273:, loss of energy, or tiredness. Patients or their family members may note diminished interest in usual activities such as sex, hobbies, or daily routines. Many patients report a change in appetite along with associated weight change. Sleep disturbances may be present, and can manifest as problems falling or staying asleep, frequent awakenings, excessive sleep, or difficulties getting up in the morning. Around half of depressed patients develop changes in psychomotor activity, described as slowness in thinking, speaking, or movement. Conversely, they may also present with agitation, with inability to sit still or wringing their hands. Changes in posture, speech, facial expression, and grooming can be observed. Other signs and symptoms include changes in posture and facial expression, slowed speech, poor hygiene, unkempt appearance, feelings of guilt, shame, or helplessness, diminished ability to concentrate, nihilistic thoughts, and
776:. There is evidence that lamotrigine decreases the risk of relapse in rapid-cycling BP-II. It is more effective in BP-II than BP-I, suggesting that lamotrigine is more effective for the treatment of depressive rather than manic episodes. Doses ranging from 100 to 200 mg have been reported to have the most efficacy, while experimental doses of 400 mg have rendered little response. A large, multicenter trial comparing carbamazepine and lithium over two and a half years found that carbamazepine was superior in terms of preventing future episodes of BP-II, although lithium was superior in individuals with BP-I. There is also some evidence for the use of valproate and topiramate, although the results for the use of
1075:
very clear gap between symptomatic recovery and full functional recovery for both BP-I and BP-II patients. As such, and because those with BP-II spend more time with depressive symptoms that do not quite qualify as a major depressive episode, the best chance for recovery is to have therapeutic interventions that focus on the residual depressive symptoms and to aim for improvement in psychosocial and cognitive functioning. Even with treatment, a certain amount of responsibility is placed in the patient's hands; they have to be able to assume responsibility for their illness by accepting their diagnosis, taking the required medication, and seeking help when needed to do well in the future.
1038:
shows the mild depressive symptoms, or even sub-syndromal symptoms, are responsible for the non-recovery of social functioning, which furthers the idea that residual depressive symptoms are detrimental for functional recovery in patients being treated for BP-II. It has been suggested that symptom interference in relation to social and interpersonal relationships in BP-II is worse than symptom interference in other chronic medical illnesses such as cancer. This social impairment can last for years, even after treatment that has resulted in a resolution of mood symptoms.
1115:
lithium—which is the most demonstrably effective treatment against suicide—little is known about contributions of specific mood-altering treatments to minimizing mortality rates in persons with either major mood disorders or bipolar depression specifically. Suicide is usually a manifestation of severe psychiatric distress that is often associated with a diagnosable and treatable form of depression or other mental illness. In a clinical setting, an assessment of suicidal risk must precede any attempt to treat psychiatric illness.
373:
1062:. This disruption in cognitive functioning takes a toll on their ability to function in the workplace, which leads to high rates of work loss in BP-II patient populations. After treatment and while in remission, BP-II patients tend to report a good psychosocial functioning but they still score less than patients without the disorder. These lasting impacts further suggest that a prolonged period of untreated BP-II can lead to permanent adverse effects on functioning.
903:, and switch to hypomania. In addition, the evidence for their efficacy in bipolar depression is mixed. Thus, in most cases, antidepressant monotherapy in patients with BP-II is not recommended. However, antidepressants may provide benefit to some patients when used in addition to mood stabilizers and antipsychotics, as these drugs reduce the risk of manic/hypomanic switching. However, the risk still exists, and should be used with caution.
1124:
12-month prevalence of 0.3%. Other meta-analyses have found lifetime prevalence of BP-II up to 1.57%. In the United States, the estimated lifetime prevalence of BP-II was found to be 1.1%, with a 12-month prevalence of 0.8%. The mean age of onset for BP-II was 20 years. Thus far, there have been no studies that have conclusively demonstrated that an unequal distribution of bipolar disorders across sex and ethnicity exists.
306:
to as mixed episodes or mixed states. For example, a patient with depression with mixed features may have a depressed mood, but has simultaneous symptoms of rapid speech, increased energy, and flight of ideas. Conversely, a patient with hypomania with mixed features will present with the full criteria for a hypomanic episode, but with concurrent symptoms of decreased appetite, loss of interest, and low energy.
1173:
energy/activity will be sufficient. The rationale behind the latter revision is that some individuals with BP-II manifest only visible changes in energy. Without presenting elevated mood, these individuals are commonly misdiagnosed with major depressive disorder. Consequently, they receive prescriptions for antidepressants, which unaccompanied by mood stabilizers, may induce rapid cycling or mixed states.
1299:
1024:) and a reduction of frequency and severity of their episodes, which in turn moves them toward a stable life and reduces the time they spend ill. To maintain their state of balance, therapy is often continued indefinitely, as around 50% of the patients who discontinue it relapse quickly and experience either full-blown episodes or sub-syndromal symptoms that bring significant functional impairments.
795:
483:, or other specified or unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder. The final criteria that must be met is that the mood episodes cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (from the depressive symptoms or the unpredictability of cycling between periods of depression and hypomania).
238:. During a typical hypomanic episode, patients may present as upbeat, may show signs of poor judgment or display signs of increased energy despite lack of sleep, but do not meet the full criteria for an acute manic episode. Patients may display elevated confidence, but do not express delusional thoughts as in mania. They can experience increase in goal-directed activity and
178:. As a result, when patients seek help, they are very often unable to provide their doctor with all the information needed for an accurate assessment; these individuals are often misdiagnosed with unipolar depression. BP-II is more common than BP-I, while BP-II and major depressive disorder have about the same rate of diagnosis. Of all individuals initially diagnosed with
186:(which have high co-morbidity with BP-II) and periods of mixed depression may also make it more difficult to accurately identify BP-II. Despite the difficulties, it is important that BP-II individuals be correctly assessed so that they can receive the proper treatment. Antidepressant use, in the absence of mood stabilizers, is correlated with worsening BP-II symptoms.
692:
1087:
sense of self to fend off depression and reduce the desire to succumb to the seductive hypomanic highs. The plan has to aim high. Otherwise, patients will relapse into depression. A large part of this plan involves the patient being very aware of warning signs and stress triggers so that they take an active role in their recovery and prevention of relapse.
491:). In addition to the former symptoms, five out of the nine following symptoms must occur for more than two weeks (to the extent in which it impairs functioning): weight loss/gain, insomnia or hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness/inappropriate guilt, decreased concentration, or thoughts of death/suicide.
1327:
359:. For BP-II, the most conservative estimate of lifetime prevalence of alcohol or other substance use disorders is 20%. In patients with comorbid substance use disorder and BP-II, episodes have a longer duration and treatment compliance decreases. Preliminary studies suggest that comorbid substance use is also linked to increased risk of suicidality.
1083:, which has been shown to be very beneficial in reducing the frequency and severity of depressive episodes. Lithium prevents mood relapse and works especially well in BP-II patients who experience rapid-cycling. Almost all BP-II patients who take lithium have a decrease in the amount of time they spend ill and a decrease in mood episodes.
487:
hours), talkativeness, racing thoughts, distractibility, and increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation, or excessive involvement in activities with high risk of painful consequences. Per DSM-5 criteria, a major depressive episode consists of the presence of a depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure in activities (
327:, and increase in emotional intensity. Family and/or friends may notice that patients are arguing more frequently with them, spending more money than usual, are increasing their binging on food, drugs, or alcohol, and may suddenly start taking on many projects at once. These symptoms often occur and are considered early warning signs.
1313:
231:
pressured speech, flight of ideas or rapid cycling of thoughts, distractibility, increased goal-directed activity, psychomotor agitation, and/or excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences (engaging in unrestrained buying sprees, sexual indiscretions, or foolish business investments.)
1074:
Because of the nature of the illness, long-term therapy is the best option and aims to not only control the symptoms but to maintain sustained remission and prevent relapses from occurring. Even with treatment, patients do not always regain full functioning, especially in the social realm. There is a
305:
A mixed episode is defined by the presence of a hypomanic or depressive episode that is accompanied by symptoms of the opposite polarity. This is commonly referred to as a mood episode with mixed features (e.g. depression with mixed features or hypomania with mixed features), but can also be referred
1102:
In results of a summary of several lifetime study experiments, it was found that 32.4% of BP-I patients experienced suicidal ideation or suicide attempts compared to 36% in BP-II patients. Bipolar disorders, in general, are the third leading cause of death in 15- to 24-year-olds. BP-II patients were
978:. Meta-analyses in the literature has shown that psychotherapy plus pharmacotherapy was associated with a lower relapse rate compared with patients treated with pharmacotherapy alone. However, relapse can still occur, despite continued medication and therapy. People with bipolar disorder may develop
318:
Bipolar disorder is often a lifelong condition, and patients should be followed up regularly for relapse prevention. Although BP-II is thought to be less severe than BP-I in regard to symptom intensity, BP-II is associated with higher frequencies of rapid cycling and depressive episodes. In the case
245:
For these reasons, hypomania commonly goes unnoticed. Individuals often will only seek treatment during a depressive episode, and their history of hypomania may go undiagnosed. Although hypomania may increase functioning, episodes require treatment as they may indicate increasing instability and can
1155:
in 1903. In his paper, Jung introduced the non-psychotic version of the illness with the statement, "I would like to publish a number of cases whose peculiarity consists in chronic hypomanic behavior" where "it is not a question of real mania at all but of a hypomanic state which cannot be regarded
1114:
Suicide is a common endpoint for many patients with severe psychiatric illness. The mood disorders (depression and bipolar) are by far the most common psychiatric conditions associated with suicide. At least 25% to 50% of patients with bipolar disorder also attempt suicide at least once. Aside from
1086:
Along with medication, other forms of therapy have been shown to be beneficial for BP-II patients. A treatment called a "well-being plan" serves several purposes: it informs the patients, protects them from future episodes, teaches them to add value to their life, and works toward building a strong
767:
There is also evidence that the anticonvulsants valproate, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, and topiramate are effective in the reduction of symptoms of hypomanic and depressive episodes of bipolar disorder. Potential mechanisms contributing to these effects include a decrease in brain excitation due to
486:
A hypomanic episode is established if a patient's symptoms last for most of the day each day for at least four days. Furthermore, three or more of the following symptoms must be present: Inflated sense of self-esteem or grandiose thoughts, feeling well rested despite getting low amounts of sleep (3
230:
Hypomania is the signature characteristic of BP-II, defined by an experience of elevated mood. A patient's mood is typically cheerful, enthusiastic, euphoric, or irritable. In addition, they can present with symptoms of inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, talkativeness or
194:
Multiple factors contribute to the development of bipolar spectrum disorders, although there have been very few studies conducted to examine the possible causes of BP-II specifically. While no identifiable single dysfunctions in specific neurotransmitters have been found, preliminary data has shown
1106:
BP-II patients have several risk factors that increase their risk of suicide. The illness is very recurrent and results in severe disabilities, interpersonal relationship problems, barriers to academic, financial, and vocational goals, and a loss of social standing in their community, all of which
1070:
BP-II has a chronic relapsing nature. It has been suggested that BP-II patients have a higher degree of relapse than BP-I patients. Generally, within four years of an episode, around 60% of patients will relapse into another episode. Some patients are symptomatic half the time, either with full on
1057:
An abnormal semantic memory organization can manipulate thoughts and lead to the formation of delusions and possibly affect speech and communication problems, which can lead to interpersonal issues. BP-II patients have also been shown to present worse cognitive functioning than those patients with
1172:
was released. Two revisions to the existing BP-II criteria are anticipated. The first expected change will reduce the required duration of a hypomanic state from four to two days. The second change will allow hypomania to be diagnosed without the manifestation of elevated mood; that is, increased
309:
Episodes with mixed features can last up to several months. They occur more frequently in patients with an earlier onset of bipolar disorder, are associated with higher frequency of episodes, and are associated with a greater risk of substance use, anxiety disorders, and suicidality. In addition,
161:
Commonly, depressive episodes are more frequent and more intense than hypomanic episodes. Additionally, when compared to BP-I, type II presents more frequent depressive episodes and shorter intervals of well-being. The course of BP-II is more chronic and consists of more frequent cycling than the
1110:
As a result of the high suicide risk for this group, reducing the risk and preventing attempts remains a main part of the treatment; a combination of self-monitoring, close supervision by a therapist, and faithful adherence to their medication regimen will help to reduce the risk and prevent the
1037:
symptoms. Functional impairment has been shown to be directly linked with increasing percentages of depressive symptoms, and because sub-syndromal symptoms are more common—and frequent—in BP-II, they have been implicated heavily as a major cause of psychosocial disability. There is evidence that
203:
of the disease. The cause of
Bipolar disorder can be attributed to misfiring neurotransmitters that overstimulate the amygdala, which in turn causes the prefrontal cortex to stop working properly. The bipolar patient becomes overwhelmed with emotional stimulation with no way of understanding it,
1123:
The global estimated lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder among adults range from 1 to 3 percent. The annual incidence is estimated to vary from 0.3 to 1.2 percent worldwide. According to the World Mental Health Survey
Initiative, the lifetime prevalence of BP-II was found to be 0.4%, with a
682:
The treatment of BP-II consists of the following: treatment of hypomania, treatment of major depression, and maintenance therapy for the prevention of relapse of hypomania or depression. As BP-II is a chronic condition, the goal of treatment is to achieve remission of symptoms and prevention of
280:
Many experts in the field have attempted to find reliable differences between BP-I depressive episodes and episodes of major depressive disorder, but the data is inconsistent. However, some clinicians report that patients who came in with a depressive episode, but were later diagnosed as having
1163:
and Dunner published an article recognizing that only individuals in a manic state require hospitalization. It was proposed that the presentation of either the one state or the other differentiates two distinct diseases; the proposition was initially met with skepticism. However, studies since
1019:
in a 12-month period. Rapid cycling is quite common in those with BP-II, much more so in women than in men (70% vs. 40%), and without treatment leads to added sources of disability and an increased risk of suicide. Women are more prone to rapid cycling between hypomanic episodes and depressive
174:, or the seeming inability to focus on tasks. Because many of the symptoms of hypomania are often mistaken for high-functioning behavior or simply attributed to personality, patients are typically not aware of their hypomanic symptoms. In addition, many people with BP-II have periods of normal
755:
There is strong evidence that lithium is effective in treating both the depressive and hypomanic symptoms in BP-II, along with the reduction of hypomanic switch in patients treated with antidepressants. Furthermore, lithium is the only mood stabilizer to demonstrate a decrease in suicide and
674:
Although BP-II is a prevalent condition associated with morbidity and mortality, there has been an absence of robust clinical trials and systematic reviews that investigate the efficacy of pharmacologic treatments for the hypomanic and depressive phases of BP-II. Thus, the current treatment
1167:
Empirical evidence, combined with treatment considerations, led the DSM-IV Mood
Disorders Work Group to add BP-II as its own entity in the 1994 publication. Only one other mood disorder was added to this edition, indicating the conservative nature of the DSM-IV work group. In May 2013, the
1049:
The impact on a patient's psychosocial functioning stems from the depressive symptoms (more common in BP-II than BP-I). An increase in these symptoms' severity seems to correlate with a significant increase in psychosocial disability. Psychosocial disability can present itself in poor
617:
The signs and symptoms of BP-II may overlap significantly with those of other conditions. Thus, a comprehensive history, medication review, and laboratory work are key to diagnosing BP-II and differentiating it from other conditions. The differential diagnosis of BP-II is as follows:
1127:
A vast majority of studies and meta-analysis do not differentiate between BP-I and BP-II, and current epidemiology data may not accurately describe true prevalence and incidence. In addition, BP-II is underdiagnosed in practice, and it is easy to miss milder forms of the condition.
1107:
increase the likelihood of suicide. Mixed symptoms and rapid-cycling, both very common in BP-II, are also associated with an increased risk of suicide. The tendency for BP-II to be misdiagnosed and treated ineffectively, or not at all in some cases, leads to an increased risk.
1020:
episodes. To improve a patient's prognosis, long-term therapy is most favorably recommended for controlling symptoms, maintaining remission and preventing relapses. With treatment, patients have been shown to present a decreased risk of suicide (especially when treated with
921:
Although medication therapy is the standard of care for treatment of both BP-I and BP-II, additional non-pharmaceutical therapies can also help those with the illness. Benefits include prevention of relapse and improved maintenance medication adherence. These include
269:. Patients characteristically experience a depressed mood and may describe themselves as feeling sad, gloomy, down in the dumps, or hopeless, for most of the day, nearly every day. In children, this can present with an irritable mood. Most patients report significant
1078:
Treatment often lasts after remission is achieved, and the treatment that worked is continued during the continuation phase (lasting anywhere from 6–12 months) and maintenance can last 1–2 years or, in some cases, indefinitely. One of the treatments of choice is
430:
are helpful tools in determining a patient's status on the bipolar spectrum. In addition, certain features have been shown to increase the chances that depressed patients have a bipolar disorder, including atypical symptoms of depression like
4861:
1156:
as psychotic." Jung illustrated the hypomanic variation with five case histories, each involving hypomanic behavior, occasional bouts of depression, and mixed mood states, which involved personal and interpersonal upheaval for each patient.
242:, but do not reach the severity of aimlessness and disorganization. Speech may be rapid, but interruptible. Patients with hypomania never present with psychotic symptoms and do not reach the severity to require psychiatric hospitalization.
1032:
The deficits in functioning associated with BP-II stem mostly from the recurrent depression that BP-II patients experience. Depressive symptoms are much more disabling than hypomanic symptoms and are potentially as, or more disabling than
3772:
Rosa AR, BonnĂn CM, Vázquez GH, Reinares M, SolĂ© B, TabarĂ©s-Seisdedos R, Balanzá-MartĂnez V, González-Pinto A, Sánchez-Moreno J, Vieta E (December 2010). "Functional impairment in bipolar II disorder: is it as disabling as bipolar I?".
1010:
This disability can present itself in the form of psychosocial impairment, which has been suggested to be worse in BP-II patients than in BP-I patients. Another facet of this illness that is associated with a poorer prognosis is
1041:
The factors related to this persistent social impairment are residual depressive symptoms, limited illness insight (a very common occurrence in patients with BP-II), and impaired executive functioning. Impaired ability in
330:
Psychosocial factors in a person's life can trigger a relapse in patients with BP-II. These include stressful life events, criticism from peers or relatives, and a disrupted circadian rhythm. In addition, the addition of
5150:
1002:
with shorter periods between episodes than BP-I patients experience. The natural course of BP-II, when left untreated, leads to patients spending the majority of their lives with some symptoms, primarily stemming from
898:
in BP-II, but the use of these treatments is controversial. Potential risks of antidepressant pharmacotherapy in patients with bipolar disorder include increased mood cycling, development of rapid cycling,
169:
BP-II is notoriously difficult to diagnose. Patients usually seek help when they are in a depressed state, or when their hypomanic symptoms manifest themselves in unwanted effects, such as high levels of
1286:
received treatment for BP-II after dealing with the stress of her husband's throat cancer. According to her publicist, Zeta-Jones made a decision to check into a mental health facility for a brief stay.
641:
Major differences between BP-I and BP-II have been identified in their clinical features, comorbidity rates and family histories. During depressive episodes, BP-II patients tend to show higher rates of
154:
yet may still significantly affect the quality of life and result in permanent consequences including reckless spending, damaged relationships and poor judgment. Unlike mania, hypomania cannot include
2577:
Baek JH, Park DY, Choi J, Kim JS, Choi JS, Ha K, Kwon JS, Lee D, Hong KS (June 2011). "Differences between bipolar I and bipolar II disorders in clinical features, comorbidity, and family history".
982:
to match each mood they experience. For some, this is done intentionally, as a means by which to escape trauma or pain from a depressive period, or simply to better organize one's life by
1054:, which in turn affects other cognitive domains like verbal memory and (as mentioned earlier) executive functioning leading to a direct and persisting impact on psychosocial functioning.
994:
There is evidence to suggest that BP-II has a more chronic course of illness than BP-I. This constant and pervasive course of the illness leads to an increased risk in suicide and more
212:
Bipolar disorder is characterized by marked swings in mood, activity, and behavior. BP-II is characterized by periods of hypomania, which may occur before, after, or independently of a
1802:
666:
and substance-related disorders compared to BP-I. The occurrence rate of psychiatric illness in first degree relatives of BP-II patients was 26.5%, versus 15.4% in BP-I patients.
3811:
Chang JS, Choi S, Ha K, Ha TH, Cho HS, Choi JE, Cha B, Moon E (June 2011). "Differential pattern of semantic memory organization between bipolar I and II disorders".
1648:
343:
Comorbid conditions are extremely common in individuals with BP-II. In fact, individuals are twice as likely to present a comorbid disorder than not. These include
4074:
Pedersen, Carsten Bøcker; Mors, Ole; Bertelsen, Aksel; Waltoft, Berit Lindum; Agerbo, Esben; McGrath, John J.; Mortensen, Preben Bo; Eaton, William W. (May 2014).
3943:
Bipolar
Breakthrough: The Essential Guide to Going Beyond Moodswings to Harness Your Highs, Escape the Cycles of Recurrent Depression, and Thrive with Bipolar II
605:
The specifiers are the same as the DSM-5 with the exception of catatonic features and if symptoms have occurred with or without psychosis about 6 weeks after
4563:
1371:
805:
Antipsychotics are utilized as a second line option for hypomanic episodes, typically indicated patients who do not respond to mood stabilizers. However,
4752:
3164:
McIntyre RS, Berk M, Brietzke E, Goldstein BI, LĂłpez-Jaramillo C, Kessing LV, Malhi GS, Nierenberg AA, Rosenblat JD, Majeed A, Vieta E (December 2020).
1584:
4192:
Clemente, Adauto S.; Diniz, Breno S.; Nicolato, Rodrigo; Kapczinski, Flavio P.; Soares, Jair C.; Firmo, Josélia O.; Castro-Costa, Érico (April 2015).
4953:
4904:
635:
564:
1945:
5026:
3586:
5257:
1554:
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in 1881, who wrote "I recommend (taking under consideration the word used by
Hippocrates) to name those types of mania that show a less severe
4684:
4366:
3996:
3956:
3871:
3687:
3499:
3475:
2810:
2646:
2548:
2503:
2410:
2375:
2172:
2127:
1774:
1684:
1136:
In 19th century psychiatry, mania covered a broad range of intensity, and hypomania was equated by some to concepts of 'partial insanity' or
4507:
1815:
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self-harm in patients. Treatment modalities of BP-II include medication-based pharmacotherapy, along with various forms of psychotherapy.
5069:
4595:
3382:"A meta-analysis of relapse rates with adjunctive psychological therapies compared to usual psychiatric treatment for bipolar disorders"
4657:
5393:
5158:
3042:
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BP-I, though they demonstrate about the same disability when it comes to occupational functioning, interpersonal relationships, and
4135:; Lee, Sing; Sampson, Nancy A.; Viana, Maria Carmen; Andrade, Laura Helena; Hu, Chiyi; Karam, Elie G.; Ladea, Maria (March 2011).
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was diagnosed with BP-II in 2001. In 2018, publicly revealed and actively seeking treatment in the form of therapy and medication.
623:
239:
196:
3429:
1803:"A short review on the diagnostic issues of bipolar spectrum disorders in clinically depressed patients – Bipolar II disorder"
4419:. Vol. 1 Collected works. translated by R.F.C Hull. Routledge and Kegan Paul (1970) (second ed.). pp. 109–111.
444:
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guidelines for the symptoms of BP-II are derived and extrapolated from the treatment guidelines in BP-I, along with limited
4485:
5198:
4811:
627:
569:
385:
662:. In addition, there is a higher correlation between BP-II patients and family history of psychiatric illness, including
5368:
5363:
5183:
4958:
4897:
3976:
3667:
3616:
McAllister-Williams RH (March 2006). "Relapse prevention in bipolar disorder: a critical review of current guidelines".
3455:
2873:
El-Mallakh R, Weisler RH, Townsend MH, Ginsberg LD (2006). "Bipolar II disorder: current and future treatment options".
2790:
2663:
2634:
927:
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427:
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The first diagnostic distinction to be made between manic-depression involving mania and involving hypomania came from
5407:
5178:
5006:
2016:
Almeida, Hugo SĂ©rgio; Mitjans, Marina; Arias, Barbara; Vieta, Eduard; RĂos, JosĂ©; Benabarre, Antonio (November 2020).
1341:
814:
3345:
Sandlin EK, Gao Y, El-Mallakh RS (2014). "Pharmacotherapy of bipolar disorder: current status and emerging options".
2789:
Hadjipavlou G, Yatham LN (2008). "Bipolar II Disorder in
Context: epidemiology, disability, and economic burden". In
5466:
5168:
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APA Practice
Guidelines for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Comprehensive Guidelines and Guideline Watches
1670:
418:
The diagnostic criteria are established from self-reported experiences from patients or their family members, the
5461:
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619:
423:
412:
266:
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course of BP-I. Finally, BP-II is associated with a greater risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors than BP-I or
2018:"Genetic differences between bipolar disorder subtypes: A systematic review focused in bipolar disorder type II"
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472:
464:
409:
American
Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)
136:
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The ICD-11 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines
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286:
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picture, 'hypomania'". Narrower operational definitions of hypomania were developed from the 1960s/1970s.
1145:
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for treating acute BP-II depression, and is a first-line option for patients with BP-II depression. Other
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582:
419:
183:
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MacQueen GM, Young LT (March 2001). "Bipolar II disorder: symptoms, course, and response to treatment".
955:
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352:
4076:"A comprehensive nationwide study of the incidence rate and lifetime risk for treated mental disorders"
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Manicavasagar V (2008). "The role of psychological interventions in managing
Bipolar II Disorder". In
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5435:
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Benazzi, Franco (March 2004). "How to treat bipolar II depression and bipolar II mixed depression?".
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31:
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3889:"Suicide attempts in bipolar I and bipolar II disorder: A review and meta-analysis of the evidence"
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is directly tied to poor psychosocial functioning, a common side-effect in patients with BP-II.
3988:
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Smith M (2008). "Survival
Strategies for Managing and Prospering with Bipolar II Disorder". In
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American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)
1766:
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American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-5 Task Force. (2017) .
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2740:
2709:"The prevalence and significance of substance use disorders in bipolar type I and II disorder"
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132:
56:
4812:"U.K. Singer-Songwriter Rumer on Battling Depression & Bipolar 2 to Create 'Into Colour'"
3022:
2073:
1969:
728:
Mood stabilizers used in the treatment of hypomanic and depressive episodes of BP-II include
5340:
5235:
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4311:
4270:
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4205:
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2882:
2794:
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2641:. Eyers K (collaborator). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–165.
2586:
2450:
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2029:
1982:
1898:
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1721:
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1351:
1277:
1216:
1152:
761:
703:
663:
659:
344:
128:
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2668:"The precipitants of manic/hypomanic episodes in the context of bipolar disorder: a review"
2439:"Mixed states in bipolar disorder – changes in DSM-5 and current treatment recommendations"
5335:
5330:
5302:
5286:
5135:
4631:
3948:
3941:
3936:
3716:"Correlates of recovery of social functioning in types I and II bipolar disorder patients"
2530:
2156:
2111:
1332:
1264:
1240:
1160:
1051:
967:
895:
870:
723:
711:
593:
459:
According to the DSM-5, a patient diagnosed with BP-II will have experienced at least one
348:
320:
200:
96:
2437:
Betzler, Felix; Stöver, Laura Apollonia; Sterzer, Philipp; Köhler, Stephan (2017-04-18).
2926:
2909:
390:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
310:
they are associated with increased treatment resistance compared to non-mixed episodes.
166:. BP-II is no less severe than BP-I, and types I and II present equally severe burdens.
5415:
5207:
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4275:
4242:
4169:
4136:
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2319:
1676:
1613:
1141:
1016:
951:
935:
882:
862:
858:
818:
733:
707:
650:, and suicide attempts. BP-II patients have shown higher lifetime comorbidity rates of
332:
290:
106:
4194:"Bipolar disorder prevalence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature"
4152:
3181:
3109:"The Diagnosis and Management of Bipolar I and II Disorders: Clinical Practice Update"
2280:
254:
It is during depressive episodes that BP-II patients often seek help. Symptoms may be
150:
Hypomania is a sustained state of elevated or irritable mood that is less severe than
139:. Diagnosis for BP-II requires that the individual must never have experienced a full
5455:
5430:
5388:
5383:
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5225:
5215:
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4978:
4913:
4443:
3981:
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3197:
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2795:
2167:(Sixth ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 157–161.
2122:(Sixth ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 156–157.
2057:
1759:
1523:
1453:
1271:
1250:
1204:
1198:
1012:
975:
963:
923:
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698:(Lamictal) is an anticonvulsant that can be used as a mood stabilizer to treat BP-II.
574:
527:
476:
468:
140:
124:
101:
80:
3840:
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3064:
2438:
2264:
2214:
1381:
1210:
1015:, which denotes the occurrence of four or more major Depressive, Hypomanic, and/or
842:
834:
439:, a family history of bipolar disorder, medication-induced hypomania, recurrent or
324:
17:
2454:
1842:
293:-induced hypomania. Evidence also suggests that BP-II is strongly associated with
4388:
3666:
Hadjipavlou G (2008). "Mood Stabilisers in treatment of Bipolar II Disorder". In
3125:
3108:
2543:(6 ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 184–186.
1859:
1619:(5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. p. 139.
1159:
In 1975, Jung's original distinction between mania and hypomania gained support.
702:
The most common pharmacologic agents utilized in the treatment of BP-II includes
555:
or mixed episode. These symptoms cannot be explained by other diagnoses such as:
158:. The hypomanic episodes associated with BP-II must last for at least four days.
5220:
5113:
4948:
4793:
4210:
4193:
3824:
3504:
Neuropsychological emotion processing abnormalities in bipolar disorder I and II
3243:
Skeppar P, Adolfsson R (1 January 2006). "Bipolar II and the bipolar spectrum".
1366:
1361:
1256:
1228:
1188:
1103:
also found to employ more lethal means and have more complete suicides overall.
971:
959:
854:
850:
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830:
745:
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599:
559:
523:
With seasonal pattern (applies only to the pattern of major depressive episodes)
436:
432:
282:
4829:
3212:
1298:
471:. Furthermore, the occurrence of the mood episodes are not better explained by
5291:
5281:
5101:
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4613:
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1902:
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606:
89:
61:
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3407:
3313:
3134:
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2935:
2598:
2558:
2513:
2462:
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2182:
2137:
2094:
2041:
1994:
1910:
1735:
1694:
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5125:
5084:
5079:
5001:
4963:
4778:
1137:
995:
900:
838:
769:
737:
577:
544:
543:, a BP-II patient will have experienced episodic experiences of one or more
511:
488:
225:
155:
4792:
Rossi R (June 5, 2008). "The Lynn Cullen Show" (Interview). Interviewed by
4451:
4341:
4284:
4227:
4178:
4109:
4060:
4033:
3922:
3832:
3794:
3749:
3637:
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3415:
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3264:
3224:
3189:
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3000:
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2400:
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2345:
2296:
2049:
2017:
2002:
1918:
1867:
1531:
1461:
1219:, former Australian journalist/newsreader. Inquest concluded she had BP-II.
801:(Seroquel) is an antipsychotic that is used to treat acute BP-II depression
691:
265:
Depressive episodes in BP-II can present similarly to those experienced in
2538:
1007:. Their recurrent depression results in personal distress and disability.
5118:
5064:
4494:
I was re-diagnosed (after a three-day stay at the hospital) as Bipolar II
4430:
Frances A, Jones KD (August 2012). "Bipolar disorder type II revisited".
3080:
1726:
1709:
1059:
259:
255:
182:, between 40% and 50% will later be diagnosed with either BP-I or BP-II.
4853:
5056:
4618:
2364:
Boland, Robert; Verduin, Marcia; Ruiz, Pedro; Sadock, Benjamin (2022).
1986:
1096:
1071:
episodes or symptoms that fall just below the threshold of an episode.
912:
651:
270:
171:
4596:"You Wouldn't Believe Joe Gilgun's Life Story – So He Spun It into TV"
3358:
3029:, vol. 1, Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2006,
2983:
2966:
1274:, filmmaker, musician, and maverick minister was diagnosed with BP-II.
1140:. A more specific usage was advanced by the German neuro-psychiatrist
4865:
4390:
A Jungian Approach to Bipolar Disorder: Rejoining The Split Archetype
809:
is the only antipsychotic that has demonstrated efficacy in multiple
540:
415:
411:. In addition, alternative diagnostic criteria is established in the
2965:
Cipriani, A.; Hawton, K.; Stockton, S.; Geddes, J. R. (2013-06-27).
2265:"Bipolar disorder—focus on bipolar II disorder and mixed depression"
1099:
is slightly higher in patients who have BP-II than those with BP-I.
756:
self-harm in patients with mood disorders. Due to lithium's narrow
319:
of a relapse, patients may experience new onset sleep disturbance,
4968:
1169:
1034:
793:
690:
552:
408:
235:
204:
which can trigger mania and exacerbate the effects of depression.
151:
4486:"Comic Maria Bamford will cross personal boundaries at Utah show"
416:
International Classification of Diseases-11th Revision (ICD-11)].
4882:
3813:
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
3536:
Ruggero CJ, Chelminski I, Young D, Zimmerman M (December 2007).
3288:"Antidepressants in bipolar depression: an enduring controversy"
1382:
Detailed listing of DSM-IV-TR bipolar disorder diagnostics codes
892:
888:
773:
407:
BP-II is diagnosed according to the criteria established in the
4886:
3065:"The current understanding of lamotrigine as a mood stabilizer"
1547:"Bipolar Disorder and Depression: Understanding the Difference"
760:, lithium levels must be monitored regularly for prevention of
3854:
Benazzi F (2008). "Management Commentary". In Parker G (ed.).
1669:
Sadock, Benjamin J.; Sadock, Virginia A.; Ruiz, Pedro (2017).
1164:
confirm that BP-II is a phenomenologically distinct disorder.
366:
4685:"Hasty and Ruinous 1972 Pick Colors Today's Hunt for a No. 2"
3714:
Wingo AP, Baldessarini RJ, Compton MT, Harvey PD (May 2010).
3538:"Psychosocial impairment associated with bipolar II disorder"
2631:"The Role of Wellbeing Plans in Managing Bipolar II Disorder"
1437:"Bipolar II disorder: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Management"
873:
side effects compared with second generation antipsychotics.
3380:
Scott, Jan; Colom, Francesc; Vieta, Eduard (February 2007).
1615:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5
4198:
Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil: 1999)
3987:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp.
3862:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp.
3678:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp.
3466:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp.
2801:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp.
768:
blockage of low-voltage sodium-gated channels, decrease in
2370:(12 ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. p. 366.
1672:
Kaplan & Sadock's comprehensive textbook of psychiatry
772:
and excitatory amino acids, and potentiation of levels of
498:
With current or most recent episode hypomanic or depressed
2399:
Ebert, Michael; Leckman, James; Petrakis, Ismene (2019).
1765:. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. pp.
3063:
Hahn CG, Gyulai L, Baldassano CF, Lenox RH (June 2004).
2443:
International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice
1940:
The National Institute of Mental Health (January 2020).
3983:
Bipolar II Disorder: Modelling, Measuring, and Managing
3858:
Bipolar II Disorder: Modelling, Measuring, and Managing
3674:
Bipolar II Disorder: Modelling, Measuring, and Managing
3462:
Bipolar II Disorder: Modelling, Measuring, and Managing
2797:
Bipolar II Disorder: Modelling, Measuring, and Managing
2639:
Bipolar II Disorder: Modelling, Measuring, and Managing
2492:
Wright, Padraig; Stern, Julia; Phelan, Michael (2012).
4241:
Rowland, Tobias A.; Marwaha, Steven (September 2018).
143:. Otherwise, one manic episode meets the criteria for
4298:
Rowland, Tobias A.; Marwaha, Steven (26 April 2018).
1944:. National Institute of Mental Health. Risk Factors.
4843:
4300:"Epidemiology and risk factors for bipolar disorder"
4243:"Epidemiology and risk factors for bipolar disorder"
3386:
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology
2910:"Psychosocial Interventions for Bipolar II Disorder"
1970:"Bipolar disorder: Causes, contexts, and treatments"
1891:
The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology
5406:
5351:
5300:
5251:
5206:
5197:
5149:
5055:
5035:
4987:
4929:
4920:
4847:
4830:"Catherine Zeta-Jones treated for bipolar disorder"
4047:Jamison KR (2000). "Suicide and bipolar disorder".
2908:Novick, Danielle M.; Swartz, Holly A. (June 2019).
384:. The reason given is: ICD-11 is now in effect and
88:
71:
55:
47:
42:
3940:
3506:(PhD thesis). University of Nevada. Archived from
2194:
2192:
2079:. Bobbi Dempsey. New York: Alpha. pp. 63–65.
1968:
1841:
1814:
1612:
1505:
1435:
4798:my father was bi-polar one, and I'm bi-polar two.
3102:
3100:
3098:
2713:Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy
3887:Novick, D. M.; Swartz, H. A.; Frank, E. (2010).
1583:. Atlanta, Georgia. 29 January 2021. p. 1.
4713:"Carie Fisher 'Strikes Back' at Mental Illness"
4658:"Rep. Jackson Jr. treated for bipolar disorder"
4614:"Shane Hmiel's Story on NASCAR Race-Hub Part 1"
4539:"Mariah Carey: My Battle with Bipolar Disorder"
3970:
3968:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3219:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
2868:
2866:
2846:"ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics"
2405:(3 ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
2075:The complete idiot's guide to bipolar disorder
1843:"The 'true' prevalence of bipolar II disorder"
1207:, singer-songwriter, was diagnosed with BP-II.
426:. In addition, Screening instruments like the
4898:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3594:. Washington State University. pp. 4–12.
2402:Current diagnosis & treatment. Psychiatry
1761:21st Century Psychology: A Reference Handbook
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
199:, and hormonal regulation play a role in the
8:
4410:
4408:
3585:Bridley, Alexis; Daffin Jr., Lee W. (2020).
3430:"Understanding Bipolar Disorder – Treatment"
2367:Kaplan & Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1095:Several studies have shown that the risk of
30:"BP-II" redirects here. For other uses, see
4382:
4380:
4378:
1647:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1372:International Society for Bipolar Disorders
5203:
4926:
4905:
4891:
4883:
4844:
4415:Jung CG (1903). "On manic mood disorder".
4304:Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology
4247:Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology
3661:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3292:International Journal of Bipolar Disorders
3211:Chokhawala, Krutika; Stevens, Lee (2024),
2707:Cerullo MA, Strakowski SM (October 2007).
39:
4331:
4274:
4209:
4168:
4091:
3912:
3806:
3804:
3739:
3561:
3397:
3321:
3303:
3124:
2982:
2925:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2734:
2724:
2683:
2335:
1725:
51:BP-II, type two bipolar, bipolar type two
4361:. Oxford University Press. p. 132.
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
1499:
1195:, that he has been diagnosed with BP-II.
887:There is evidence to support the use of
636:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
501:With partial remission or full remission
5027:Depression in childhood and adolescence
3035:10.1176/appi.books.9780890423363.148430
2852:. p. Section 6A61. Subtypes listed
2662:Proudfoot J, Doran J, Manicavasagar V,
2572:
2570:
2568:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1399:
1262:Evan Perry, subject of the documentary
1243:received a diagnosis of BP-II from Dr.
504:With mild, moderate, or severe severity
4732:"Demi Lovato: I Have Bipolar Disorder"
2359:
2357:
2355:
2318:Singh, T.; Rajput, M. (October 2006).
2106:
2104:
2022:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1640:
517:With mood congruent psychotic features
281:bipolar disorder often presented with
195:that calcium signal transmission, the
4358:A historical dictionary of psychiatry
4123:
4121:
4119:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2525:
2523:
2432:
2430:
2151:
2149:
2147:
986:for one's perceptions and behaviors.
821:that are used to treat BP-II include
578:and other primary psychotic disorders
7:
2324:Psychiatry (Edgmont (Pa.: Township))
2240:"An Overview of Bipolar II Disorder"
1606:
1604:
1602:
1183:List of people with bipolar disorder
445:antidepressant refractory depression
5070:Depression (differential diagnoses)
2927:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20190008
2540:Introductory textbook of psychiatry
2165:Introductory textbook of psychiatry
2120:Introductory textbook of psychiatry
861:. As a class, the first generation
4753:"Demi Lovato Has Bipolar Disorder"
4049:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
3069:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
2761:. World Health Organization. 2022.
2320:"Misdiagnosis of Bipolar Disorder"
1757:Buskist W, Davis SF, eds. (2008).
246:precipitate a depressive episode.
25:
5394:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
5159:Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale
4153:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.12
3286:Gitlin, Michael J. (2018-12-01).
2914:American Journal of Psychotherapy
1714:The British Journal of Psychiatry
335:can trigger a hypomanic episode.
301:Mood episodes with mixed features
94:
75:
4711:Slaughter, Adele (30 May 2002).
4562:Bennett, Jennifer (2010-10-20).
4444:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01038.x
3905:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00786.x
2213:Forbes, Elizabeth (2020-03-27).
1524:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00152.x
1504:Berk M, Dodd S (February 2005).
1454:10.2165/00023210-200721090-00003
1325:
1311:
1297:
371:
131:, characterized by at least one
4810:Graff, Gary (23 January 2015).
4638:from the original on 2021-12-12
4484:Burger, David (June 22, 2011).
3588:Abnormal Psychology 2nd edition
2034:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.033
1948:from the original on 2007-09-20
1807:Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry
1675:(10th ed.). Philadelphia:
1587:from the original on 2007-03-03
1557:from the original on 2018-09-07
1507:"Bipolar II disorder: a review"
1191:revealed in his autobiography,
624:borderline personality disorder
4141:Archives of General Psychiatry
4131:; Jin, Robert; He, Jian-Ping;
4093:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.16
3775:Journal of Affective Disorders
3732:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.02.020
3542:Journal of Affective Disorders
2672:Journal of Affective Disorders
2579:Journal of Affective Disorders
2498:. Elsevier. pp. 501–510.
2263:Benazzi, Franco (March 2007).
1975:Journal of Clinical Psychology
1710:"Hypomania: What's in a name?"
1280:has been diagnosed with BP-II.
1259:has been diagnosed with BP-II.
1253:had been diagnosed with BP-II.
1237:has been diagnosed with BP-II.
1231:has been diagnosed with BP-II.
1225:has been diagnosed with BP-II.
1201:has been diagnosed with BP-II.
1:
4506:Allen T (29 September 2010).
3947:. New York: Rodale. pp.
3618:Journal of Psychopharmacology
3182:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31544-0
2875:Annals of Clinical Psychiatry
2455:10.1080/13651501.2017.1311921
2281:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60453-x
1848:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
1779:– via Internet Archive.
1637:– via Internet Archive.
1545:Hurley K (24 November 2020).
679:published in the literature.
628:posttraumatic stress disorder
570:Oppositional Defiant Disorder
267:unipolar depressive disorders
5369:Dialectical behavior therapy
5364:Cognitive behavioral therapy
5184:Rating scales for depression
3245:Nordic Journal of Psychiatry
3126:10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.06.022
1860:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32834de3de
1708:Goodwin, Guy (August 2002).
928:cognitive behavioral therapy
907:Non-pharmaceutical therapies
815:Randomized controlled trials
677:randomized controlled trials
428:Mood Disorders Questionnaire
5179:Mood Disorder Questionnaire
5007:Seasonal affective disorder
4730:Cotliar S (20 April 2011).
4683:Altman LK (July 23, 2012).
4564:"Gap suicide 'preventable'"
4465:Connolly R (6 April 2012).
4211:10.1590/1516-4446-2012-1693
3825:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.02.020
3213:"Antipsychotic Medications"
2215:"What Is Bipolar Disorder?"
1840:, Lamers F (January 2012).
1342:Outline of bipolar disorder
1268:, was diagnosed with BP-II.
413:World Health Organization's
234:Hypomania is distinct from
137:episode of major depression
5488:
5169:General Behavior Inventory
4594:Ewens H (29 August 2019).
1347:Bipolar disorders research
1180:
910:
880:
787:
721:
598:Physical issues such as a
388:should be discussed here..
333:antidepressant medications
223:
29:
5374:Electroconvulsive therapy
4997:Major depressive disorder
3787:10.1016/j.jad.2010.05.014
3554:10.1016/j.jad.2007.01.035
3399:10.1017/S1461145706006900
3305:10.1186/s40345-018-0133-9
3257:10.1080/08039480500504685
3107:Bobo, WV (October 2017).
2887:10.1080/10401230600948480
2685:10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.051
2591:10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.020
2097:– via Google Books.
1903:10.1017/S146114570300395X
1813:: 139–144. Archived from
1000:major depressive episodes
780:have been disappointing.
620:unipolar major depression
549:major depressive episodes
547:episodes and one or more
465:major depressive episodes
424:mental status examination
380:This section needs to be
180:major depressive disorder
27:Bipolar spectrum disorder
5189:Young Mania Rating Scale
5164:Child Mania Rating Scale
5043:Schizoaffective disorder
5022:Major depressive episode
4751:Vena J (20 April 2011).
4508:"Geoff Bullock Opens Up"
4355:Shorter E (2005-02-17).
4316:10.1177/2045125318769235
4259:10.1177/2045125318769235
4026:10.1176/appi.ps.52.3.358
3630:10.1177/1359786806063071
473:schizoaffective disorder
323:and/or speech, anxiety,
5316:Atypical antipsychotics
5075:Emotional dysregulation
4129:Merikangas, Kathleen R.
3113:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
1444:(Therapy in Practice).
1377:Emotional dysregulation
1111:likelihood of suicide.
1066:Recovery and recurrence
632:substance use disorders
357:substance use disorders
353:personality (cluster B)
287:psychomotor retardation
184:Substance use disorders
5379:Involuntary commitment
5141:Reduced affect display
5017:Melancholic depression
2726:10.1186/1747-597X-2-29
2238:Hoffman, Matthew; MD.
1387:Temporal lobe epilepsy
952:family-focused therapy
802:
699:
613:Differential diagnoses
583:Substance-Use Disorder
551:, and no history of a
420:psychiatric assessment
285:, increased appetite,
4974:Mixed affective state
4490:The Salt Lake Tribune
4387:Thompson, JR (2012).
956:social rhythm therapy
940:interpersonal therapy
932:psychodynamic therapy
911:Further information:
881:Further information:
797:
788:Further information:
722:Further information:
694:
658:, substance use, and
644:psychomotor agitation
588:Personality Disorders
520:With peripartum onset
507:With anxious distress
449:postpartum depression
5436:Kay Redfield Jamison
5421:Frederick K. Goodwin
5241:Valproate semisodium
5131:Psychotic depression
4014:Psychiatric Services
3176:(10265): 1841–1856.
3081:10.4088/JCP.v65n0610
1727:10.1192/bjp.181.2.94
1284:Catherine Zeta-Jones
1245:Frederick K. Goodwin
1142:Emanuel Ernst Mendel
865:are associated with
441:psychotic depression
197:glutamatergic system
133:episode of hypomania
5359:Clinical psychology
5174:Hypomania Checklist
5012:Atypical depression
4417:Psychiatric Studies
3720:Psychiatry Research
3166:"Bipolar disorders"
1577:"Bipolar Diagnosis"
1177:Society and culture
1044:executive functions
481:delusional disorder
386:its entry for BP-II
339:Comorbid conditions
295:atypical depression
289:, and a history of
250:Depressive episodes
164:unipolar depression
117:Bipolar II disorder
66:clinical psychology
43:Bipolar II disorder
18:Bipolar II Disorder
5352:Non-pharmaceutical
4763:on April 24, 2011.
4690:The New York Times
4518:on 23 October 2014
4512:ChristianFaith.com
4133:Kessler, Ronald C.
4055:(Suppl 9): 47–51.
3498:Randall C (2010).
2977:(jun27 4): f3646.
1987:10.1002/jclp.20360
1942:"Bipolar Disorder"
1434:Benazzi F (2007).
1357:Bipolar I disorder
984:setting boundaries
944:behavioral therapy
867:movement disorders
803:
700:
214:depressive episode
208:Signs and symptoms
145:bipolar I disorder
5467:Depression (mood)
5449:
5448:
5402:
5401:
5326:Lithium carbonate
5272:Dextroamphetamine
5090:Suicidal ideation
5051:
5050:
4880:
4879:
4664:. August 13, 2012
4634:. July 21, 2011.
4569:Wentworth Courier
4432:Bipolar Disorders
4368:978-0-19-803923-5
3998:978-0-521-87314-7
3958:978-1-60529-645-6
3893:Bipolar Disorders
3873:978-0-521-87314-7
3689:978-0-521-87314-7
3624:(2 Suppl): 12–6.
3510:on 8 January 2012
3477:978-0-521-87314-7
3359:10.2217/cpr.13.85
3347:Clinical Practice
3119:(10): 1532–1551.
2984:10.1136/bmj.f3646
2812:978-0-521-87314-7
2648:978-0-521-87314-7
2550:978-1-58562-469-0
2505:978-0-7020-3397-1
2412:978-0-07-177194-8
2377:978-1-9751-4556-9
2275:(9565): 935–945.
2174:978-1-58562-469-0
2129:978-1-58562-469-0
2071:Carter J (2009).
1967:Leahy RL (2007).
1826:– via Gale.
1776:978-1-4129-4968-2
1686:978-1-4963-8915-2
1512:Bipolar Disorders
1319:Psychology portal
1305:Psychiatry portal
1235:Jesse Jackson Jr.
948:cognitive therapy
758:therapeutic index
656:anxiety disorders
648:suicidal ideation
539:According to the
461:hypomanic episode
405:
404:
275:suicidal ideation
135:and at least one
114:
113:
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5479:
5462:Bipolar spectrum
5341:Lithium toxicity
5303:mood stabilizers
5253:Sympathomimetics
5236:Sodium valproate
5204:
4931:Bipolar disorder
4927:
4907:
4900:
4893:
4884:
4845:
4838:
4837:
4836:. 14 April 2011.
4826:
4820:
4819:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4759:. Archived from
4748:
4742:
4741:
4727:
4721:
4720:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4572:. Archived from
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4514:. Archived from
4503:
4497:
4496:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4467:"Hell and Black"
4462:
4456:
4455:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4412:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4384:
4373:
4372:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4335:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4278:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4213:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4172:
4125:
4114:
4113:
4095:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3986:
3972:
3963:
3962:
3946:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3916:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3861:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3808:
3799:
3798:
3769:
3754:
3753:
3743:
3711:
3694:
3693:
3677:
3663:
3650:
3649:
3613:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3565:
3533:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3495:
3482:
3481:
3465:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3401:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3325:
3307:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3128:
3104:
3093:
3092:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2986:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2929:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2842:
2817:
2816:
2800:
2786:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2738:
2728:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2687:
2666:(October 2011).
2659:
2653:
2652:
2626:
2611:
2610:
2574:
2563:
2562:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2434:
2425:
2424:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2361:
2350:
2349:
2339:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2153:
2142:
2141:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2078:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1972:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1845:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1798:
1781:
1780:
1764:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1729:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1666:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1638:
1618:
1608:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1509:
1501:
1474:
1473:
1439:
1431:
1352:Bipolar disorder
1335:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1217:Charmaine Dragun
1153:Carl Gustav Jung
1146:phenomenological
762:lithium toxicity
718:Mood stabilizers
704:mood stabilizers
664:major depression
660:eating disorders
646:, guilt, shame,
400:
397:
391:
375:
374:
367:
129:bipolar spectrum
97:Mood stabilizers
40:
21:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5398:
5347:
5336:Lithium sulfate
5331:Lithium citrate
5296:
5287:Methylphenidate
5256:
5247:
5208:Anticonvulsants
5193:
5145:
5136:Racing thoughts
5047:
5031:
4983:
4916:
4911:
4881:
4876:
4875:
4856:
4842:
4841:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4775:Boy Interrupted
4773:
4772:
4768:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4729:
4728:
4724:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4695:
4693:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4667:
4665:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4641:
4639:
4632:NASCAR Race Hub
4612:
4611:
4607:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4579:
4577:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4547:
4545:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4521:
4519:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4414:
4413:
4406:
4396:
4394:
4386:
4385:
4376:
4369:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4127:
4126:
4117:
4080:JAMA Psychiatry
4073:
4072:
4068:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4011:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3974:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3810:
3809:
3802:
3771:
3770:
3757:
3713:
3712:
3697:
3690:
3665:
3664:
3653:
3615:
3614:
3599:
3591:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3535:
3534:
3523:
3513:
3511:
3497:
3496:
3485:
3478:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3436:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3229:
3227:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3106:
3105:
3096:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3021:
3020:
3016:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2872:
2871:
2864:
2855:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2820:
2813:
2788:
2787:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2629:Orum M (2008).
2628:
2627:
2614:
2576:
2575:
2566:
2551:
2529:
2528:
2521:
2506:
2495:Core psychiatry
2491:
2490:
2486:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2413:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2378:
2363:
2362:
2353:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2248:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2223:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2175:
2155:
2154:
2145:
2130:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2087:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2015:
2014:
2010:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1822:
1820:
1801:Mak AD (2007).
1800:
1799:
1784:
1777:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1687:
1668:
1667:
1656:
1639:
1627:
1610:
1609:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1503:
1502:
1477:
1433:
1432:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1333:Medicine portal
1331:
1326:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1265:Boy Interrupted
1241:Thomas Eagleton
1185:
1179:
1134:
1121:
1093:
1068:
1052:semantic memory
1030:
992:
968:psychoeducation
919:
909:
896:antidepressants
885:
879:
877:Antidepressants
871:anticholinergic
792:
786:
726:
724:mood stabilizer
720:
712:antidepressants
689:
672:
615:
537:
463:, at least one
457:
447:, and early or
401:
395:
392:
389:
376:
372:
365:
341:
321:racing thoughts
316:
303:
252:
228:
222:
210:
201:pathophysiology
192:
107:antidepressants
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5485:
5483:
5475:
5474:
5472:Mood disorders
5469:
5464:
5454:
5453:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5416:Emil Kraepelin
5412:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5318:
5313:
5311:Antipsychotics
5307:
5305:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5263:
5261:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5212:
5210:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5155:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5108:Sleep disorder
5104:
5099:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5072:
5067:
5061:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4993:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4935:
4933:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4887:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4857:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4848:Classification
4840:
4839:
4821:
4802:
4784:
4766:
4743:
4722:
4703:
4675:
4649:
4605:
4586:
4554:
4529:
4498:
4476:
4457:
4422:
4404:
4374:
4367:
4347:
4310:(9): 251–269.
4290:
4253:(9): 251–269.
4233:
4204:(2): 155–161.
4184:
4147:(3): 241–251.
4115:
4086:(5): 573–581.
4066:
4039:
4004:
3997:
3964:
3957:
3928:
3879:
3872:
3846:
3800:
3755:
3726:(1–2): 131–4.
3695:
3688:
3651:
3597:
3577:
3548:(1–3): 53–60.
3521:
3483:
3476:
3446:
3421:
3392:(1): 123–129.
3372:
3337:
3278:
3235:
3203:
3156:
3094:
3075:(6): 791–804.
3055:
3043:
3014:
2957:
2900:
2862:
2818:
2811:
2764:
2750:
2699:
2654:
2647:
2612:
2585:(1–3): 59–67.
2564:
2549:
2519:
2504:
2484:
2449:(4): 244–258.
2426:
2411:
2391:
2376:
2351:
2310:
2255:
2230:
2205:
2188:
2173:
2143:
2128:
2100:
2085:
2063:
2008:
1981:(5): 417–424.
1959:
1932:
1897:(1): 105–106.
1881:
1829:
1782:
1775:
1749:
1700:
1685:
1677:Wolters Kluwer
1654:
1625:
1598:
1568:
1537:
1475:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1322:
1308:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1181:Main article:
1178:
1175:
1133:
1130:
1120:
1117:
1092:
1089:
1067:
1064:
1029:
1026:
1017:mixed episodes
991:
988:
936:psychoanalysis
908:
905:
883:Antidepressant
878:
875:
863:antipsychotics
859:chlorpromazine
819:antipsychotics
785:
784:Antipsychotics
782:
734:anticonvulsant
719:
716:
708:antipsychotics
688:
685:
671:
668:
614:
611:
603:
602:
596:
594:Mental illness
590:
585:
580:
572:
567:
562:
536:
533:
532:
531:
524:
521:
518:
515:
508:
505:
502:
499:
456:
455:DSM-5 criteria
453:
403:
402:
379:
377:
370:
364:
361:
340:
337:
315:
312:
302:
299:
291:antidepressant
251:
248:
224:Main article:
221:
218:
209:
206:
191:
188:
112:
111:
110:
109:
104:
102:antipsychotics
99:
92:
86:
85:
84:
83:
78:
73:
69:
68:
59:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5484:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5431:Karl Leonhard
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5389:Psychotherapy
5387:
5385:
5384:Light therapy
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5299:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5254:
5250:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5226:Oxcarbazepine
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5216:Carbamazepine
5214:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5097:Hallucination
5095:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5036:Comorbidities
5034:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4979:Rapid cycling
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4914:Mood disorder
4908:
4903:
4901:
4896:
4894:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4850:
4846:
4835:
4831:
4825:
4822:
4817:
4813:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4788:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4747:
4744:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4726:
4723:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4704:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4679:
4676:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4601:
4597:
4590:
4587:
4576:on 2010-10-29
4575:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4558:
4555:
4544:
4540:
4537:Cagle, Jess.
4533:
4530:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4502:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4477:
4472:
4468:
4461:
4458:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4423:
4418:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4392:
4391:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4351:
4348:
4343:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4237:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4043:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4020:(3): 358–61.
4019:
4015:
4008:
4005:
4000:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3984:
3978:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3880:
3875:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3850:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3819:(4): 1053–8.
3818:
3814:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3781:(1–3): 71–6.
3780:
3776:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3669:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3590:
3589:
3581:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3450:
3447:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3236:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3056:
3046:
3044:0-89042-336-9
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2881:(4): 259–66.
2880:
2876:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2792:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2330:(10): 57–63.
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2086:9781592578177
2082:
2077:
2076:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1963:
1960:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1838:Merikangas KR
1833:
1830:
1819:on 2020-08-13
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1626:9780890425541
1622:
1617:
1616:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:(9): 727–40.
1447:
1443:
1438:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1323:
1320:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1272:Richard Rossi
1270:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1251:Carrie Fisher
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:Geoff Bullock
1203:
1200:
1199:Maria Bamford
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1013:rapid cycling
1008:
1006:
1001:
997:
989:
987:
985:
981:
977:
976:light therapy
973:
969:
965:
964:music therapy
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:psychotherapy
918:
917:Psychotherapy
914:
906:
904:
902:
897:
894:
890:
884:
876:
874:
872:
869:, along with
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
811:meta-analyses
808:
800:
796:
791:
790:Antipsychotic
783:
781:
779:
775:
771:
765:
763:
759:
753:
751:
747:
743:
742:carbamazepine
739:
735:
731:
725:
717:
715:
713:
709:
705:
697:
693:
686:
684:
680:
678:
669:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
612:
610:
608:
601:
597:
595:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:Schizophrenia
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
556:
554:
553:manic episode
550:
546:
542:
534:
529:
528:rapid cycling
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
496:
495:
492:
490:
484:
482:
478:
477:schizophrenia
474:
470:
469:manic episode
466:
462:
454:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
425:
421:
417:
414:
410:
399:
396:February 2022
387:
383:
378:
369:
368:
362:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
338:
336:
334:
328:
326:
322:
313:
311:
307:
300:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
278:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
249:
247:
243:
241:
237:
232:
227:
219:
217:
215:
207:
205:
202:
198:
189:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
167:
165:
159:
157:
153:
148:
146:
142:
141:manic episode
138:
134:
130:
126:
125:mood disorder
122:
118:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
91:
87:
82:
81:psychotherapy
79:
76:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
33:
19:
5441:Mogens Schou
5277:Escitalopram
5106:
4943:
4860:
4833:
4824:
4815:
4805:
4797:
4787:
4774:
4769:
4761:the original
4756:
4746:
4735:
4725:
4716:
4706:
4694:. Retrieved
4688:
4678:
4666:. Retrieved
4661:
4652:
4640:. Retrieved
4617:
4608:
4599:
4589:
4578:. Retrieved
4574:the original
4567:
4557:
4546:. Retrieved
4542:
4532:
4520:. Retrieved
4516:the original
4511:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4479:
4470:
4460:
4438:(5): 474–7.
4435:
4431:
4425:
4416:
4395:. Retrieved
4393:. Soul Books
4389:
4357:
4350:
4307:
4303:
4293:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4201:
4197:
4187:
4144:
4140:
4083:
4079:
4069:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4017:
4013:
4007:
3982:
3942:
3931:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3857:
3849:
3816:
3812:
3778:
3774:
3723:
3719:
3673:
3621:
3617:
3587:
3580:
3545:
3541:
3512:. Retrieved
3508:the original
3503:
3461:
3449:
3437:. Retrieved
3433:
3424:
3389:
3385:
3375:
3353:(1): 39–48.
3350:
3346:
3340:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3228:, retrieved
3216:
3206:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3116:
3112:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3048:, retrieved
3026:
3017:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2920:(2): 47–57.
2917:
2913:
2903:
2878:
2874:
2854:. Retrieved
2849:
2796:
2758:
2753:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2678:(3): 381–7.
2675:
2671:
2657:
2638:
2582:
2578:
2539:
2535:Andreasen NC
2494:
2487:
2446:
2442:
2401:
2394:
2366:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2247:. Retrieved
2243:
2233:
2222:. Retrieved
2218:
2208:
2199:
2164:
2161:Andreasen NC
2119:
2116:Andreasen NC
2074:
2066:
2025:
2021:
2011:
1978:
1974:
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1935:
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1851:
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1821:. Retrieved
1816:the original
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1119:Epidemiology
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835:aripiprazole
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325:irritability
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229:
211:
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168:
160:
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5260:and similar
5221:Lamotrigine
5114:Hypersomnia
4954:Bipolar NOS
4949:Cyclothymia
4794:Lynn Cullen
4619:YouTube.com
4397:16 February
3500:"Chapter 1"
3439:22 November
3251:(1): 7–26.
2850:icd.who.int
2028:: 623–630.
1367:Bipolar NOS
1362:Cyclothymia
1257:Demi Lovato
1229:Shane Hmiel
1189:Heath Black
1028:Functioning
972:mindfulness
960:art therapy
855:haloperidol
851:ziprasidone
847:risperidone
831:cariprazine
746:lamotrigine
696:Lamotrigine
687:Medications
600:brain tumor
560:Cyclothymia
437:hyperphagia
433:hypersomnia
283:hypersomnia
48:Other names
5456:Categories
5292:Sertraline
5282:Fluoxetine
5102:Mood swing
4989:Depression
4944:Bipolar II
4668:August 13,
4624:Fox Sports
4580:2010-10-25
4548:2018-04-11
4543:PEOPLE.com
4522:23 October
3899:(1): 1–9.
3514:19 October
3230:2024-07-05
3217:StatPearls
3170:The Lancet
3050:2022-01-26
2856:2022-05-03
2421:1057895724
2386:1227837243
2269:The Lancet
2249:2023-09-27
2224:2023-09-27
2219:bpHope.com
1952:31 January
1823:2018-09-21
1635:1042815534
1591:30 January
1561:29 January
1394:References
1223:Joe Gilgun
1005:depression
827:olanzapine
823:lurasidone
807:quetiapine
799:Quetiapine
778:gabapentin
750:topiramate
732:, and the
670:Management
607:childbirth
545:hypomaniac
422:, and the
240:creativity
90:Medication
77:Medication
62:Psychiatry
5426:John Cade
5267:Bupropion
5231:Valproate
5199:Treatment
5151:Diagnosis
5126:Psychosis
5085:Dysphoria
5080:Anhedonia
5002:Dysthymia
4964:Hypomania
4959:Childhood
4939:Bipolar I
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4779:HBO Films
4717:USA Today
4662:USA Today
4642:4 October
4324:2045-1253
4267:2045-1253
4220:1809-452X
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1695:988106757
1643:cite book
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1091:Mortality
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990:Prognosis
901:dysphoria
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770:glutamate
738:valproate
512:catatonic
489:anhedonia
467:, and no
363:Diagnosis
256:syndromal
226:Hypomania
220:Hypomania
156:psychosis
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4757:MTV News
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