the plant matter used for other biofuel biosynthesizers.
545:
require high energy to operate. Cultures require constant mixing, and the harvesting of biosynthetic products is energy-intensive. This reduces the efficiency of isobutanol production via cyanobacteria.
2041:
3225:
1194:
has a lower melting point than n-butanol and favorable RON of 113 and MON of 94, and is thus much better suited to high fraction gasoline blends, blends with n-butanol, or as a standalone fuel.
601:
is capable of producing isobutanol from lignocellulose, and is easily manipulated by common genetic techniques. Elementary mode analysis has also been used to improve the isobutanol-synthesis
1201:(extremely rapid and spontaneous combustion by compression) and the control system of any modern car engine can take advantage of this by adjusting the ignition timing. This will improve
186:
is an organism for which several tools of genetic manipulation exist, and it is an organism for which an extensive body of scientific literature exists. This wealth of knowledge allows
1741:
Li H, Opgenorth PH, Wernick DG, Rogers S, Wu TY, Higashide W, Malati P, Huo YX, Cho KM, Liao JC (March 29, 2012). "Integrated
Electromicrobial Conversion of CO2 to Higher Alcohols".
4417:
2707:
Li, Han; Opgenorth, Paul H.; Wernick, David G.; Rogers, Steve; Wu, Tung-Yun; Higashide, Wendy; Malati, Peter; Huo, Yi-Xin; Cho, Kwang Myung; Liao, James C. (March 30, 2012).
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must use plant matter intended for human consumption to produce isobutanol. This results in an unfavorable food/fuel price relationship when isobutanol is produced by
3984:
1427:
1922:
1920:
3305:
1323:, it is more similar to gasoline than it is to ethanol. Butanol has been demonstrated to work in vehicles designed for use with gasoline without modification.
991:
co-blend synergy with butanol and gasoline containing ethanol, which facilitates ethanol blending. This facilitates storage and distribution of blended fuels.
4348:
956:
can be mixed at any proportion with gasoline, meaning the fuel can "drop into" the existing petroleum infrastructure as a replacement fuel or major additive.
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High cost of raw material is considered as one of the main obstacles to commercial production of butanols. Using inexpensive and abundant feedstocks, e.g.,
204:
from using plant matter meant for human consumption, and prevents any food-fuel price relationship which would occur from the biosynthesis of isobutanol by
4570:
2048:
3232:
3989:
292:. The butanol was a by-product of fermentation (twice as much butanol was produced). The feedstocks for biobutanol are the same as those for ethanol:
3038:
Wojcieszyk M, Knuutila L, Kroyan Y, de Pinto Balsemão M, Tripathi R, Keskivali J, Karvo A, Santasalo-Aarnio A, Blomstedt O, Larmi M (January 2021).
1185:) of 78 (with a resulting "(R+M)/2 pump octane number" of 87, as used in North America) while t-butanol has octane ratings of 105 RON and 89 MON.
2995:
Ting CNW, Wu J, Takahashi K, Endo A, Zhao H (September 8, 2012). "Screened
Butanol-Tolerant Enterococcus faecium Capable of Butanol Production".
2816:
Malaviya A, Jang Y, Lee SY (2012). "Continuous butanol production with reduced byproducts formation from glycerol by a hyper producing mutant of
231:
when being grown. This susceptibility could potentially shut down entire bioreactors. Furthermore, the native reaction pathway for isobutanol in
1604:
Atsumi, Shota; Hanai, Taizo; Liao, James C. (2008), "Non-fermentative pathways for synthesis of branched-chain higher alcohols as biofuels",
872:
production. While glucose sources are valuable and limited, glycerol is abundant and has a low market price because it is a waste product of
2435:
Stern JR, Coon MJ, Delcampillo A (1953). "Acetoacetyl coenzyme-a as intermediate in the enzymatic breakdown and synthesis of acetoacetate".
1823:
Peralta-Yahya PP, Zhang F, del
Cardayre SB, Keasling JD (August 15, 2012). "Microbial engineering for the production of advanced biofuels".
4234:
4136:
4057:
3373:
1579:
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Atsumi, Shota; Higashide, Wendy; Liao, James C (December 2009). "Direct photosynthetic recycling of carbon dioxide to isobutyraldehyde".
3644:
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dependent pathway. The main problem with this pathway is the first reaction involving the condensation of two acetyl-CoA molecules to
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or gasoline, butanol is less likely to separate from this fuel than ethanol if the fuel is contaminated with water. There is also a
979:
Butanol better tolerates water contamination and is less corrosive than ethanol and more suitable for distribution through existing
3346:
121:
Although unproven commercially, combining electrochemical and microbial production methods may offer a way to produce butanol from
3077:
354:
and agricultural byproducts could be more efficient (i.e. unit engine motive power delivered per unit solar energy consumed) than
350:, existing bioethanol plants can cost-effectively be retrofitted to biobutanol production. Additionally, butanol production from
4129:
3497:
3196:
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bacteria. They are suited for isobutanol biosynthesis when genetically engineered to produce isobutanol and its corresponding
4306:
514:
They are sensitive to environmental conditions when being grown. Cyanobacteria suffer greatly from sunlight of inappropriate
247:. By chance, some mutants may prove to be more tolerant of isobutanol which will enhance the overall yield of the synthesis.
4696:
762:. It is capable of indirectly converting electrical energy into isobutanol. This conversion is completed in several steps:
4407:
876:
production. Butanol production from glycerol is economically viable using metabolic pathways that exist in the bacterium
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3741:
3568:
3502:
1304:
489:
production, the necessity to source plant matter from food sources and create a food-fuel price relationship is avoided.
4004:
538:. These factors are generally hard to control, and present a major obstacle in cyanobacterial production of isobutanol.
30:
This article is about
Butanol from biomass used as a platform chemical and fuel. For other alcohols used as fuels, see
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4219:
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861:
261:
164:
114:
1966:
Chong, Huiqing; Geng, Hefang; Zhang, Hongfang; Song, Hao; Huang, Lei; Jiang, Rongrong (November 6, 2013). "Enhancing
421:(CoA). Crotonyl-CoA is then converted to butyrate. The genes corresponding to these butanol production pathways from
4703:
2020:
4459:
3492:
3464:
3110:
932:
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200:(waste plant matter left over from agriculture) in the synthesis of isobutanol. The use of lignocellulose prevents
55:
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can be produced from plant matter not connected to food supplies, preventing a fuel-price/food-price relationship.
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620:
276:
2616:"Construction of an Artificial Pathway for Isobutanol Biosynthesis in the Cytosol of Saccharomyces cerevisiae"
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of n-butanol is similar to that of gasoline but lower than that of ethanol and methanol. n-Butanol has a RON (
4632:
4591:
4397:
4360:
3637:
3583:
3527:
3507:
2899:
2773:
Karimi
Alavijeh, Masih; Karimi, Keikhosro (March 2019). "Biobutanol production from corn stover in the US".
2614:
MATSUDA, Fumio; KONDO, Takashi; IDA, Kengo; TEZUKA, Hironori; ISHII, Jun; KONDO, Akihiko (January 1, 2012).
1482:
1388:
963:
328:
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is the microorganism most likely to move on to commercial production of isobutanol. In its engineered form,
2526:"Rational improvement of the engineered isobutanol-producing Bacillus subtilis by elementary mode analysis"
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4757:
4596:
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4273:
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3994:
3434:
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also contain these pathways. Succinate is first activated and then reduced by a two-step reaction to give
235:
functions optimally at a limited concentration of isobutanol in the cell. To minimize the sensitivity of
4627:
4555:
4507:
4392:
4382:
1710:"Can Microbially derived advanced biofuels ever compete with conventional bioethanol? A critical review"
1333:
864:
processes require glucose derived from foods, butanol production can negatively impact food supply (see
845:
324:
106:
2866:. University of Illinois College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences. August 14, 2012.
1970:
isobutanol tolerance through engineering its global transcription factor cAMP receptor protein (CRP)".
719:
cannot use five-carbon sugars to produce isobutanol. The inability to use five-carbon sugars restricts
43:
Butanol, a C-4 hydrocarbon is a promising bio-derived fuel, which shares many properties with gasoline.
2394:
1654:
Berezina OV, Zakharova NV, Yarotsky SV, Zverlov VV (December 2012). "Microbial producers of butanol".
4752:
4336:
3770:
3161:
2720:
2475:
2133:
1832:
1750:
1613:
1529:"Quest for sustainable bio‐production and recovery of butanol as a promising solution to fossil fuel"
1033:
1029:
393:
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4301:
4092:
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3184:
743:
110:
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A process called cloud point separation could allow the recovery of butanol with high efficiency.
452:. Isobutanol-producing species of cyanobacteria offer several advantages as biofuel synthesizers:
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2003:
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759:
402:
122:
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company, is developing a process that utilizes fungi to convert organic waste into biobutanol.
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The biosynthesized isobutanol is then separated from the mixture, and can be used as a biofuel.
211:
Genetic modification has been used to broaden the scope of lignocellulose which can be used by
4674:
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4311:
4243:
4168:
4031:
3923:
3542:
3522:
3482:
3040:"Performance of Anisole and Isobutanol as Gasoline Bio-Blendstocks for Spark Ignition Engines"
3012:
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2790:
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1979:
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1397:
1346:
808:
589:, but it is less prominently used and does not produce isobutanol in quantities as large as
320:
149:
136:
3142:
1691:"Highly Efficient Production of Advanced Biofuel by Metabolically Engineered Microorganism"
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781:
555:
2877:
DuPont and BP Disclose
Advanced Biofuels Partnership Targeting Multiple Butanol Molecules
709:. This natural ability can "overpower" and consequently inhibit isobutanol production by
459:
Cyanobacteria can be grown on non-arable land (land not used for farming). This prevents
105:
Obtaining higher yields of butanol involves manipulation of the metabolic networks using
3340:
2724:
2479:
2137:
1836:
1754:
1617:
4652:
4642:
4560:
4424:
4355:
4293:
3537:
3454:
3085:
2937:"Studies on the production of branched-chain alcohols in engineered Ralstonia eutropha"
2552:
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2498:
2463:
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228:
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39:
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2708:
2343:"Metabolic Engineering of Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803 for Isobutanol Production"
2215:
2186:
1927:
Nakashima N, Tamura T (July 1, 2012). "A new carbon catabolite repression mutation of
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4679:
4657:
4517:
4429:
4326:
4278:
4248:
4209:
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3382:
3111:"DuPont, BP join to make butanol; they say it outperforms ethanol as a fuel additive"
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and thus works in vehicles designed for use with gasoline without modification. Both
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2007:
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higher for butanol than ethanol or methanol and about 10% higher than for gasoline.
380:, a native cellulose-degrading microbe, affords isobutanol directly from cellulose.
4637:
4502:
4467:
4402:
4343:
4331:
4024:
3894:
3731:
3669:
3532:
3472:
3204:
3024:
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The Korea
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) (October 23, 2012).
1641:
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1447:
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1316:
1198:
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418:
67:
31:
2924:
Maine college wins EPA grant for food waste-to-fuel research | Biomassmagazine.com
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Butanol characteristics: air-fuel ratio, specific energy, viscosity, specific heat
2981:
1944:
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Higashide, Wendy; Li, Yongchao; Yang, Yunfeng; Liao, James C. (April 15, 2011).
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ran on a mixture of biobutanol and ethanol developed by team technology partner
1342:
1059:
984:
839:
793:
542:
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244:
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produces the highest yields of isobutanol of any microorganism. Methods such as
86:
2468:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2299:
Machado IMP, Atsumi S (November 1, 2012). "Cyanobacterial biofuel production".
3958:
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2413:
1894:
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1407:
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683:, however, has proved difficult to work with because of its inherent biology:
551:
515:
301:
297:
168:
78:
2794:
2740:
2542:
2153:
1991:
640:
is an ideal candidate for isobutanol biofuel production for several reasons:
391:(a precursor to butanol fuel) by utilizing the metabolic pathways present in
4667:
4662:
4647:
4472:
4444:
4439:
4229:
4224:
4160:
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71:
3016:
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2841:
2748:
2685:
2641:
2600:
2561:
2507:
2464:"ATP drives direct photosynthetic production of 1-butanol in cyanobacteria"
2376:
2320:
2270:
2171:
1999:
1952:
1902:
1852:
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1633:
17:
2224:
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3429:
3419:
3399:
2864:"New Process Doubles Production of Alternative Fuel While Slashing Costs"
2358:
2145:
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metabolisms for obligate anaerobic n-butanol and isobutanol production".
1437:
1055:
853:
849:
535:
527:
388:
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152:
59:
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1844:
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651:, helping prevent contamination during growth in industrial bioreactors.
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2615:
2021:
Ars | Publication Request: Butanol Production From Agricultural Biomass
1432:
1412:
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up to 10%v/v in European gasoline and 11.5%v/v in US gasoline". In the
869:
857:
706:
355:
351:
332:
316:
285:
82:
63:
47:
2187:"Molecular Analysis of the Anaerobic Succinate Degradation Pathway in
1983:
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3905:
3837:
3753:
3699:
2262:
1312:
915:
911:
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633:
558:. This reaction is thermodynamically unfavorable due to the positive
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is absorbed from the atmosphere by cyanobacteria, the possibility of
441:
347:
289:
240:
90:
1545:
1528:
1311:
Consumer acceptance may be limited due to the potentially offensive
3879:
3822:
3812:
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2709:"Integrated Electromicrobial Conversion of CO2 to Higher Alcohols"
629:
474:
340:
336:
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308:
305:
38:
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with several qualities that resolve issues presented by ethanol.
3847:
3817:
3385:
3334:
3317:
Integrated Electromicrobial Conversion of CO2 to Higher Alcohols
997:
910:
makes biobutanol from waste that results from the production of
755:
51:
4125:
3626:
3355:
1568:
Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center: Biobutanol
632:. It naturally produces isobutanol in small quantities via its
81:
have been studied as possible fuels. Both can be produced from
4497:
3827:
3351:
1877:
Trinh, Cong T. (June 9, 2012). "Elucidating and reprogramming
1470:: can be used as an intermediary to produce isobutanol from CO
1319:. Because its longer hydrocarbon chain causes it to be fairly
780:
An electric current is run through the anodes, and through an
466:
The supplements necessary for the growth of cyanobacteria are
3174:
Butanol Fuel – Biofuels, Bio-energy - Oilgae - Oil from Algae
3622:
2341:
Varman AM, Xiao Y, Pakrasi HB, Tang YJ (November 26, 2012).
179:
is an ideal isobutanol bio-synthesizer for several reasons:
1354:
902:
826:
then converts formic acid from the mixture into isobutanol.
648:
89:(as "petrobutanol"). The chemical properties depend on the
3282:"Extracting energy from air - is this the future of fuel?"
2768:
2766:
2573:
2571:
2092:"Novel bacterium produces butanol directly from cellulose"
2887:
1507:
966:
feedstocks, blending isobutanol with gasoline may reduce
609:, leading to higher yields of isobutanol being produced.
175:
so that larger quantities of isobutanol may be produced.
3306:
UCLA Researchers Use Electricity and CO2 to Make Butanol
585:
offers many of the same advantages and disadvantages of
2935:
Lu J, Brigham CJ, Gai CS, Sinskey AJ (August 4, 2012).
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2072:
Washington University in St. Louis (January 28, 2008).
949:
does not readily absorb water from air, preventing the
938:
Isobutanol's properties make it an attractive biofuel:
530:, though a wealth of cyanobacteria are able to grow in
97:-butanol or isobutanol), not on the production method.
1290:
cold weather than one running on ethanol or methanol.
1220:
699:, and is harder to genetically manipulate as a result.
2524:
Li S, Huang D, Li Y, Wen J, Jia X (January 1, 2012).
675:
of the enzymes in the valine biosynthetic pathway of
657:
cannot be affected by bacteriophages because it is a
3162:
iea-amf.org-Advanced Motor Fuels: Butanol Properties
1197:
A fuel with a higher octane rating is less prone to
4720:
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4177:
4159:
4045:
3977:
3893:
3784:
3660:
3592:
3551:
3463:
3392:
2395:"Microalgae as second generation biofuel. A review"
2074:"New Techniques Create Butanol, A Superior Biofuel"
868:debate). Glycerol is a good alternative source for
3133:Internal Combustion Engines, Edward F. Obert, 1973
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1303:fuel-air ratio of butanol, ethanol and gasoline.
461:competition between food sources and fuel sources
243:involved in synthesis can be generated by random
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
842:, could enhance the process economic viability.
500:(in the form of cyanobacteria removing excess CO
219:a useful and diverse isobutanol bio-synthesizer.
3985:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
1931:, mlc∗, and its use for producing isobutanol".
1428:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
3076:J.L. Smith; J.P. Workman (December 20, 2007).
1872:
1870:
1580:"Cobalt Biofuels | Biobutanol and Beyond"
1527:Sampa Maiti; et al. (December 10, 2015).
481:, and sunlight. This presents two advantages:
4137:
3638:
3367:
811:tolerant to electricity) is kept within the H
373:into butanol even in the presence of oxygen.
8:
3071:
3069:
3067:
2388:
2386:
2122:for Production of Isobutanol from Cellulose"
1332:Honda, Peugeot, Citroen and others) produce
679:has been used to improve isobutanol yields.
510:The primary drawbacks of cyanobacteria are:
319:, prospective non-food energy crops such as
113:. While significant progress has been made,
4571:Hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicle
3104:
3102:
2620:Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry
962:assuming that it is produced from residual
4144:
4130:
4122:
3645:
3631:
3623:
3374:
3360:
3352:
1708:Veettil SI, Kumar L, Koukoulas AA (2016).
3990:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
3055:
2963:
2631:
2551:
2541:
2497:
2487:
2366:
2214:
2161:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
1725:
1544:
1933:Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering
993:
562:associated with it (dG = 6.8 kcal/mol).
387:and ethanol can be fermented to produce
1499:
1488:List of vegetable oils used for biofuel
417:, which is then metabolized further to
239:in high concentrations, mutants of the
3203:. Dow Chemical Company. Archived from
2997:Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology
2944:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
2519:
2517:
2347:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2126:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1883:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
397:. Succinate is an intermediate of the
2666:Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering
1656:Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology
723:from using lignocellulose, and means
664:Extensive scientific knowledge about
7:
4058:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
2402:Agronomy for Sustainable Development
2393:Singh NK, Dhar DW (March 11, 2011).
522:of inappropriate concentration, or H
284:was once used for the production of
190:to be easily modified by scientists.
27:Fuel for internal combustion engines
852:to use a cheaper substrate such as
85:(as "biobutanol" ) as well as from
707:natural ability to produce ethanol
25:
4378:Electric motorcycles and scooters
3143:UNEP.org-Properties of oxygenates
691:is genetically more complex than
66:. A C4-hydrocarbon, butanol is a
4106:
4105:
3257:"Boosting Biomass-to...Butanol?"
2185:Sohling B, Gottschalk G (1996).
1972:Biotechnology and Bioengineering
1381:
1367:
4425:Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
3498:2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol
3231:. BP and DuPont. Archived from
3226:"BP-DuPont biofuels fact sheet"
3109:Randall Chase (June 23, 2006).
2047:. BP and DuPont. Archived from
668:and its biology already exists.
369:can convert nearly any form of
4307:Battery electric multiple unit
167:have been used to improve the
101:Genetically modified organisms
1:
4408:Neighborhood Electric Vehicle
2787:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.12.054
2775:Industrial Crops and Products
2593:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.01.022
2313:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.03.005
2207:10.1128/jb.178.3.871-880.1996
983:for gasoline. In blends with
411:Clostridium saccharobutylicum
401:, which metabolizes glucose.
327:in North America, as well as
227:is that it is susceptible to
4697:Who Killed the Electric Car?
4493:Common ethanol fuel mixtures
3569:Automatic transmission fluid
3503:Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid
3455:Racing fuel (Tetraethyllead)
3347:Butanol 3D view and pdb-file
3197:"Product Safety - n-Butanol"
1945:10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.02.029
1727:10.15376/biores.11.4.Veettil
1305:Common ethanol fuel mixtures
769:are placed in a mixture of H
504:from the atmosphere) exists.
260:-Butanol can be produced by
4711:Revenge of the Electric Car
4302:Battery-electric locomotive
4088:Issues relating to biofuels
4078:Energy return on investment
792:are combined to synthesize
4795:
3493:Dimethyl methylphosphonate
2120:Clostridium cellulolyticum
2118:"Metabolic Engineering of
946:, 98% of that of gasoline.
922:Properties of common fuels
894:Producers and distribution
407:Clostridium acetobutylicum
378:Clostridium cellulolyticum
271:Clostridium acetobutylicum
56:internal combustion engine
29:
4704:What Is the Electric Car?
4551:Hydrogen-powered aircraft
4153:Alternative fuel vehicles
4101:
4063:Energy content of biofuel
3082:Colorado State University
3078:"Alcohol for Motor Fuels"
3009:10.1007/s12010-012-9888-0
2956:10.1007/s00253-012-4320-9
2834:10.1007/s00253-011-3629-0
2822:Appl Microbiol Biotechnol
2678:10.1007/s00449-012-0736-y
2414:10.1007/s13593-011-0018-0
1895:10.1007/s00253-012-4197-7
1668:10.1134/S0003683812070022
953:of engines and pipelines.
933:second-generation biofuel
4413:Plug-in electric vehicle
4393:Gyro flywheel locomotive
4371:Battery electric vehicle
4037:Thermal depolymerization
4010:Industrial biotechnology
3478:Butylated hydroxytoluene
3341:Biobutanol research news
2818:Clostridium pasteurianum
2581:Journal of Biotechnology
2543:10.1186/1475-2859-11-101
2530:Microbial Cell Factories
2462:Lan EI, Liao JC (2012).
2301:Journal of Biotechnology
879:Clostridium pasteurianum
848:can be used to allow an
621:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
614:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
277:Clostridium beijerinckii
223:The primary drawback of
196:has the capacity to use
165:elementary mode analysis
58:. It is more similar to
4633:Hybrid electric vehicle
4597:Liquid nitrogen vehicle
4592:Hybrid electric vehicle
4398:Hybrid electric vehicle
4361:Electric platform truck
4005:Fischer–Tropsch process
3995:Biomass heating systems
3584:Windshield washer fluid
3528:Methyl tert-butyl ether
3508:2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol
3420:Lead Replacement Petrol
3343:from Green Car Congress
2733:10.1126/science.1217643
2489:10.1073/pnas.1200074109
2195:Journal of Bacteriology
2042:"biobutanol fact sheet"
1763:10.1126/science.1217643
1483:Industrial fermentation
1389:Renewable energy portal
970:emissions considerably.
758:bacterium of the class
329:agricultural byproducts
4758:Zero-emissions vehicle
4274:Compressed-air vehicle
4215:Solar-powered aircraft
3435:Compressed natural gas
1179:Research Octane number
636:biosynthetic pathway.
44:
4628:Flexible-fuel vehicle
4556:Hydrogen-powered ship
4508:Flexible-fuel vehicle
4383:Electric kick scooter
1294:Butanol fuel mixtures
846:Metabolic engineering
581:rod-shaped bacteria.
107:metabolic engineering
42:
4753:Wind-powered vehicle
4337:Battery electric bus
2359:10.1128/AEM.02827-12
2251:Nature Biotechnology
2189:Clostridium kluyveri
2146:10.1128/AEM.02454-10
1334:"flex-fuel" vehicles
886:Improving efficiency
647:can be grown at low
394:Clostridium kluyveri
169:metabolic efficiency
4602:Natural gas vehicle
4093:Sustainable biofuel
3185:Engineering Toolbox
2725:2012Sci...335.1596L
2480:2012PNAS..109.6018L
2449:10.1021/ja01102a540
2138:2011ApEnM..77.2727H
1845:10.1038/nature11478
1837:2012Natur.488..320P
1755:2012Sci...335.1596L
1626:10.1038/nature06450
1618:2008Natur.451...86A
1398:Alcohol to jet fuel
1327:Butanol in vehicles
1183:Motor octane number
1181:) of 96 and a MON (
744:Cupriavidus necator
526:O of inappropriate
419:crotonyl-coenzyme A
123:sustainable sources
111:genetic engineering
4269:Compressed-air car
4235:List of prototypes
3488:1,2-Dichloroethane
3261:Green Car Congress
3148:2011-02-21 at the
3057:10.3390/su13168729
2633:10.1271/bbb.120420
2096:Green Car Congress
1720:(4): 10711–10755.
1453:Emission standards
1339:2009 Petit Le Mans
760:Betaproteobacteria
749:Ralstonia eutropha
737:Ralstonia eutropha
628:, is a species of
264:of biomass by the
45:
4766:
4765:
4675:Electric aircraft
4541:Fuel cell vehicle
4388:Fuel cell vehicle
4312:Electric aircraft
4244:Electric aircraft
4169:Fuel cell vehicle
4119:
4118:
4032:Sabatier reaction
3620:
3619:
3543:Tetranitromethane
3523:Metal deactivator
3483:1,2-Dibromoethane
2900:"Gourmet Butanol"
2626:(11): 2139–2141.
2474:(16): 6018–6023.
2257:(12): 1177–1180.
2098:. August 28, 2011
1984:10.1002/bit.25134
1831:(7411): 320–328.
1341:race, the No. 16
1283:
1282:
1203:energy efficiency
1171:
1170:
908:Celtic Renewables
603:metabolic pathway
583:Bacillus subtilis
574:Bacillus subtilis
567:Bacillus subtilis
560:Gibbs free energy
518:and intensity, CO
415:4-hydroxybutyrate
405:bacteria such as
383:A combination of
282:C. acetobutylicum
50:may be used as a
16:(Redirected from
4786:
4566:Hydrogen vehicle
4546:Hydrogen economy
4513:Methanol economy
4366:Electric vehicle
4317:Electric bicycle
4289:Electric battery
4187:Electric bicycle
4146:
4139:
4132:
4123:
4109:
4108:
3953:Pongamia pinnata
3647:
3640:
3633:
3624:
3607:MTBE controversy
3376:
3369:
3362:
3353:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3284:. Archived from
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3237:
3230:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3193:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3115:Associated Press
3106:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3084:. Archived from
3073:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3003:(6): 1672–1680.
2992:
2986:
2985:
2967:
2941:
2932:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2902:. Archived from
2896:
2890:
2885:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2828:(4): 1485–1494.
2813:
2807:
2806:
2770:
2761:
2760:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2672:(9): 1467–1475.
2660:
2654:
2653:
2635:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2545:
2521:
2512:
2511:
2501:
2491:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2443:(6): 1517–1518.
2432:
2426:
2425:
2399:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2370:
2338:
2325:
2324:
2296:
2283:
2282:
2263:10.1038/nbt.1586
2246:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2165:
2132:(8): 2727–2733.
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1929:Escherichia coli
1924:
1915:
1914:
1889:(4): 1083–1094.
1879:Escherichia coli
1874:
1865:
1864:
1820:
1783:
1782:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1582:. Archived from
1576:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1548:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1508:"ButylFuel, LLC"
1504:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1221:
994:
942:relatively high
931:Isobutanol is a
914:, and low-grade
687:As a eukaryote,
215:. This has made
137:Escherichia coli
130:Escherichia coli
21:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4743:Wave power ship
4733:Ram air turbine
4716:
4684:
4623:Bi-fuel vehicle
4611:
4575:
4527:
4451:
4291:
4283:
4260:
4259:Compressed-air
4253:
4196:
4173:
4155:
4150:
4120:
4115:
4097:
4073:Energy forestry
4041:
3973:
3935:Jatropha curcas
3896:
3889:
3797:Camelina sativa
3787:
3780:
3656:
3651:
3621:
3616:
3612:Pay at the pump
3588:
3547:
3518:Ethylenediamine
3459:
3400:Gasoline/petrol
3388:
3380:
3327:
3322:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3300:
3291:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3266:
3264:
3263:. July 20, 2005
3255:
3254:
3250:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3210:
3208:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3150:Wayback Machine
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3119:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3091:
3089:
3075:
3074:
3065:
3037:
3036:
3032:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2918:
2909:
2907:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2523:
2522:
2515:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2384:
2340:
2339:
2328:
2298:
2297:
2286:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2232:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2026:
2019:
2015:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1822:
1821:
1786:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1612:(7174): 86–89,
1603:
1602:
1598:
1589:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1562:
1546:10.1002/er.3458
1533:Energy Research
1526:
1525:
1521:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1473:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1363:
1329:
1296:
1230:
1228:
1211:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1005:
977:
964:lignocellulosic
929:
924:
896:
888:
836:
822:The culture of
818:
814:
807:(composed of a
791:
787:
782:electrochemical
776:
772:
740:
617:
570:
556:acetoacetyl-CoA
525:
521:
503:
495:
487:
478:
471:
435:
425:were cloned to
346:. According to
255:
133:
103:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4792:
4790:
4782:
4781:
4771:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4655:
4653:Plug-in hybrid
4650:
4645:
4643:Hybrid vehicle
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4561:Hydrogen train
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4464:
4462:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4427:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4363:
4358:
4356:Electric truck
4353:
4352:
4351:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4298:
4296:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4206:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4126:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3949:
3938:
3931:
3926:
3924:Chinese tallow
3921:
3914:
3909:
3901:
3899:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3792:
3790:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3771:Water hyacinth
3768:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3627:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3538:Tetraethyllead
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3465:Fuel additives
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3326:
3325:External links
3323:
3321:
3320:
3309:
3298:
3273:
3248:
3217:
3188:
3177:
3166:
3154:
3135:
3126:
3098:
3063:
3044:Sustainability
3030:
2987:
2950:(1): 283–297.
2927:
2916:
2891:
2880:
2869:
2855:
2808:
2762:
2719:(6076): 1596.
2699:
2655:
2606:
2587:(1–2): 32–37.
2567:
2513:
2454:
2427:
2408:(4): 605–629.
2382:
2353:(3): 908–914.
2326:
2284:
2241:
2230:
2201:(3): 871–880.
2177:
2108:
2083:
2064:
2024:
2013:
1978:(4): 700–708.
1958:
1916:
1866:
1784:
1749:(6076): 1596.
1733:
1700:
1681:
1662:(7): 625–638.
1646:
1596:
1571:
1560:
1539:(4): 411–438.
1519:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1474:using microbes
1471:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1443:Dimethyl ether
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1403:Air-fuel ratio
1400:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1378:
1362:
1359:
1328:
1325:
1301:stoichiometric
1295:
1292:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1231:at 20 °C
1225:
1210:
1207:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:3.1 MJ/kg air
1153:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1127:3.0 MJ/kg air
1125:
1122:
1119:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:3.6 MJ/kg air
1096:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1070:2.9 MJ/kg air
1068:
1065:
1062:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1009:
1000:
989:vapor pressure
976:
973:
972:
971:
960:
957:
954:
947:
944:energy density
928:
925:
923:
920:
895:
892:
887:
884:
835:
832:
831:
830:
827:
820:
816:
812:
797:
789:
785:
778:
774:
770:
739:
734:
733:
732:
714:
700:
673:Overexpression
670:
669:
662:
652:
616:
611:
569:
564:
547:
546:
541:Cyanobacteria
539:
523:
519:
508:
507:
506:
505:
501:
498:bioremediation
493:
490:
485:
476:
469:
464:
457:
446:photosynthetic
434:
431:
266:A.B.E. process
254:
249:
229:bacteriophages
221:
220:
209:
198:lignocellulose
191:
132:
127:
102:
99:
62:than it is to
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4791:
4780:
4779:Alcohol fuels
4777:
4776:
4774:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4748:Windmill ship
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:Documentaries
4687:
4681:
4680:Electric boat
4678:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4658:Solar vehicle
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:Multiple-fuel
4614:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4518:Methanol fuel
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4430:Solar vehicle
4428:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4327:Electric boat
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4280:
4279:Tesla turbine
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4249:Electric boat
4247:
4245:
4242:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4210:Solar vehicle
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4142:
4140:
4135:
4133:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4112:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4083:Food vs. fuel
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3725:vegetable oil
3723:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3643:
3641:
3636:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3377:
3372:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3288:on 2020-10-03
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3238:on 2012-02-29
3234:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3207:on 2015-04-02
3206:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3088:on 2011-07-26
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2917:
2906:on 2019-09-02
2905:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2437:J Am Chem Soc
2431:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2238:Cyanobacteria
2234:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2112:
2109:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2054:on 2009-01-21
2050:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1586:on 2008-10-25
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1478:Gevo Biofuels
1476:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1375:Energy portal
1370:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1308:consumption.
1306:
1302:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:octane rating
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1145:Methanol fuel
1143:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1082: 87-95
1081:
1079: 81–89
1078:
1076: 91–99
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
992:
990:
986:
982:
974:
969:
965:
961:
958:
955:
952:
948:
945:
941:
940:
939:
936:
934:
926:
921:
919:
917:
913:
909:
904:
900:
893:
891:
885:
883:
881:
880:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
841:
833:
828:
825:
821:
810:
806:
802:
798:
795:
783:
779:
768:
765:
764:
763:
761:
757:
754:
753:Gram-negative
750:
746:
745:
738:
735:
730:
729:S. cerevisiae
726:
725:S. cerevisiae
722:
721:S. cerevisiae
718:
717:S. cerevisiae
715:
712:
711:S. cerevisiae
708:
704:
703:S. cerevisiae
701:
698:
694:
690:
689:S. cerevisiae
686:
685:
684:
682:
681:S. cerevisiae
678:
677:S. cerevisiae
674:
667:
666:S. cerevisiae
663:
660:
656:
655:S. cerevisiae
653:
650:
646:
645:S. cerevisiae
643:
642:
641:
639:
638:S. cerevisiae
635:
631:
627:
626:S. cerevisiae
623:
622:
615:
612:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
593:. Similar to
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:gram-positive
576:
575:
568:
565:
563:
561:
557:
553:
544:
540:
537:
536:marine waters
533:
529:
517:
513:
512:
511:
499:
491:
483:
482:
480:
472:
465:
462:
458:
455:
454:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:Cyanobacteria
433:Cyanobacteria
432:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
395:
390:
386:
381:
379:
374:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
307:
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143:
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4702:
4695:
4638:Hybrid train
4503:Ethanol fuel
4483:Butanol fuel
4482:
4468:Alcohol fuel
4403:Hybrid train
4344:Electric car
4332:Electric bus
3951:
3945:
3941:
3933:
3916:
3912:Big bluestem
3904:
3897:energy crops
3852:
3795:
3689:
3533:Nitromethane
3473:Butyl rubber
3450:Butanol fuel
3449:
3312:
3301:
3290:. Retrieved
3286:the original
3276:
3265:. Retrieved
3260:
3251:
3240:. Retrieved
3233:the original
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3205:the original
3200:
3191:
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3169:
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3138:
3129:
3118:. Retrieved
3090:. Retrieved
3086:the original
3050:(16): 8729.
3047:
3043:
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3000:
2996:
2990:
2965:1721.1/75742
2947:
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2908:. Retrieved
2904:the original
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2307:(1): 50–56.
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2198:
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2180:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2111:
2100:. Retrieved
2095:
2086:
2078:ScienceDaily
2077:
2067:
2056:. Retrieved
2049:the original
2016:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1939:(1): 38–44.
1936:
1932:
1928:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1828:
1824:
1746:
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1714:BioResources
1713:
1703:
1695:ScienceDaily
1694:
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1659:
1655:
1649:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1588:. Retrieved
1584:the original
1574:
1563:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1511:. Retrieved
1502:
1463:Ethanol fuel
1448:Distillation
1351:Dyson Racing
1330:
1317:fossil fuels
1310:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1279:0.4–0.8 cSt
1216:
1212:
1196:
1172:
1117:Ethanol fuel
1088:Butanol fuel
1087:
1034:vaporization
978:
937:
930:
897:
889:
877:
866:food vs fuel
862:fermentation
844:
837:
823:
804:
748:
742:
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728:
724:
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436:
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392:
382:
377:
376:A strain of
375:
366:
365:A strain of
364:
362:production.
294:energy crops
281:
275:
269:
262:fermentation
257:
256:
251:
236:
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224:
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216:
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205:
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193:
187:
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176:
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156:
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135:
134:
129:
120:
115:fermentation
104:
94:
87:fossil fuels
72:
68:drop-in fuel
46:
36:
32:Alcohol fuel
4488:Biogasoline
4202:Solar power
4179:Human power
4068:Energy crop
4015:Pellet fuel
4000:Biorefinery
3964:Switchgrass
3808:Coconut oil
3786:Energy from
3720:Cooking oil
3705:Biogasoline
3680:Babassu oil
3574:Brake fluid
3425:Electricity
3415:Biogasoline
2781:: 641–653.
1468:Formic acid
1458:Energy crop
1423:Biohydrogen
1347:Mazda MZR-R
1343:Lola B09/86
1152: 6.4
1130:0.92 MJ/kg
1124: 9.0
1101:0.43 MJ/kg
1073:0.36 MJ/kg
1060:biogasoline
856:instead of
840:corn stover
794:formic acid
697:B. subtilis
607:B. subtilis
599:B. subtilis
543:bioreactors
423:Clostridium
367:Clostridium
321:switchgrass
298:sugar beets
245:mutagenesis
18:Bio-butanol
3978:Technology
3959:Salicornia
3942:Miscanthus
3865:Sugar beet
3737:cellulosic
3710:Bioliquids
3690:Biobutanol
3564:Antifreeze
3393:Fuel types
3331:Biobutanol
3292:2019-08-21
3267:2008-01-29
3242:2013-07-25
3211:2013-07-09
3120:2008-01-29
3092:2008-01-29
2910:2020-07-09
2536:(1): 101.
2102:2012-11-17
2058:2009-05-13
1590:2008-10-27
1513:2008-01-29
1495:References
1408:Bioalcohol
1247:>3 cSt
1224:Substance
1192:isobutanol
1167: 99
1164: 92
1158:1.2 MJ/kg
1139: 98
1136: 89
1121:19.6 MJ/L
1115:Anhydrous
1110: 87
1107: 78
1104: 96
1092:29.2 MJ/L
927:Isobutanol
860:. Because
834:Feedstocks
824:C. necator
805:C. necator
552:acetyl-CoA
516:wavelength
492:Because CO
484:Because CO
302:sugar cane
252:Clostridia
150:rod-shaped
79:isobutanol
4668:Solar bus
4663:Solar car
4648:Multifuel
4473:Biodiesel
4445:Solar bus
4440:Solar car
4230:Solar car
4225:Solar bus
4161:Fuel cell
4053:Agflation
3946:giganteus
3875:Sunflower
3870:Sugarcane
3788:foodstock
3695:Biodiesel
3654:Bioenergy
3602:Fuel card
3559:Motor oil
3410:Biodiesel
2803:104367378
2795:0926-6690
2741:0036-8075
2154:0099-2240
1992:0006-3592
1676:254189557
1555:101240621
1418:Biodiesel
1321:non-polar
1276:Gasoline
1271:0.64 cSt
1268:Methanol
1255:1.52 cSt
1239:3.64 cSt
1229:viscosity
1227:Kinematic
1187:t-Butanol
981:pipelines
975:n-Butanol
951:corrosion
874:biodiesel
784:process H
659:eukaryote
649:pH levels
450:aldehydes
403:Anaerobic
399:TCA cycle
385:succinate
371:cellulose
323:and even
153:bacterium
4773:Category
4738:Vactrain
4721:See also
4533:Hydrogen
4523:Wood gas
4435:aircraft
4111:Category
4046:Concepts
3929:Duckweed
3918:Camelina
3895:Non-food
3843:Rapeseed
3833:Palm oil
3776:Wood gas
3749:Methanol
3742:mixtures
3662:Biofuels
3579:Gear oil
3440:Hydrogen
3430:Kerosene
3146:Archived
3017:22961352
2974:22864971
2842:22052388
2757:24328552
2749:22461604
2694:25012774
2686:22543927
2650:21726896
2642:23132567
2601:22342368
2562:22862776
2508:22474341
2422:38589348
2377:23183979
2321:22446641
2271:19915552
2172:21378054
2008:28120139
2000:24203355
1953:22561880
1911:10586770
1903:22678028
1853:22895337
1779:24328552
1771:22461604
1634:18172501
1438:Catalyst
1361:See also
1263:1.0 cSt
1252:Ethanol
1236:Butanol
1199:knocking
1149:16 MJ/L
1064:32 MJ/L
1056:Gasoline
1021:Specific
1012:Air-fuel
916:potatoes
854:glycerol
850:organism
819:mixture.
815:O and CO
788:O and CO
773:O and CO
705:has the
605:used by
532:brackish
528:salinity
389:butyrate
360:methanol
331:such as
296:such as
75:-butanol
60:gasoline
4607:Propane
4587:Autogas
4457:Biofuel
4322:Pedelec
4192:Pedelec
3860:Soybean
3854:Sorghum
3803:Cassava
3732:Ethanol
3715:Biomass
3685:Bagasse
3670:Alcohol
3513:Ecalene
3445:Ethanol
3201:dow.com
3164:(HTML).
3025:9201136
2850:1597829
2721:Bibcode
2713:Science
2553:3475101
2499:3341080
2476:Bibcode
2368:3568544
2279:1492698
2225:8550525
2163:3126361
2134:Bibcode
1968:E. coli
1861:4423203
1833:Bibcode
1751:Bibcode
1743:Science
1642:4413113
1614:Bibcode
1433:Butanol
1413:Biofuel
1244:Diesel
1030:Heat of
1007:density
870:butanol
858:glucose
801:culture
751:) is a
693:E. coli
595:E. coli
591:E. coli
587:E. coli
427:E. coli
356:ethanol
352:biomass
333:bagasse
325:guayule
317:cassava
286:acetone
241:enzymes
237:E. coli
233:E. coli
225:E. coli
217:E. coli
213:E. coli
206:E. coli
202:E. coli
194:E. coli
188:E. coli
184:E. coli
177:E. coli
173:E. coli
161:E. coli
157:E. coli
144:, is a
142:E. coli
83:biomass
64:ethanol
48:Butanol
4728:Maglev
4580:Others
4478:Biogas
4261:engine
3906:Arundo
3838:Potato
3754:Stover
3700:Biogas
3594:Retail
3552:Fluids
3405:Diesel
3152:(PDF).
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2006:
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1825:Nature
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1632:
1606:Nature
1553:
1313:banana
1286:fuel.
1260:Water
1025:energy
1003:Energy
985:diesel
912:whisky
899:DuPont
809:strain
767:Anodes
634:valine
442:phylum
440:are a
348:DuPont
344:stalks
290:starch
268:using
91:isomer
54:in an
4294:motor
4220:boats
4025:stove
3880:Wheat
3823:Maize
3813:Grape
3766:Straw
3675:Algae
3386:fuels
3383:Motor
3236:(PDF)
3229:(PDF)
3021:S2CID
2982:62337
2978:S2CID
2940:(PDF)
2846:S2CID
2799:S2CID
2753:S2CID
2690:S2CID
2646:S2CID
2418:S2CID
2398:(PDF)
2275:S2CID
2052:(PDF)
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2004:S2CID
1907:S2CID
1857:S2CID
1775:S2CID
1672:S2CID
1638:S2CID
1551:S2CID
1095:11.1
1067:14.7
1016:ratio
630:yeast
624:, or
577:is a
337:straw
313:wheat
309:grain
288:from
140:, or
4418:List
4349:List
4292:and
4020:mill
3969:Wood
3848:Rice
3818:Hemp
3759:corn
3335:EERE
3013:PMID
2970:PMID
2888:Home
2838:PMID
2791:ISSN
2745:PMID
2737:ISSN
2682:PMID
2638:PMID
2597:PMID
2558:PMID
2504:PMID
2373:PMID
2317:PMID
2267:PMID
2221:PMID
2168:PMID
2150:ISSN
1996:PMID
1988:ISSN
1949:PMID
1899:PMID
1849:PMID
1767:PMID
1630:PMID
1173:The
1161:106
1133:107
1058:and
998:Fuel
901:and
756:soil
534:and
409:and
341:corn
339:and
315:and
306:corn
109:and
77:and
52:fuel
4498:E85
4460:ICE
3885:Yam
3828:Oat
3052:doi
3005:doi
3001:168
2960:hdl
2952:doi
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2783:doi
2779:129
2729:doi
2717:335
2674:doi
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