200:
212:
438:
1094:
670:
864:
976:
317:
401:
1111:
1128:
1077:
717:
830:. The arolium, plantulae and pulvilli are adhesive organs enabling their possessors to climb smooth or steep surfaces. They all are outgrowths of the exoskeleton and their cavities contain blood. Their structures are covered with tubular tenent hairs, the apices of which are moistened by a glandular secretion. The organs are adapted to apply the hairs closely to a smooth surface so that adhesion occurs through surface molecular forces.
498:. They are found most frequently on the larvae of moths and sawflies. Prolegs do not have the same structure as modern adult insect legs, and there has been a great deal of debate as to whether they are homologous with them. Current evidence suggests that they are indeed homologous up to a very primitive stage in their embryological development, but that their emergence in modern insects was not homologous between the
2008:
1060:
369:
855:), the long tendon courses through the tarsus and tibia before reaching the femur. Tension on the long tendon is controlled by two muscles, one in the femur and one in the tibia, which can operate differently depending on how the leg is bent. Tension on the long tendon controls the claw, but also bends the tarsus and likely affects its stiffness during walking.
581:
647:
and associated sclerites of its thoracic segment, and in some species it articulates with the edge of the sternite as well. The homologies of the various basal sclerites are open to debate. Some authorities suggest that they derive from an ancestral subcoxa. In many species, the coxa has two lobes
424:
and their relatives) have seven-segmented walking legs, comprising coxa, trochanter, prefemur, femur, tibia, tarsus, and a tarsal claw. Myriapod legs show a variety of modifications in different groups. In all centipedes, the first pair of legs is modified into a pair of venomous fangs called
327:
legs differ from those of insects by the addition of two segments on either side of the tibia, the patella between the femur and the tibia, and the metatarsus (sometimes called basitarsus) between the tibia and the tarsus (sometimes called telotarsus), making a total of seven segments.
660:
The trochanter articulates with the coxa but usually is attached rigidly to the femur. In some insects, its appearance may be confusing; for example it has two subsegments in the
Odonata. In parasitic Hymenoptera, the base of the femur has the appearance of a second trochanter.
703:
The tibia is the fourth section of the typical insect leg. As a rule, the tibia of an insect is slender in comparison to the femur, but it generally is at least as long and often longer. Near the distal end, there is generally a tibial spur, often two or more. In the
331:
The tarsus of spiders have claws at the end as well as a hook that helps with web-spinning. Spider legs can also serve sensory functions, with hairs that serve as touch receptors, as well as an organ on the tarsus that serves as a humidity receptor, known as the
470:
Except in species in which legs have been lost or become vestigial through evolutionary adaptation, adult insects have six legs, one pair attached to each of the three segments of the thorax. They have paired appendages on some other segments, in particular,
387:
are divided primitively into seven segments, which do not follow the naming system used in the other groups. They are: coxa, basis, ischium, merus, carpus, propodus, and dactylus. In some groups, some of the limb segments may be fused together. The claw
1024:
taxa have diverged from a simple body plan with many similar appendages which are serially homologous, into a variety of body plans with fewer segments equipped with specialised appendages. The homologies between these have been discovered by comparing
783:. Usually, the parempodia are bristly (setiform), but in a few species they are fleshy. Sometimes the parempodia are reduced in size so as to almost disappear. Above the unguitractor plate, the pretarsus expands forward into a median lobe, the
708:, the tibia of the foreleg bears a large apical spur that fits over a semicircular gap in the first segment of the tarsus. The gap is lined with comb-like bristles, and the insect cleans its antennae by drawing them through.
463:, each with five components. In order from the body they are the coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus. Each is a single segment, except the tarsus which can be from three to seven segments, each referred to as a
513:, vary more than in the adults. As mentioned, some have prolegs as well as "true" thoracic legs. Some have no externally visible legs at all (though they have internal rudiments that emerge as adult legs at the final
392:) of a lobster or crab is formed by the articulation of the dactylus against an outgrowth of the propodus. Crustacean limbs also differ in being biramous, whereas all other extant arthropods have uniramous limbs.
971:
The majority of aquatic insects use their legs only for swimming (natatorial), though many species of immature insects swim by other means such as by wriggling, undulating, or expelling water in jets.
822:
generally have paired lobes or pulvilli, meaning "little cushions". There is a single pulvillus below each unguis. The pulvilli often have an arolium between them or otherwise a median bristle or
237:. A uniramous limb comprises a single series of segments attached end-to-end. A biramous limb, however, branches into two, and each branch consists of a series of segments attached end-to-end.
182:
and may only bend in one plane. This means that a greater number of segments is required to achieve the same kinds of movements that are possible in vertebrate animals, which have rotational
164:
arthropods but modern arthropods have eight or fewer. It has been argued that the ancestral leg need not have been so complex, and that other events, such as successive loss of function of a
779:, the parempodia are a symmetrical pair of structures arising from the outside (distal) surface of the unguitractor plate between the claws. It is present in many Hemiptera and almost all
742:
and certain insect larvae the tarsus also is single-segmented. Most modern insects have tarsi divided into subsegments (tarsomeres), usually about five. The actual number varies with the
268:(inner structures). Exopodites can be easily distinguished from exites by the possession of internal musculature. The exopodites can sometimes be missing in some crustacean groups (
1381:
Kukalova-Peck, J. (1992). "The "Uniramia" do not exist - the ground plan of the
Pterygota as revealed by Permian Diaphanopterodea from Russia (Insecta, Paleodictyopteroidea)".
791:
560:
are adapted to scuttling beneath underwater stones and the like, whereas the adults have more gracile legs that are less of a burden during flight. Again, the young of the
1921:"Function of a Muscle Whose Apodeme Travels Through a Joint Moved by Other Muscles: Why the Retractor Unguis Muscle in Stick Insects is Tripartite and has no Antagonist"
833:
Insects control the ungues through muscle tension on a long tendon, the "retractor unguis" or "long tendon". In insect models of locomotion and motor control, such as
556:, the legs of larvae tend to resemble those of the adults in general, except in adaptations to their respective modes of life. For example, the legs of most immature
298:. It is now believed that several groups of arthropods evolved uniramous limbs independently from ancestors with biramous limbs, so this taxon is no longer used.
968:, are adapted for seizing prey that the insects feed on while flying or while sitting still on a plant; they are nearly incapable of using them for walking.
1540:
691:
legs because the typical leaping mechanism is to straighten the joint between the femur and the tibia, and the femur contains the necessary massive
156:
of leg segments between groups are difficult to prove and are the source of much argument. Some authors posit up to eleven segments per leg for the
199:
211:
2251:
635:
and have to do with how the leg attaches to the main exoskeleton of the insect. Such sclerites differ considerably between unrelated insects.
437:
2135:
1969:
1848:
1498:
2041:
1771:
943:
Other beetles with spectacularly muscular hind femora may not be saltatorial at all, but very clumsy; for example, particular species of
429:. In some millipedes, the first leg pair in males may be reduced to tiny hooks or stubs, while in others the first pair may be enlarged.
287:
are uniramous. In crustaceans, the first antennae are uniramous, but the second antennae are biramous, as are the legs in most species.
425:
forcipules. In most millipedes, one or two pairs of walking legs in adult males are modified into sperm-transferring structures called
1030:
992:
936:; they have heavily bipinnately muscled femora and straight, long tibiae adapted to leaping and to some extent to defence by kicking.
1626:
826:, meaning the meeting place of the pulvilli. On the underside of the tarsal segments, there frequently are pulvillus-like organs or
564:
are called "crawlers" and they crawl around looking for a good place to feed, where they settle down and stay for life. Their later
790:
652:
which is usually the larger part of the coxa. A meron is well developed in
Periplaneta, the Isoptera, Neuroptera and Lepidoptera.
1689:
Suzuki, Y; Palopoli, MF (Oct 2001). "Evolution of insect abdominal appendages: are prolegs homologous or convergent traits?".
1189:
2282:
1619:
Imms' General
Textbook of Entomology: Volume 1: Structure, Physiology and Development Volume 2: Classification and Biology
1212:
1093:
762:
688:
601:
597:
2167:
761:, Protura and many insect larvae, the pretarsus is a single claw. On the pretarsus most insects have a pair of claws (
157:
2297:
2287:
2261:
1566:"Patterning mechanisms and morphological diversity of spider appendages and their importance for spider evolution"
669:
343:, but with the addition of a pre-tarsus beyond the tarsus. The claws of the scorpion are not truly legs, but are
2034:
863:
687:
In most insects, the femur is the largest region of the leg; it is especially conspicuous in many insects with
644:
333:
311:
947:(Bruchinae) use their swollen hind legs for forcing their way out of the hard-shelled seeds of plants such as
2292:
835:
460:
975:
316:
2201:
2145:
2130:
2050:
984:
545:, specialised, active, legged larvae, but they end their larval stage as legless maggots, for example the
2125:
875:), rather than for digging, leaping, swimming, predation, or other similar activities. The legs of most
771:). Between the ungues, a median unguitractor plate supports the pretarsus. The plate is attached to the
406:
183:
1565:
1905:
Stanislav N Gorb. "Biological attachment devices: exploring nature's diversity for biomimetics Phil.
426:
494:
insects do however have extra walking legs on their abdominal segments; these extra legs are called
2120:
2074:
2027:
1864:
Goel, S. C. (1972). "Notes on the structure of the unguitractor plate in
Heteroptera (Hemiptera)".
400:
1802:
1732:
Galis, Frietson (1996). "The evolution of insects and vertebrates: homeobox genes and homology".
1714:
1671:
1469:
799:
750:
characteristically have 5-segmented fore- and mid-tarsi, but 4-segmented hind tarsi, whereas the
538:
172:
153:
1110:
2013:
1965:
1940:
1844:
1810:
1794:
1749:
1706:
1663:
1622:
1585:
1494:
1488:
1461:
1444:& S. Koenemann (2001). "Developmental genetics and arthropod evolution: part I, on legs".
1127:
649:
476:
472:
452:
1994:
1959:
1840:
1646:(1994). "The role of the Distal-less gene in the development and evolution of insect limbs".
1932:
1873:
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1698:
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1577:
1530:
1453:
1441:
1421:
1390:
1076:
915:
692:
680:
1891:
Ross, Edward S. (1991). "Embioptera". In
Naumann, I. D.; Carne, P. B.; et al. (eds.).
716:
2256:
2094:
1643:
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The coxa is the proximal segment and functional base of the leg. It articulates with the
2212:
1877:
1426:
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729:
356:
307:
1659:
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389:
373:
59:
1987:
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1675:
1473:
632:
2238:
2084:
2007:
1770:
Friedemann, Katrin; Spangenberg, Rico; Yoshizawa, Kazunor; Beutel, Rolf G. (2013).
1718:
1000:
888:
884:
572:, the legs of immature specimens are in effect smaller versions of the adult legs.
561:
553:
530:
1837:
True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera:Heteroptera): Classification and
Natural History
918:
Gyrinidae are long and adapted for grasping food or prey in quite a different way.
940:(Alticini) also have powerful hind femora that enable them to leap spectacularly.
2228:
2207:
2192:
2182:
2177:
2140:
2078:
1515:
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772:
751:
674:
546:
499:
484:
241:
179:
1772:"Evolution of attachment structures in the highly diverse Acercaria (Hexapoda)"
1059:
925:, are reduced so greatly that only two pairs of functional walking legs remain.
879:
are good examples. However, there are many specialized adaptations, including:
803:, front leg showing enlarged tarsomere, which contains the silk-spinning organs
178:
In arthropods, each of the leg segments articulates with the next segment in a
2233:
2197:
2003:
1702:
1581:
1141:
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911:
808:
794:
758:
569:
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526:
384:
291:
161:
1944:
1007:
probably had three body regions, each with a unique combination of Hox genes.
1003:) by up to three segments. Segments with maxillopeds have Hox gene 7. Fossil
811:) have an enlarged basal tarsomere on each of the front legs, containing the
2019:
1362:
1164:
1121:
1087:
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1048:
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1004:
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542:
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Insects and their relatives are hexapods, having six legs, connected to the
421:
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348:
284:
39:
35:
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that is also found in spiders and is specialised for predation and mating.
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344:
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324:
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Diagram of a spider leg and pedipalp – the pedipalp has one fewer segment
295:
269:
165:
17:
2159:
2104:
2099:
2089:
1920:
957:
840:
819:
739:
735:
518:
514:
506:. Such concepts are pervasive in current interpretations of phylogeny.
290:
For a time, possession of uniramous limbs was believed to be a shared,
43:
1790:
757:
The distal segment of the typical insect leg is the pretarsus. In the
580:
1116:
1099:
1065:
1039:
1017:
914:) are adapted to seizing and holding prey in one way, while those of
907:
844:
683:
attachments, spines on tibiae painfully effective in a defensive kick
565:
557:
503:
495:
480:
280:
273:
135:
1394:
871:
The typical thoracic leg of an adult insect is adapted for running (
867:
Bruchine with powerful femora used for escape from hard-shelled seed
724:), showing tarsomeres and pretarsi with ungues, pulvilli and empodia
483:, all of which are derived from paired legs on each segment of some
360:, there are no metatarsi or pretarsi, leaving six segments per leg.
223:
Generalized external morphology of uniramous and biramous appendages
974:
862:
789:
743:
715:
668:
579:
491:
447:
showing full leg anatomy, including plantulae under each tarsomere
436:
399:
367:
315:
51:
648:
where it articulates with the pleuron. The posterior lobe is the
2058:
1026:
812:
746:, which may be useful for diagnostic purposes. For example, the
376:, showing the segments; the ischium and merus are fused in many
2023:
1909:
2008; 366(1870): 1557-1574 doi:10.1098/rsta.2007.2172 1471-2962
537:
have thoracic legs, but no prolegs. Some insects that exhibit
734:
The ancestral tarsus was a single segment and in the extant
509:
In general, the legs of larval insects, particularly in the
46:. Many of the terms used for arthropod leg segments (called
1895:(2 ed.). Melbourne University Press. pp. 405–409.
999:
7, 8, and 9 correspond in these groups but are shifted (by
294:, so uniramous arthropods were grouped into a taxon called
1487:
Pat
Willmer; Graham Stone; Ian Johnston (12 March 2009).
1835:
Schuh, Randall T. & Slater, James
Alexander (1995).
260:. Other structures aside from the latter two are termed
1839:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p.
2221:
2158:
2113:
2067:
2057:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
568:have no functional legs in most species. Among the
1986:
1866:Journal of Entomology Series A, General Entomology
1765:
1763:
54:origin, and may be confused with terms for bones:
1516:"Exopodites, Epipodites and Gills in Crustaceans"
627:Associated with the leg itself there are various
596:, has the following parts, in sequence from most
240:The external branch (ramus) of the appendages of
921:The forelegs of some butterflies, such as many
859:Variations in functional anatomy of insect legs
588:A representative insect leg, such as that of a
276:), and they are completely absent in insects.
2035:
8:
1529:(2). Museum für Tierkunde Dresden: 229–254.
1514:Geoff A. Boxshall & Damià Jaume (2009).
252:, while the internal branch is known as the
775:of the flexor muscle of the ungues. In the
229:The appendages of arthropods may be either
2064:
2042:
2028:
2020:
1958:Novartis Foundation; Hall, Brian (2008).
1534:
1425:
887:(Gryllotalpidae) and some scarab beetle (
1919:RADNIKOW, G.; BÄSSLER, U. (1991-05-01).
1035:
1012:Evolution and homology of arthropod legs
186:at the base of the fore and hind limbs.
1373:
27:Form of jointed appendage of arthropods
2252:Animal locomotion on the water surface
1617:Richards, O. W.; Davies, R.G. (1977).
1493:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 329.
1570:Arthropod Structure & Development
1523:Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny
891:) are adapted to burrowing in earth (
818:Under their pretarsi, members of the
754:have four tarsomeres on each tarsus.
631:around its base. Their functions are
576:Fundamental morphology of insect legs
7:
1564:Pechmann, Matthias (November 2010).
1410:"Reflections on arthropod evolution"
1985:Brusca, R.C.; Brusca, G.J. (1990).
1490:Environmental Physiology of Animals
928:In most grasshoppers and crickets (
525:. In contrast, the larvae of other
517:). Examples include the maggots of
143:
115:
103:
91:
79:
63:
1893:The Insects of Australia. Volume 1
1878:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1972.tb00124.x
1427:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01659.x
1031:evolutionary developmental biology
993:evolutionary developmental biology
25:
1734:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2006:
1458:10.1046/j.1525-142X.2001.01038.x
1126:
1109:
1092:
1075:
1058:
953:in which they grew to adulthood.
679:, legs saltatorial, femora with
210:
198:
1925:Journal of Experimental Biology
1642:Panganiban, Grace; Nagy, Lisa;
1546:from the original on 2019-04-26
584:Diagram of a typical insect leg
1993:. Sinauer Associates. p.
339:The situation is identical in
1:
1660:10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00151-2
1016:The embryonic body segments (
910:(Mantodea), and ambush bugs (
541:begin their metamorphosis as
1746:10.1016/0169-5347(96)30038-4
2168:Comparative foot morphology
1446:Evolution & Development
1383:Canadian Journal of Zoology
158:most recent common ancestor
2314:
1964:. John Wiley. p. 29.
727:
450:
305:
2247:
2051:Animal locomotion on land
1703:10.1007/s00427-001-0182-3
1582:10.1016/j.asd.2010.07.007
902:forelegs of mantidflies (
404:Seven-segmented legs of
312:Glossary of spider terms
987:of different groups of
264:(outer structures) and
175:gains of leg segments.
2131:Rectilinear locomotion
1008:
868:
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725:
684:
585:
448:
410:
380:
347:, a different kind of
321:
190:Biramous and uniramous
184:ball-and-socket joints
2126:Undulatory locomotion
1536:10.3897/asp.67.e31699
978:
932:), the hind legs are
866:
851:), or stick insects (
793:
719:
672:
583:
440:
407:Scutigera coleoptrata
403:
371:
319:
34:is a form of jointed
2283:Arthropod morphology
1937:10.1242/jeb.157.1.87
1621:. Berlin: Springer.
2121:Concertina movement
2075:Arboreal locomotion
815:-producing glands.
42:, usually used for
1816:on 25 January 2014
1414:Biol. J. Linn. Soc
1408:Fryer, G. (1996).
1009:
869:
805:
726:
685:
586:
539:hypermetamorphosis
449:
411:
381:
322:
171:, could result in
2298:Trilobite anatomy
2288:Animal locomotion
2270:
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2154:
2153:
2014:Arthropods portal
1971:978-0-470-51566-2
1850:978-0-8014-2066-5
1791:10.1111/cla.12030
1500:978-1-4443-0922-5
1344:
1343:
1254:collum (no legs)
1197:mandibles (jaws)
1144:(jaws and fangs)
916:whirligig beetles
453:Insect morphology
292:derived character
16:(Redirected from
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244:is known as the
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1740:(10): 402–403.
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1020:) of different
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2275:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2262:Volant animals
2259:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2071:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2001:
2000:
1977:
1970:
1950:
1911:
1898:
1883:
1872:(2): 167–173.
1856:
1849:
1827:
1785:(2): 170–201.
1759:
1724:
1697:(10): 486–92.
1691:Dev Genes Evol
1681:
1654:(8): 671–675.
1634:
1627:
1602:
1576:(6): 453–467.
1556:
1506:
1499:
1479:
1452:(5): 343–354.
1433:
1400:
1389:(2): 236–255.
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
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1355:
1348:
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1341:
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1269:
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1262:
1261:
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1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1114:
1097:
1080:
1063:
1046:
1013:
1010:
979:Expression of
973:
972:
969:
954:
941:
926:
919:
896:
860:
857:
730:Tarsal formula
713:
710:
700:
697:
666:
663:
657:
654:
640:
637:
625:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
577:
574:
529:, such as the
434:
431:
397:
394:
365:
362:
308:Spider anatomy
303:
300:
222:
221:
216:
209:
208:
204:
197:
196:
195:
194:
193:
191:
188:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2310:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:Arthropod leg
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2015:
2009:
2004:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1989:Invertebrates
1981:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1838:
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1828:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
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1780:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1755:
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1747:
1743:
1739:
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1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1628:0-412-61390-5
1624:
1620:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
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1560:
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1542:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1442:Schram, F. R.
1437:
1434:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1319:
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1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
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1287:
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1283:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:2nd maxillae
1239:
1237:2nd maxillae
1236:
1234:2nd maxillae
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:1st maxillae
1219:
1217:1st maxillae
1216:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:2nd antennae
1174:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:1st antennae
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1084:
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1078:
1072:
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1064:
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1055:
1050:
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1038:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
985:body segments
982:
977:
970:
967:
963:
959:
955:
952:
951:
946:
942:
939:
935:
931:
927:
924:
920:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
894:
890:
886:
885:mole crickets
882:
881:
880:
878:
874:
865:
858:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
837:
831:
829:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
807:Webspinners (
802:
801:
796:
792:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:
765:
760:
755:
753:
749:
748:Pterogeniidae
745:
741:
737:
731:
723:
718:
711:
709:
707:
698:
696:
695:musculature.
694:
690:
682:
678:
676:
671:
664:
662:
655:
653:
651:
646:
638:
636:
634:
630:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
606:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
582:
575:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:Ephemeroptera
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
511:Endopterygota
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
468:
466:
462:
457:
454:
446:
444:
439:
432:
430:
428:
423:
419:
415:
409:
408:
402:
395:
393:
391:
386:
379:
375:
374:squat lobster
372:The leg of a
370:
363:
361:
359:
358:
352:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
329:
326:
318:
313:
309:
301:
299:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
213:
201:
189:
187:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
168:
163:
159:
155:
151:
149:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
113:
109:
101:
97:
89:
85:
77:
73:
69:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:arthropod leg
19:
2172:
2085:Hand-walking
1988:
1980:
1960:
1953:
1931:(1): 87–99.
1928:
1924:
1914:
1906:
1901:
1892:
1886:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1836:
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1811:the original
1782:
1778:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1618:
1593:. Retrieved
1573:
1569:
1559:
1548:. Retrieved
1526:
1522:
1509:
1489:
1482:
1449:
1445:
1436:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1015:
1001:heterochrony
948:
945:bean weevils
938:Flea beetles
889:Scarabaeidae
870:
834:
832:
827:
823:
817:
806:
798:
784:
767:
763:
756:
733:
720:Robber fly (
702:
686:
673:
659:
642:
626:
587:
554:Exopterygota
551:
531:Scarabaeidae
521:or grubs of
508:
489:
469:
464:
458:
456:
441:
412:
405:
383:The legs of
382:
355:
353:
338:
334:tarsal organ
330:
323:
289:
279:The legs of
278:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
239:
234:
230:
228:
177:
166:
152:
147:
139:
131:
127:
123:
119:
111:
107:
99:
95:
87:
83:
75:
71:
67:
55:
47:
31:
29:
2229:Canine gait
2202:Facultative
2188:Unguligrade
2183:Plantigrade
2178:Digitigrade
2146:Other modes
2141:Sidewinding
2079:Brachiation
1420:(1): 1–55.
1071:Chelicerata
966:damselflies
962:dragonflies
934:saltatorial
923:Nymphalidae
904:Mantispidae
877:cockroaches
853:Phasmatodea
800:Embia major
781:Heteroptera
766:, singular
752:Cerylonidae
689:saltatorial
675:Acanthacris
547:Acroceridae
500:Lepidoptera
385:crustaceans
302:Chelicerata
242:crustaceans
180:hinge joint
2277:Categories
2239:Human gait
2234:Horse gait
1820:25 January
1779:Cladistics
1550:2012-01-14
1369:References
1194:mandibles
1142:chelicerae
1022:arthropods
1005:trilobites
930:Orthoptera
912:Phymatinae
836:Drosophila
809:Embioptera
795:Webspinner
759:Collembola
728:See also:
677:ruficornis
656:Trochanter
623:pretarsus.
611:trochanter
570:Apterygota
552:Among the
535:Dytiscidae
527:Coleoptera
473:mouthparts
451:See also:
422:centipedes
418:millipedes
306:See also:
258:endopodite
154:Homologies
124:metatarsus
72:trochanter
40:arthropods
2213:Quadruped
1945:0022-0949
1595:20 August
1363:Tube foot
1340:5th legs
1334:4th legs
1328:9th legs
1320:4th legs
1314:3rd legs
1308:8th legs
1300:3rd legs
1297:3rd legs
1294:2nd legs
1288:7th legs
1280:2nd legs
1277:2nd legs
1274:1st legs
1268:6th legs
1260:1st legs
1257:1st legs
1251:4th legs
1248:5th legs
1231:3rd legs
1228:4th legs
1208:2nd legs
1205:3rd legs
1190:mandibles
1186:1st legs
1183:2nd legs
1165:pedipalps
1161:1st legs
1150:antennae
1147:antennae
1138:antennae
1122:Crustacea
1088:Myriapoda
1083:Centipede
1049:Trilobite
1045:segment)
997:Hox genes
989:arthropod
981:Hox genes
950:Erythrina
900:raptorial
893:fossorial
873:cursorial
849:Acrididae
828:plantulae
693:bipennate
633:articular
629:sclerites
594:cockroach
562:Coccoidea
465:tarsomere
414:Myriapods
396:Myriapoda
364:Crustacea
349:appendage
345:pedipalps
341:scorpions
285:myriapods
270:amphipods
250:exopodite
235:uniramous
205:Uniramous
134:(meaning
58:(meaning
50:) are of
48:podomeres
36:appendage
2222:Specific
1961:Homology
1807:86195785
1799:34781597
1754:21237897
1711:11702198
1676:22980014
1590:20696272
1541:Archived
1474:25997101
1466:11710766
1358:Tentacle
1347:See also
1213:maxillae
1105:Hexapoda
908:mantises
824:empodium
777:Neoptera
722:Asilidae
706:Apocrita
600:to most
598:proximal
590:housefly
543:planidia
504:Symphyta
477:antennae
443:Zabalius
433:Insects
427:gonopods
378:decapods
325:Arachnid
296:Uniramia
231:biramous
217:Biramous
173:parallel
148:patellae
132:dactylus
18:Biramous
2160:Anatomy
2136:Rolling
2114:Legless
2105:Walking
2100:Running
2090:Jumping
1719:1163446
1668:7953552
1018:somites
983:in the
958:Odonata
845:locusts
841:Diptera
820:Diptera
785:arolium
773:apodeme
740:Diplura
736:Protura
645:pleuron
566:instars
523:weevils
515:ecdysis
496:prolegs
357:Limulus
281:insects
274:isopods
266:endites
254:endopod
140:patella
112:ischium
44:walking
2208:Triped
2193:Uniped
2068:Legged
1968:
1943:
1847:
1805:
1797:
1752:
1717:
1709:
1674:
1666:
1625:
1588:
1497:
1472:
1464:
1117:Shrimp
1100:Insect
1066:Spider
1040:Somite
995:. The
960:, the
768:unguis
764:ungues
712:Tarsus
620:tarsus
602:distal
492:larval
461:thorax
445:aridus
262:exites
246:exopod
162:extant
136:finger
128:carpus
120:ischia
100:tarsus
96:tibiae
84:femora
2198:Biped
2061:class
1814:(PDF)
1803:S2CID
1775:(PDF)
1715:S2CID
1672:S2CID
1544:(PDF)
1519:(PDF)
1470:S2CID
1043:(body
1027:genes
744:taxon
699:Tibia
665:Femur
650:meron
617:tibia
614:femur
519:flies
490:Some
481:cerci
390:chela
169:-gene
108:tarsi
88:tibia
76:femur
68:coxae
52:Latin
2059:Gait
1966:ISBN
1941:ISSN
1845:ISBN
1822:2014
1795:PMID
1750:PMID
1707:PMID
1664:PMID
1623:ISBN
1597:2020
1586:PMID
1495:ISBN
1462:PMID
1353:Limb
1211:1st
964:and
898:The
813:silk
639:Coxa
608:coxa
533:and
502:and
479:and
310:and
283:and
272:and
56:coxa
30:The
1995:669
1933:doi
1929:157
1874:doi
1787:doi
1742:doi
1699:doi
1695:211
1656:doi
1578:doi
1531:doi
1454:doi
1422:doi
1391:doi
1325:10
1029:in
906:),
843:),
592:or
354:In
256:or
248:or
233:or
167:Hox
160:of
150:).
144:pl.
138:),
122:),
116:pl.
110:),
104:pl.
98:),
92:pl.
86:),
80:pl.
70:),
64:pl.
60:hip
38:of
2279::
1939:.
1927:.
1923:.
1870:46
1868:.
1843:.
1841:46
1801:.
1793:.
1783:30
1781:.
1777:.
1762:^
1748:.
1738:11
1736:.
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1650:.
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1574:39
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1527:67
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1521:.
1468:.
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1418:58
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1412:.
1387:70
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1331:-
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1311:-
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1265:7
1245:6
1225:5
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1997:.
1974:.
1947:.
1935::
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1824:.
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1701::
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1631:.
1599:.
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1553:.
1533::
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1476:.
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1450:3
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1393::
1124:)
1120:(
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1103:(
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1069:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
