893:, which do not fit neatly into any of the other categories. Different antidepressants work better for different individuals; it simply comes down to the person and what they prefer. It is often necessary to try several before finding one that works best for a specific patient. Some people may find it essential to combine medications, which could mean two antidepressants or an antipsychotic medication in addition to an antidepressant. If a person's close relative has responded well to a certain medication, that treatment will likely work well for them. For example, if the depression is familial and the person's mother is prescribed an SSRI, then the same SSRI will most likely benefit the person as well. Antidepressant medications are effective in the acute, continuation, and maintenance phases of treatment, as described above.
1222:; Henderson, A.S.; Strotzka, H.; Lipowski, Z.; Yu-cun, Shen; You-xin, Xu; Strömgren, E.; Glatzel, J.; Kühne, G.-E.; Misès, R.; Soldatos, C.R.; Pull, C.B.; Giel, R.; Jegede, R.; Malt, U.; Nadzharov, R.A.; Smulevitch, A.B.; Hagberg, B.; Perris, C.; Scharfetter, C.; Clare, A.; Cooper, J.E.; Corbett, J.A.; Griffith Edwards, J.; Gelder, M.; Goldberg, D.; Gossop, M.; Graham, P.; Kendell, R.E.; Marks, I.; Russell, G.; Rutter, M.; Shepherd, M.; West, D.J.; Wing, J.; Wing, L.; Neki, J.S.; Benson, F.; Cantwell, D.; Guze, S.; Helzer, J.; Holzman, P.; Kleinman, A.; Kupfer, D.J.; Mezzich, J.; Spitzer, R.; Lokar, J.
413:). Psychomotor agitation is marked by increased body activity, which may result in restlessness, an inability to sit still, pacing, hand wringing, or fidgeting with clothes or objects. Psychomotor retardation results in a decrease in body activity. In this case, a depressed person may demonstrate a slowing of thinking, speaking, or body movement. They may speak more softly or say less than usual. To meet diagnostic criteria, changes in motor activity must be so abnormal that it can be observed by others. Personal reports of feeling restless or slow do not count towards the diagnostic criteria.
386:. Symptoms of insomnia include trouble falling asleep, trouble staying asleep, or waking up too early in the morning. Hypersomnia may include sleeping for prolonged periods at night or increased sleeping during the daytime. Sleep may not be restful, and the person may feel sluggish despite many hours of sleep, which may be a factor in the worsening of their depressive symptoms, which interfere with other aspects of their lives. This type of sleep disorder may make it harder to fall and stay asleep at night than during the day. Hypersomnia is often associated with
398:
difficulties with everyday decisions or trouble thinking or concentrating. This criterion requires this difficulty to cause significant difficulty in functioning for those involved in intellectually demanding activities, such as school and work, especially in difficult fields. Individuals with depression often describe a slowing of thought, an inability to concentrate and make decisions, and being easily distracted. In the elderly, the decreased concentration caused by a major depressive episode may present as deficits in memory. This is referred to as
448:. Suicidal ideation can be common amongst patients with depression, which includes suicidal thoughts without a concrete plan of execution. The frequency and intensity of thoughts of suicide can range from believing that friends and family would be better off if one were dead to frequent thoughts about suicide to detailed plans about how the suicide would be carried out. These thoughts may not represent a desire to die, but to stop the emotional pain.
33:
858:
788:, also known as talk therapy, counseling, or psychosocial therapy, is characterized by a patient discussing their condition and mental health issues with a trained therapist. Therapy alone has been proven to benefit people struggling with various mental illnesses. Different types of psychotherapy are used as a treatment for depression, including
1022:. The mechanism of action of the treatment is not clearly understood, but has been shown to be most effective in the most severely depressed patients. For this reason, electroconvulsive therapy is preferred for the most severe forms of depression or depression that has not responded to other treatments, known as
558:
below, one of which must be either a depressive mood or a loss of interest or pleasure (although both are frequently present). These symptoms must be present for at least 2 weeks, represent a change from the patient's normal behavior, and cannot be attributed to another medical condition or substance
500:
play a larger role in the first 1–2 depressive episodes while having less influence in later episodes. People who experience a major depressive episode often have other mental health issues. Children with generalized social anxiety disorder may be more likely to experience a major depressive episode.
416:
In a major depressive episode, appetite is often decreased without a conscious effort to diet. A person experiencing a depressive episode may have a marked loss or gain of weight (5% of their body weight in one month), which may be the result of a lack of energy. In children, failure to make expected
896:
The treatment benefits of antidepressant medications are often not seen until 1–2 weeks into treatment, with maximum benefits reached around 4–6 weeks. Likely, the person will experience more negative side effects during the first week or two and may want to stop taking the medication. However, they
499:
There are usually a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors that play into a person's depression. A major depressive episode can often follow acute stress in someone's life, such as the death of a loved one or being fired from a job. Evidence suggests that psychosocial stressors
749:
Depression is a treatable illness. Treatments for a major depressive episode may be provided by mental health specialists (e.g. psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, counselors), mental health centers or organizations, hospitals, outpatient clinics, social service agencies, private clinics,
397:
A general lack of energy, fatigue, and tiredness that cannot be otherwise explained is also a symptom of a major depressive episode. A person may feel tired without engaging in any physical activity, which may cause day-to-day tasks, such as showering, to become unmanageable. This may also lead to
1137:
of MDD is slightly lower, ranging from 3.7% to 6.7% of people. In their lifetime, 20% to 25% of women and 7% to 12% of men will have a major depressive episode. The peak period of development is between the ages of 25 and 44. The onset of major depressive episodes or MDD often occurs in people in
900:
Sometimes, people stop taking antidepressant medications due to side effects, although these effects often become less severe over time. Suddenly stopping a treatment or missing several doses may cause withdrawal-like symptoms. Some studies have shown that antidepressants may increase short-term
323:
Although the exact origin of depression is unclear, it is believed to involve biological, psychological, and social aspects. Socioeconomic status, life experience, genetics, and personality traits are believed to be factors in the development of depression and may represent an increased risk of
487:
The cause of a major depressive episode is not well understood. Despite its longstanding prominence in pharmaceutical advertising, the idea that low serotonin levels cause depression is not supported by scientific evidence. One interpretation is that depression manifests due to an imbalance of
761:
For major depressive episodes of severe intensity (multiple symptoms, minimal mood reactivity, and severe functional impairment), combined psychotherapy and antidepressant medications are more effective than psychotherapy alone. Meta-analyses suggest that the combination of psychotherapy and
327:
In the 19th century, the term "depression" was first used as "mental depression," suggesting depression as essentially a mood or affect disorder. In modern times, depression, more often severe cases, is more noted as an absence of pleasure, with feelings of emptiness and flatness.
897:
should continue the medication until the 4–6-week mark to know how they feel about it. Most healthcare providers will monitor patients more closely during the acute phase of treatment and continue to monitor them at longer intervals in the continuation and maintenance phases.
811:
Psychotherapy may be the first treatment for mild to moderate depression, especially when psychosocial stressors play a large role. Psychotherapy alone may not be as effective for more severe forms of depression, such as depression with a chemical imbalance in the brain.
375:, emotional numbness, or irritability. In children and adolescents, a depressed mood often presents as irritability. Withdrawal from social settings and neglect of personal relationships often accompany depressed mood, and may be noticed by those close to the person.
370:
in everyday activities for most of the day or every day must be present for a diagnosis of a major depressive episode. In addition, the person may experience one or more of the following emotions: sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, indifference, anxiety, tearfulness,
424:
Individuals suffering from a major depressive episode may have excessive feelings of guilt that go beyond an average level and which are not linked to guilt about being depressed. Major depressive episodes are often accompanied by a significant drop in
775:
Maintenance: this phase is not necessary for every patient but is often used for patients who have experienced 2–3 (or more) major depressive episodes. Treatment may be maintained indefinitely to prevent the occurrence and severity of future
2802:
2783:
1074:. The risk of suicide increases during a major depressive episode. However, the risk is even higher during the acute and continuation phases of treatment. There are several factors associated with an increased risk of suicide, listed below:
624:
No labs are diagnostic of a depressive episode, but some labs can help rule out general medical conditions that may mimic the symptoms of a depressive episode. Healthcare providers may order blood work, including routine blood chemistry,
1032:
is an alternative treatment that has been proven effective in treating depression, especially for people who have been resistant to four or more treatments. Some of the unique benefits of vagus nerve stimulation include improved
1043:
is another alternative treatment for a major depressive episode. It is a non-invasive treatment that is easily tolerated and shows an antidepressant effect, especially in people with more typical depression and younger adults.
1063:
Symptoms completely improve in six to eight weeks in 60% to 70% of patients. The combination of therapy and antidepressant medications has been shown to improve the resolution of symptoms and the outcomes of treatment.
559:
use. Symptoms must also cause clinically significant distress in important areas of everyday life (eg. social or occupational). For a diagnosis of a major depressive episode, the patient must also not have a history of
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Hämäläinen, Juha; Poikolainen, Kari; Isometsa, Erkki; Kaprio, Jaakko; Heikkinen, Martti; Lindeman, Sari; Aro, Hillevi (2005). "Major depressive episode related to long unemployment and frequent alcohol intoxication".
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antidepressant medications is more effective in treating mild and moderate forms of depression than either type of treatment alone. Patients with severe symptoms may require outpatient treatment or hospitalization.
405:
Changes in motor activity by individuals in a major depressive episode that is slower or faster than normal levels may be noticed by those around them. People with depression may be overly active (
460:(association) with other physical and mental health problems. About 20–25% of individuals with a chronic general medical condition will develop major depression. Common comorbid disorders include
429:
without an obvious reason. The guilt and worthlessness experienced in a major depressive episode can range from subtle guilt to delusions of wrongdoing, shame, and humiliation. Additionally,
1138:
their mid-20s and less often in those over 65. The prevalence of depressive symptoms in the elderly is around 1–2%. Elderly persons in nursing homes may have increased rates, up to 15–25%.
1060:. Fifty percent of people will have another major depressive episode after the first. However, the risk of relapse is decreased by taking antidepressant medications for more than 6 months.
417:
weight gains may be counted towards this criterion. Some individuals also experience increased appetite due to coping through self-soothing and eating. Overeating is often associated with
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suicidal thoughts or actions, especially in children, adolescents, and young adults. However, antidepressants are more likely to reduce a person's risk of suicide in the long run.
1766:
Maes, Michael; Meltzer, Herbert Y.; Scharpé, Simon; Cooreman, Wim; Uyttenbroeck, Wim; Suy, Eduard; Vandervorst, Carine; Calabrese, Joseph; Raus, Jef; Cosyns, Paul (1993-06-01).
2687:
Shalev, A; Freedman, S; Peri, T; Brandes, D; Sahar, T; Orr, SP; Pitman, RK (May 1998). "Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma".
2578:
Hawton, Keith; Casañas i
Comabella, Carolina; Haw, Camilla; Saunders, Kate (2013-05-01). "Risk factors for suicide in individuals with depression: A systematic review".
772:
Continuation: this phase continues the same treatment from the acute phase for 4–8 months after the depressive episode has resolved, and the goal is to prevent relapse.
1768:"Psychomotor retardation, anorexia, weight loss, sleep disturbances, and loss of energy: Psychopathological correlates of hyperhaptoglobinemia during major depression"
1355:
492:
in the brain, resulting in feelings of worthlessness and despair. Magnetic resonance imaging shows that the brains of people diagnosed with depression may have a
1052:
If left untreated, a typical major depressive episode may last for several months. About 20% of these episodes can last two years or more, while about half end
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870:
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Healthcare providers may screen patients in the general population for depression using a screening tool, such as the
Patient Healthcare Questionnaire-2 (
4355:
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3414:
874:
2545:
Harrison, Tinsley
Randolph; Kasper, Dennis L.; Fauci, Anthony S.; Hauser, Stephen L.; Longo, Dan L.; Jameson, J. Larry; Loscalzo, Joseph (2016-05-27).
1056:. However, even after the major depressive episode is over 20% to 30% of patients have residual symptoms, which can be distressing and associated with
50:
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Some of the main forms of psychotherapy used for the treatment of a major depressive episode, along with what makes them unique, are included below:
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have higher rates of depressive symptoms compared to other races. Prepubescent girls are affected at a slightly higher rate than prepubescent boys.
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Various treatment options exist for people who have experienced multiple episodes of major depression or have not responded to several treatments.
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criteria for a major depressive episode. A diagnosis of a major depressive episode requires the patient to have experienced five or more of the
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3198:
904:
Below are listed the main classes of antidepressant medications, some of the most common drugs in each category, and their major side effects:
866:
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The cause of depression is believed to be due to a combined effect of genetic and environmental factors. Other medical conditions, for example
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up to 10% smaller than those who do not exhibit signs of depression. A family history of depression increases the chance of being diagnosed.
2089:
Botega, Neury José; Barros, Marilisa Berti de
Azevedo; Oliveira, Helenice Bosco de; Dalgalarrondo, Paulo; MarĂn-LeĂłn, LetĂcia (March 2005).
661:
666:
Other disorders need to be ruled out before diagnosing major depressive episodes. Differential diagnoses include, but are not limited to:
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Prozac is one example of an SSRI, the class of antidepressant medications that are used as the first line in the treatment of depression.
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3515:
3010:
1936:
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techniques. Evidence shows that cognitive behavioral therapy can be as effective as medication in treating a major depressive episode.
97:
4682:
3617:
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The two main symptoms of a major depressive episode are a depressed mood and a loss of interest or pleasure. From the list below, one
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and may believe they are not worthy of care from those around them, and may feel as though their lives have no meaning or purpose.
2495:
Raj, Kristin S.; Williams, Nolan; DeBattista, Charles (2019), Papadakis, Maxine A.; McPhee, Stephen J.; Rabow, Michael W. (eds.),
280:
for at least two weeks or more, and a loss of interest or pleasure in everyday activities. Other symptoms can include feelings of
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3703:
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1201:
76:
3737:
3532:
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1133:(MDD) vary significantly. Overall, 13–20% of people will experience significant depressive symptoms at some point. The overall
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4146:
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54:
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1736:
1705:
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Depressed mood is the most common symptom of a major depressive episode. Either a depressive mood or a loss of interest or
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Women who have recently given birth may be at increased risk of having a major depressive episode. This is referred to as
1150:
683:
469:
83:
1657:
479:
Some people with a fatal illness or at the end of their lives may experience depression, although this is not universal.
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is a common symptom exhibited in patients with clinical depression. Many patients in major depressive disorders exhibits
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3304:
3124:
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A person going through a major depressive episode may have repeated thoughts about death, other than the fear of dying;
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882:
837:
825:
391:
1995:"The hippocampus in major depression: evidence for the convergence of the bench and Bedside in psychiatric research?"
65:
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4574:
3489:
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649:
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Cuijpers, Pim; Reynolds, Charles F.; Donker, Tara; Li, Juan; Andersson, Gerhard; Beekman, Aartjan (October 2012).
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and often goes away with treatment. Decreased concentration may be reported by the patient or observed by others.
43:
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1224:"The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines"
878:
542:, this would be considered a mood disorder due to a general medical condition, not a major depressive episode.
331:
In the United States and Canada, the costs associated with major depression are comparable to those related to
1868:
Moncrieff, J., Cooper, R. E., Stockmann, T., Amendola, S., Hengartner, M. P., Horowitz, M. A. (20 July 2022).
583:
and four other symptoms must be presented for at least 2 weeks for a diagnosis of a major depressive episode.
2240:
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4569:
4076:
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3921:
3878:
3695:
3015:
2831:
1029:
993:
886:
410:
169:
969:): major side effects include nausea, diarrhea, increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, and tremors
538:, may cause people to experience similar symptoms as a major depressive episode. However, according to the
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4086:
3977:
3936:
3911:
3819:
3319:
3256:
3081:
2957:
2139:
1958:
Katon, Wayne; Ciechanowski, Paul (October 2002). "Impact of major depression on chronic medical illness".
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568:
525:
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2140:"Comorbidity of generalized social anxiety disorder and depression in a pediatric primary care sample"
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Family history; acute stresses (major life changes, adverse life experiences); chronic health problems
90:
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4380:
4136:
3956:
3557:
3537:
3376:
3361:
3261:
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2445:"Personalized Treatment of Adult Depression: Medication, psychotherapy, or both? A systematic review"
1844:
Psychiatry Under the
Influence: Institutional Corruption, Social Injury, and Prescriptions for Reform
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1015:
948:
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626:
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229:
358:, although in more severe cases, hospitalization or intensive outpatient treatment may be required.
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4306:
4208:
4185:
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4025:
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845:
829:
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418:
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301:
213:
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4390:
4180:
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3629:
2879:
2862:
2474:
2030:
1917:
1803:
1624:
1576:"Brief Treatment Strategies for Major Depressive Disorder: Advice for the Primary Care Clinician"
1349:
992:): major side effects include sedation, low blood pressure when moving from sitting to standing (
841:
152:
2520:
750:
peer support groups, clergy, and employee assistance programs. The treatment plan could include
924:(e.g. cheeses, some meats, and home-brewed beer), sedation, tremor, and orthostatic hypotension
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3941:
3873:
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3683:
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2929:
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2704:
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2603:
2595:
2560:
2550:
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2301:
2204:
2159:
2120:
2112:
2091:"Suicidal behavior in the community: prevalence and factors associated with suicidal ideation"
2071:
2022:
2014:
1975:
1909:
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1787:
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1548:
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1393:
1337:
1327:
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Stern, Theodore A.; Fava, Maurizio; Wilens, Timothy E.; Rosenbaum, Jerrold F., eds. (2016).
2151:
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2061:
2006:
1967:
1899:
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1608:
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1401:
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1219:
1206:
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1019:
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508:
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225:
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4230:
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3661:
3484:
3423:
3276:
3271:
3243:
3227:
3076:
1223:
1211:
1161:
920:): major side effects include dangerously high blood pressure if taken with foods rich in
461:
445:
289:
256:
4522:
1374:"Pathophysiology of Depression: Do We Have Any Solid Evidence of Interest to Clinicians?"
644:). If the PHQ-2 screening is positive for depression, a provider may then administer the
1904:
1869:
4457:
4398:
4322:
4131:
4098:
4081:
4071:
3356:
3148:
3048:
2066:
2049:
1543:
1534:
1518:
1406:
1389:
1373:
1320:
1249:
1237:
966:
769:
Acute phase: the goal of this phase is to resolve the current major depressive episode.
755:
535:
465:
399:
355:
2811:
2644:
Younger, David S. (2016-11-01). "Epidemiology of
Childhood and Adult Mental Illness".
2335:
2155:
2048:
Tsuang, Ming T.; Bar, Jessica L.; Stone, William S.; Faraone, Stephen V. (June 2004).
1971:
1767:
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3760:
3371:
3329:
3324:
3251:
3166:
3156:
3037:
2919:
2854:
1921:
1783:
1071:
989:
973:
909:
834:
Problem-solving psychotherapy: focus on situations and strategies for problem-solving
785:
751:
514:
430:
351:
347:, there is a direct correlation between a major depressive episode and unemployment.
332:
243:
3392:
2478:
2107:
2090:
2034:
1807:
1628:
1114:(auditory or visual hallucinations, disorganization of speech, behavior, or thought)
522:
Personality (insecure, worried, stress-sensitive, obsessive, unassertive, dependent)
472:. Up to 25% of people who experience a major depressive episode have a pre-existing
4345:
4126:
3678:
3381:
3217:
2201:
Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision
932:
340:
293:
1870:"The serotonin theory of depression: a systematic umbrella review of the evidence"
17:
1744:
1261:
1257:
4330:
4061:
3792:
3542:
3161:
3054:
2889:
2391:
2138:
Chavira, Denise A; Stein, Murray B; Bailey, Kelly; Stein, Martin T (June 2004).
1697:
1258:
Chapter 1. A Summary of Recent
Updates on the Genetic Determinants of Depression
1079:
977:
962:
890:
805:
703:
634:
493:
457:
426:
383:
317:
313:
187:
32:
1886:
1575:
947:): major side effects include nausea, diarrhea, and sexual dysfunction such as
4647:
4340:
4245:
3946:
3671:
3666:
3462:
3232:
3222:
3042:
2796:
2792:
2723:
2657:
2591:
2289:
1612:
1134:
1057:
985:
958:
952:
944:
940:
936:
928:
917:
913:
251:
145:
2665:
2599:
2564:
2116:
2018:
1895:
1791:
1397:
1341:
4600:
4532:
4350:
3809:
3547:
3472:
3366:
3207:
3171:
3066:
3025:
3020:
2942:
2904:
1034:
765:
The treatment of a major depressive episode can be split into three phases:
721:
564:
473:
372:
281:
2739:
2673:
2607:
2470:
2343:
2305:
2163:
2124:
2075:
2026:
1994:
1979:
1913:
1620:
1552:
1415:
2708:
2700:
2626:
Feldman, Mitchell D.; Christensen, John F.; Satterfield, Jason M. (2014).
1799:
857:
4335:
4005:
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3898:
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3005:
2756:
1265:
921:
555:
379:
367:
336:
309:
297:
157:
2775:
378:
Major depressive episodes are known to cause sleep disturbances such as
2997:
2010:
1153:
had depression four months after they experienced the traumatic event.
1067:
981:
441:
305:
285:
161:
304:, difficulties remembering details, making decisions, and thoughts of
4053:
3868:
2787:
2461:
2444:
2229:
Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition
2228:
1826:
Walls, Ron M.; Hockberger, Robert S.; Gausche-Hill, Marianne (2018).
1129:
Estimates of the number of people with major depressive episodes and
3831:
2909:
856:
645:
560:
551:
539:
1326:(5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
2823:
2322:
Cassano, P (2002). "Depression and public health, an overview".
2186:
Massachusetts
General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry
1500:
Ebert, Michael H.; James F. Leckman; Ismene L. Petrakis (2018).
1103:
652:
is a screening tool that can be used in the elderly population.
4621:
4489:
4424:
4276:
4003:
3848:
3758:
3578:
3439:
3396:
2827:
601:
Feelings of worthlessness and excessive or inappropriate guilt
26:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1322:
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5
160:; loss of interest/pleasure; difficulty with concentration;
1149:
study, researchers found that more than 40% of people with
567:
episodes and their symptoms cannot meet the criteria for a
174:
Self-harm; suicide; difficulty functioning in everyday life
1828:
Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice
1264:
by Roger S McIntyre, Carola Rong, Mehala Subramaniapillai
1164:, a low mood that resolves within 10 days after delivery.
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
758:
alone, or a combination of medication and psychotherapy.
604:
Indecisiveness, confusion, or a decrease in concentration
2203:. Washington, DC, USA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
1094:
History of suicide attempts or self-injurious behaviors
996:), tremor, and heart issues like conduction delays or
339:, and back problems and are greater than the costs of
1256:
Dunn, Eric C.; Wang, Min-Jung; Perlis, Roy H. (2019)
503:
Other risk factors for a depressive episode include:
320:
that are resistant to treatment may also be present.
2765:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1506:(3rd ed.). AccessMedicine, McGraw-Hill Medical.
4593:
4562:
4531:
4510:
4389:
4366:
4320:
4287:
4194:
4161:
4109:
4052:
4043:
4024:
3965:
3897:
3859:
3719:
3694:
3591:
3503:
3450:
3347:
3292:
3241:
3192:
3147:
3138:
3090:
2996:
2976:
2928:
2870:
2861:
2769:
2050:"Gene-environment interactions in mental disorders"
250:
239:
206:
196:
186:
178:
168:
151:
139:
134:
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2628:Behavioral Medicine: A Guide for Clinical Practice
1574:
1319:
957:Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (
350:Treatments for a major depressive episode include
2540:
2538:
2639:
2637:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2317:
2315:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
2501:Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment 2019
2199:American Psychiatric Association, ed. (2022).
3408:
2839:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
1503:Current Diagnosis & Treatment: Psychiatry
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1367:
1365:
1160:and is a different health condition than the
865:Medications used to treat depression include
708:Depression due to a general medical condition
590:Change in body activity (psychomotor changes)
444:, with or without a plan; or may have made a
8:
1841:Whitaker, R., Cosgrove, L. (23 April 2015).
1581:Topics in Advanced Practice Nursing eJournal
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
871:serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
164:; excessive guilt; thoughts of death/suicide
2490:
2488:
1938:Has the Serotonin Hypothesis Been Debunked?
1354:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1088:Family history of suicide or mental illness
875:norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors
550:The criteria below are based on the formal
272:) is a period characterized by symptoms of
4618:
4507:
4486:
4421:
4312:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
4284:
4273:
4049:
4021:
4000:
3856:
3845:
3755:
3588:
3575:
3447:
3436:
3415:
3401:
3393:
3144:
2867:
2846:
2832:
2824:
2766:
2722:Hirst, KP; Moutier, CY (15 October 2010).
2523:. Harvard Medical School. 18 December 2018
2241:"DSM-5 Criteria Major Depressive Disorder"
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
202:Based on symptoms as outlined in the DSM-5
131:
2460:
2376:Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (2016).
2224:
2222:
2220:
2106:
2065:
1903:
1885:
1880:(8). Nature Publishing Group: 3243–3256.
1542:
1405:
1202:Two genetic variants linked to depression
1070:is the 8th leading cause of death in the
927:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
4575:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
4171:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
2413:
2411:
1313:
1311:
1309:
2968:Depression in childhood and adolescence
1737:"Criteria for Major Depressive Episode"
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
867:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
324:developing a major depressive episode.
1993:MacQueen, G.; Frodl, T. (March 2011).
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1573:Valdivia, Ivan; Rossy, Nadine (2004).
1347:
828:: focus on relationships, losses, and
712:Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
276:. Those affected primarily exhibit a
7:
1517:S. Paykel, Eugene (September 2008).
662:Differential diagnoses of depression
55:adding citations to reliable sources
4278:Physiological and physical behavior
3011:Depression (differential diagnoses)
1708:from the original on 6 October 2013
1174:Depression (differential diagnoses)
1147:National Institute of Mental Health
637:levels, before making a diagnosis.
519:Lack of interpersonal relationships
456:Major depressive episodes may show
4224:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
3618:Emotional and behavioral disorders
1523:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
1390:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2010.tb00298.x
25:
4404:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
3335:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
3100:Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale
2324:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
1960:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
1698:"All About Depression: Diagnosis"
1204:doi:10.1038/nmiddleeast.2015.122
1041:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
1037:and sustained clinical response.
802:acceptance and commitment therapy
3704:X-linked intellectual disability
1535:10.31887/DCNS.2008.10.3/espaykel
31:
3533:Intermittent explosive disorder
3458:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
2108:10.1590/S1516-44462005000100011
2095:Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry
1658:"Depression (major depression)"
1372:Hasler, Gregor (October 2010).
1200:Costandi, Moheb (24 July 2015)
1179:Depressive personality disorder
822:: focus on patterns of thinking
733:Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
464:, substance-related disorders,
42:needs additional citations for
4176:Dissociative identity disorder
3441:Adult personality and behavior
2689:American Journal of Psychiatry
2580:Journal of Affective Disorders
2288:Maurer, DM (15 January 2012).
2144:Journal of Affective Disorders
1935:Ghaemi, N., M., P. H. (2022),
1519:"Basic concepts of depression"
1151:post-traumatic stress disorder
908:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (
722:Persistent depressive disorder
1:
2761:National Institutes of Health
2724:"Postpartum major depression"
2547:Harrison's manual of medicine
2336:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00304-5
2275:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2019
2156:10.1016/S0165-0327(03)00103-4
1972:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00313-6
688:obsessive-compulsive disorder
470:obsessive-compulsive disorder
4580:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
4117:Generalized anxiety disorder
3850:Neurological and symptomatic
3495:Sexual relationship disorder
3310:Dialectical behavior therapy
3305:Cognitive behavioral therapy
3125:Rating scales for depression
2630:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
2188:(Second ed.). Elsevier.
1784:10.1016/0165-1781(93)90081-Q
1601:Nordic Journal of Psychiatry
1091:Greater than 45 years of age
883:monoamine oxidase inhibitors
798:dialectical behavior therapy
790:cognitive behavioral therapy
611:Loss of interest or pleasure
345:Nordic Journal of Psychiatry
4356:REM sleep behavior disorder
3825:Seasonal affective disorder
3623:Separation anxiety disorder
3120:Mood Disorder Questionnaire
2948:Seasonal affective disorder
1830:(Ninth ed.). Elsevier.
972:Tricyclic antidepressants (
838:Psychodynamic psychotherapy
826:Interpersonal psychotherapy
530:Recent negative life events
392:seasonal affective disorder
246:; antidepressant medication
4704:
4623:Symptoms and uncategorized
3724:developmental disabilities
3490:Sexual maturation disorder
3110:General Behavior Inventory
2290:"Screening for depression"
1887:10.1038/s41380-022-01661-0
1014:is a treatment in which a
756:antidepressant medications
659:
650:Geriatric Depression Scale
435:distorted thought patterns
66:"Major depressive episode"
4683:Major depressive disorder
4628:
4617:
4585:Simple-type schizophrenia
4554:Schizophreniform disorder
4506:
4485:
4438:
4420:
4283:
4272:
4020:
3999:
3932:Mild cognitive impairment
3917:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
3855:
3844:
3815:Major depressive disorder
3768:
3754:
3720:Psychological development
3587:
3574:
3446:
3435:
3315:Electroconvulsive therapy
2938:Major depressive disorder
2728:American Family Physician
2658:10.1016/j.ncl.2016.06.010
2592:10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.004
2549:. McGraw-Hill Education.
2294:American Family Physician
1847:. Palgrave Macmillan US.
1613:10.1080/08039480500360872
1587:(1) – via Medscape.
1318:DSM-5 Task Force (2013).
1275:Retrieved 23 January 2021
1262:Major Depressive Disorder
1233:World Health Organization
1214:Retrieved 23 January 2021
1184:Major depressive disorder
1131:major depressive disorder
1012:Electroconvulsive therapy
879:tricyclic antidepressants
274:major depressive disorder
212:Any psychotic disorders;
4633:Impulse-control disorder
4549:Schizoaffective disorder
4544:Brief reactive psychosis
4241:Mass psychogenic illness
4204:Body dysmorphic disorder
3983:Post-concussion syndrome
3593:Emotional and behavioral
3130:Young Mania Rating Scale
3105:Child Mania Rating Scale
2984:Schizoaffective disorder
2963:Major depressive episode
1702:All About Depression.com
1097:Inability to accept help
887:atypical antidepressants
729:with depressive symptoms
631:thyroid function studies
266:major depressive episode
135:Major depressive episode
4570:Childhood schizophrenia
3922:Frontotemporal dementia
3879:High-functioning autism
3696:Intellectual disability
3257:Atypical antipsychotics
3016:Emotional dysregulation
2503:, McGraw-Hill Education
2497:"Psychiatric Disorders"
2273:Ferri, Fred F. (2019).
1212:Springer Nature Limited
1078:Alcohol or drug use or
1035:neurocognitive function
1030:Vagus nerve stimulation
1018:is induced by means of
994:orthostatic hypotension
820:Cognitive psychotherapy
411:psychomotor retardation
4087:Specific social phobia
3978:Organic brain syndrome
3820:Melancholic depression
3581:Childhood and learning
3320:Involuntary commitment
3082:Reduced affect display
2958:Melancholic depression
2449:Depression and Anxiety
2419:"Depression Medicines"
2378:Goldman-Cecil Medicine
1260:p. 3 left column
1100:Lack of social support
1004:Alternative treatments
862:
739:Substance use disorder
656:Differential diagnosis
234:Substance use disorder
208:Differential diagnosis
4643:Psychomotor agitation
4433:and substance-related
4376:Postpartum depression
4256:Somatization disorder
4142:Acute stress reaction
3907:AIDS dementia complex
2915:Mixed affective state
2759:information from the
2701:10.1176/ajp.155.5.630
1158:postpartum depression
1024:refractory depression
860:
794:interpersonal therapy
409:) or very lethargic (
407:psychomotor agitation
382:or, less frequently,
316:and aches, pains, or
4638:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
4468:Substance dependence
4381:Postpartum psychosis
3927:Huntington's disease
3709:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
3558:Personality disorder
3377:Kay Redfield Jamison
3362:Frederick K. Goodwin
3182:Valproate semisodium
3072:Psychotic depression
1999:Molecular Psychiatry
1874:Molecular Psychiatry
1082:psychiatric disorder
949:erectile dysfunction
727:Personality disorder
704:Cyclothymic disorder
513:Family history of a
230:Personality disorder
51:improve this article
4518:Delusional disorder
4463:Stimulant psychosis
4453:Physical dependence
4307:Rumination syndrome
4209:Conversion disorder
4186:Psychogenic amnesia
4036:with depressed mood
4034:Adjustment disorder
3937:Parkinson's disease
3912:Alzheimer's disease
3805:Atypical depression
3641:Social functioning
3516:Munchausen syndrome
3511:Factitious disorder
3300:Clinical psychology
3115:Hypomania Checklist
2953:Atypical depression
1772:Psychiatry Research
1747:on 23 November 2005
1741:Winthrop University
1016:generalized seizure
830:conflict resolution
737:Substance abuse or
699:Bipolar II disorder
680:Generalized anxiety
671:Adjustment disorder
629:with differential,
587:Weight loss or gain
419:atypical depression
388:atypical depression
343:. According to the
214:Adjustment disorder
4537:schizophrenia-like
4181:Dissociative fugue
3630:Movement disorders
3293:Non-pharmaceutical
2646:Neurologic Clinics
2521:"Major Depression"
2011:10.1038/mp.2010.80
1117:Recent severe loss
1112:Psychotic features
863:
842:defense mechanisms
474:dysthymic disorder
452:Comorbid disorders
362:Signs and symptoms
318:digestive problems
300:, difficulties in
18:Depressive episode
4678:Depression (mood)
4660:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4481:
4480:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4157:
4156:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3952:Vascular dementia
3874:Asperger syndrome
3840:
3839:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3684:Tourette syndrome
3570:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3390:
3389:
3343:
3342:
3267:Lithium carbonate
3213:Dextroamphetamine
3031:Suicidal ideation
2992:
2991:
2821:
2820:
1220:Sartorius, Norman
1140:African-Americans
1120:Severe depression
615:Suicidal ideation
490:neurotransmitters
288:, worthlessness,
262:
261:
198:Diagnostic method
129:Medical condition
127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
4695:
4673:Bipolar disorder
4619:
4508:
4487:
4422:
4297:Anorexia nervosa
4285:
4274:
4251:Psychogenic pain
4219:Globus pharyngis
4067:Childhood phobia
4050:
4022:
4001:
3857:
3846:
3756:
3655:Selective mutism
3606:Conduct disorder
3589:
3576:
3553:Trichotillomania
3528:Gender dysphoria
3523:Fear of intimacy
3480:Sexual anhedonia
3448:
3437:
3424:Mental disorders
3417:
3410:
3403:
3394:
3282:Lithium toxicity
3244:mood stabilizers
3194:Sympathomimetics
3177:Sodium valproate
3145:
2872:Bipolar disorder
2868:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2825:
2767:
2744:
2743:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2652:(4): 1023–1033.
2641:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2612:
2611:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2492:
2483:
2482:
2464:
2462:10.1002/da.21985
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2373:
2348:
2347:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2237:
2231:
2226:
2215:
2214:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2150:(2–3): 163–171.
2135:
2129:
2128:
2110:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2054:World Psychiatry
2045:
2039:
2038:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1907:
1889:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1812:
1811:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1743:. Archived from
1733:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1694:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1654:
1633:
1632:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1570:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1497:
1420:
1419:
1409:
1378:World Psychiatry
1369:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1345:
1325:
1315:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1228:
1189:Mental breakdown
1020:electric current
717:Gender dysphoria
694:Bipolar disorder
676:Anxiety disorder
509:childhood trauma
462:eating disorders
284:, hopelessness,
226:Gender dysphoria
222:Bipolar disorder
218:Anxiety disorder
132:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
35:
27:
21:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4652:
4624:
4605:
4589:
4558:
4536:
4527:
4502:
4477:
4434:
4431:substance abuse
4408:
4385:
4362:
4316:
4302:Bulimia nervosa
4279:
4260:
4236:Hypochondriasis
4231:False pregnancy
4214:Ganser syndrome
4196:Somatic symptom
4190:
4153:
4105:
4094:Specific phobia
4039:
4016:
3987:
3961:
3893:
3889:Savant syndrome
3861:Autism spectrum
3851:
3836:
3764:
3742:
3721:
3715:
3690:
3583:
3562:
3538:Dermatillomania
3499:
3485:Sexual anorexia
3442:
3431:
3421:
3391:
3386:
3339:
3288:
3277:Lithium sulfate
3272:Lithium citrate
3237:
3228:Methylphenidate
3197:
3188:
3149:Anticonvulsants
3134:
3086:
3077:Racing thoughts
2988:
2972:
2924:
2857:
2852:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2778:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2625:
2624:
2615:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2557:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2504:
2494:
2493:
2486:
2455:(10): 855–864.
2442:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2400:
2398:
2396:psycnet.apa.org
2390:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2374:
2351:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2271:
2258:
2249:
2247:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2218:
2211:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2166:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2047:
2046:
2042:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1941:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1824:
1815:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1735:
1734:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1696:
1695:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1636:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1572:
1571:
1560:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1499:
1498:
1423:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1346:
1334:
1317:
1316:
1287:
1282:
1243:
1241:
1226:
1218:
1197:
1170:
1127:
1050:
1006:
855:
783:
747:
664:
658:
622:
593:Change in sleep
577:
548:
485:
454:
446:suicide attempt
364:
356:antidepressants
278:depressive mood
257:Antidepressants
130:
123:
112:
106:
103:
60:
58:
48:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4701:
4699:
4691:
4690:
4688:Mood disorders
4685:
4680:
4675:
4665:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4607:
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4604:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4504:
4503:
4490:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4458:Rebound effect
4455:
4450:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4425:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4399:Hypersexuality
4395:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4338:
4333:
4327:
4325:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4293:
4291:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4206:
4200:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4134:
4132:Panic disorder
4129:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4099:Claustrophobia
4091:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4082:Anthropophobia
4074:
4072:Social anxiety
4069:
4064:
4058:
4056:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4030:
4028:
4018:
4017:
4004:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3942:Pick's disease
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3759:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3700:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3444:
3443:
3440:
3433:
3432:
3428:Classification
3422:
3420:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3397:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3357:Emil Kraepelin
3353:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3259:
3254:
3252:Antipsychotics
3248:
3246:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3049:Sleep disorder
3045:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3013:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2828:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2799:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:Classification
2764:
2763:
2752:
2751:External links
2749:
2746:
2745:
2734:(8): 926–933.
2714:
2695:(5): 630–637.
2679:
2633:
2613:
2586:(1–3): 17–28.
2570:
2555:
2534:
2512:
2484:
2435:
2407:
2383:
2349:
2330:(4): 849–857.
2311:
2300:(2): 139–144.
2280:
2256:
2245:www.mdcalc.com
2232:
2216:
2210:978-0890425756
2209:
2191:
2176:
2130:
2081:
2040:
2005:(3): 252–264.
1985:
1966:(4): 859–863.
1950:
1927:
1860:
1853:
1833:
1813:
1778:(3): 229–241.
1758:
1719:
1674:
1634:
1607:(6): 486–491.
1590:
1558:
1529:(3): 279–289.
1509:
1421:
1384:(3): 155–161.
1361:
1332:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1254:
1250:Microsoft Bing
1240:. bluebook.doc
1238:Microsoft Word
1215:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1049:
1046:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
970:
967:desvenlafaxine
955:
925:
854:
851:
850:
849:
835:
832:
823:
782:
779:
778:
777:
773:
770:
746:
743:
742:
741:
735:
730:
724:
719:
714:
709:
706:
701:
696:
691:
673:
660:Main article:
657:
654:
621:
618:
617:
616:
613:
608:
607:Loss of energy
605:
602:
599:
597:Depressed mood
594:
591:
588:
576:
573:
547:
544:
536:hypothyroidism
532:
531:
528:
523:
520:
517:
511:
484:
481:
466:panic disorder
453:
450:
400:pseudodementia
363:
360:
260:
259:
254:
248:
247:
241:
237:
236:
210:
204:
203:
200:
194:
193:
190:
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
172:
166:
165:
155:
149:
148:
143:
137:
136:
128:
125:
124:
107:September 2023
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4700:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4620:
4616:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:Schizophrenia
4561:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4492:Schizophrenia
4488:
4484:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4443:Drug overdose
4441:
4440:
4437:
4432:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4391:Sexual desire
4388:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4271:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4077:Social phobia
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4012:-related and
4011:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3847:
3843:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3718:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3406:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3372:Karl Leonhard
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3330:Psychotherapy
3328:
3326:
3325:Light therapy
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3167:Oxcarbazepine
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:Carbamazepine
3155:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:Hallucination
3036:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:Comorbidities
2975:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2920:Rapid cycling
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2855:Mood disorder
2849:
2844:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2556:9780071828529
2552:
2548:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2436:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2397:
2393:
2392:"APA PsycNet"
2387:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
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2358:
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2329:
2325:
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2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
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2276:
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2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2180:
2177:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1940:
1939:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1856:
1854:9781137506924
1850:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
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1785:
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1762:
1759:
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1707:
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1559:
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1528:
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1510:
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1504:
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1417:
1413:
1408:
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1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1333:9780890425541
1329:
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68: –
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62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
4523:Folie Ă deux
4448:Intoxication
4429:substances,
4427:Psychoactive
4346:Night terror
4163:Dissociative
4127:Panic attack
3679:Tic disorder
3382:Mogens Schou
3218:Escitalopram
3047:
2962:
2801:
2782:
2731:
2727:
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2525:. Retrieved
2515:
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2500:
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2448:
2438:
2428:February 13,
2426:. Retrieved
2422:
2399:. Retrieved
2395:
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2323:
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2274:
2248:. Retrieved
2244:
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2179:
2167:. Retrieved
2147:
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2133:
2101:(1): 45–53.
2098:
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2060:(2): 72–83.
2057:
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1836:
1827:
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1749:. Retrieved
1745:the original
1740:
1710:. Retrieved
1701:
1667:February 13,
1665:. Retrieved
1661:
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1600:
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1526:
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1248:– via
1242:. Retrieved
1231:www.who.int
1230:
1205:
1155:
1144:
1128:
1125:Epidemiology
1066:
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1039:
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933:escitalopram
903:
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341:hypertension
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294:irritability
269:
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188:Risk factors
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
4496:schizotypal
4331:Hypersomnia
4321:Nonorganic
4062:Agoraphobia
3793:Cyclothymia
3788:Bipolar NOS
3763:(affective)
3635:Stereotypic
3543:Kleptomania
3201:and similar
3162:Lamotrigine
3055:Hypersomnia
2895:Bipolar NOS
2890:Cyclothymia
2380:. Saunders.
2277:. Elsevier.
2169:17 November
1751:20 November
1712:13 February
1662:Mayo Clinic
1209:middle east
1108:Poor health
998:arrhythmias
978:desipramine
963:venlafaxine
891:mirtazapine
840:: focus on
806:mindfulness
635:Vitamin B12
494:hippocampus
458:comorbidity
427:self-esteem
390:as well as
384:hypersomnia
314:hypersomnia
4667:Categories
4648:Stereotypy
4511:Delusional
4500:delusional
4473:Withdrawal
4341:Parasomnia
4246:Nosophobia
4026:Adjustment
4014:somatoform
3947:Sundowning
3800:Depression
3783:Bipolar II
3672:Stuttering
3667:Cluttering
3463:Paraphilia
3233:Sertraline
3223:Fluoxetine
3043:Mood swing
2930:Depression
2885:Bipolar II
2757:Depression
2527:14 October
2507:2018-12-06
2401:2022-07-16
2250:2023-08-15
1280:References
1162:baby blues
1135:prevalence
1058:disability
986:imipramine
959:duloxetine
953:anorgasmia
945:sertraline
941:fluoxetine
937:paroxetine
929:citalopram
918:selegiline
914:phenelzine
853:Medication
848:strategies
526:Postpartum
252:Medication
146:Psychiatry
77:newspapers
4601:Catatonia
4533:Psychosis
4368:Postnatal
4351:Nightmare
3957:Wandering
3810:Dysthymia
3778:Bipolar I
3733:Pervasive
3548:Pyromania
3473:Voyeurism
3468:Fetishism
3367:John Cade
3208:Bupropion
3172:Valproate
3140:Treatment
3092:Diagnosis
3067:Psychosis
3026:Dysphoria
3021:Anhedonia
2943:Dysthymia
2905:Hypomania
2900:Childhood
2880:Bipolar I
2666:0733-8619
2600:0165-0327
2565:962405754
2117:1516-4446
2019:1476-5578
1922:250646781
1896:1359-4184
1792:0165-1781
1398:1723-8617
1350:cite book
1342:830807378
1048:Prognosis
877:(NDRIs),
873:(SNRIs),
869:(SSRIs),
776:episodes.
745:Treatment
565:hypomanic
546:Diagnosis
373:pessimism
282:emptiness
240:Treatment
141:Specialty
4336:Insomnia
4006:Neurotic
3973:Delirium
3899:Dementia
3738:Specific
3060:Insomnia
3006:Delusion
2998:Symptoms
2863:Spectrum
2740:20949886
2674:27719986
2608:23411024
2479:23549674
2471:22815247
2344:12377293
2306:22335214
2164:15207929
2125:15867983
2076:16633461
2035:20172072
2027:20661246
1980:12377294
1914:35854107
1905:10618090
1808:29860870
1706:Archived
1629:27459459
1621:16316902
1553:18979941
1416:20975857
1266:Elsevier
1168:See also
1080:comorbid
922:tyramine
889:such as
575:Criteria
556:symptoms
380:insomnia
368:pleasure
337:diabetes
310:Insomnia
298:appetite
182:3 months
179:Duration
158:Low mood
153:Symptoms
4045:Anxiety
3884:PDD-NOS
3773:Bipolar
3426: (
3349:History
3262:Lithium
2709:9585714
2067:1414673
1800:8372161
1544:3181879
1407:2950973
1244:23 June
1195:Sources
1068:Suicide
982:doxepin
781:Therapy
754:alone,
620:Testing
442:suicide
306:suicide
286:anxiety
162:fatigue
91:scholar
4289:Eating
4137:Stress
4054:Phobia
4010:stress
3869:Autism
3662:Speech
3451:Sexual
3242:Other
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1207:nature
846:coping
804:, and
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633:, and
507:Early
483:Causes
468:, and
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4594:Other
4323:sleep
4110:Other
3966:Other
3832:Mania
3504:Other
3199:SSRIs
2910:Mania
2812:296.2
2797:F32.3
2793:F32.2
2475:S2CID
2423:WebMD
2031:S2CID
1944:2 May
1918:S2CID
1804:S2CID
1625:S2CID
1227:(PDF)
1217:Drs;
1145:In a
646:PHQ-9
642:PHQ-2
561:manic
552:DSM-5
540:DSM-5
290:guilt
98:JSTOR
84:books
4498:and
4147:PTSD
3761:Mood
3601:ADHD
2807:9-CM
2736:PMID
2705:PMID
2670:PMID
2662:ISSN
2604:PMID
2596:ISSN
2561:OCLC
2551:ISBN
2529:2020
2467:PMID
2430:2015
2340:PMID
2302:PMID
2205:ISBN
2171:2023
2160:PMID
2121:PMID
2113:ISSN
2072:PMID
2023:PMID
2015:ISSN
1976:PMID
1946:2023
1910:PMID
1892:ISSN
1849:ISBN
1796:PMID
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1753:2013
1714:2015
1669:2015
1617:PMID
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1412:PMID
1394:ISSN
1356:link
1338:OCLC
1328:ISBN
1269:ISBN
1246:2021
1104:Male
844:and
684:PTSD
354:and
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4535:and
4122:OCD
3650:RAD
3645:DAD
3611:ODD
2803:ICD
2784:ICD
2697:doi
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2007:doi
1968:doi
1900:PMC
1882:doi
1780:doi
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