1132:
257:
1272:
415:
1217:
1037:
1071:
1727:
1656:
1109:
1168:
1309:
1238:
1092:
1200:
1324:
1054:
52:
1183:
1148:
1293:
1253:
31:
244:
539:
374:
432:
All planarians feed through a muscular and eversible pharynx located slightly posteriorly to the middle of the body length and opening through a ventral mouth. The pharynx is an extensible tube-like organ bearing a complex muscular coat. It specializes as a penetration organ for those planarians that
364:
Although there are over 830 known species of
Geoplanidae in the world, the diversity of land planarians is still poorly known. The highest diversity occurs in tropical forests in South America, Asia and Australia. Europe and North America are relatively species-poor, while the diversity of Africa may
264:
Land planarians are distinguished from their marine and freshwater relatives by their terrestrial habits, as well as by morphological distinctions. Some species have dull colors, including shades of brown and grey, that make them inconspicuous in their environment, but most species are marked by very
784:
Geoplanidae: non-expanded head and multiple eyes. It included three subfamilies: Geoplaninae, with dorsal testicles and strong subepithelial longitudinal muscles, Caenoplaninae, with ventral testicles and strong subepithelial longitudinal muscles, and
Pelmatoplaninae, with ventral testicles and weak
181:
Because of their strict ecological requirements, some species have been proposed as indicators of the conservation state of their habitats. They are generally animals with low vagility (dispersal ability) and with very specific habitat requirements, so they can be also used to accurately determine
526:
Some land planarians show hunting behaviour, using chemical signals to detect their prey. Most land planarians have chemical sensory organs in the anterior part of the body, such as sensory pits and epidermal folds which serve as chemical radars for detecting their food. The mucus trails from the
322:
of land planarians has the longitudinal nerve cords reduced to one ventral pair that is located much deeper in the body than in other triclads. These ventral cords are usually connected by many comissures, so that they fuse into a single ventral nerve plate. Additionally, land planarians have a
177:
These flatworms are mainly predators of other invertebrates, which they hunt, attack and capture using physical force and the adhesive and digestive properties of their mucus. They lack water-retaining mechanisms and are therefore very sensitive to humidity variations of their environment.
789:
Recent phylogenetic analyses, however, revealed that
Rhynchodeminae and Microplaninae are not closely related and that Caenoplaninae is closer to Rhynchodeminae than to Geoplaninae. The current classification of land planarian subfamilies is shown in the following phylogenetic tree after
1669:
Justine, Jean-Lou; Winsor, Leigh; BarriÚre, Patrick; Fanai, Crispus; Gey, Delphine; Han, Andrew Wee Kien; La Quay-Velåzquez, Giomara; Lee, Benjamin Paul Yi-Hann; Lefevre, Jean-Marc; Meyer, Jean-Yves; Philippart, David; Robinson, David G.; Thévenot, Jessica; Tsatsia, Francis (2015).
1783:
Sluys, Ronald; Mateos, Eduardo; Riutort, Marta; Ălvarez-presas, Marta (2016). "Towards a comprehensive, integrative analysis of the diversity of
European microplaninid land flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Microplaninae), with the description of two peculiar new species".
780:
Rhynchodemidae: non-expanded head and a single pair of eyes. It included two subfamilies: Rhynchodeminae, with subepithelial longitudinal muscular fibers grouped into large bundles, and
Microplaninae, with weaker subepithelial longitudinal muscular fibers not forming
550:, a family of freshwater planarians (at that time part of the suborder Paludicola). The most recent classification puts both land and freshwater planarians within a single suborder called Continenticola, with land planarians forming a single family, Geoplanidae.
1131:
527:
slime of slugs, snails and other planarians orient planarians towards their prey. Different species use different techniques for capturing and immobilizing their prey, such as entrapment with sticky mucus and immobilization by physical force.
433:
feed on arthropods; or as a grasping organ for those planarians that feed on other soft bodied invertebrates such as earthworms. All geoplanidae pharynxes are equipped with glandular secretions that externally digest and dissolve their prey.
306:, which the animal uses to glide over surfaces. Numerous secretory cells open throughout the epidermis, the most characteristic ones being the rhabditogen cells, which produce a secretion in the form of small rod-like structures, the
2076:
Jones, H.D.; Boag, B. (2007). "The distribution of New
Zealand and Australian terrestrial flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria: Tricladida: Terricola) in the British Islesâthe Scottish survey and MEGALAB WORMS".
280:
that helps them to creep over the substrate. The creeping sole may be wide and flat, occupying most of the ventral surface, or narrow and pronounced, being easily distinguished from the rest of the ventral surface.
2306:
Santoro, Giulio; Jones, Hugh D. (2001). "Comparison of the earthworm population of a garden infested with the
Australian land flatworm (Australoplana sanguinea alba) with that of a non-infested garden".
546:
Until very recently, land planarians were classified as a suborder within
Tricladida, named Terricola. However, recent phylogenetic studies revealed that they are actually the sister-group of
491:
have been introduced in the
British Isles and are considered to be pest species because they prey upon earthworms and thus may negatively affect soil structure and fertility. Another species,
1070:
2428:
Fiore, C.; Tull, J. L.; Zehner, S.; Ducey, P. K. (2004). "Tracking and predation on earthworms by the invasive terrestrial planarian
Bipalium adventitium (Tricladida, Platyhelminthes)".
1271:
790:Ălvarez-Presas et al., 2008. The old subfamilies Caenoplaninae and Pelmatoplaninae have been included as tribes Caenoplanini and Pelmatoplanini inside Rhynchodeminae. Note that
399:
During unfavorable conditions, such as dry seasons, land planarians tend to seek shelter by burrowing in the soil or building a cyst composed of soil particles united by mucus.
402:
Some species are well adapted to human-disturbed environments and many of those have been introduced in areas outside of their native range. In some localities, such as the
2610:Ălvarez-Presas, M.; Baguñà , J.; Riutort, M. (2008). "Molecular phylogeny of land and freshwater planarians (Tricladida, Platyhelminthes): From freshwater to land and back".
1938:
1036:
1108:
1560:"Insights into the origin and distribution of biodiversity in the Brazilian Atlantic forest hot spot: a statistical phylogeographic study using a low-dispersal organism"
326:
Contrary to aquatic planarians, land planarians do not have a distinct brain, i.e., there is no clear frontal cluster of nerve cells other than the ventral nerve plate.
1745:
Seitenfus, Ana LĂșcia Ramos; Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria (2004). "Uma introdução Ă morfologia e taxonomia de planĂĄrias terrestres (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Terricola)".
2588:
Ogren, R. E.; Kawakatsu, M. (1991). "Index to the species of the family Geoplanidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part II: Caenoplaninae and Pelmatoplaninae".
2835:
1484:
Sluys, R. (1999). "Global diversity of land planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Terricola): a new indicator-taxon in biodiversity and conservation studies".
2874:
1091:
273:, but they lack the anterior tentacles of slugs and the segmentation of leeches. Their size vary greatly, from a few millimeters in length to about one meter.
1147:
2471:
Iwai, N.; Sugiura, S.; Chiba, S. (2010). "Prey-tracking behavior in the invasive terrestrial planarian Platydemus manokwari (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida)".
1167:
2342:
Murchie, Archie K.; Gordon, Alan W. (2012). "The impact of the 'New Zealand flatworm', Arthurdendyus triangulatus, on earthworm populations in the field".
1053:
1308:
256:
1082:
2569:
Ogren, R. E.; Kawakatsu, M. (1988). "Index to the species of the family Rhynchodemidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part I: Rhynchodeminae".
1199:
2809:
2953:
2848:
1237:
1216:
276:
The most distinguishing feature that characterizes land planarians is the presence of a creeping sole, a highly ciliated region on the ventral
1367:
Sluys, R.; Kawakatsu, M.; Riutort, M.; Baguñà , J. (2009). "A new higher classification of planarian flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida)".
1292:
414:
1323:
2958:
1182:
1998:
Cumming, Meg S. (1995). "Activity patterns of termite-eating land planariansMicroplana termitophaga(Platyhelminthes: Tricladida)".
2920:
1519:
Carbayo, F.; Leal-Zanchet, A. M.; Vieira, E. M. (2002). "Terrestrial flatworm (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Terricola) diversity
2385:
Sugiura, Shinji; Yamaura, Yuichi (2008). "Potential impacts of the invasive flatworm Platydemus manokwari on arboreal snails".
1154:
323:
highly developed ventral nerve plexus just below the epidermis that is probably associated to the presence of a creeping sole.
2853:
186:. Today the fauna of these animals is being studied to select conservation priorities in the Atlantic rainforest in Brazil.
2861:
1278:
773:
In the former suborder Terricola, land planarians were separated into three families according to morphological features:
2731:
2718:
51:
2788:
2114:"Abundance, reproduction, and feeding of three species of British terrestrial planarians: Observations over 4 years"
1252:
1206:
477:
2879:
2033:
Ogren, Robert E. (1955). "Ecological Observations on the Occurrence of Rhynchodemus, a Terrestrial Turbellarian".
392:. Despite being sensitive to dehydration, some species are well adapted to considerably dry environments, such as
2801:
553:
The following phylogenetic supertree after Sluys et al., 2009 presents the current classification of planarians:
1077:
498:
487:
388:
layer, but some may inhabit galleries constructed by other invertebrates or be found on vegetation, such as
1726:
1655:
2658:
1118:
406:, the number of introduced land planarian species greatly surpass the number of described native species.
2736:
523:, but has become an even worse pest and today threatens several native snail populations in the Pacific.
429:
Land planarians are carnivorous and most species are active predators, but some are mainly scavengers.
2948:
2925:
2889:
2757:
2705:
2480:
1829:
British Planarians. Platyhelminthes: Tricladida. Keys and notes for the identification of the species
1223:
1098:
1043:
493:
191:
1189:
248:
183:
2551:
2504:
2453:
2410:
2367:
2188:
2141:
2058:
1961:
1809:
1540:
1501:
1461:
1384:
139:
46:
2208:"Predatory behavior of the land flatworm Notogynaphallia abundans (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida)"
1676:(Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae): records from six new localities, including the first in the USA"
1979:
Beauchamp, P. (1913). "Planaires des Broméliacées de Costa Rica Recueillies par Mr C. Picado".
2897:
2744:
2627:
2543:
2496:
2445:
2402:
2359:
2324:
2288:
2270:
2229:
2180:
2133:
2094:
2050:
2015:
1801:
1715:
1697:
1644:
1589:
1122:
216:
2912:
2840:
2696:
310:. Rhabditogen cells are very numerous on the dorsal epidermis, but rare on the ventral side.
2902:
2619:
2535:
2488:
2437:
2394:
2351:
2316:
2278:
2260:
2219:
2172:
2125:
2086:
2042:
2007:
1953:
1887:
1793:
1705:
1687:
1634:
1624:
1579:
1571:
1532:
1493:
1453:
1419:
1403:
1376:
1329:
1060:
475:
Some species of land planarians have become invasive pest species. The New Zealand flatworm
196:
118:
436:
As part of the soil ecosystem, land planarians feed mainly on other invertebrates, such as
1939:"Global diversity of free living flatworms (Platyhelminthes, "Turbellaria") in freshwater"
503:
224:
200:
1607:
Justine, Jean-Lou; Winsor, Leigh; Gey, Delphine; Gros, Pierre; Thévenot, Jessica (2014).
2484:
2796:
2783:
2283:
2248:
2011:
1710:
1671:
1639:
1608:
1584:
1559:
1408:"Introduction, and ecological and systematic background, to the Terricola (Tricladida)"
913:
667:
607:
403:
353:
319:
2249:"A taste for exotic food: Neotropical land planarians feeding on an invasive flatworm"
1424:
2942:
953:
898:
348:
212:
2710:
2555:
2508:
2457:
2414:
2224:
2207:
2192:
2145:
1965:
1813:
1558:Ălvarez-Presas, M.; SĂĄnchez-Garcia, A.; Carbayo, F.; Rozas, J.; Riutort, M. (2014).
1505:
1465:
1388:
302:
of cubic or columnar cells. The cells are ciliated only on a ventral region, called
30:
2749:
2723:
2371:
1876:"Phylogenetic relationships of the triclads (Platyhelminthes, Seriata, Tricladida)"
1544:
976:
809:
697:
617:
595:
243:
103:
1797:
2539:
2441:
2176:
2866:
2822:
2690:
2623:
876:
630:
453:
385:
343:
228:
2681:
384:
Most species of land planarians live at the soil of forests, especially in the
203:, and has damaged the endemic land snail fauna. This species has been found in
2647:
2492:
2398:
2355:
2129:
2090:
1957:
1892:
1875:
1848:
sp.nov. (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola), a New Land Planarian from Tokyo"
1536:
1497:
1380:
847:
822:
799:
710:
560:
547:
538:
516:
373:
338:
299:
2547:
2406:
2363:
2328:
2274:
2233:
2184:
2137:
2098:
2054:
2019:
1805:
1701:
2770:
2320:
2247:
Boll, Piter K.; Rossi, Ilana; Amaral, Silvana V.; Leal-Zanchet, Ana (2015).
1337:
652:
482:
461:
437:
389:
358:
295:
277:
220:
93:
63:
2631:
2500:
2449:
2292:
1843:
1719:
1648:
1593:
365:
be as high as that of other tropical regions, but is highly understudied.
2675:
1299:
1262:
1158:
970:
573:
512:
469:
457:
449:
307:
163:
83:
2524:"Predation on invasive land gastropods by a Neotropical land planarian"
2265:
2161:"Predation on invasive land gastropods by a Neotropical land planarian"
2062:
1692:
1575:
1523:
man-induced disturbance in an ombrophilous forest in southern Brazil".
1457:
393:
232:
1629:
2827:
1228:
508:
465:
208:
204:
73:
2814:
2652:
2523:
2160:
2113:
2046:
777:
Bipaliidae: head expanded in a spatula-like shape and multiple eyes;
2775:
1407:
802:. Their relocation inside Geoplanidae needs further investigation.
1764:
Schirch, P. F. (1929). "Sobre as planarias terrestres do Brasil".
1283:
1138:
537:
441:
413:
372:
270:
255:
242:
1333:
520:
445:
266:
2656:
1613:
in France, the first record for Europe: time for action is now"
1444:
Ogren, R. E. (1995). "Predation behaviour of land planarians".
1842:
Kawakatsu, Masaharu; Makino, Naoya; Shirasawa, Yasuko (1982).
2762:
334:
The family Geoplanidae is composed of five subfamilies:
1924:
The invertebrates. II. Platyhelminthes and Rhynchocoela
1909:
Monographie der Turbellarien. II. Tricladida Terricola
265:
colorful patterns. At first they may be confused with
2206:
Prasniski, Maria E. T.; Leal-Zanchet, Ana M. (2009).
2522:
Boll, Piter Kehoma; Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria (2014).
2159:
Boll, Piter Kehoma; Leal-Zanchet, Ana Maria (2014).
2665:
2035:Transactions of the American Microscopical Society
530:Cannibalism has been observed in land planarians.
189:At the other extreme, one species in this family,
1439:
1437:
1435:
41:from the Atlantic rainforests of southern Brazil
380:from the Valdivian rainforests of southern Chile
1740:
1738:
1736:
1064:from a garden in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil.
472:. Some may even feed on other land planarians.
260:A colorful species of the subfamily Bipaliinae.
1102:in the SĂŁo Francisco de Paula National Forest.
2112:McDonald, Jillian C.; Jones, Hugh D. (2007).
1911:(in German). Leipzig: Engelmann. p. 540.
1047:close up under a rock, North California, USA.
211:) in 2013 for the first time, and in 2015 in
8:
2605:
2603:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1298:Species of subfamily Bipaliinae in Sarawak,
542:Assorted land planarians from Southeast Asia
298:of land planarians is composed by a simple
199:in both disturbed and wild habitats in the
2653:
2648:Video of juvenile Land Planarian in Borneo
418:A group of land planarians of the species
29:
20:
2282:
2264:
2223:
1891:
1709:
1691:
1638:
1628:
1583:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1423:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1827:Ball, Ian R.; Reynoldson, T. B. (1981).
1937:Schockaert, E. R.; et al. (2008).
1350:
1032:
1083:SĂŁo Francisco de Paula National Forest
501:of the introduced giant African snail
2612:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1926:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 550.
1153:Unidentified land planarian from the
252:is a land planarian with dull colors.
231:(first record in the Caribbean), and
7:
2890:2d547d77-994d-4b8e-b4ab-193fdccb7be3
2802:f0ff5e90-2c56-4ba8-96fd-31eeb916ec22
946:
891:
869:
862:
840:
815:
805:
785:subepithelial longitudinal muscles.
703:
645:
623:
613:
588:
566:
556:
2012:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1995.tb05013.x
1852:Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses
1609:"The invasive New Guinea flatworm
1317:in Thomson Nature Park, Singapore.
14:
1137:Unidentified land planarian from
2590:Bulletin of Fuji Women's College
2571:Bulletin of Fuji Women's College
1725:
1654:
1322:
1307:
1291:
1270:
1251:
1236:
1215:
1198:
1181:
1166:
1146:
1130:
1107:
1090:
1069:
1052:
1035:
50:
2225:10.1590/S1984-46702009005000011
497:, has been used as an agent of
2954:Taxa named by William Stimpson
1176:from the Valdivian Rainforest.
410:Feeding and predatory behavior
1:
1831:. Cambridge University Press.
1798:10.1080/14772000.2015.1103323
1672:"The invasive land planarian
1525:Biodiversity and Conservation
1486:Biodiversity and Conservation
1425:10.1016/S0031-4056(24)00461-X
1279:Diversibipalium multilineatum
2540:10.1080/00222933.2014.981312
2442:10.1016/j.beproc.2004.06.001
2177:10.1080/00222933.2014.981312
1786:Systematics and Biodiversity
488:Australoplana sanguinea alba
2624:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.032
1747:Acta Biologica Leopoldensia
1210:, the New Zealand flatworm.
2975:
2528:Journal of Natural History
2165:Journal of Natural History
2118:Journal of Natural History
2079:Journal of Natural History
1981:Archives de Zoologie Paris
1907:von Graff, Ludwig (1899).
1880:Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde
1402:Winsor, L.; Johns, P. M.;
1369:Journal of Natural History
1207:Arthurdendyus triangulatus
478:Arthurdendyus triangulatus
2493:10.1007/s00114-010-0717-4
2399:10.1007/s10530-008-9287-1
2356:10.1007/s10530-012-0309-7
2130:10.1080/00222930701219149
2091:10.1080/00222939600770511
1958:10.1007/s10750-007-9002-8
1922:Hyman, Libbie H. (1951).
1893:10.1163/26660644-05901001
1766:Boletim do Museu Nacional
1381:10.1080/00222930902741669
1246:in the Iberian Peninsula.
1174:Pseudogeoplana reticulata
966:
951:
944:
911:
896:
889:
874:
867:
860:
845:
838:
820:
813:
723:
708:
701:
665:
650:
643:
628:
621:
611:
593:
586:
571:
564:
534:Phylogeny and systematics
422:feeding on a land snail,
420:Endeavouria septemlineata
145:
138:
131:
126:
47:Scientific classification
45:
37:
28:
23:
2959:Platyhelminthes families
1078:Cephaloflexa araucariana
2321:10.1078/0031-4056-00089
1537:10.1023/A:1015865005604
1498:10.1023/A:1008994925673
1244:Rhynchodemus sylvaticus
1115:Notogynaphallia plumbea
499:biological pest control
1874:Sluys, Ronald (1989).
1315:Diversibipalium rauchi
1119:Araucaria moist forest
543:
426:
381:
261:
253:
2430:Behavioural Processes
1193:, the blue planarian.
798:belong to the family
541:
417:
376:
259:
246:
2797:Fauna Europaea (new)
2387:Biological Invasions
2344:Biological Invasions
1674:Platydemus manokwari
1611:Platydemus manokwari
1375:(29â30): 1763â1777.
1224:Platydemus manokwari
1155:Valdivian Rainforest
1099:Luteostriata ernesti
1044:Bipalium adventitium
494:Platydemus manokwari
424:Bradybaena similaris
192:Platydemus manokwari
184:biogeographic realms
182:the distribution of
2485:2010NW.....97..997I
2473:Naturwissenschaften
2212:Zoologia (Curitiba)
1190:Caenoplana coerulea
249:Obama anthropophila
16:Family of flatworms
2534:(17â18): 983â994.
2266:10.7717/peerj.1307
2171:(17â18): 983â994.
2000:Journal of Zoology
1693:10.7717/peerj.1037
1576:10.1038/hdy.2014.3
1458:10.1007/BF00036370
1259:Microplana robusta
1085:, southern Brazil.
544:
427:
382:
262:
254:
166:known commonly as
2936:
2935:
2898:Open Tree of Life
2659:Taxon identifiers
1768:(in Portuguese).
1749:(in Portuguese).
1630:10.7717/peerj.297
1492:(12): 1663â1681.
1025:
1024:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1006:
998:
997:
989:
988:
933:
932:
924:
923:
770:
769:
761:
760:
752:
751:
743:
742:
734:
733:
687:
686:
678:
677:
217:Wallis and Futuna
157:
156:
151:
150:Hallez, 1857
122:
39:Obama burmeisteri
2966:
2929:
2928:
2916:
2915:
2906:
2905:
2893:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2870:
2869:
2867:NHMSYS0021057092
2857:
2856:
2844:
2843:
2831:
2830:
2818:
2817:
2805:
2804:
2792:
2791:
2779:
2778:
2766:
2765:
2753:
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2740:
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2727:
2726:
2714:
2713:
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2700:
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2607:
2598:
2597:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2479:(11): 997â1002.
2468:
2462:
2461:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2303:
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2268:
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2238:
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2227:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2124:(5â8): 293â312.
2109:
2103:
2102:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2030:
2024:
2023:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1871:
1860:
1859:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1742:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1713:
1695:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1642:
1632:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1587:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1531:(6): 1091â1104.
1516:
1510:
1509:
1481:
1470:
1469:
1452:(1â3): 105â111.
1441:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1418:(5â6): 389â404.
1399:
1393:
1392:
1364:
1330:Bipalium Javanum
1326:
1311:
1295:
1274:
1255:
1240:
1219:
1202:
1185:
1170:
1150:
1134:
1111:
1094:
1073:
1061:Obama ladislavii
1056:
1039:
947:
892:
870:
863:
841:
816:
806:
704:
646:
624:
614:
589:
567:
557:
197:invasive species
149:
117:
55:
54:
33:
21:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2924:
2919:
2911:
2909:
2901:
2896:
2888:
2886:
2878:
2873:
2865:
2860:
2852:
2847:
2839:
2834:
2826:
2821:
2813:
2808:
2800:
2795:
2787:
2782:
2774:
2769:
2761:
2756:
2748:
2743:
2735:
2730:
2722:
2717:
2709:
2704:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2661:
2644:
2639:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2047:10.2307/3223842
2032:
2031:
2027:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1873:
1872:
1863:
1846:Bipalium nobile
1841:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1744:
1743:
1734:
1724:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1483:
1482:
1473:
1443:
1442:
1433:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1366:
1365:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1327:
1318:
1312:
1303:
1296:
1287:
1275:
1266:
1256:
1247:
1241:
1232:
1220:
1211:
1203:
1194:
1186:
1177:
1171:
1162:
1151:
1142:
1135:
1126:
1112:
1103:
1095:
1086:
1074:
1065:
1057:
1048:
1040:
1031:
1026:
1017:
1008:
999:
990:
934:
925:
771:
762:
753:
744:
735:
688:
679:
536:
504:Achatina fulica
412:
378:Polycladus gayi
371:
332:
316:
292:
287:
241:
225:Solomon Islands
201:Pacific Islands
168:land planarians
162:is a family of
116:
84:Platyhelminthes
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2972:
2970:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2941:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2917:
2907:
2894:
2884:
2871:
2858:
2845:
2832:
2819:
2806:
2793:
2784:Fauna Europaea
2780:
2767:
2754:
2741:
2728:
2715:
2702:
2687:
2671:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2642:External links
2640:
2638:
2637:
2618:(2): 555â568.
2599:
2580:
2561:
2514:
2463:
2436:(3): 327â334.
2420:
2393:(3): 737â742.
2377:
2350:(3): 569â586.
2334:
2315:(4): 313â328.
2298:
2239:
2218:(4): 606â612.
2198:
2151:
2104:
2085:(7): 955â975.
2068:
2025:
2006:(4): 531â542.
1990:
1971:
1929:
1914:
1899:
1861:
1834:
1819:
1775:
1756:
1732:
1661:
1599:
1570:(6): 656â665.
1550:
1511:
1471:
1431:
1394:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1159:southern Chile
1152:
1145:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1075:
1068:
1066:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1041:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
995:
992:
991:
987:
986:
983:
982:
965:
962:
961:
958:
957:
950:
945:
943:
940:
939:
936:
935:
931:
930:
927:
926:
922:
921:
918:
917:
914:Rhynchodeminae
910:
907:
906:
903:
902:
895:
890:
888:
885:
884:
881:
880:
873:
868:
866:
861:
859:
856:
855:
852:
851:
844:
839:
837:
831:
830:
827:
826:
819:
814:
812:
804:
787:
786:
782:
778:
768:
767:
764:
763:
759:
758:
755:
754:
750:
749:
746:
745:
741:
740:
737:
736:
732:
731:
728:
727:
722:
719:
718:
715:
714:
707:
702:
700:
694:
693:
690:
689:
685:
684:
681:
680:
676:
675:
672:
671:
668:Dendrocoelidae
664:
661:
660:
657:
656:
649:
644:
642:
639:
638:
635:
634:
627:
622:
620:
612:
610:
608:Continenticola
604:
603:
600:
599:
592:
587:
585:
582:
581:
578:
577:
570:
565:
563:
555:
535:
532:
411:
408:
404:United Kingdom
370:
367:
362:
361:
356:
354:Rhynchodeminae
351:
346:
341:
331:
328:
320:nervous system
315:
314:Nervous system
312:
291:
288:
286:
283:
240:
237:
195:has become an
172:land flatworms
155:
154:
153:
152:
143:
142:
136:
135:
129:
128:
124:
123:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2971:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1983:(in French).
1982:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:Hydrobiologia
1940:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:(4): 236â262.
1857:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1753:(2): 187â202.
1752:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:Hydrobiologia
1440:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:Yeates, G. M.
1398:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1029:Image gallery
1028:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1003:
1002:
994:
993:
985:
984:
981:
979:
978:
973:
972:
964:
963:
960:
959:
956:
955:
954:Microplaninae
949:
948:
942:
941:
938:
937:
929:
928:
920:
919:
916:
915:
909:
908:
905:
904:
901:
900:
899:Caenoplaninae
894:
893:
887:
886:
883:
882:
879:
878:
872:
871:
865:
864:
858:
857:
854:
853:
850:
849:
843:
842:
836:
833:
832:
829:
828:
825:
824:
818:
817:
811:
808:
807:
803:
801:
797:
793:
783:
779:
776:
775:
774:
766:
765:
757:
756:
748:
747:
739:
738:
730:
729:
726:
721:
720:
717:
716:
713:
712:
706:
705:
699:
696:
695:
692:
691:
683:
682:
674:
673:
670:
669:
663:
662:
659:
658:
655:
654:
648:
647:
641:
640:
637:
636:
633:
632:
626:
625:
619:
616:
615:
609:
606:
605:
602:
601:
598:
597:
591:
590:
584:
583:
580:
579:
576:
575:
569:
568:
562:
559:
558:
554:
551:
549:
540:
533:
531:
528:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:
500:
496:
495:
490:
489:
484:
480:
479:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
430:
425:
421:
416:
409:
407:
405:
400:
397:
395:
391:
387:
379:
375:
368:
366:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
349:Microplaninae
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
335:
329:
327:
324:
321:
313:
311:
309:
305:
304:creeping sole
301:
297:
289:
284:
282:
279:
274:
272:
268:
258:
251:
250:
245:
238:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:New Caledonia
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:
187:
185:
179:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
147:
146:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
125:
120:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
100:Superfamily:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
68:
65:
62:
59:
58:
53:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2666:
2615:
2611:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2312:
2309:Pedobiologia
2308:
2301:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2041:(1): 54â60.
2038:
2034:
2028:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1949:
1945:
1932:
1923:
1917:
1908:
1902:
1883:
1879:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1837:
1828:
1822:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1750:
1746:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1664:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1602:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1489:
1485:
1449:
1445:
1415:
1412:Pedobiologia
1411:
1397:
1372:
1368:
1314:
1277:
1258:
1243:
1222:
1205:
1188:
1173:
1114:
1097:
1076:
1059:
1042:
977:Romankenkius
975:
969:
967:
952:
912:
897:
875:
846:
834:
821:
810:Geoplanoidea
796:Romankenkius
795:
791:
788:
772:
725:Geoplanidae
724:
709:
698:Geoplanoidea
666:
651:
629:
618:Planarioidea
594:
572:
552:
545:
529:
525:
502:
492:
486:
476:
474:
454:velvet worms
435:
431:
428:
423:
419:
401:
398:
383:
377:
363:
333:
325:
317:
303:
293:
275:
263:
247:
190:
188:
180:
176:
171:
167:
159:
158:
132:
127:Subfamilies
113:
104:Geoplanoidea
38:
24:Geoplanidae
18:
2949:Geoplanidae
2823:iNaturalist
2724:Geoplanidae
2711:Geoplanidae
2697:Geoplanidae
2691:Wikispecies
2667:Geoplanidae
2596:(2): 35â58.
2577:(2): 39â91.
1886:(1): 3â25.
1792:(1): 9â31.
877:Geoplaninae
835:Geoplanidae
631:Planariidae
596:Cavernicola
386:leaf litter
344:Geoplaninae
239:Description
229:Puerto Rico
160:Geoplanidae
114:Geoplanidae
2943:Categories
1346:References
848:Bipaliinae
823:Dugesiidae
800:Dugesiidae
711:Dugesiidae
561:Tricladida
548:Dugesiidae
517:Irian Jaya
483:Australian
462:millipedes
450:nemerteans
438:earthworms
390:bromeliads
339:Bipaliinae
300:epithelium
148:Terricola
94:Tricladida
2548:0022-2933
2407:1387-3547
2364:1387-3547
2329:0031-4056
2275:2167-8359
2259:: e1307.
2234:1984-4670
2185:0022-2933
2138:0022-2933
2099:0022-2933
2055:0003-0023
2020:0952-8369
1952:: 41â48.
1806:1477-2000
1702:2167-8359
1686:: e1037.
1338:Indonesia
1141:, Brazil.
1125:, Brazil.
1081:from the
653:Kenkiidae
485:flatworm
470:arachnids
359:Timyminae
330:Diversity
308:rhabdites
296:epidermis
290:Epidermis
278:epidermis
221:Singapore
219:Islands,
164:flatworms
133:See text
70:Kingdom:
64:Eukaryota
2682:Q3112410
2676:Wikidata
2632:18359250
2556:85280766
2509:23021634
2501:20853096
2458:23159802
2450:15518983
2415:44641680
2293:26500817
2193:85280766
2146:85830660
1987:: 41â52.
1966:21471933
1814:87583502
1772:: 27â38.
1720:26131377
1649:24688873
1623:: e297.
1594:24549112
1564:Heredity
1506:38784755
1466:31413150
1406:(1998).
1389:85174457
1300:Malaysia
1263:Portugal
1117:from an
971:Spathula
792:Spathula
781:bundles;
574:Maricola
513:Maldives
481:and the
458:woodlice
394:savannas
140:Synonyms
119:Stimpson
110:Family:
80:Phylum:
74:Animalia
60:Domain:
2913:5015349
2481:Bibcode
2372:7041377
2284:4614845
2063:3223842
1711:4485254
1640:3961122
1585:4023448
1545:5912963
466:insects
369:Habitat
285:Anatomy
271:leeches
235:, USA.
233:Florida
90:Order:
2926:414975
2910:uBio:
2903:557384
2887:NZOR:
2854:204237
2841:111005
2789:456253
2776:1GEPLF
2737:165614
2630:
2554:
2546:
2507:
2499:
2456:
2448:
2413:
2405:
2370:
2362:
2327:
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2281:
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2232:
2191:
2183:
2144:
2136:
2097:
2061:
2053:
2018:
1964:
1812:
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1718:
1708:
1700:
1647:
1637:
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1543:
1521:versus
1504:
1464:
1387:
1229:France
1123:ParanĂĄ
519:, and
511:, the
509:Hawaii
442:snails
209:France
205:Europe
121:, 1857
2921:WoRMS
2880:52317
2836:IRMNG
2828:84642
2750:7NHN3
2552:S2CID
2505:S2CID
2454:S2CID
2411:S2CID
2368:S2CID
2253:PeerJ
2189:S2CID
2142:S2CID
2059:JSTOR
1962:S2CID
1942:(PDF)
1810:S2CID
1680:PeerJ
1617:PeerJ
1541:S2CID
1502:S2CID
1462:S2CID
1385:S2CID
1284:Italy
1139:Bahia
446:slugs
267:slugs
2875:NCBI
2849:ITIS
2815:6364
2810:GBIF
2771:EPPO
2763:3136
2732:BOLD
2628:PMID
2544:ISSN
2497:PMID
2446:PMID
2403:ISSN
2360:ISSN
2325:ISSN
2289:PMID
2271:ISSN
2230:ISSN
2181:ISSN
2134:ISSN
2095:ISSN
2051:ISSN
2016:ISSN
1802:ISSN
1716:PMID
1698:ISSN
1645:PMID
1590:PMID
1334:Java
794:and
521:Guam
468:and
318:The
294:The
2862:NBN
2758:EoL
2745:CoL
2719:AFD
2706:ADW
2620:doi
2536:doi
2489:doi
2438:doi
2395:doi
2352:doi
2317:doi
2279:PMC
2261:doi
2220:doi
2173:doi
2126:doi
2087:doi
2043:doi
2008:doi
2004:237
1954:doi
1950:595
1888:doi
1794:doi
1706:PMC
1688:doi
1635:PMC
1625:doi
1580:PMC
1572:doi
1568:112
1533:doi
1494:doi
1454:doi
1450:305
1420:doi
1377:doi
1332:in
1282:in
1261:in
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269:or
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