767:
652:
667:
2513:
1755:
1722:
1603:
721:
54:
682:
702:
755:
779:
1385:
33:
510:
588:
Other animals rarely devour land planarians, since surface secretions appear distasteful, if not toxic. Protozoans, including flagellates, ciliates, sporozoans, and nematodes have been detected in land planarians. Because of their cannibalistic habit, land planarians may be their own worst
576:
has been found commonly in
American greenhouses since 1901. This species is a voracious predator of earthworms, and has been identified as a nuisance in the southern USA in earthworm-rearing beds. Control of the species is difficult due to the lack of predators. As noted by the
2554:
SolĂ , E., Sluys, R., Riutort, M., Kawakatsu, M. (18 August 2023). "Molecular phylogenetics facilitates the first historical biogeographic analysis of the hammerhead worms (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Bipaliinae), with the description of twelve new species and two new genera".
468:
have rarely been observed using egg capsules as a primary method of reproduction. Asexual fragmentation is its main reproductive strategy in temperate regions and most individuals never develop sexual organs. Juveniles of this species, unlike
599:
are characterized by a single dark dorsal stripe. They were first discovered in the US in
California and New York but have been found in Illinois as well as most northern states. In 2019, they were discovered in Montreal, Canada.
351:
started a series of publications called "The Land
Planarian Index series" in which they reviewed and organized all taxonomic information regarding land planarians. At first, they retained all broad-headed planarians in the genus
1463:(1857). "Prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebratorum quæ in Expeditione ad Oceanum, Pacificum Septentrionalem a Republica Federata missa, Johanne Rodgers Duce, observavit er descripsit. Pars I. Turbellaria Dendrocœla".
435:
from their mouths, located on the midventral portion of their bodies, and secrete enzymes that begin the digestion of the prey. The liquefied tissues are sucked into the branching gut of the flatworms by ciliary action.
733:
2272:
Esser, R. P. 1981. Land
Planarians (Tricladida: Terricola). Contribution no. 227, Bureau of Nematology, Florida Department of Agricultural and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville,
389:
is defined as containing broad-headed land planarians with simple copulatory organs, without accessory ducts or copulatory bursa, and with a fold of tissue separating the male and female exit ducts.
2339:
738:
736:
737:
529:
Little is known about the ecology of terrestrial planarians, but research has been done on different genera and species, including several native and invasive species in Brazil,
460:
reproduces sexually and creates egg capsules, which hatch around 3 weeks post-deposition. The egg capsules have a tough exterior and generally contain multiple juveniles.
766:
735:
651:
2801:
2452:
2131:
Leal-Zanchet, A. M.; Baptista, V.; Campos, L. M.; Raffo, J. F. (2011). "Spatial and temporal patterns of land flatworm assemblages in
Brazilian Araucaria forests".
632:
is characterized by two dark dorsal blotches on the head, a thick black band around the neck, and three dark dorsal stripes. This species has been found in several
666:
2840:
255:" because of the distinctive shape of their head region. Land planarians are unique in that they possess a "creeping sole", a highly ciliated region on the
581:
2775:
1902:
Ducey, P. K.; Messere, M.; Lapoint, K.; Noce, S. (1999). "Lumbricid Prey and
Potential Herpetofaunal Predators of the Invading Terrestrial Flatworm
2025:
Ducey, P. K.; Cerqua, J.; West, L. J.; Warner, M. (2006). Eberle, Mark E (ed.). "Rare Egg
Capsule Production in the Invasive Terrestrial Planarian
416:
uses the muscles in its body, as well as sticky secretions, to attach itself to the earthworm to prevent escape. The planarians cover, or cap, the
2914:
2814:
720:
1490:
Curtis, S.K.; Cowden, R.R.; Moore, J.D.; Robertson, J.L. (1983). "Histochemical and ultrastructural features of the epidermis of land planarian
734:
2527:
266:
to the United States, Canada, and Europe. Some studies have begun the investigation of the evolutionary ecology of these invasive planarians.
2600:
681:
1536:
Ogren, R.E. 1985. The human factor in the spread of an exotic land planarian in
Pennsylvania. Proc. of the Penn. Acad. of Sci. 59: 117-118.
604:
have five dark dorsal stripes and a partial dark collar. They have undergone several name changes since their discovery in North
America.
2064:
Stokes, A. N.; Ducey, P. K.; Neuman-Lee, L.; Hanifin, C. T.; French, S. S.; Pfrender, M. E.; Brodie, E. D.; Brodie Jr., E. D. (2014).
2282:
Hyman, L. H. 1951. The
Invertebrates: Platyhelminthes and Rhynchocoela the acoelomate Bilateria, McGraw-Hill Book Co., London, 550 p.
1855:
Fiore, C.; Tull, J. L.; Zehner, S.; Ducey, P. K. (2004). "Tracking and predation on earthworms by the invasive terrestrial planarian
2472:
de Beauchamp, 1933 (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Geoplanidae) in Malaysia, with molecular characterisation including the mitogenome"
1644:
Ducey, P. K.; West, L. J.; Shaw, G.; De Lisle, J. (2005). "Reproductive ecology and evolution in the invasive terrestrial planarian
357:
2066:"Confirmation and Distribution of Tetrodotoxin for the First Time in Terrestrial Invertebrates: Two Terrestrial Flatworm Species (
1740:"Additions and corrections to the previous land planarian indices of the world (Turbellaria, Seriata, Tricladida, Terricola) - 10"
2876:
701:
754:
2819:
778:
333:
2909:
2827:
256:
2697:
2754:
531:
2845:
2767:
53:
2249:
1919:
1812:
Jones and Sterrer, 2005 (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida), a terrestrial broadhead planarian new to North America".
336:, in 1902, considered that no sufficient anatomical basis existed for this distinction, and reunited them under
2042:
884:
1825:
834:
2619:
1264:
1234:
1224:
954:
924:
904:
894:
614:
2636:
2512:
1754:
1721:
1602:
1154:
974:
814:
2650:
2428:
2340:"First record of the invasive land flatworm Bipalium adventitium (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae) in Canada"
1374:
1364:
1284:
1214:
1184:
1144:
1114:
1034:
1024:
914:
874:
854:
2466:
Soo, Oi Yoon Michelle; Gastineau, Romain; Verdon, George; Winsor, Leigh; Justine, Jean-Lou (2023-05-03).
1294:
1244:
1124:
1104:
984:
864:
1416:
1344:
1324:
1174:
1064:
844:
618:
is characterized by its dark brown head and three dorsal stripes. As of 2014, it has only been found in
578:
412:. These flatworms can track their prey. When captured, earthworms begin to react to the attack, but the
2311:
Hyman, L.H. 1954. Some land planarians of the United States and Europe, with remarks on nomenclature.
1426:
1354:
1334:
1314:
1164:
1134:
1094:
1004:
1304:
1274:
1254:
1044:
994:
964:
2904:
2881:
2855:
2723:
2085:
1406:
1194:
1014:
934:
824:
692:
595:
491:
456:
1436:
1074:
2606:
2210:
Ducey, P. K.; Noce, S. (1998). "Successful invasion of New York State by the terrestrial flatworm,
804:
2615:
1808:
Ducey, Peter K.; McCormick, Matthew; Davidson, Elizabeth (2007). "Natural history observations on
2580:
2409:
2370:
2231:
2192:
2046:
1962:
1923:
1884:
1837:
1829:
1785:
1519:
1472:
348:
161:
48:
317:: with a well-developed head plate, much broader than long, and with elongated lateral auricles
2863:
2806:
2710:
2572:
2501:
2493:
2446:
2362:
2113:
2004:
1876:
1591:
1511:
944:
149:
2868:
2564:
2483:
2401:
2354:
2223:
2184:
2140:
2103:
2093:
2038:
1996:
1954:
1915:
1868:
1821:
1777:
1657:
1581:
1571:
1503:
1460:
1084:
1054:
572:
497:
464:
307:
303:
263:
210:
198:
132:
1204:
378:
344:
306:
to include land planarians with the head broadened, forming a head plate. Later, in 1899,
2628:
1546:
Justine, Jean-Lou; Winsor, Leigh; Gey, Delphine; Gros, Pierre; Thévenot, Jessica (2018).
2089:
2762:
2749:
2688:
2108:
2065:
2000:
1586:
1547:
1396:
628:
623:
244:
2898:
2584:
2374:
2144:
449:
2328:(Platyhelminthes: Tricladida :Terricola) from Illinois. Am. Midl. Nat. 148: 401-408.
2050:
1927:
1888:
1841:
1789:
1523:
1384:
2715:
2300:
2020:
2018:
619:
568:. These planarians are thought to have come to the US on infected plants and soil.
537:
482:
366:
141:
2388:
Ogren, Robert E. (1987). "Description of a new three-lined planarian of the genus
262:
that helps them to creep over the substrate. Native to Asia, several species are
32:
2526:
Justine, Jean-Lou; Winsor, Leigh; Soo, Michelle; Gastineau, Romain (2023-07-11).
2098:
1872:
1661:
2832:
2788:
2702:
2682:
2324:
Zaborski, E. 2002. Observations on feeding behavior by the terrestrial flatworm
421:
105:
2673:
2488:
2467:
2358:
509:
2568:
1639:
1637:
1635:
633:
486:
417:
372:
115:
2576:
2497:
2008:
1616:
Filella-Subira, E (1983). ""Nota sobre la presència de la planà ria terrestre
2736:
2528:"Last seen 90 years ago, strange worm species is found crawling in Malaysia"
1507:
405:
401:
259:
241:
95:
65:
2505:
2366:
2117:
1880:
1739:
1702:
1595:
1515:
2299:
Moseley (Tricladida: Terricola), IFAS Document EENY-049. Online:Available
2667:
637:
636:
states, and in 2022, specimens were located extending further north into
413:
409:
85:
2780:
2413:
2235:
2196:
2157:
Jones, H. D. and B. Boag. 2001. The invasion of New Zealand flatworms.
1966:
1833:
1781:
1576:
1476:
501:. It is the first record of tetrodotoxin in terrestrial invertebrates.
432:
287:
2793:
1941:
Dindal, D.L. (1970). "Feeding behavior of a terrestrial turbellarian
708:
75:
2644:
2405:
2227:
2188:
1958:
517:, showing the differences in shape and color. With the exception of
473:, do not appear the same coloration as parents in their early days.
356:, but later split them into four genera based on the anatomy of the
2741:
2171:
Ogren, R.E. (1955). "Ecological observations on the occurrence of
1983:
Winsor, L. (1983). "A revision of the cosmopolitan land planarian
1738:
Kawakatsu, M.; Ogren, R. E.; Froehlich, E. M.; Sasaki, G. (2002).
1383:
712:
508:
424:, and anterior end to stop the violent reaction by the earthworm.
237:
2728:
310:
divided it into three genera according to the shape of the head:
2250:"Hammerhead Worm | National Invasive Species Information Center"
286:, "shovel" or "spade", because species in this genus resemble a
2648:
1768:
Ogren, R. E. (1995). "Predation behaviour of land planarians".
1465:
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
1560:
spp.) in metropolitan France and overseas French territories"
1920:
10.1674/0003-0031(1999)141[0305:LPAPHP]2.0.CO;2
513:
Drawings of the anterior region of 6 species of the genus
2043:
10.1894/0038-4909(2006)51[252:RECPIT]2.0.CO;2
608:
is commonly found across the southern regions of the US.
1826:
10.1656/1528-7092(2007)6[449:NHOOBC]2.0.CO;2
323:: rudimentary head plate, not much broader than the body
612:
is found worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions.
2392:(Turbellaria: Tricladida) from Pennsylvania, U.S.A.".
726:
Hammerhead worm found in Chennai and Coimbatore, India
2291:
Choate, P.M., and Dunn, R.A., 1988. Land Planarians,
1987:
Moseley, 1878 (Turbellaria: Tricladida: Terricola)".
525:
is assumed to be an invasive species in Tokyo, Japan.
1552:
Hammerhead flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae,
2657:
2394:Transactions of the American Microscopical Society
2177:Transactions of the American Microscopical Society
521:, they are invasive species in the United States.
340:. Later, von Graff accepted MĂĽller's conclusions.
2301:http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN20600.pdf
1733:
1731:
2429:"Dangerous species of worm found in Arkansas"
1978:
1976:
448:may be asexual or sexual and all species are
8:
2549:
2547:
2451:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
640:. Recently, it was found in Mumbai, India.
2645:
1803:
1801:
1799:
798:currently includes the following species:
31:
20:
2487:
2107:
2097:
1989:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1696:
1694:
1585:
1575:
329:: flat head plate with a circular outline
1906:(Turbellaria: Tricladida: Terricola)".
1452:
647:
2444:
1239:Kawakatsu, Ogren & Froehlich, 1998
772:Hammerhead worm found in Kerala, India
760:Hammerhead worm seen in Kolkata, India
1707:(Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola)"
784:Hammerhead worm found in Bihar, India
548:As of 2007, four invasive species of
343:Towards the end of the 20th century,
7:
2856:abdb5af9-05b0-4f93-95e6-6b8e59ac76c7
2768:02daf6b3-1cf7-48a9-b375-e807815069b1
1744:The Bulletin of Fuji Women's College
1711:The Bulletin of Fuji Women's College
1701:Ogren, R. E.; Kawakatsu, M. (1987).
1681:American Journal of Science and Arts
2427:Newsdesk, Region 8 (23 June 2022).
1703:"Index to the species of the genus
1675:Stimpson, W. (1861). "On the genus
2338:Justine, J-L; et al. (2019).
2001:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1983.tb01161.x
1359:Kawakatsu, Sluys & Ogren, 2005
1179:Kawakatsu, Sluys & Ogren, 2005
1079:Kawakatsu, Sluys & Ogren, 2005
1069:Kawakatsu, Sluys & Ogren, 2005
979:Kawakatsu, Sluys & Ogren, 2005
427:To feed on their prey, species of
14:
552:were known in the United States:
247:. They are often loosely called "
2511:
2145:10.1111/j.1744-7410.2010.00215.x
1859:(Tricladida, Platyhelminthes)".
1753:
1720:
1601:
777:
765:
753:
748:sp. from Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
731:
719:
700:
680:
665:
650:
408:, while others may also feed on
52:
2612:Turbellarian taxonomic database
2175:, a terrestrial turbellarian".
1947:The American Midland Naturalist
1908:The American Midland Naturalist
385:Under this scenario, the genus
2915:Taxa named by William Stimpson
1:
1620:Moseley, 1878 a Catalunya"".
2099:10.1371/journal.pone.0100718
1873:10.1016/j.beproc.2004.06.001
1662:10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.04.002
1209:Kawakatsu & Makino, 1982
2254:www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov
2031:The Southwestern Naturalist
1622:Butll. Inst. Cat. Hist. Nat
2931:
2489:10.11646/zootaxa.5277.3.11
2359:10.11646/zootaxa.4656.3.13
532:Arthurdendyus triangulatus
2569:10.11646/zootaxa.5335.1.1
2313:American Museum Novitates
1401:Jones & Sterrer, 2005
707:Hammerhead worm found in
481:In 2014, the presence of
302:was initially defined by
167:
160:
147:
140:
49:Scientific classification
47:
39:
30:
23:
2620:Texas A&M University
2353:(3): zootaxa.4656.3.13.
1369:Kuhl & Hasselt, 1822
885:Bipalium chhatarpurensis
660:sighted in Austin, Texas
2216:Northeastern Naturalist
1814:Southeastern Naturalist
1648:across North America".
1508:10.1002/jmor.1051750206
1225:Bipalium pennsylvanicum
895:Bipalium choristosperma
835:Bipalium albo-coeruleus
615:Bipalium pennsylvanicum
404:. Some species prey on
1391:
1299:SolĂ & Sluys, 2023
1269:SolĂ & Sluys, 2023
1265:Bipalium rhytidoantrum
1235:Bipalium penrissenicum
1109:Ritter-Zahony R., 1905
955:Bipalium fuscolineatum
925:Bipalium distinguendum
905:Bipalium costaricensis
591:
526:
2470:Bipalium admarginatum
2161:23(supplement):77–83.
1861:Behavioural Processes
1496:Journal of Morphology
1387:
1199:(Ritter-Zahony, 1905)
1155:Bipalium monolineatum
975:Bipalium glandiantrum
815:Bipalium admarginatum
586:
579:University of Florida
512:
2910:Rhabditophora genera
2763:Fauna Europaea (new)
2326:Bipalium adventitium
2297:Dolichoplana striata
2212:Bipalium adventitium
2133:Invertebrate Biology
2068:Bipalium adventitium
1943:Bipalium adventitium
1904:Bipalium adventitium
1857:Bipalium adventitium
1646:Bipalium adventitium
1492:Bipalium adventitium
1375:Bipalium univittatum
1365:Bipalium unistriatus
1285:Bipalium robiginosum
1215:Bipalium ochroleucum
1185:Bipalium myadenosium
1145:Bipalium mondimentum
1115:Bipalium manubriatum
1035:Bipalium hilgendorfi
1025:Bipalium haberlandti
989:(de Beauchamp, 1925)
915:Bipalium crassatrium
875:Bipalium bimaculatum
855:Bipalium bengalensis
825:Bipalium adventitium
672:Close up of head of
596:Bipalium adventitium
253:broadhead planarians
2625:Insects in the City
2607:University of Maine
2090:2014PLoSO...9j0718S
1421:Ritter-Zahony, 1905
1295:Bipalium rugiantrum
1245:Bipalium persephone
1125:Bipalium marginatum
1105:Bipalium kraepelini
985:Bipalium glandulosa
865:Bipalium bergendali
805:Bipalium adensameri
485:, a very dangerous
358:reproductive organs
2159:Glasgow Naturalist
1810:Bipalium cf. vagum
1782:10.1007/BF00036370
1577:10.7717/peerj.4672
1417:Bipalium weismanni
1392:
1345:Bipalium sylvestre
1325:Bipalium strubelli
1259:de Beauchamp, 1925
1249:de Beauchamp, 1939
1189:de Beauchamp, 1939
1175:Bipalium muninense
1139:de Beauchamp, 1925
1065:Bipalium kaburakii
919:de Beauchamp, 1939
899:de Beauchamp, 1925
849:de Beauchamp, 1930
845:Bipalium alternans
819:de Beauchamp, 1933
527:
489:, was recorded in
431:often evert their
349:Masaharu Kawakatsu
42:Bipalium strubelli
16:Genus of flatworms
2892:
2891:
2864:Open Tree of Life
2651:Taxon identifiers
1427:Bipalium wiesneri
1355:Bipalium tetsuyai
1335:Bipalium sudzukii
1315:Bipalium simrothi
1165:Bipalium moseleyi
1135:Bipalium mjobergi
1095:Bipalium kisoense
1005:Bipalium gracilis
945:Bipalium fuscatum
739:
562:B. pennsylvanicum
278:comes from Latin
229:
228:
223:
214:
202:
191:
183:
175:
150:Bipalium fuscatum
136:
2922:
2885:
2884:
2872:
2871:
2859:
2858:
2849:
2848:
2836:
2835:
2833:NBNSYS0000179773
2823:
2822:
2810:
2809:
2797:
2796:
2784:
2783:
2771:
2770:
2758:
2757:
2745:
2744:
2732:
2731:
2719:
2718:
2706:
2705:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2646:
2624:
2611:
2589:
2588:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2532:The Conversation
2523:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2509:
2491:
2468:"Rediscovery of
2463:
2457:
2456:
2450:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2344:
2335:
2329:
2322:
2316:
2309:
2303:
2293:Bipalium kewense
2289:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2168:
2162:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2101:
2072:Bipalium kewense
2061:
2055:
2054:
2027:Bipalium kewense
2022:
2013:
2012:
1985:Bipalium kewense
1980:
1971:
1970:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1805:
1794:
1793:
1776:(1–3): 105–111.
1765:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1641:
1630:
1629:
1618:Bipalium kewense
1613:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1589:
1579:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1457:
1441:
1432:
1422:
1412:
1402:
1380:
1370:
1360:
1350:
1340:
1330:
1320:
1310:
1305:Bipalium semperi
1300:
1290:
1280:
1275:Bipalium rigaudi
1270:
1260:
1255:Bipalium poiense
1250:
1240:
1230:
1220:
1210:
1200:
1190:
1180:
1170:
1160:
1150:
1140:
1130:
1120:
1110:
1100:
1090:
1085:Bipalium kewense
1080:
1070:
1060:
1055:Bipalium javanum
1050:
1045:Bipalium janseni
1040:
1030:
1020:
1010:
1000:
999:(Kaburaki, 1922)
995:Bipalium glaucum
990:
980:
970:
965:Bipalium gestroi
960:
950:
940:
930:
920:
910:
900:
890:
880:
870:
860:
850:
840:
830:
820:
810:
781:
769:
757:
741:
740:
723:
704:
684:
674:Bipalium kewense
669:
658:Bipalium kewense
654:
573:Bipalium kewense
505:Invasive species
444:Reproduction in
308:Ludwig von Graff
249:hammerhead worms
221:
209:
197:
189:
181:
173:
131:
57:
56:
35:
21:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2880:
2875:
2867:
2862:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2839:
2831:
2826:
2818:
2813:
2805:
2800:
2792:
2787:
2779:
2774:
2766:
2761:
2753:
2748:
2740:
2735:
2727:
2722:
2714:
2709:
2701:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2653:
2622:
2616:Land planarians
2609:
2597:
2592:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2536:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2406:10.2307/3226281
2387:
2386:
2382:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2323:
2319:
2310:
2306:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2258:
2256:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2228:10.2307/3858619
2209:
2208:
2204:
2189:10.2307/3223842
2170:
2169:
2165:
2156:
2152:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2024:
2023:
2016:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1959:10.2307/2423970
1940:
1939:
1935:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1807:
1806:
1797:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1719:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1643:
1642:
1633:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1558:Diversibipalium
1545:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1440:Chaurasia, 1981
1439:
1430:
1420:
1410:
1407:Bipalium virile
1400:
1378:
1368:
1358:
1348:
1339:Kawakatsu, 1987
1338:
1328:
1318:
1308:
1298:
1288:
1278:
1268:
1258:
1248:
1238:
1228:
1218:
1208:
1205:Bipalium nobile
1198:
1195:Bipalium nigrum
1188:
1178:
1168:
1158:
1148:
1138:
1128:
1118:
1108:
1098:
1088:
1078:
1068:
1058:
1048:
1038:
1028:
1018:
1015:Bipalium graffi
1008:
998:
988:
978:
968:
958:
948:
938:
935:Bipalium dubium
928:
918:
908:
898:
889:Chaurasia, 1988
888:
878:
868:
858:
848:
839:(Bleeker, 1844)
838:
828:
818:
808:
792:
785:
782:
773:
770:
761:
758:
749:
742:
732:
727:
724:
715:
705:
696:
695:, United States
685:
676:
670:
661:
655:
646:
622:and in coastal
507:
479:
442:
395:
379:Diversibipalium
345:Robert E. Ogren
296:
272:
245:land planarians
219:Sphaerocephalus
156:
153:
130:
86:Platyhelminthes
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2928:
2926:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2897:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2873:
2860:
2850:
2837:
2824:
2811:
2798:
2785:
2772:
2759:
2750:Fauna Europaea
2746:
2733:
2720:
2707:
2694:
2679:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2637:Photograph of
2634:
2629:Photograph of
2626:
2613:
2596:
2595:External links
2593:
2591:
2590:
2543:
2518:
2482:(3): 585–599.
2458:
2419:
2380:
2330:
2317:
2315:(1667): 1-21.
2304:
2284:
2275:
2265:
2241:
2222:(3): 199–206.
2202:
2163:
2150:
2123:
2084:(6): e100718.
2056:
2014:
1972:
1953:(2): 635–637.
1933:
1894:
1867:(3): 327–334.
1847:
1820:(3): 449–460.
1795:
1760:
1727:
1690:
1667:
1631:
1608:
1538:
1529:
1502:(2): 171–194.
1482:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1437:Bipalium somii
1433:
1423:
1413:
1403:
1397:Bipalium vagum
1389:B. univittatum
1382:
1381:
1371:
1361:
1351:
1341:
1331:
1321:
1311:
1301:
1291:
1281:
1271:
1261:
1251:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1219:Kaburaki, 1922
1211:
1201:
1191:
1181:
1171:
1161:
1159:Kaburaki, 1922
1151:
1149:Kaburaki, 1922
1141:
1131:
1121:
1111:
1101:
1099:Kaburaki, 1922
1091:
1081:
1075:Bipalium katoi
1071:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1031:
1021:
1011:
1001:
991:
981:
971:
961:
959:Kaburaki, 1922
951:
949:Stimpson, 1857
941:
931:
921:
911:
901:
891:
881:
871:
861:
851:
841:
831:
821:
811:
800:
791:
788:
787:
786:
783:
776:
774:
771:
764:
762:
759:
752:
750:
743:
730:
728:
725:
718:
716:
706:
699:
697:
686:
679:
677:
671:
664:
662:
656:
649:
645:
642:
629:Bipalium vagum
624:South Carolina
554:B. adventitium
506:
503:
492:B. adventitium
478:
475:
471:B. adventitium
457:B. adventitium
450:hermaphroditic
441:
438:
394:
393:Feeding habits
391:
331:
330:
324:
318:
295:
292:
271:
268:
227:
226:
225:
224:
216:
204:
192:
190:Stimpson, 1861
184:
176:
174:Schmarda, 1859
171:Sphyrocephalus
165:
164:
158:
157:
155:Stimpson, 1857
154:
145:
144:
138:
137:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
45:
44:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2927:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2269:
2266:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1995:(1): 61–100.
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:Hydrobiologia
1764:
1761:
1756:
1749:
1746:. Series II.
1745:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1548:"Giant worms
1542:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1349:Kapadia, 1947
1347:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1309:(Graff, 1899)
1307:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1089:Moseley, 1878
1087:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1009:(Loman, 1890)
1007:
1006:
1002:
997:
996:
992:
987:
986:
982:
977:
976:
972:
967:
966:
962:
957:
956:
952:
947:
946:
942:
937:
936:
932:
927:
926:
922:
917:
916:
912:
907:
906:
902:
897:
896:
892:
887:
886:
882:
877:
876:
872:
869:(Graff, 1899)
867:
866:
862:
857:
856:
852:
847:
846:
842:
837:
836:
832:
827:
826:
822:
817:
816:
812:
807:
806:
802:
801:
799:
797:
789:
780:
775:
768:
763:
756:
751:
747:
729:
722:
717:
714:
710:
703:
698:
694:
690:
683:
678:
675:
668:
663:
659:
653:
648:
644:Image gallery
643:
641:
639:
635:
631:
630:
625:
621:
617:
616:
611:
607:
603:
598:
597:
593:Specimens of
590:
585:
583:
580:
575:
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
544:
540:
539:
534:
533:
524:
520:
516:
511:
504:
502:
500:
499:
494:
493:
488:
484:
476:
474:
472:
467:
466:
461:
459:
458:
453:
451:
447:
439:
437:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
392:
390:
388:
383:
381:
380:
375:
374:
369:
368:
363:
359:
355:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
328:
327:Placocephalus
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
312:
311:
309:
305:
301:
293:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
269:
267:
265:
261:
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:
239:
235:
234:
220:
217:
212:
208:
207:Placocephalus
205:
200:
196:
193:
188:
185:
180:
177:
172:
169:
168:
166:
163:
159:
152:
151:
146:
143:
139:
134:
129:
128:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
55:
50:
46:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2658:
2638:
2630:
2601:
2560:
2556:
2535:. Retrieved
2531:
2521:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2461:
2436:. Retrieved
2432:
2422:
2400:(1): 21–30.
2397:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2350:
2346:
2333:
2325:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2296:
2295:Moseley and
2292:
2287:
2278:
2268:
2257:. Retrieved
2253:
2244:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2183:(1): 54–60.
2180:
2176:
2173:Rhynchodemus
2172:
2166:
2158:
2153:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2034:
2030:
2026:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1747:
1743:
1717:(2): 79–119.
1714:
1713:. Series 2.
1710:
1704:
1684:
1683:. Series 2.
1680:
1676:
1670:
1653:
1650:Pedobiologia
1649:
1645:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1532:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1435:
1425:
1415:
1411:MĂĽller, 1902
1405:
1395:
1388:
1373:
1363:
1353:
1343:
1333:
1323:
1313:
1303:
1293:
1283:
1273:
1263:
1253:
1243:
1233:
1223:
1213:
1203:
1193:
1183:
1173:
1163:
1153:
1143:
1133:
1123:
1113:
1103:
1093:
1083:
1073:
1063:
1053:
1043:
1033:
1023:
1019:MĂĽller, 1902
1013:
1003:
993:
983:
973:
963:
953:
943:
933:
929:MĂĽller, 1907
923:
913:
903:
893:
883:
873:
863:
859:Bhakat, 2020
853:
843:
833:
823:
813:
803:
795:
793:
745:
688:
687:Specimen of
673:
657:
627:
620:Pennsylvania
613:
609:
605:
601:
594:
592:
587:
584:department,
571:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
547:
542:
538:Rhynchodemus
536:
530:
528:
522:
518:
514:
496:
490:
483:tetrodotoxin
480:
470:
463:
462:
455:
454:
445:
443:
440:Reproduction
428:
426:
400:species are
397:
396:
386:
384:
377:
371:
367:Novibipalium
365:
361:
353:
342:
337:
334:Josef MĂĽller
332:
326:
321:Perocephalus
320:
314:
299:
297:
283:
279:
275:
273:
252:
248:
232:
231:
230:
218:
206:
195:Perocephalus
194:
186:
182:Wright, 1860
178:
170:
148:
142:Type species
126:
125:
41:
24:
18:
2905:Geoplanidae
2789:iNaturalist
2683:Wikispecies
2639:B. simrothi
2563:(1): 1–77.
1431:Graff, 1899
1379:Grube, 1866
1329:Graff, 1899
1319:Loman, 1895
1289:Graff, 1899
1279:Graff, 1894
1229:Ogren, 1987
1169:Loman, 1888
1129:Loman, 1888
1119:Sharp, 1891
1059:Loman, 1883
1049:Graff, 1899
1039:Graff, 1899
1029:Graff, 1899
969:Graff, 1894
939:Loman, 1890
909:Hyman, 1939
879:Graff, 1882
829:Hyman, 1943
809:Graff, 1899
744:Video of a
422:peristomium
294:Description
222:Loman, 1888
112:Subfamily:
106:Geoplanidae
2899:Categories
2537:2023-07-13
2438:2022-06-24
2259:2023-06-20
2037:(2): 252.
1914:(2): 305.
1750:: 162–177.
1687:: 134–135.
1656:(4): 367.
1448:References
794:The genus
634:Gulf Coast
610:B. kewense
606:B. kewense
602:B. kewense
558:B. kewense
498:B. kewense
487:neurotoxin
465:B. kewense
418:prostomium
406:earthworms
373:Humbertium
298:The genus
282:, "two" +
116:Bipaliinae
96:Tricladida
2631:B. nobile
2585:260985829
2577:1175-5334
2498:1175-5334
2433:kait8.com
2375:202024206
2139:: 25–33.
2009:0024-4082
1677:Bipaliura
1570:: e4672.
1550:chez moi!
691:found in
523:B. nobile
519:B. nobile
433:pharynges
402:predatory
274:The name
270:Etymology
260:epidermis
242:predatory
240:of large
215:(in part)
211:von Graff
203:(in part)
199:von Graff
187:Bipaliura
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
40:Model of
2729:51383708
2703:Bipalium
2689:Bipalium
2674:Q3761757
2668:Wikidata
2659:Bipalium
2602:Bipalium
2506:37518300
2447:cite web
2390:Bipalium
2367:31716820
2118:24963791
2078:PLOS ONE
2051:85970661
1928:84249249
1889:23159802
1881:15518983
1842:83714176
1790:31413150
1705:Bipalium
1596:29844951
1554:Bipalium
1524:51875789
1516:30060639
1461:Stimpson
796:Bipalium
746:Bipalium
689:Bipalium
638:Arkansas
566:B. vagum
550:Bipalium
543:Bipalium
515:Bipalium
477:Toxicity
446:Bipalium
429:Bipalium
414:flatworm
410:mollusks
398:Bipalium
387:Bipalium
362:Bipalium
354:Bipalium
338:Bipalium
315:Bipalium
304:Stimpson
300:Bipalium
276:Bipalium
264:invasive
233:Bipalium
179:Dunlopea
162:Synonyms
133:Stimpson
127:Bipalium
102:Family:
82:Phylum:
76:Animalia
62:Domain:
25:Bipalium
2807:1272122
2781:2502937
2557:Zootaxa
2476:Zootaxa
2414:3226281
2347:Zootaxa
2236:3858619
2197:3223842
2109:4070999
2086:Bibcode
1967:2423970
1834:4541040
1587:5969052
1477:4059187
790:Species
693:Georgia
288:pickaxe
257:ventral
122:Genus:
92:Order:
2882:414969
2869:619666
2853:NZOR:
2820:204235
2742:1BIPAG
2623:'s
2610:'s
2583:
2575:
2504:
2496:
2412:
2373:
2365:
2234:
2195:
2116:
2106:
2049:
2007:
1965:
1926:
1887:
1879:
1840:
1832:
1788:
1628:: 151.
1594:
1584:
1556:spp.,
1522:
1514:
1475:
1471:: 25.
709:Kerala
589:enemy.
564:, and
376:, and
251:" or "
213:, 1896
201:, 1896
135:, 1857
2877:WoRMS
2846:51989
2802:IRMNG
2794:64224
2755:91040
2716:7NQRT
2581:S2CID
2410:JSTOR
2371:S2CID
2343:(PDF)
2232:JSTOR
2193:JSTOR
2047:S2CID
1963:JSTOR
1924:S2CID
1885:S2CID
1838:S2CID
1830:JSTOR
1786:S2CID
1564:PeerJ
1520:S2CID
1473:JSTOR
713:India
238:genus
236:is a
2841:NCBI
2815:ITIS
2776:GBIF
2737:EPPO
2573:ISSN
2561:5335
2502:PMID
2494:ISSN
2480:5277
2453:link
2363:PMID
2351:4656
2114:PMID
2070:and
2005:ISSN
1877:PMID
1592:PMID
1512:PMID
582:IFAS
541:and
495:and
347:and
284:pala
2828:NBN
2724:EoL
2711:CoL
2698:AFD
2618:by
2605:by
2565:doi
2484:doi
2402:doi
2398:106
2355:doi
2273:Fl.
2224:doi
2214:".
2185:doi
2141:doi
2137:130
2104:PMC
2094:doi
2039:doi
2029:".
1997:doi
1955:doi
1945:".
1916:doi
1912:141
1869:doi
1822:doi
1778:doi
1774:305
1679:".
1658:doi
1582:PMC
1572:doi
1504:doi
1500:175
1494:".
280:bi-
2901::
2879::
2866::
2843::
2830::
2817::
2804::
2791::
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2445:{{
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1993:79
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1975:^
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1951:83
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1730:^
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1693:^
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