641:. Also, the index finger and the little finger have an extra extensor, used for instance for pointing. The extensors are situated within six separate compartments. The first compartment contains abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis. The second compartment contains extensors carpi radialis longus and brevis. The third compartment contains extensor pollicis longus. The extensor digitorum indicis and extensor digitorum communis are within the fourth compartment. Extensor digiti minimi is in the fifth, and extensor carpi ulnaris is in the sixth.
298:
253:
598:. Flexion is by far the strongest movement. In humans, there are two large muscles that produce flexion of each finger, and additional muscles that augment the movement. The muscle bulks that move each finger may be partly blended, and the tendons may be attached to each other by a net of fibrous tissue, preventing completely free movement. Although each finger seems to move independently, moving one finger also moves the other fingers slightly which is called finger interdependence or finger enslaving.
556:
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40:
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York to a 32-year-old man with the initials O. G.. They touched O. G.'s fingers before and after surgery while using MRI brain scans. Before the surgery, the fingers mapped onto his brain were fused close together; afterward, the maps of his individual fingers did indeed separate and take the layout corresponding to a normal hand.
559:
715:
Although a common phenomenon, the underlying functions and mechanism of fingertip wrinkling following immersion in water are relatively unexplored. Originally it was assumed that the wrinkles were simply the result of the skin swelling in water, but it is now understood that the furrows are caused by
781:
of webbed, shortened fingers. However, not only are the fingers of their hands fused, but the cortical maps of their individual fingers also form a club hand. The fingers can be surgically divided to make a more useful hand. Surgeons did this at the
Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery in New
690:
among all areas of the human skin, making them extremely sensitive to temperature, pressure, vibration, texture and moisture. A study in 2013 suggested fingers can feel nano-scale wrinkles on a seemingly smooth surface, a level of sensitivity not previously recorded. This makes the fingers commonly
636:
The extensors are located on the back of the forearm and are connected in a more complex way than the flexors to the dorsum of the fingers. The tendons unite with the interosseous and lumbrical muscles to form the extensorhood mechanism. The primary function of the extensors is to straighten out the
624:
The fingers have two long flexors, located on the underside of the forearm. They insert by tendons to the phalanges of the fingers. The deep flexor attaches to the distal phalanx, and the superficial flexor attaches to the middle phalanx. The flexors allow for the actual bending of the fingers. The
724:
in response to water exposure. One hypothesis for why this occurs, the "rain tread" hypothesis, posits that the wrinkles may help the fingers grip things when wet, possibly being an adaption from a time when humans dealt with rain and dew in forested primate habitats. A 2013 study supporting this
725:
hypothesis found that the wrinkled fingertips provided better handling of wet objects but gave no advantage for handling dry objects. However, a 2014 study attempting to reproduce these results was unable to demonstrate any improvement of handling wet objects with wrinkled fingertips.
510:: two in the thumb (the thumb has no middle phalanx) and three in each of the four fingers. These are the distal phalanx, carrying the nail, the middle phalanx, and the proximal phalanx. Joints are formed wherever two or more of these bones meet. Each of the fingers has three joints:
733:
Fingertips, after having been torn off children, have been observed to regrow in less than 8 weeks. However, these fingertips do not look the same, although they do look more appealing than a skin graft or a sewn fingertip. No healing occurs if the tear happens below the
985:, of uncertain origin. In English only the digits on the hand are known as fingers. However, in some languages the translated version of fingers can mean either the digits on the hand or feet. In English a digit on a foot has the distinct name of toe.
1588:
1529:
620:
Muscles of the fingers can be subdivided into extrinsic and intrinsic muscles. The extrinsic muscles are the long flexors and extensors. They are called extrinsic because the muscle belly is located on the forearm.
558:
531:
nodes embedded in the tendons to provide extra leverage and reduce pressure on the underlying tissue. Many exist around the palm at the bases of the digits; the exact number varies between different people.
2287:
1770:
814:. Extra fingers can be functional. One individual with seven fingers not only used them but claimed that they "gave him some advantages in playing the piano".
113:
506:
The palm has five bones known as metacarpal bones, one to each of the five digits. Human hands contain fourteen digital bones, also called phalanges, or
1080:"It is generally accepted that the precision grip and independent finger movements (IFMs) in monkey and man are controlled by the direct (monosynaptic)
1801:
617:. The long tendons that deliver motion from the forearm muscles may be observed to move under the skin at the wrist and on the back of the hand.
427:
Usually humans have five digits, the bones of which are termed phalanges, on each hand, although some people have more or fewer than five due to
1240:
2193:
1598:
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540:
89:
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1918:
Kleinschmidt, A; Nitschke, MF; Frahm, J (1997). "Somatotopy in the human motor cortex hand area. A high-resolution functional MRI study".
1260:
806:
A rare anatomical variation affects 1 in 500 humans, in which the individual has more than the usual number of digits; this is known as
625:
thumb has one long flexor and a short flexor in the thenar muscle group. The human thumb also has other muscles in the thenar group (
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Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and programmed cell death (apoptosis) in the interdigital tissue of the embryonic chick leg bud
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are commonly fractured. A damaged tendon can cause significant loss of function in fine motor control, such as with a
24:
1391:
Li, Z.M.; Latash, M.L.; Zatsiorsky, V.M. (1998). "Force sharing among fingers as a model of the redundancy problem".
1661:
Haseleu, Julia; Omerbašić, Damir; Frenzel, Henning; Gross, Manfred; Lewin, Gary R. (2014). Goldreich, Daniel (ed.).
773:
The somatosensory cortex representation of the hand is a dynamic reflection of the fingers on the external hand: in
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Mogilner, A; Grossman, JA; Ribary, U; Joliot, M; Volkmann, J; Rapaport, D; Beasley, RW; Llinás, RR (1993).
843:. Individuals with diabetes often use the fingers to obtain blood samples for regular blood sugar testing.
661:
384:
in general, the digits of the hand are overwhelmingly referred to as "fingers". Primate fingers have both
120:
96:
84:
2123:
Kornhuber, J.; Zenses, EM; Lenz, B; Stoessel, C; Bouna-Pyrrou, P; Rehbein, F; Kliem, S; Mößle, T (2013).
2064:
Kornhuber, J; Erhard, G; Lenz, B; Kraus, T; Sperling, W; Bayerlein, K; Biermann, T; Stoessel, C (2011).
1477:
Abolins, V.; Latash, M.L. (2021). "The Nature of Finger
Enslaving: New Results and Their Implications".
396:
1434:
Zatsiorsky, V.M.; Latash, M.L.; Li, Z.M. (2000). "Enslaving effects in multi-finger force production".
1297:
The
Evolution of the Primate Hand: Anatomical, Developmental, Functional, and Paleontological Evidence
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used sensory probes to ascertain properties of objects encountered in the world, making them prone to
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668:(and are special because they have no bony origin) and insert on the dorsal extensor hood mechanism.
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810:. A human may also be born without one or more fingers or underdevelopment of some fingers such as
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411:. If apoptosis fails to occur, the interdigital skin remains intact. Many animals have developed
351:
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191:, while those that are notably elongated are called fingers. In humans, the fingers are flexibly
1663:"Water-Induced Finger Wrinkles Do Not Affect Touch Acuity or Dexterity in Handling Wet Objects"
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The Human Body in Health and
Illness - E-Book: The Human Body in Health and Illness - E-Book
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1088:"Dexterous Finger Movements in Primate Without Monosynaptic Corticomotoneuronal Excitation"
1556:"Feeling small: Fingers can detect nano-scale wrinkles even on a seemingly smooth surface"
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or pinkie. According to different definitions, the thumb can be called a finger, or not.
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1963:"Somatosensory cortical plasticity in adult humans revealed by magnetoencephalography"
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Tactical
Publishing: Using Senses, Software, and Archives in the Twenty-First Century
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1134:"Fruits, Fingers, and Fermentation: The Sensory Cues Available to Foraging Primates"
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Syndactyly induced by Janus Green B in the embryonic chick leg bud: a reexamination
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475:
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excluding the thumb (in which case they are numbered from 1 to 4 starting with the
448:
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389:
331:
16:
Organ of manipulation and sensation found in the hands of humans and other primates
1826:
Van Westen, D; Fransson, P; Olsrud, J; Rosén, B; Lundborg, G; Larsson, EM (2004).
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digits. The thumb has two extensors in the forearm; the tendons of these form the
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forms between the tissues that become the toes, which subsequently regresses by
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that are specialized for manipulation, and (arguably) have fingers (instead of
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area 3b, part of area 1 and a distributed, overlapping representations in the
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of the terrestrial vertebrates, the basic pentadactyl plan, and thus also the
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muscles (thenar referring to the thumb, hypothenar to the small finger), the
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proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) – the joint in the middle of the finger
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1895:
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1334:"Temporal Control and Hand Movement Efficiency in Skilled Music Performance"
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1987:
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1879:"Digit somatotopy within cortical areas of the postcentral gyrus in humans"
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Tracy L. Kivell; Pierre
Lemelin; Brian G. Richmond; Daniel Schmitt (2016).
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The precision of finger movements in space and time is highlighted in this
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distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) – the joint closest to the fingertip.
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is the fleshy mass on the palmar aspect of the extremity of the finger.
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metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) – the joint at the base of the finger
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English dictionaries describe finger as meaning either one of the
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1264:. In Development, Volume 8, Issue 1, December 1984, pp. 159–175.
840:
829:
672:
610:
355:
304:
164:
2269:
1722:"Water-induced finger wrinkles improve handling of wet objects"
1051:. Thieme Verlag Stuttgart/ New York, 1990, pp. 550 and 723-726.
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in the nails create new tissue that ends up as the fingertip.
377:
188:
1332:
Goebl, W.; Palmer, C. (2013). Balasubramaniam, Ramesh (ed.).
754:
Each finger has an orderly somatotopic representation on the
633:), moving the thumb in opposition, making grasping possible.
2125:"Low digit ratio 2D:4D associated with video game addiction"
1276:
Syndactyly: phenotypes, genetics and current classification
1617:
Changizi, M.; Weber, R.; Kotecha, R.; Palazzo, J. (2011).
1575:
medilexicon.com > Medical
Dictionary - 'Pulp Of Finger'
828:
and non-freezing cold injury (NFCI); and heat, including
574:' fingers playing the same piece (slow motion, no sound).
179:), and short digits (i.e. significantly shorter than the
969:
2243:
Oxford
Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English
1802:"Chopped: How Amputated Fingertips Sometimes Grow Back"
1619:"Are Wet-Induced Wrinkled Fingers Primate Rain Treads?"
503:) is located on one of the sides, parallel to the arm.
835:
The fingers are commonly affected by diseases such as
682:, the fingertips possess the highest concentration of
2066:"Low digit ratio 2D:4D in alcohol dependent patients"
851:
are neurovascular disorders that affect the fingers.
350:
the different fingers of terrestrial vertebrates are
2219:. Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd. 2000 .
1182:"Fingerprint ridges allow primates to regulate grip"
957:
944:
898:
2639:
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2550:
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2427:
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856:
ratio of lengths between the index and ring fingers
107:
95:
83:
71:
59:
54:
49:
32:
1720:Kareklas, K.; Nettle, D.; Smulders, T. V. (2013).
547:connecting the phalanges to the metacarpal bones.
495:Illustration depicting the bones of the human hand
866:such as penis length and risk for development of
2237:. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. 1976 .
2022:Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History
1771:"Kids can regrow a fingertip. Why can't adults?"
1186:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
925:
415:or skin between the fingers from this like the
380:) on their lower limbs as well. In the case of
44:The fingers of a left hand seen from both sides
2281:
1249:Vol. 6, Issue 1, September 1993, pp. 201-208.
1071:Heidelberg/ Berlin 2003, pp. 515-517 and 583.
8:
1828:"Fingersomatotopy in area 3b: an fMRI-study"
914:
1612:
1610:
980:
601:Fingers do not contain muscles (other than
2556:
2288:
2274:
2266:
2245:. London: Oxford University Press. 1974 .
1777:. University of Washington. Archived from
1656:
1654:
1577:Citing: Stedman's Medical Dictionary. 2006
38:
2185:Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic
2158:
2148:
2099:
2089:
1996:
1986:
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1843:
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1634:
1367:
1357:
1215:
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1010:
824:. They can be damaged by cold, including
2040:"Penis Size Linked to Length of Fingers"
1028:
1026:
1024:
1006:
660:(between the metacarpal bones) and the
609:that move the finger joints are in the
124:
29:
2020:Dwight, T (1892). "Fusion of hands".
1800:Doucleff, Michaeleen (12 June 2013).
1238:V. Garcia-Martinez, D. Macias et al:
395:Research has been carried out on the
7:
1258:M. A. Fernandez-Teran, J. M. Hurle:
955:-stem deriving from a previous form
644:The intrinsic muscle groups are the
1528:Ludovico, Alessandro (2024-01-16).
1282:European Journal of Human Genetics.
1138:Integrative and Comparative Biology
979:The name pinkie derives from Dutch
470:including the thumb, or one of the
199:, serving as an important organ of
175:. Most tetrapods have five digits (
1932:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01384.x
942:. Linguists generally assume that
354:. The wings of birds and those of
14:
2235:The Oxford Illustrated Dictionary
1775:University of Washington Newsroom
1086:Sasaki, Shigeto; et, al. (2004).
1082:corticomotoneuronal (CM) pathway
791:Anomalies, injuries and diseases
664:. The lumbricals arise from the
318:As terrestrial vertebrates were
296:
277:
251:
231:
211:of the hands and the ability to
1587:Herlihy, Barbara (2021-04-25).
1033:Oxford Illustrated pp. 311, 380
742:are regenerative in youth, and
439:, or accidental or intentional
287:holding food with its fingers (
187:) are typically referred to as
864:physical and behavioral traits
543:between phalangeal bones, and
1:
1623:Brain, Behavior and Evolution
1132:Dominy, Nathaniel J. (2004).
541:interphalangeal articulations
358:are not homologous, they are
2150:10.1371/journal.pone.0079539
2091:10.1371/journal.pone.0019332
1877:Nelson, AJ; Chen, R (2008).
1688:10.1371/journal.pone.0084949
1593:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
1359:10.1371/journal.pone.0050901
1016:
711:Fingertip wrinkling in water
499:The thumb (connected to the
366:within them are homologous.
362:flight organs. However, the
1436:Experimental Brain Research
1393:Experimental Brain Research
1320:
1284:Vol. 20, 2012, pp. 817–824.
1180:Yum, S.M.; et, al. (2020).
1032:
346:, undergo many variations.
207:, which are crucial to the
25:Fingertips (disambiguation)
2742:
1092:Journal of Neurophysiology
729:Regrowth of the fingertips
722:sympathetic nervous system
718:blood vessels constricting
545:metacarpophalangeal joints
18:
1300:. Springer. pp. 7–.
738:. This works because the
720:due to signalling by the
658:palmar interossei muscles
443:. The first digit is the
119:
37:
1247:Journal of Cell Science.
854:Research has linked the
849:Paroxysmal hand hematoma
764:supplementary motor area
260:red-eyed crocodile skink
159:, especially those with
2216:The Chambers Dictionary
1207:10.1073/pnas.2001055117
971:
959:
946:
937:
926:
915:
900:
478:closest to the thumb).
223:Land vertebrate fingers
21:Finger (disambiguation)
2297:Human regional anatomy
2188:. Brill. p. 141.
2182:Kroonen, Guus (2013).
1988:10.1073/pnas.90.8.3593
1967:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
1845:10.1186/1471-2202-5-28
1738:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0999
1321:Oxford Advanced p. 326
981:
803:
631:abductor brevis muscle
575:
496:
326:, their forelimbs are
121:Anatomical terminology
1896:10.1093/cercor/bhm257
1806:National Public Radio
1564:. September 16, 2013.
1448:10.1007/s002219900261
1405:10.1007/s002210050343
1104:10.1152/jn.00342.2004
799:Radiograph of Type 1
798:
786:Clinical significance
565:
494:
417:Wallace's flying frog
397:embryonic development
1491:10.1123/mc.2021-0044
1151:10.1093/icb/44.4.295
1017:Chambers 1998 p. 603
872:video game addiction
858:to higher levels of
845:Raynaud's phenomenon
837:rheumatoid arthritis
760:somatosensory cortex
750:Brain representation
639:anatomical snuff box
429:congenital disorders
405:interdigital webbing
334:of fish. Within the
19:For other uses, see
2141:2013PLoSO...879539K
2082:2011PLoSO...619332K
1979:1993PNAS...90.3593M
1679:2014PLoSO...984949H
1350:2013PLoSO...850901G
1198:2020PNAS..11731665Y
1192:(50): 31665–31673.
966:Proto-Indo-European
1781:on 1 November 2021
964:, ultimately from
905:('finger'). It is
893:, ultimately from
868:alcohol dependence
804:
768:primary motor area
576:
497:
447:, followed by the
330:equivalent to the
217:manipulate objects
163:extremities (i.e.
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2195:978-90-04-18340-7
1636:10.1159/000328223
1600:978-0-323-81123-1
1541:978-0-262-54205-0
1307:978-1-4939-3646-5
882:The English word
862:, and to various
662:lumbrical muscles
563:
401:domestic chickens
201:tactile sensation
135:
134:
130:
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2557:
2488:Vertebral column
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1098:(5): 3142–3147.
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1061:Neil A. Campbell
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1043:Rüdiger Wehner,
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812:symbrachydactyly
740:distal phalanges
704:
703:
578:Each finger may
564:
403:showing that an
328:phylogenetically
324:lobe-finned fish
300:
281:
255:
235:
127:edit on Wikidata
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2047:. Retrieved
2043:
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2015:
1970:
1966:
1956:
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1883:Cereb Cortex
1882:
1872:
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1832:BMC Neurosci
1831:
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1809:. Retrieved
1805:
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1783:. Retrieved
1779:the original
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1163:. Retrieved
1141:
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1115:. Retrieved
1095:
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978:
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860:testosterone
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623:
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534:
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476:index finger
465:
449:index finger
437:oligodactyly
426:
394:
390:fingerprints
368:
317:
285:Red squirrel
177:pentadactyly
138:
136:
90:A01.1.00.030
66:digiti manus
65:
1165:6 September
1117:6 September
888:Old English
886:stems from
808:polydactyly
705:of a finger
666:deep flexor
472:four digits
468:five digits
457:ring finger
441:amputations
433:polydactyly
413:webbed feet
386:fingernails
374:lower limbs
370:Chimpanzees
340:metacarpals
193:articulated
185:metatarsals
55:Identifiers
2604:Fingernail
2207:References
1811:1 November
1785:1 November
976:('five').
801:Syndactyly
775:syndactyly
744:stem cells
650:hypothenar
596:circumduct
527:are small
181:metacarpal
171:and other
167:) such as
161:prehensile
154:vertebrate
2520:Genitalia
2028:: 473–86.
1515:237545122
1499:1087-1640
922:Old Norse
878:Etymology
826:frostbite
818:Phalanges
501:trapezium
482:Structure
409:apoptosis
364:phalanges
344:phalanges
244:amphibian
240:tree frog
209:dexterity
197:opposable
147:forelimbs
2720:Category
2649:Buttocks
2569:Shoulder
2404:Mandible
2337:Forehead
2169:24236143
2129:PLOS ONE
2110:21547078
2070:PLOS ONE
1948:21042040
1905:18245039
1864:15320953
1756:23302867
1707:24416318
1667:PLOS ONE
1645:21701145
1507:34530403
1464:23697755
1456:10766271
1421:46568801
1378:23300946
1338:PLOS ONE
1226:33257543
1160:21676713
1112:15175371
1069:Biology.
1049:Zoologie
989:See also
779:clubhand
680:genitals
627:opponens
572:pianists
529:ossified
487:Skeleton
431:such as
382:primates
360:analogue
173:primates
151:tetrapod
149:of most
2726:Fingers
2694:Toenail
2584:Forearm
2530:Scrotum
2476:Midriff
2466:Abdomen
2459:(Trunk)
2409:Occiput
2352:Eyebrow
2160:3827365
2137:Bibcode
2101:3081847
2078:Bibcode
2049:24 July
2007:8386377
1975:Bibcode
1940:9421177
1747:3639753
1698:3885627
1675:Bibcode
1413:9551828
1369:3536780
1346:Bibcode
1217:7749313
1194:Bibcode
947:fingraz
907:cognate
901:fingraz
758:in the
615:forearm
607:muscles
605:). The
570:of two
551:Muscles
352:homolog
320:evolved
264:reptile
157:animals
145:on the
78:D005385
50:Details
2629:Little
2619:Middle
2599:Finger
2574:Axilla
2515:Pelvis
2508:Nipple
2503:Breast
2498:Thorax
2442:Throat
2419:Temple
2382:Tongue
2362:Eyelid
2249:
2223:
2192:
2167:
2157:
2108:
2098:
2005:
1995:
1946:
1938:
1903:
1862:
1855:517711
1852:
1838:: 28.
1754:
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1497:
1462:
1454:
1419:
1411:
1376:
1366:
1304:
1224:
1214:
1158:
1110:
982:pinkje
972:pénkʷe
938:fingar
916:figgrs
911:Gothic
891:finger
884:finger
693:injury
654:dorsal
646:thenar
592:adduct
588:abduct
584:extend
459:, and
309:mammal
289:mammal
169:humans
139:finger
33:Finger
2679:Ankle
2659:Thigh
2614:Index
2609:Thumb
2589:Wrist
2579:Elbow
2552:Limbs
2535:Vulva
2525:Penis
2481:Navel
2471:Waist
2457:Torso
2414:Scalp
2387:Tooth
2372:Mouth
2342:Cheek
1998:46347
1944:S2CID
1511:S2CID
1460:S2CID
1417:S2CID
1001:Notes
970:*
960:fimfe
958:*
951:is a
945:*
931:, or
927:fingr
909:with
899:*
830:burns
539:are:
445:thumb
372:have
322:from
213:grasp
165:hands
143:digit
125:[
61:Latin
2699:Sole
2684:Heel
2674:Foot
2669:Calf
2664:Knee
2624:Ring
2594:Hand
2542:Anus
2493:Back
2447:Nape
2429:Neck
2367:Nose
2347:Chin
2332:Face
2327:Hair
2319:Head
2311:Skin
2305:Body
2247:ISBN
2221:ISBN
2190:ISBN
2165:PMID
2106:PMID
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