729:
516:. It is, however, rarely the case in natural materials. In addition to being chemically complex, natural birnessite crystals are structurally disordered with respect to the layer stacking and the flatness of the layers. A natural birnessite crystal may contain only a few layers, and they are often bent and always imperfectly stacked with orientational and translational loss of registry. The stacking disorder is referred to as "turbostratic" when the layers are oriented completely at random. Natural birnessite with turbostratically stacked layers is named vernadite, and the synthetic analog is named δ-MnO
675:
687:
710:
652:
3253:
575:(r = 0.74 Å) sorbed on a vacancy is transformed into a smaller tetrahedral complex (r = 0.58 Å) to penetrate into the octahedral Mn vacancy, and is subsequently converted to the low-spin state before being oxidized to Co by Mn, which is reduced to Mn. The surface-catalyzed, redox-driven uptake of Co leads also to a billion-fold enrichment in marine ferromanganese deposits compared to Co between ferromanganese deposits and Pb.
29:
556:). The relative stability of the interlayer cations has been evaluated experimentally and theoretically by surface complexation modeling and computational chemistry. Pb has the highest stability at the HBi surface, and the high geochemical affinity of Pb for birnessite probably explains its billion-fold enrichment in marine ferromanganese deposits compared to
358:
O formula either are missing, or are replaced primarily by Mn ions and secondarily by Mn ions. Because a solid is overall electrically neutral, birnessite contains foreign cations to balance the net negative charge created by Mn vacancies and heterovalent Mn substitutions.
321:
in oxygenated aqueous solutions is kinetically hindered and slow on mineral surfaces. Biological Mn(II) oxidation is generally fast relative to abiotic Mn(II) oxidation processes, and for this reason the majority of natural birnessites is believed to be produced by
570:
layer, when their effective ionic radius is close to that of Mn (r = 0.53 Å). For example, Zn (r = 0.74 Å) was never observed to enter a vacancy site, while Ni (r = 0.69 Å) partly enters, and Co (r = 0.54 Å) always does. Octahedral high-spin
409:
layers, such that every Mn-rich row alternates with two Mn-rich rows. The layer charge is offset by alkaline and alkali-earth cations (e.g., Na, K, Ca, Ba) into the interlayer region along with water molecules, and therefore TcBi has a
686:
674:
728:
1020:"Zinc mobility and speciation in soil covered by contaminated dredged sediment using micrometer-scale and bulk-averaging X-ray fluorescence, absorption and diffraction techniques"
520:. The layer spacing of vernadite can be also ~7 Å or ~10 Å, and interstratification of the two types of layers has been observed on quartz coatings and in ferromanganese crusts.
1620:"Environmentally important, poorly crystalline Fe/Mn hydrous oxides: Ferrihydrite and a possibly new vernadite-like mineral from the Clark Fork River Superfund Complex"
651:
2537:"Publisher Correction: Light-driven formation of manganese oxide by today's photosystem II supports evolutionarily ancient manganese-oxidizing photosynthesis"
2798:
709:
2672:"The Role of Cation Vacancies in Electrode Materials for Enhanced Electrochemical Energy Storage: Synthesis, Advanced Characterization, and Fundamentals"
1334:"Structure of synthetic monoclinic Na-rich birnessite and hexagonal birnessite; I, Results from X-ray diffraction and selected-area electron diffraction"
441:
The layer structure of HBi differs from that of TcBi by the presence of octahedral Mn vacancies (Vac). The chemical formula of synthetic HBi depends on
623:
2100:"Sorption behavior of heavy metals on birnessite: Relationship with its Mn average oxidation state and implications for types of sorption sites"
1819:"Structure of heavy metal sorbed birnessite. Part III: Results from powder and polarized extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy"
1384:"Structure of synthetic monoclinic Na-rich birnessite and hexagonal birnessite; II, Results from chemical studies and EXAFS spectroscopy"
382:
repeat in the layer stacking direction, and addition of a second water layer expands the layer spacing to ~10 Å. The 10 Å form is named
3307:
3292:
1067:"Natural speciation of Ni, Zn, Ba, and As in ferromanganese coatings on quartz using X-ray fluorescence, absorption, and diffraction"
2328:
2791:
693:
144:
167:
1434:"Structure of H-exchanged hexagonal birnessite and its mechanism of formation from Na-rich monoclinic buserite at low pH"
618:). The ordering of the Mn cations in triclinic birnessite, and the Mn vacancies in hexagonal birnessite, both reduce the
3302:
3297:
3287:
2784:
343:
566:
cations sorbed on vacancies were also observed to enter the underlying vacancies and become incorporated into the MnO
378:
octahedra separated by one or two layers of water molecules. The one-water layer compounds have a characteristic ~7
970:"Molecular-Scale Speciation of Zn and Ni in Soil Ferromanganese Nodules from Loess Soils of the Mississippi Basin"
920:"Characterization of manganese oxide mineralogy in rock varnish and dendrites using X-ray absorption spectroscopy"
3282:
1484:"Short-range and long-range order of phyllomanganate nanoparticles determined using high-energy X-ray scattering"
3277:
411:
371:
367:
281:
mineral species at the Earth's surface, and commonly occurs as fine-grained, poorly crystallized aggregates in
2351:"Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides"
85:
1241:
661:
294:
1905:"Chemical and structural control of the partitioning of Co, Ce, and Pb in marine ferromanganese oxides"
1109:"Mineralogy and crystal chemistry of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu in a deep-sea Pacific polymetallic nodule"
2628:
2501:
2451:
2404:
2362:
2270:
2228:
2189:
2146:
2107:
2072:
2002:
1955:
1916:
1869:
1830:
1780:
1733:
1631:
1584:
1534:
1445:
1395:
1345:
1295:
1253:
1206:
1167:
1120:
1078:
1031:
981:
931:
892:
807:
529:
919:
528:
The +4 charge deficit of a vacancy can be balanced by a large variety of interlayer cations forming
3207:
1108:
157:
680:
Idealized structure for Zn-rich vernadite nanosheets precipitated in the epidermis of grass roots.
2691:
2652:
2617:"Defect-Induced Photoconductivity in Layered Manganese Oxides: A Density Functional Theory Study"
2517:
2467:
2420:
2286:
2038:
1971:
1885:
1796:
1749:
1702:
1647:
1600:
1550:
1503:
1461:
1411:
1361:
1311:
1222:
1194:
1155:
1136:
1066:
1019:
947:
825:
657:
134:
2134:
3211:
2995:
2864:
2841:
2763:
2644:
2566:
2324:
2030:
1694:
1686:
997:
2258:
298:
3201:
3048:
2955:
2753:
2722:
2683:
2636:
2597:
2556:
2548:
2509:
2459:
2412:
2370:
2316:
2278:
2236:
2197:
2154:
2115:
2080:
2020:
2010:
1963:
1924:
1877:
1838:
1788:
1741:
1678:
1639:
1592:
1542:
1495:
1453:
1403:
1353:
1303:
1261:
1214:
1175:
1128:
1086:
1039:
989:
939:
900:
815:
627:
611:
607:
563:
195:
177:
51:
1666:
1265:
3257:
3221:
3151:
1483:
842:
615:
363:
2586:"Birnessite: A Layered Manganese Oxide To Capture Sunlight for Water-Splitting Catalysis"
2632:
2505:
2455:
2408:
2366:
2308:
2274:
2232:
2193:
2150:
2111:
2076:
2006:
1959:
1920:
1873:
1834:
1784:
1737:
1635:
1588:
1538:
1449:
1399:
1349:
1299:
1257:
1210:
1171:
1124:
1082:
1035:
985:
935:
896:
811:
583:
In nature, photosynthetic organisms use the high oxidative ability of birnessite-type Mn
3217:
2966:
2940:
2935:
2818:
2711:"Half-Metallicity in Single-Layered Manganese Dioxide Nanosheets by Defect Engineering"
2561:
2490:"Density Functional Theory Modeling of the Oxidation Mechanism of Co(II) by Birnessite"
2320:
1769:"Structure of heavy-metal sorbed birnessite: Part 2. Results from electron diffraction"
592:
290:
95:
2513:
2282:
2217:"Understanding the trends in transition metal sorption by vacancy sites in birnessite"
2201:
2084:
1842:
634:
nanosheets with Mn vacancies, rendering them promising candidates for applications in
3271:
3141:
3111:
3086:
3013:
2874:
2859:
2695:
2521:
2485:
2388:
2290:
2254:
2158:
2056:
2042:
1814:
1706:
1568:
1554:
1479:
1195:"Structural characterization of terrestrial microbial Mn oxides from Pinal Creek, AZ"
1104:
1062:
965:
829:
599:
323:
302:
205:
124:
44:
2616:
2489:
2471:
2424:
2060:
1975:
1889:
1800:
1753:
1722:"Structure of heavy-metal sorbed birnessite: Part 1. Results from X-ray diffraction"
1651:
1604:
1507:
1465:
1415:
1365:
1315:
1284:"Structure of synthetic Na-birnessite: Evidence for a triclinic one-layer unit cell"
1226:
1140:
951:
880:
3091:
3056:
3018:
2656:
2640:
2173:
2099:
1818:
904:
3237:
2742:"Pathogenic prion protein is degraded by a manganese oxide mineral found in soils"
2119:
1573:"Structure of Mn and Fe oxides and oxyhydroxides: A topological approach by EXAFS"
866:
3136:
3121:
3066:
3033:
3003:
2960:
2899:
2889:
2854:
2536:
770:
760:
635:
602:
properties, birnessite-type materials are used in a variety of areas, including
512:
layers are stacked periodically in synthetic triclinic and hexagonal birnessite
2552:
2350:
2259:"Nature of High- and Low-Affinity Metal Surface Sites on Birnessite Nanosheets"
2216:
2025:
1943:
1904:
1857:
3227:
3169:
3159:
3106:
3076:
3038:
3008:
2976:
2909:
2585:
2374:
2240:
1967:
1928:
1881:
1682:
1499:
1218:
1179:
1090:
1043:
775:
765:
665:
645:
via oxidation. How well this process works outside the laboratory is unclear.
2601:
2392:
1858:"Mn, Fe, Zn and As speciation in a fast-growing ferromanganese marine nodule"
1768:
1721:
1283:
969:
3231:
3191:
3131:
3116:
3101:
3096:
3081:
3071:
3023:
2971:
2950:
2894:
2831:
2826:
2807:
2710:
2671:
2416:
2015:
1990:
1792:
1745:
1383:
1333:
1307:
603:
318:
278:
104:
100:
2767:
2758:
2741:
2726:
2687:
2648:
2570:
2135:"The interaction of metal ions at the manganese dioxide-solution interface"
2034:
1698:
1667:"The structure and crystal chemistry of vernadite in ferromanganese crusts"
1433:
1407:
1357:
1001:
28:
2439:
1619:
1457:
943:
3195:
3164:
3126:
3061:
3028:
2945:
2930:
2849:
2463:
1643:
1156:"Formation of todorokite from vernadite in Ni-rich hemipelagic sediments"
1132:
755:
619:
557:
553:
383:
379:
327:
306:
286:
1572:
1522:
881:"Birnessite, a new manganese oxide mineral from Aberdeenshire, Scotland"
820:
795:
3185:
2904:
2810:
1596:
1546:
549:
533:
513:
374:
birnessite (HBi). The two of them consist of layers of edge-sharing MnO
254:
2393:"Structural mechanism of Co oxidation by the phyllomanganate buserite"
1690:
993:
2776:
2440:"Crystal-chemistry of Ni in marine ferromanganese crusts and nodules"
854:
642:
572:
537:
415:
331:
1242:"Biogenic manganese oxides: Properties and mechanisms of formation"
703:
nano-crystals viewed parallel and perpendicular to the layer plane.
2981:
2174:"A consistent model for surface complexation on birnessite (δ-MnO
2061:"Crystal Chemistry of Thallium in Marine Ferromanganese Deposits"
1944:"Formation of Zn–Ca phyllomanganate nanoparticles in grass roots"
545:
541:
282:
2780:
885:
Mineralogical
Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society
591:
clusters to oxidize water into molecular oxygen through the
442:
346:, in which variable amounts of Mn ions in the nominal MnO
843:
http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/birnessite.pdf
3178:
3150:
3047:
2994:
2918:
2882:
2873:
2840:
2817:
222:
218:
Identification by optical properties is impossible.
214:
204:
194:
186:
176:
166:
156:
143:
133:
123:
115:
110:
94:
84:
50:
40:
35:
21:
867:http://www.webmineral.com/data/Birnessite.shtml
560:, which surpasses those of all other elements.
2309:"Deep-Ocean Ferromanganese Crusts and Nodules"
405:octahedra are fully ordered in raws in the MnO
2792:
2178:) and its application to a column experiment"
1246:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
715:Structure of a cylindrically bent layer of δ-
389:The layer composition of TcBi is typically Mn
8:
734:Structure of a spherically bent layer of δ-
2879:
2799:
2785:
2777:
918:McKeown, D. A.; et al. (2001-05-01).
2757:
2560:
2024:
2014:
1991:"Thallium Sorption onto Manganese Oxides"
819:
1523:"Vernadite is random-stacked birnessite"
737:
718:
699:
317:Its precipitation from the oxidation of
249:
77:
1240:Tebo, B. M.; et al. (2004-05-19).
786:
647:
1995:Environmental Science & Technology
1266:10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120213
974:Environmental Science & Technology
18:
2302:
2300:
1427:
1425:
1377:
1375:
1327:
1325:
1277:
1275:
879:Jones, L. H. P.; et al. (1956).
532:above and below the vacancies (e.g.,
7:
2438:Peacock, C. L.; et al. (2007).
2172:Appelo, C.A.J.; et al. (1999).
1057:
1055:
1053:
1013:
1011:
796:"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols"
2590:The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
1382:Silvester, E.; et al. (1997).
2584:Lucht, K. P.; et al. (2015).
2321:10.1016/b978-0-08-095975-7.01111-6
1903:Takahashi, Y; et al. (2007).
1856:Marcus, M. A; et al. (2004).
1767:Drits, V. A.; et al. (2002).
1488:Journal of Applied Crystallography
1332:Drits, V. A.; et al. (1997).
1193:Bargar, J.R.; et al. (2009).
855:http://www.mindat.org/min-680.html
14:
2615:Kwon, K. D.; et al. (2008).
2535:Chernev, P.; et al. (2021).
2514:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00122
2283:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00278
2215:Kwon, K. D.; et al. (2013).
2085:10.1021/acsearthspacechem.1c00447
1577:Physics and Chemistry of Minerals
1018:Isaure, M-P; et al. (2005).
641:Birnessite is able to break down
297:and crusts. It was discovered at
289:, grain and rock coatings (e.g.,
253:, is a hydrous manganese dioxide
3251:
2355:Acta Crystallographica Section A
2307:Hein, J.R.; et al. (2014),
1671:Acta Crystallographica Section B
727:
708:
694:transmission electron microscope
685:
673:
650:
414:. A typical chemical formula of
27:
2740:Russo, F.; et al. (2009).
2221:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
2182:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
2139:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1948:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1942:Lanson, B; et al. (2008).
1909:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1862:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1823:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1720:Lanson, B; et al. (2002).
1482:, A; et al. (2013-02-01).
1432:Lanson, B; et al. (2000).
1282:Lanson, B; et al. (2002).
1199:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1160:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1154:Bodeï, S.; et al. (2007).
1071:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1024:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
2641:10.1103/physrevlett.100.146601
2315:, Elsevier, pp. 273–291,
905:10.1180/minmag.1956.031.235.01
1:
2709:Wang, H; et al. (2014).
2670:Gao, P.; et al. (2020).
2494:ACS Earth and Space Chemistry
2263:ACS Earth and Space Chemistry
2202:10.1016/s0016-7037(99)00231-8
2120:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.11.001
2098:Wang, Y; et al. (2012).
2065:ACS Earth and Space Chemistry
1989:Wick, S; et al. (2019).
1843:10.1016/s0016-7037(02)00869-4
630:behavior was observed for MnO
257:with a chemical formula of Na
2488:, A.; Steinmann, S. (2022).
2159:10.1016/0016-7037(75)90103-9
1665:Lee, S; et al. (2019).
129:Extremely finely crystalline
2746:Journal of General Virology
579:Properties and applications
344:non-stoichiometric compound
16:Manganese hydroxide mineral
3324:
3308:Minerals in space group 12
3293:Manganese(III,IV) minerals
2553:10.1038/s41467-020-20868-9
2059:, A.; et al. (2022).
1571:, A.; et al. (1988).
1107:, A.; et al. (2014).
595:membrane protein complex.
445:. The generic formula is H
3247:
2676:Advanced Energy Materials
2391:, A; et al. (1997).
2375:10.1107/s0567739476001551
2257:, A; et al. (2021).
2241:10.1016/j.gca.2012.08.038
1968:10.1016/j.gca.2008.02.022
1929:10.1016/j.gca.2006.11.016
1882:10.1016/j.gca.2004.01.015
1817:, A; et al. (2002).
1683:10.1107/S2052520619006528
1500:10.1107/S0021889812047917
1219:10.1016/j.gca.2008.10.036
1180:10.1016/j.gca.2007.07.020
1091:10.1016/j.gca.2006.08.036
1065:, A; et al. (2007).
1044:10.1016/j.gca.2004.08.024
968:, A; et al. (2003).
857:Mindat with location data
751:Other manganese oxides:
338:Composition and structure
26:
2602:10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b07860
2313:Treatise on Geochemistry
1618:Hochella, M. F. (2005).
622:, and therefore enhance
412:cation-exchange capacity
2621:Physical Review Letters
2417:10.2138/am-1997-11-1213
2349:Shannon, R. D. (1976).
2016:10.1021/acs.est.9b04454
1793:10.2138/am-2002-11-1214
1746:10.2138/am-2002-11-1213
1308:10.2138/am-2002-11-1215
624:electrical conductivity
2759:10.1099/vir.0.003251-0
2727:10.1002/ange.201410031
2688:10.1002/aenm.201903780
2133:Murray, J. W. (1975).
1521:Giovanoli, R. (1980).
1408:10.2138/am-1997-9-1013
1358:10.2138/am-1997-9-1012
845:Handbook of Mineralogy
800:Mineralogical Magazine
530:inner-sphere complexes
370:birnessite (TcBi) and
366:structures are known,
295:ferromanganese nodules
2541:Nature Communications
2444:American Mineralogist
2397:American Mineralogist
1773:American Mineralogist
1726:American Mineralogist
1624:American Mineralogist
1458:10.2138/am-2000-5-625
1438:American Mineralogist
1388:American Mineralogist
1338:American Mineralogist
1288:American Mineralogist
1113:American Mineralogist
944:10.2138/am-2001-5-611
924:American Mineralogist
662:ferromanganese nodule
418:-exchanged TcBi is Na
215:Other characteristics
200:nω = 1.730 nε = 1.690
2464:10.2138/am.2007.2378
2403:(11–12): 1150–1175.
2188:(19–20): 3039–3048.
1779:(11–12): 1646–1661.
1732:(11–12): 1631–1645.
1644:10.2138/am.2005.1591
1294:(11–12): 1662–1671.
1133:10.2138/am-2014-4742
246:O), also known as δ-
3303:Monoclinic minerals
3258:Minerals portal
2633:2008PhRvL.100n6601K
2596:(40): 22838–22846.
2506:2022ESC.....6.2063M
2456:2007AmMin..92.1087P
2409:1997AmMin..82.1150M
2367:1976AcCrA..32..751S
2275:2021ESC.....5...66M
2233:2013GeCoA.101..222K
2194:1999GeCoA..63.3039A
2151:1975GeCoA..39..505M
2112:2012ChGeo.292...25W
2077:2022ESC.....6.1269M
2026:20.500.11850/383584
2007:2019EnST...5313168W
2001:(22): 13168–13178.
1960:2008GeCoA..72.2478L
1921:2007GeCoA..71..984T
1874:2004GeCoA..68.3125M
1835:2002GeCoA..66.2639M
1785:2002AmMin..87.1646D
1738:2002AmMin..87.1631L
1636:2005AmMin..90..718H
1589:1988PCM....15..283M
1539:1980MinDe..15..251G
1527:Mineralium Deposita
1450:2000AmMin..85..826L
1400:1997AmMin..82..962S
1350:1997AmMin..82..946D
1300:2002AmMin..87.1662L
1258:2004AREPS..32..287T
1211:2009GeCoA..73..889B
1172:2007GeCoA..71.5698B
1125:2014AmMin..99.2068M
1083:2007GeCoA..71...95M
1036:2005GeCoA..69.1173I
986:2003EnST...37...75M
936:2001AmMin..86..701M
897:1956MinM...31..283J
821:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
812:2021MinM...85..291W
794:Warr, L.N. (2021).
692:High-magnification
119:Dark brown to black
3298:Hydroxide minerals
3288:Potassium minerals
2106:. 292–293: 25–34.
1597:10.1007/bf00307518
1547:10.1007/bf00206520
660:tricolor map of a
658:X-ray fluorescence
524:Surface reactivity
277:O. It is the main
187:Optical properties
162:Sub-metallic, dull
3265:
3264:
2990:
2989:
2865:Manganoan calcite
2752:(Pt 1): 275–280.
2715:Angewandte Chemie
1954:(10): 2478–2490.
1868:(14): 3125–3136.
1829:(15): 2639–2663.
1394:(9–10): 962–978.
1344:(9–10): 946–961.
1166:(23): 5698–5716.
1119:(10): 2068–2083.
994:10.1021/es025748r
696:(TEM) image of δ-
598:Because of their
229:
228:
3315:
3283:Calcium minerals
3256:
3255:
3254:
3202:Manganese nodule
2956:Manganotantalite
2880:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2721:(4): 1211–1215.
2706:
2700:
2699:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2500:(8): 2063–2075.
2482:
2476:
2475:
2450:(7): 1087–1092.
2435:
2429:
2428:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2104:Chemical Geology
2095:
2089:
2088:
2071:(5): 1269–1285.
2053:
2047:
2046:
2028:
2018:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1444:(5–6): 826–838.
1429:
1420:
1419:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1059:
1048:
1047:
1030:(5): 1173–1198.
1015:
1006:
1005:
962:
956:
955:
930:(5–6): 701–713.
915:
909:
908:
891:(235): 283–288.
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
833:
823:
791:
740:
731:
721:
712:
702:
689:
677:
654:
616:pseudocapacitors
610:energy storage (
564:Transition metal
505:for neutrality.
364:crystallographic
342:Birnessite is a
252:
196:Refractive index
178:Specific gravity
149:
80:
57:
56:(repeating unit)
31:
19:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3278:Sodium minerals
3268:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3252:
3250:
3243:
3174:
3146:
3043:
2986:
2914:
2869:
2836:
2813:
2805:
2775:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2682:(14): 1903780.
2669:
2668:
2664:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2055:
2054:
2050:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1915:(4): 984–1008.
1902:
1901:
1897:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1061:
1060:
1051:
1017:
1016:
1009:
964:
963:
959:
917:
916:
912:
878:
877:
873:
869:Webmineral data
865:
861:
853:
849:
841:
837:
793:
792:
788:
784:
749:
742:
739:
735:
732:
723:
720:
716:
713:
704:
701:
697:
690:
681:
678:
669:
655:
633:
608:electrochemical
590:
586:
581:
569:
526:
519:
511:
484:
479:
473:
467:
461:
455:
449:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
377:
357:
349:
340:
315:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
251:
247:
245:
237:
147:
79:
75:
73:
71:
63:
55:
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3321:
3319:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3270:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3235:
3225:
3218:Zincobotryogen
3215:
3205:
3199:
3189:
3188:(borosilicate)
3182:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2963:(calvonigrite)
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2941:Ferrotantalite
2938:
2936:Ferrocolumbite
2933:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2774:
2773:
2732:
2701:
2662:
2627:(14): 146601.
2607:
2576:
2527:
2477:
2430:
2380:
2361:(5): 751–767.
2341:
2329:
2296:
2246:
2207:
2175:
2164:
2145:(4): 505–519.
2125:
2090:
2048:
1981:
1934:
1895:
1848:
1806:
1759:
1712:
1677:(4): 591–598.
1657:
1630:(4): 718–724.
1610:
1583:(3): 283–295.
1560:
1533:(2): 251–253.
1513:
1471:
1421:
1371:
1321:
1271:
1232:
1205:(4): 889–910.
1185:
1146:
1096:
1049:
1007:
957:
910:
871:
859:
847:
835:
806:(3): 291–320.
785:
783:
780:
779:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
748:
745:
744:
743:
733:
726:
724:
714:
707:
705:
691:
684:
682:
679:
672:
670:
656:
649:
631:
600:semiconducting
593:photosystem II
588:
584:
580:
577:
567:
525:
522:
517:
509:
482:
477:
471:
465:
459:
453:
447:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
375:
355:
347:
339:
336:
324:microorganisms
314:
311:
293:), and marine
291:desert varnish
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
243:
235:
234:(nominally MnO
227:
226:
224:
220:
219:
216:
212:
211:
208:
202:
201:
198:
192:
191:
188:
184:
183:
180:
174:
173:
170:
164:
163:
160:
154:
153:
150:
141:
140:
137:
131:
130:
127:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
111:Identification
108:
107:
98:
96:Crystal system
92:
91:
88:
82:
81:
69:
61:
58:
48:
47:
42:
38:
37:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3320:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3260:
3259:
3246:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3142:Zircophyllite
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Pyroxferroite
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:Glaucochroite
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:Lithiophilite
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2860:Rhodochrosite
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2342:
2332:
2330:9780080983004
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:(1): 95–128.
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
961:
958:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
914:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
872:
868:
863:
860:
856:
851:
848:
844:
839:
836:
831:
827:
822:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
790:
787:
781:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
752:
746:
730:
725:
711:
706:
695:
688:
683:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
653:
648:
646:
644:
639:
637:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
578:
576:
574:
565:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
523:
521:
515:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
480:
474:
468:
462:
456:
450:
444:
439:
417:
413:
387:
385:
381:
373:
369:
365:
360:
353:
345:
337:
335:
333:
329:
326:, especially
325:
320:
312:
310:
308:
304:
303:Aberdeenshire
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
256:
241:
233:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
207:
206:Birefringence
203:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
179:
175:
172:Nearly opaque
171:
169:
165:
161:
159:
155:
151:
146:
142:
138:
136:
132:
128:
126:
125:Crystal habit
122:
118:
114:
109:
106:
102:
99:
97:
93:
89:
87:
83:
67:
59:
53:
49:
46:
45:Oxide mineral
43:
39:
34:
30:
25:
20:
3249:
3092:Jeffersonite
3057:Babingtonite
3019:Natrophilite
2925:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2718:
2714:
2704:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2497:
2493:
2480:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2400:
2396:
2383:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2334:, retrieved
2312:
2269:(1): 66–76.
2266:
2262:
2249:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2185:
2181:
2167:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2103:
2093:
2068:
2064:
2051:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1826:
1822:
1809:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1627:
1623:
1613:
1580:
1576:
1563:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1491:
1487:
1474:
1441:
1437:
1391:
1387:
1341:
1337:
1291:
1287:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1116:
1112:
1099:
1074:
1070:
1027:
1023:
980:(1): 75–80.
977:
973:
960:
927:
923:
913:
888:
884:
874:
862:
850:
838:
803:
799:
789:
750:
640:
597:
582:
562:
527:
507:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
476:
470:
464:
458:
452:
446:
440:
388:
361:
351:
341:
316:
239:
231:
230:
190:Uniaxial (−)
65:
3240:(tungstate)
3137:Zakharovite
3122:Spessartine
3067:Brownleeite
3034:Triploidite
3004:Childrenite
2967:Romanèchite
2961:Psilomelane
2900:Manganosite
2890:Hausmannite
2855:Kutnohorite
2227:: 222–232.
1494:: 193–209.
1252:: 287–328.
771:Ramsdellite
761:Psilomelane
636:spintronics
330:, but also
168:Diaphaneity
3272:Categories
3228:Wolframite
3170:Rambergite
3160:Alabandite
3107:Piemontite
3077:Chloritoid
3039:Zanazziite
3009:Graftonite
2996:Phosphates
2977:Todorokite
2926:Birnessite
2910:Pyrolusite
2842:Carbonates
2547:(1): 419.
2336:2021-09-26
782:References
776:Todorokite
766:Pyrolusite
741:nanosheet.
722:nanosheet.
666:Baltic Sea
232:Birnessite
223:References
145:Mohs scale
86:IMA symbol
22:Birnessite
3238:Hübnerite
3232:tungstate
3212:sulfosalt
3208:Samsonite
3204:(various)
3192:Geigerite
3132:Tephroite
3117:Rhodonite
3102:Ottrelite
3097:Knebelite
3082:Eudialyte
3072:Calderite
3049:Silicates
3024:Purpurite
2972:Tantalite
2951:Jacobsite
2895:Manganite
2832:Tusionite
2827:Sussexite
2808:Manganese
2696:214006754
2522:251086409
2291:234304816
2043:207815275
1707:202084338
1555:104363781
830:235729616
664:from the
612:batteries
604:catalysis
397:. The MnO
372:hexagonal
368:triclinic
313:Formation
287:sediments
279:manganese
210:δ = 0.040
105:Hexagonal
101:Triclinic
3196:arsenate
3165:Hauerite
3152:Sulfides
3127:Sugilite
3062:Braunite
3029:Triplite
2946:Galaxite
2931:Bixbyite
2850:Ankerite
2811:minerals
2768:19088299
2649:18518059
2571:33436628
2472:98074547
2425:54923713
2035:31674774
1976:16075545
1890:33694906
1801:52241298
1754:52255943
1699:32830716
1652:54664549
1605:97465847
1508:56356250
1466:55586944
1416:55969753
1366:56030552
1316:53443294
1227:59065579
1141:98025822
1002:12542293
952:19647389
756:Buserite
747:See also
628:metallic
620:band gap
558:seawater
514:crystals
384:buserite
328:bacteria
307:Scotland
148:hardness
135:Cleavage
41:Category
3222:sulfate
3186:Axinite
2905:Nsutite
2819:Borates
2657:2146794
2629:Bibcode
2562:7804171
2502:Bibcode
2486:Manceau
2452:Bibcode
2405:Bibcode
2389:Manceau
2363:Bibcode
2271:Bibcode
2255:Manceau
2229:Bibcode
2190:Bibcode
2147:Bibcode
2108:Bibcode
2073:Bibcode
2057:Manceau
2003:Bibcode
1956:Bibcode
1917:Bibcode
1870:Bibcode
1831:Bibcode
1815:Manceau
1781:Bibcode
1734:Bibcode
1691:1559941
1632:Bibcode
1585:Bibcode
1569:Manceau
1535:Bibcode
1480:Manceau
1446:Bibcode
1396:Bibcode
1346:Bibcode
1296:Bibcode
1254:Bibcode
1207:Bibcode
1168:Bibcode
1121:Bibcode
1105:Manceau
1079:Bibcode
1063:Manceau
1032:Bibcode
982:Bibcode
966:Manceau
932:Bibcode
893:Bibcode
808:Bibcode
626:. Half-
508:The MnO
485:, with
401:and MnO
299:Birness
255:mineral
139:perfect
52:Formula
36:General
2883:Simple
2875:Oxides
2766:
2694:
2655:
2647:
2569:
2559:
2520:
2470:
2423:
2327:
2289:
2041:
2033:
1974:
1888:
1799:
1752:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1650:
1603:
1553:
1506:
1464:
1414:
1364:
1314:
1225:
1139:
1000:
950:
828:
643:prions
319:Mn(II)
158:Luster
3179:Other
2982:Umber
2919:Mixed
2692:S2CID
2653:S2CID
2518:S2CID
2468:S2CID
2421:S2CID
2287:S2CID
2039:S2CID
1972:S2CID
1886:S2CID
1797:S2CID
1750:S2CID
1703:S2CID
1648:S2CID
1601:S2CID
1551:S2CID
1504:S2CID
1462:S2CID
1412:S2CID
1362:S2CID
1312:S2CID
1223:S2CID
1137:S2CID
948:S2CID
826:S2CID
434:·0.4H
332:fungi
283:soils
273:·2.8H
116:Color
2764:PMID
2645:PMID
2567:PMID
2325:ISBN
2031:PMID
1695:PMID
1687:OSTI
998:PMID
614:and
606:and
428:0.31
424:0.69
420:0.31
395:0.31
391:0.69
362:Two
2754:doi
2723:doi
2719:127
2684:doi
2637:doi
2625:100
2598:doi
2594:119
2557:PMC
2549:doi
2510:doi
2460:doi
2413:doi
2371:doi
2317:doi
2279:doi
2237:doi
2225:101
2198:doi
2155:doi
2116:doi
2081:doi
2021:hdl
2011:doi
1964:doi
1925:doi
1878:doi
1839:doi
1789:doi
1742:doi
1679:doi
1640:doi
1593:doi
1543:doi
1496:doi
1454:doi
1404:doi
1354:doi
1304:doi
1262:doi
1215:doi
1176:doi
1129:doi
1087:doi
1040:doi
990:doi
940:doi
901:doi
816:doi
736:MnO
717:MnO
698:MnO
587:CaO
501:+ 4
493:+ 2
489:+ 3
475:Vac
463:(Mn
438:O.
422:(Mn
263:0.3
259:0.7
248:MnO
182:3.0
152:1.5
103:or
90:Bir
76:MnO
60:MnO
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