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through which this occurs. Luo et al. explain that maternal transmission of mtDNA results from the active elimination of paternal mitochondria, and that the genes underlying this elimination process may have undergone certain mutations to allow mtDNA to continue through embryonic development. Mitochondrial endonuclease G relocates from the intermembrane space of paternal mitochondria to the matrix after fertilization, where it proceeds to degrade or eliminate paternal mtDNA. A defect in such an EndoG-like pathway in humans might produce a paternal contribution, thus explaining a possible mechanism for biparental inheritance.
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Occasional biparental mitochondrial transmission may benefit offspring by facilitating the removal of disadvantageous mutations from a population, while at the same time, continuing to restrict the spread of selfish genetic elements, such as genes that have a replication and transmission advantage at the expense of other genes
119:
in humans, which was thought to be only transmitted maternally. Although paternal mitochondrial DNA, in addition to the typically inherited maternal mtDNA, was proven to have been inherited by 17 members in three unrelated multigenerational families, researchers are not yet sure of the mechanisms
97:
mitochondrial inheritance, which is largely inherited maternally. Within mitochondrial genomes, biparental inheritance and recombination have been documented in plants, animals and fungi by Barr et al. in 2005, but the extent of these phenomena are thought to vary substantially across taxa.
407:
Luo, Shiyu; Valencia, C. Alexander; Zhang, Jinglan; Lee, Ni-Chung; Slone, Jesse; Gui, Baoheng; Wang, Xinjian; Li, Zhuo; Dell, Sarah; Brown, Jenice; Chen, Stella Maris; Chien, Yin-Hsiu; Hwu, Wuh-Liang; Fan, Pi-Chuan; Wong, Lee-Jun; Atwal, Paldeep S.; Huang, Taosheng (2018).
59:
Biparental inheritance is a requirement for a trait to be characterized as
Mendelian. If the gene does not have alternate forms, described as alleles, which can differ in each parent and then come together in the resulting offspring, then this trait is
467:
Zhou, Qinghua; Li, Haimin; Li, Hanzeng; Nakagawa, Akihisa; Lin, Jason L. J.; Lee, Eui-Seung; Harry, Brian L.; Skeen-Gaar, Riley Robert; Suehiro, Yuji; William, Donna; Mitani, Shohei; Yuan, Hanna S.; Kang, Byung-Ho; Xue, Ding (2016).
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of gametes which have been produced by random segregation. Without gametes created by random segregation, fertilization (which leads to biparental inheritance through these gametes) could not result in
Mendelian inheritance.
35:
from two parents, is the most common form of biparental inheritance. While less common, cases of biparental inheritance in extranuclear genes have been documented, such as biparental inheritance of
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in plants. Biparental inheritance of nuclear DNA by way of sexual reproduction can allow for new combinations of alleles from each contributing parent. The production of gametes through
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Birky, C. William; Strausberg, Robert L.; Forster, Jean L.; Perlman, Philip S. (1978). "Vegetative segregation of mitochondria in yeast: Estimating parameters using a random model".
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Barr, Camille M.; Neiman, Maurine; Taylor, Douglas R. (2005). "Inheritance and recombination of mitochondrial genomes in plants, fungi and animals".
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Gyllensten, Ulf; Wharton, Dan; Josefsson, Agneta; Wilson, Allan C. (1991). "Paternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in mice".
64:. Part of the reason biparental inheritance is obligatory in Mendelian inheritance is because another requisite is the
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cells of opposite mating types fuse together, both of which contribute mitochondria to the
253:"Further evidence for paternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in the sheep (Ovis aries)"
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While uncommon among most eukaryotes, biparental inheritance of mtDNA occurs regularly in
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Zhao, X.; Li, N.; Guo, W.; Hu, X.; Liu, Z.; Gong, G.; Wang, A.; Feng, J.; Wu, C. (2004).
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is a type of biological inheritance where the progeny inherits a maternal and a paternal
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139:"Biparental chloroplast inheritance leads to rescue from cytonuclear incompatibility"
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115:. In 2018, Luo et al. documented evidence of biparental inheritance of
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Barnard‐Kubow, Karen B.; McCoy, Morgan A.; Galloway, Laura F. (2017).
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Nunes, Maria D. S.; Dolezal, Marlies; Schlötterer, Christian (2013).
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51:, which is a possibility for novel combinations of alleles.
353:"Extensive paternal mtDNAleakage in natural populations of
410:"Biparental Inheritance of Mitochondrial DNA in Humans"
414:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
93:offspring. This is contrary to the majority of
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23:for one gene. It is one of the criteria for
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109:has been documented in sheep, mice, and
47:can sometimes include recombination, or
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73:Mitochondrial biparental inheritance
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230:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01492.x
180:Molecular and General Genetics
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83:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
79:extranuclear inheritance
494:10.1126/science.aaf4777
435:10.1073/pnas.1810946115
270:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800516
107:Paternal mtDNA leakage
17:Biparental inheritance
55:Mendelian inheritance
25:Mendelian inheritance
81:occurs in the yeast
486:2016Sci...353..394Z
426:2018PNAS..11513039L
420:(51): 13039–13044.
314:1991Natur.352..255G
85:, for example. Two
29:Sexual reproduction
532:Classical genetics
192:10.1007/BF00267196
480:(6297): 394–399.
373:10.1111/mec.12256
361:Molecular Ecology
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117:mitochondrial DNA
37:mitochondrial DNA
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112:Drosophila
95:eukaryotic
526:Category
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391:23452233
279:15266295
257:Heredity
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200:24730742
165:27686577
103:bivalves
503:5469823
482:Bibcode
474:Science
445:6304937
422:Bibcode
382:3659417
338:4278149
330:1857422
310:Bibcode
287:8039497
91:diploid
87:haploid
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