111:
1080:
43:
1367:
141:
1022:
1533:, which will attempt mating if their own species is not to be found near by. The females will typically resist mating attempts by covering their abdomen with their forewings or dropping to the ground, making mating near impossible. Although the females usually resist these mating attempts, they have been noted to be more susceptible if they have not had previous encounters with males of their own species.
953:
971:. Fleshy spine-like tubercles line the caterpillars' backs, and their bodies are dark red to brown and velvety black. Some species have tubercles of contrasting colours, often red, or pale "saddle" markings. Like other members of their family, birdwing caterpillars possess a retractable organ behind their heads called an
1553:
males will approach a female carefully, and examine the female for several minutes. After consideration, the male may choose to hover twenty to thirty centimeters above the female, displaying the bright yellow marking on its hindwings. Meanwhile, the forewings will move forward, exposing the abdomen
2158:
O. goliath procus, T. amphrysus ruficollis, T. a. flavicollis, T. miranda miranda, T. m. neomiranda, T. cuneifera paeninsulae, T. helena cerberus, T. h. hephaestus, T. oblongomaculatus oblongomaculatus, T. o. bouruensis, T. o. papuensis, T. aeacus aeacus, T. a. thomsonii, T. aeacus formosanus, T.
1599:
Gyanandromorphism is a very rare condition in which an organism simultaneously expresses both male and female phenotypes. It is only observed in species that express strong sexual dimorphism. Gynandromorphs are suspected to be due to genetic errors associated with cell division such as
1591:
it has been difficult to study the spectral sensitivities of the sexes although this difference in coloration alludes to the idea of sensory exploitation of the female's photoreceptors. The sensory bias of females to select for males with brighter wings has yet to be studied in
2159:
rhadamantus rhadamantus, T. r. dohertyi, T. r. plateni, T. vandepolli vandepolli, T. v. honrathiana, T. criton, T. darsius, T. haliphron haliphron, T. h. socrates, T. h. iris, T. h. naias, T. h. pallens, T. prattorum, T. magellanus sonani, T. hypolitus hypolitus
1586:
species, the males being black with brightly colored markings of blue, green, orange or yellow and the females are overall black or dark brown. The sexual dichromatism functions in mate recognition by the use of photoreceptors. Due to the protected nature of
1478:
female, reverse of that found in mammals and many other insects, which have a heterogametic male. During copulation males will transfer an ejaculate containing both sperm and accessory substances that can make up to fifteen percent of a males body mass.
303:. Most recent authorities recognise 36 species, however, this is debated, and some authorities include additional genera. Birdwings are named for their exceptional size, angular wings, and birdlike flight. They are found across tropical Asia,
1075:
Breeding behaviour varies little between species; the female's role is relatively passive, slowly fluttering from perch to perch while the male performs an elaborate, quivering yet stationary dance 20–50 cm above her.
1562:
In many animals, females often mate with more than one male. Males who are able will adapt strategies such as postcopulatory guarding to ensure the paternity of the offspring. Following insemination, it is common for the male
1124:
species only, where males are black combined with bright iridescent green, blue, orange, or yellow while the larger and less colourful females are overall black or dark brownish with white, pale brown, or yellow markings.
1839:
Wilts, B. D., Matsushita, A., Arikawa, K., & Stavenga, D. G. (2015). Spectrally tuned structural and pigmentary coloration of birdwing butterfly wing scales. Journal of the Royal
Society Interface, 12(111), 20150717.
1571:, which will seal the ostium bursae and prevent remating by the female, as new sperm is unable to enter the opening. The plug does not impede oviposition and may stay in place for the duration of the female's life.
1904:
Parsons, M.J. (1996). Gondwanan evolution of the troidine swallowtails (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): Cladistic reappraisals using mainly immature stage characters, with focus on the birdwings
Ornithoptera Boisduval
1604:
is known to commonly exhibit this phenomenon, but little to no research has been successful in determining why. Those who experience this phenomenon, usually females, show male-pigmented tissues on their wings.
1193:: the yellow of the dorsal hindwings is modified by bright blue-green iridescence which is only seen when the butterfly is viewed at a narrow, oblique angle. This "grazing iridescence" is brought about through
1830:
Satoh, Y. Yano, S. Takafuji, A. Mating strategy of spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) males: postcopulatory guarding to assure paternity. (2001). Applied
Entomology, 36 (1): 41-45.
1398:, and accordingly their trade is restricted in countries that have signed the CITES convention. Exceptions are made for captive-reared specimens, which mainly originate from ranches in
1666:
1554:
and androconial hair tufts. Mating is only attempted when the female has ceased to flap her wings. After about thirty seconds of the display, the male will attempt copulation.
1101:), showy colouration (in contrasting shades of green, yellow, black, white, and sometimes blue or orange), and slender, lanceolate forewings. With few exceptions (i.e., the
1878:
2090:
Kiyotaro Kondo, Tsutomu
Shinkawa & Hirotaka Matsuka. (2003). Molecular systematics of birdwing butterflies (Papilionidae) inferred from mitochondrial ND5 gene
2655:
1686:
2133:
von Knötgen, Béla. (1997). Ornithoptera: Ornithoptera Schönbergia, Aetheoptera Wangen (Allemagne): MGG Verlag, 1997. Parallel text in German, English and French.
1803:
Nielsen, J. (2010). A Review of
Synandromorphism in the Genus Ornithoptera Boisduval, (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Australian Entomologist, 37(3): 105-112.
1934:
1821:
Orr, A. (1999). Possible
Postcopulatory Mate Guarding in Ornithopter Euphorion (Gray) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Australian Entomologist, 26 (3): 71-76.
967:
are voracious eaters but move very little; a small group will defoliate an entire vine. If starved due to overcrowding, the caterpillars may resort to
1957:
1871:
1406:. Most species of all three genera have now been reared in captivity, though with significant differences in the quantities reared of each species.
1097:
Birdwings are typified by large size (up to a maximum body length of 7.6 cm or 3 inches and a wingspan of 28 cm or 11 inches in
1246:
with just two species. They resemble each other, being overall black with iridescent green markings and a red head. Females are duller than males.
1786:
Straatman, R. Hybridisation of
Birdwing Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) In Papua New Guinea. The Lepidopterological Society of Japan.
1915:
Parsons, M.J. (1992). The butterfly farming and trading industry in the Indo-Australian region and its role in tropical forest conservation.
1694:
1910:
1600:
nondisjunction, as well as fertilization of binucleate ova and fertilisation of multiple sperm that may fuse and act as a second nucleus.
2182:
1048:, it takes about four months to get from egg to adult. Barring predation, this species can also survive up to three months as an adult.
1418:
should be moved to
Appendix II, as the conservation benefits of sustainable management perhaps are higher than those of the trade ban.
1009:. The feeding caterpillars incorporate and concentrate the aristolochic acid into their tissues, where the poison will persist through
2286:
357:
Due to their size and brightly coloured males, they are popular among collectors of butterflies, but all birdwings are now listed by
2127:
86:
64:
1865:
2505:
1414:
and therefore cannot legally be traded internationally. At the 2006 meeting of the CITES Animals
Committee some suggested
1383:
1337:
834:
363:
319:
1895:(Lepidoptera: Papilionidae: Troidini) and a new theory of its evolution in relation to Gondwanan vicariance biogeography
2650:
2100:
1888:
Igarashi, S. (1979). Papilionidae and their early stages. Volume I Text (in
Japanese), Volume 2 Plates. Kodansha, Tokyo.
1471:
1740:
1897:
339:
2540:
1106:
788:
140:
1812:
Emlen ST, Oring LW. (1977). Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems. Science 197:215-223.
1089:(female above, male below). The sexes are quite dissimilar in appearance, as is typical of species in the genus
989:-based compound and is deployed when the caterpillar is provoked. The caterpillars are also unappealing to most
2429:
1312:
1162:. The thermoreceptors are sensitive to sudden increases in temperature; they are thought to help the butterfly
804:
627:
57:
51:
2568:
2207:
2095:
1060:
and adults are usually glimpsed along the forest periphery. They feed upon—and are important long-range
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1614:
1507:
1445:
1371:
1346:
1010:
750:
308:
304:
268:
1079:
2582:
2547:
2526:
2311:
2279:
1329:
1112:
1085:
796:
734:
696:
658:
68:
1759:
2645:
2635:
2575:
2512:
2211:
1926:
1498:. Butterfly mating systems have great variation, including strict monandry, one male and one female, to
812:
772:
202:
1224:, however, the iridescence is produced by ridge-lamellar scales and features a wider range of colours.
2122:
Edited by Erich Bauer and Thomas Frankenbach Keltern: Goecke & Evers; Canterbury: Hillside Books.
2612:
2605:
2554:
2533:
2519:
2498:
2318:
1971:
1499:
1451:
1267:
890:
875:
780:
742:
726:
718:
666:
1494:. Mating systems include all costs and benefits, pre- and postcopulatory competitions, displays and
860:
2471:
2457:
1724:
1491:
1216:
1174:
1151:
1138:
590:
483:
242:
2478:
2408:
2352:
1680:
1325:
1179:
597:
513:
451:
135:
1366:
2450:
2401:
2387:
2366:
2345:
2272:
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2123:
1985:
of the Papuan Region, with particular reference to the larval foodplants of the Ornithoptera.
1861:
1690:
1579:
1546:
1436:
1303:
1211:
species). Such limited-view iridescence was previously only known from one other species, the
1185:
1147:
1117:
994:
566:
521:
505:
475:
405:
335:
1235:
butterflies is well demonstrated by the fact that commercial breeders have produced numerous
2640:
2599:
2380:
1521:
can have a serious impact on mate selection and successful reproduction. Several species of
1399:
1236:
1163:
937:
443:
323:
318:
Included among the birdwings are some of the largest butterflies in the world: the largest,
1455:(Dutchman's pipe) which can be found in many Australian backyards, kills the caterpillars.
2464:
2436:
2422:
2373:
1975:
1763:
1744:
1490:, first explored in evolutionary terms by Darwin, includes all behaviours associated with
1351:
1202:
932:
582:
558:
528:
467:
331:
110:
255:
2394:
2359:
2338:
1487:
1358:
in the southernmost area of its range; the southernmost distribution of all birdwings.
1275:
1255:
1207:
1143:
1021:
619:
550:
435:
31:
2629:
2443:
2415:
2202:
2144:
T. helena cerberus, O. priamus richmondia, O. priamus arruana, T. brookiana albescens
1920:
1518:
1475:
1430:
941:
574:
459:
1201:(after back-reflection) by the wings' extremely steeply-set, multilayered rib-like
1132:
birdwings are similar and have jet black to brown dorsal forewings, often with the
952:
926:
347:
343:
288:
263:
237:
212:
1723:
United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (2007).
17:
1136:
bordered in grey to creamy white. At least one of these darkly-coloured species (
2241:
2150:
Darby, A.W. (1983). "The female genitalia of the Birdwing Butterflies, part 2.
1568:
1495:
1295:
1259:
1194:
1190:
1044:, the caterpillars may wander considerable distances from their host plants. In
968:
964:
312:
284:
192:
1525:
have been known to create hybrids if they have no access to their own species.
2136:
Darby, A.W. (1982). "The female genitalia of the Birdwing Butterflies, part 1
1639:
1307:
1212:
1205:(rather than the ridge-lamellae of most other iridescent butterflies, such as
1102:
1061:
1057:
1037:
1002:
973:
1467:
1403:
1355:
1341:
1033:
327:
172:
152:
1466:, or the genus of birdwing butterflies, usually reproduce sexually and are
993:
due to their toxicity: the vines which the caterpillars feed upon contain
1841:
1737:
1333:
1287:
1155:
990:
222:
1375:
has a very small distribution and is the only birdwing on Appendix I of
2228:
1891:
Parsons, M.J. (1996). A phylogenetic reappraisal of the birdwing genus
1682:
Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book
1291:
1279:
1170:
1069:
986:
351:
250:
1709:
1653:
920:, females immediately begin to seek appropriate host plants; climbing
1529:
females have been known to choose to mate with other species such as
1433:, with classifications ranging from "least concern" to "endangered".
1271:
1065:
998:
978:
917:
182:
162:
2188:
1150:
clubs. The antennal receptors of the clubs—which also possess
2173:
2234:
1449:
which they need for their caterpillars. However, the very similar
1411:
1395:
1391:
1376:
1365:
1317:
1198:
1078:
1020:
982:
951:
358:
1958:
Optical classification of microstructure in butterfly wing-scales
1877:
Campbell, A.L., Naik, R.R., Sowards, L., and Stone, M.O. (2002).
1072:. They are strong flyers and seek sunlit spots in which to bask.
1133:
1041:
921:
2268:
2251:
2245:
2087:
groups., Klampenborg, Denmark, Scandinavian Science Press 2(3)
1068:
of the forest canopy, as well as terrestrial flowers, such as
1006:
36:
1756:
1558:
Cryptic choice: sperm competition and postcopulatory guarding
2264:
1320:, and are the westernmost distributed of all birdwings. All
380:
1747:
Summary of the 22nd Meeting of the CITES Animals Committee.
2257:
2034:)., Klampenborg, Denmark, Scandinavian Science Press 1(3)
2019:)., Klampenborg, Denmark, Scandinavian Science Press 1(2)
2004:)., Klampenborg, Denmark, Scandinavian Science Press 1(1)
1968:
2068:., Klampenborg, Denmark, Scandinavian Science Press 2(2)
2049:., Klampenborg, Denmark, Scandinavian Science Press 2(1)
1956:
Vukusic, P., Sambles, J. R., and Ghiradella, H. (2000).
940:) are sought exclusively. The female lays her spherical
1792:
Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan
944:
under the tips of the vine's leaves, one egg per leaf.
2107:
Published by the author at Upper Norwood, London, S.E.
1146:
on the anal veins (A2 and A3) of the wings and on the
1907:
Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History
342:, a particularly attractive species named after Sir
2489:
2329:
2302:
1502:, having many mates of the opposite sex. Typically
228:
134:
103:
118:Male (left) and female (right) representatives of
1324:species are found in the northern portion of the
1725:Review of trade in ranched birdwing butterflies.
1719:
1717:
2280:
1679:Collins, N. Mark; Morris, Michael G. (1985).
8:
1782:
1780:
1227:The close evolutionary relationship between
1429:species have been given assessments by the
1316:. Some species may be found as far west as
2287:
2273:
2265:
1699:– via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
1302:species are distributed widely across the
1189:, are noted for their use of limited-view
334:; and the largest butterfly in India, the
109:
100:
1925:Reed, R.D., and Sperling, F.A.H. (2001).
1350:, which may be found in far northeastern
1040:to look like a dead leaf or twig. Before
367:completely banning) international trade.
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
1510:, mating with more than one individual.
1470:. In butterflies sex is determined by a
50:This article includes a list of general
2210:Birdwing Gallery. In Japanese but with
2073:A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies
2054:A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies
2039:A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies
2024:A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies
2009:A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies
1994:A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies
1879:Biological infrared imaging and sensing
1633:
1631:
1629:
1625:
361:, thereby limiting (and in the case of
2092:Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
2071:Haugum, Jan; & Low, A. M. (1983).
2052:Haugum, Jan; & Low, A. M. (1982).
2037:Haugum, Jan; & Low, A. M. (1981).
2022:Haugum, Jan; & Low, A. M. (1980).
2007:Haugum, Jan; & Low, A. M. (1979).
1992:Haugum, Jan; & Low, A. M. (1978).
2656:Taxa named by Jean Baptiste Boisduval
1943:Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
1842:http://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.0717
1166:and avoid overheating while basking.
7:
1870:American Museum of Natural History.
1652:The World of Birdwing Butterflies.
1282:, and various surrounding islands.
1254:Birdwings are generally found from
866:Troides oblongomaculatus bouruensis
326:; the largest butterfly endemic to
1996:. Volume 1, Part 1. Introduction,
1981:Haugum, Jan. (1981). Notes on the
1306:, but may be found as far east as
985:, the osmeterium excretes a fetid
291:family, that belong to the genera
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1969:The World of Birdwing Butterflies
1933:Savela, Markku (March 20, 2019).
1909:15: 43-118, 34 figures, 2 tables
1872:BioBulletin: Birdwing butterflies
1858:Birdwing Butterflies of the World
27:Butterflies in swallowtail family
2118:Part XII (12), Papilionidae VI:
1242:The final and smallest genus is
1169:The colours of most species are
896:Ornithoptera priamus urvillianus
338:. Another well-known species is
139:
41:
2130:Supplement to von Knötgen, 1997
1390:), all birdwings are listed in
1901:Volume 30, Issue 11:1707-1736.
1794:) Vol. 27, No, 4 1976 156-162.
30:For the anatomy of birds, see
1:
1551:Ornithoptera priamus posedion
1531:Ornithoptera priamus poseidon
1116:), the hindwings lack tails.
881:Ornithoptera priamus poseidon
2156:Showing female genitalia of
2142:Showing female genitalia of
2110:Schäffler, Oliver . (2001).
2101:Robert Henry Fernando Rippon
1738:Earth Negotiations Bulletin.
838:– Queen Alexandra's birdwing
2244:has information related to
2203:Birdwings on postage stamps
1856:d'Abrera, Bernard. (1975).
730:– Wallace's golden birdwing
700:– Queen Victoria's birdwing
309:archipelagic Southeast Asia
2672:
1927:Tree of Life: Papilionidae
1898:Journal of Natural History
1727:European Commission, 2008.
1384:Queen Alexandra's birdwing
1128:Males and females of most
792:– southern tailed birdwing
479:– Buru opalescent birdwing
322:; the second largest, the
320:Queen Alexandra's birdwing
29:
2593:
2219:Wikimedia sister projects
1685:. Gland & Cambridge:
1640:Appendices I, II and III.
1154:that measure atmospheric
977:. Shaped like the forked
789:Ornithoptera meridionalis
662:– Rajah Brooke's birdwing
631:– oblong-spotted birdwing
233:
136:Scientific classification
117:
108:
2116:Butterflies of the World
1667:Rajah Brooke’s birdwing.
1527:Troides oblongamaculatus
1313:Troides oblongomaculatus
1064:of—nectar-bearing
877:Ornithoptera rothschildi
805:Ornithoptera rothschildi
628:Troides oblongomaculatus
601:– van de Poll's birdwing
2112:Schmetterlinge der Erde
1989:2(10), pp. 171–178
1939:Hübner, [1819]"
1929:Retrieved June 28, 2005
1874:Retrieved June 28, 2005
1654:Trogonoptera brookiana.
1615:List of largest insects
1446:Aristolochia praevenosa
1347:Ornithoptera richmondia
835:Ornithoptera alexandrae
808:– Rothschild's birdwing
751:Ornithoptera richmondia
746:– common green birdwing
471:– Dr. Platen's birdwing
447:– Talaud black birdwing
340:Rajah Brooke's birdwing
71:more precise citations.
2105:Icones Ornithopterorum
1962:Photonics Science News
1860:Hill House Publishers
1762:June 27, 2014, at the
1643:Version 27 April 2011.
1443:) depend on the plant
1382:With the exception of
1379:
1264:Trogonoptera brookiana
1094:
1086:Ornithoptera euphorion
1029:
1027:Ornithoptera victoriae
960:
956:Early instar larva of
892:Ornithoptera victoriae
797:Ornithoptera paradisea
735:Ornithoptera euphorion
697:Ornithoptera victoriae
659:Trogonoptera brookiana
2227:has media related to
1582:is very prominent in
1369:
1362:Status and protection
1082:
1024:
1001:compound known to be
955:
813:Ornithoptera tithonus
773:Ornithoptera chimaera
722:– Obi Island birdwing
562:– Sri Lankan birdwing
2174:Images representing
2138:Lepidoptera Group 68
2075:. Volume 2, Part 3.
2056:. Volume 2, Part 2.
2041:. Volume 2, Part 1.
2026:. Volume 1, Part 3.
2011:. Volume 1, Part 2.
1917:Tropical Lepidoptera
1669:Accessed 20 May 2012
1656:Accessed 20 May 2012
1545:species demonstrate
1452:Aristolochia elegans
1284:Trogonoptera trojana
1268:Thai-Malay Peninsula
1177:); but two species,
1158:—are known as
1013:and into adulthood.
936:(both in the family
901:Ornithoptera allotei
886:Ornithoptera akakeae
781:Ornithoptera goliath
743:Ornithoptera priamus
727:Ornithoptera croesus
719:Ornithoptera aesacus
667:Trogonoptera trojana
570:– haliphron birdwing
2651:Insect common names
2431:T. oblongomaculatus
2183:Butterflycorner.net
1919:3 (Suppl. 1): 1-31.
1492:sexual reproduction
1340:, and northeastern
1217:Ancyluris meliboeus
1183:and the much rarer
1160:sensilla basiconica
1083:Copulating pair of
816:– Tithonus birdwing
800:– paradise birdwing
776:– chimaera birdwing
754:– Richmond birdwing
591:Troides staudingeri
586:– Riedel's birdwing
484:Troides rhadamantus
463:– southern birdwing
455:– Magellan birdwing
409:– Rippon's birdwing
1974:2009-02-07 at the
1743:2016-03-03 at the
1437:Richmond birdwings
1380:
1336:, New Guinea, the
1326:Australasian realm
1180:Troides magellanus
1095:
1056:Birdwings inhabit
1030:
961:
784:– Goliath birdwing
670:– Palawan birdwing
598:Troides vandepolli
532:– Miranda birdwing
514:Troides andromache
452:Troides magellanus
376:Genera and species
18:Birdwing butterfly
2623:
2622:
2225:Wikimedia Commons
2161:
2154:68. Vejle. 1983.
2152:Lepidoptera Group
2146:
1987:Lep. Group Newsl.
1964:, 6, 66–66.
1696:978-2-88032-603-6
1580:Sexual dimorphism
1575:Sexual dimorphism
1304:Indomalayan realm
1239:between the two.
1118:Sexual dimorphism
995:aristolochic acid
862:Troides prattorum
851:
850:
738:– Cairns birdwing
623:– common birdwing
578:– silver birdwing
567:Troides haliphron
554:– Criton birdwing
543:Troides haliphron
522:Troides cuneifera
517:– Borneo birdwing
506:Troides amphrysus
498:Troides amphrysus
487:– golden birdwing
476:Troides prattorum
439:– golden birdwing
406:Troides hypolitus
336:southern birdwing
278:
277:
272:
259:
246:
97:
96:
89:
16:(Redirected from
2663:
2602:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2266:
2185:(English/German)
2155:
2141:
2066:haliphron groups
1953:
1951:
1949:
1885:, 211–225.
1850:Other references
1844:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1784:
1775:
1754:
1748:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1676:
1670:
1663:
1657:
1650:
1644:
1635:
1621:Cited references
1400:Papua New Guinea
1344:. An outlier is
938:Aristolochiaceae
509:– Malay birdwing
444:Troides dohertyi
381:
350:of 19th-century
324:Goliath birdwing
267:
254:
241:
144:
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113:
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92:
85:
81:
78:
72:
67:this article by
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2597:
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2542:O. meridionalis
2485:
2325:
2298:
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2170:
2165:
2140:. Vejle. 1982.
2103:(1898 to 1906)
1976:Wayback Machine
1967:Nagypal, Tony.
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1352:New South Wales
1338:Solomon Islands
1310:in the case of
1252:
1144:thermoreceptors
1107:O. meridionalis
1054:
1019:
950:
933:Pararistolochia
914:
909:
857:
855:Natural hybrids
852:
641:
583:Troides riedeli
559:Troides darsius
529:Troides miranda
468:Troides plateni
378:
373:
332:Cairns birdwing
138:
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82:
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63:Please help to
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2618:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2570:O. rothschildi
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2473:T. staudingeri
2469:
2462:
2459:T. rhadamantus
2455:
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2427:
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1624:
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1607:
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1556:
1538:
1537:Male courtship
1535:
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1488:Mating systems
1484:
1483:Mating systems
1481:
1460:
1457:
1363:
1360:
1256:Southeast Asia
1251:
1248:
1164:thermoregulate
1152:hygroreceptors
1139:T. rhadamantus
1053:
1050:
1018:
1015:
949:
946:
924:of the genera
913:
910:
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905:
904:
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871:Troides mixtum
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624:
620:Troides helena
612:Troides helena
609:species group:
606:
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571:
563:
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551:Troides criton
540:species group:
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495:species group:
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436:Troides aeacus
428:Troides aeacus
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2592:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2563:O. richmondia
2560:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2507:O. alexandrae
2504:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2480:T. vandepolli
2477:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2453:
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2435:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2410:T. magellanus
2407:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2354:T. andromache
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1797:
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1769:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1757:IUCN Red List
1753:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1733:
1730:
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1720:
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1714:
1711:
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1606:
1603:
1597:
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1581:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1567:to produce a
1566:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:Female choice
1514:Female choice
1513:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:heterogametic
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1441:O. richmondia
1438:
1434:
1432:
1431:IUCN Red List
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1416:O. alexandrae
1413:
1410:is listed on
1409:
1408:O. alexandrae
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:O. alexandrae
1385:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1372:O. alexandrae
1368:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1343:
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1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
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1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
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1269:
1266:inhabits the
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1210:
1209:
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1192:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1175:papiliochrome
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1120:is strong in
1119:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1104:
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1099:O. alexandrae
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1088:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1046:O. alexandrae
1043:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1011:metamorphosis
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
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958:Troides minos
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644:
642:
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629:
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614:
613:
610:
607:
600:
599:
595:
593:
592:
588:
585:
584:
580:
577:
576:
575:Troides plato
572:
569:
568:
564:
561:
560:
556:
553:
552:
548:
547:
546:
545:
544:
541:
538:
531:
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524:
523:
519:
516:
515:
511:
508:
507:
503:
502:
501:
500:
499:
496:
493:
486:
485:
481:
478:
477:
473:
470:
469:
465:
462:
461:
460:Troides minos
457:
454:
453:
449:
446:
445:
441:
438:
437:
433:
432:
431:
430:
429:
426:
423:
422:
421:
418:
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408:
407:
403:
402:
401:
400:
399:
396:
393:
392:
391:
390:
387:
383:
382:
375:
370:
368:
366:
365:
364:O. alexandrae
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
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290:
286:
282:
270:
266:
265:
261:
257:
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116:
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91:
88:
80:
77:December 2012
70:
66:
60:
59:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2646:Ornithoptera
2636:Papilionidae
2613:
2606:
2584:O. victoriae
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2549:O. paradisea
2548:
2541:
2534:
2528:O. euphorion
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2491:Ornithoptera
2490:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2452:T. prattorum
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2403:T. hypolitus
2402:
2395:
2389:T. haliphron
2388:
2381:
2374:
2368:T. cuneifera
2367:
2360:
2353:
2347:T. amphrysus
2346:
2339:
2330:
2319:
2313:T. brookiana
2312:
2304:Trogonoptera
2303:
2295:
2258:
2253:Trogonoptera
2252:
2247:Ornithoptera
2246:
2235:
2230:Ornithoptera
2229:
2196:
2190:
2176:Ornithoptera
2175:
2157:
2151:
2143:
2137:
2120:Ornithoptera
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2091:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2043:Trogonoptera
2042:
2038:
2032:Schoenbergia
2031:
2028:Ornithoptera
2027:
2023:
2017:Ornithoptera
2016:
2013:Ornithoptera
2012:
2008:
2001:
1998:Ornithoptera
1997:
1993:
1986:
1983:Aristolochia
1982:
1961:
1946:. Retrieved
1942:
1936:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1893:Ornithoptera
1892:
1882:
1857:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1772:Ornithoptera
1771:
1767:
1752:
1732:
1705:
1681:
1674:
1661:
1648:
1638:
1602:Ornithoptera
1601:
1598:
1594:Ornithoptera
1593:
1589:Ornithoptera
1588:
1584:Ornithoptera
1583:
1578:
1565:Ornithoptera
1564:
1561:
1550:
1543:Ornithoptera
1542:
1540:
1530:
1526:
1523:Ornithoptera
1522:
1517:
1504:Ornithoptera
1503:
1486:
1472:WW/WZ system
1464:Ornithoptera
1463:
1462:
1459:Reproduction
1450:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1427:Ornithoptera
1426:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1407:
1387:
1381:
1370:
1345:
1330:Weber's line
1322:Ornithoptera
1321:
1311:
1299:
1283:
1263:
1258:to northern
1253:
1250:Distribution
1244:Trogonoptera
1243:
1241:
1233:Ornithoptera
1232:
1228:
1226:
1222:A. meliboeus
1221:
1215:
1206:
1186:T. prattorum
1184:
1178:
1168:
1159:
1142:) possesses
1137:
1129:
1127:
1122:Ornithoptera
1121:
1113:O. paradisea
1111:
1105:
1098:
1096:
1091:Ornithoptera
1090:
1084:
1074:
1055:
1045:
1031:
1026:
1003:carcinogenic
972:
965:caterpillars
962:
957:
931:
927:Aristolochia
925:
915:
900:
895:
891:
885:
880:
876:
870:
865:
861:
845:
833:
826:
823:
811:
803:
795:
787:
779:
771:
765:Schoenbergia
764:
761:
749:
741:
733:
725:
717:
711:Ornithoptera
710:
707:
695:
688:
685:
680:Ornithoptera
679:
676:
675:
665:
657:
650:Trogonoptera
649:
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608:
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589:
581:
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549:
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394:
388:
385:
384:
362:
356:
346:, the first
344:James Brooke
317:
301:Ornithoptera
300:
296:
293:Trogonoptera
292:
280:
279:
264:Ornithoptera
262:
249:
238:Trogonoptera
236:
213:Papilioninae
203:Papilionidae
128:Ornithoptera
127:
123:
120:Trogonoptera
119:
98:
83:
74:
55:
2577:O. tithonus
2514:O. chimaera
2382:T. dohertyi
2242:Wikispecies
2197:Insecta.pro
2002:Aetheoptera
1948:February 4,
1569:mating plug
1549:behaviour.
1506:tend to be
1496:mate choice
1392:Appendix II
1296:Philippines
1260:Australasia
1195:diffraction
1191:iridescence
1103:New Guinean
1062:pollinators
1058:rainforests
1038:camouflaged
969:cannibalism
907:Description
689:Aetheoptera
348:White Rajah
313:Australasia
289:swallowtail
285:butterflies
209:Subfamily:
193:Lepidoptera
69:introducing
32:Bird's wing
2630:Categories
2614:O. allotei
2607:O. akakeae
2556:O. priamus
2535:O. goliath
2521:O. croesus
2500:O. aesacus
2466:T. riedeli
2438:T. plateni
2424:T. miranda
2375:T. darsius
2320:T. trojana
1866:0947352422
1541:Some male
1508:polygamous
1425:and eight
1412:Appendix I
1328:, east of
1308:New Guinea
1171:pigmentary
1034:chrysalids
974:osmeterium
827:Straatmana
173:Arthropoda
104:Birdwings
52:references
2396:T. helena
2361:T. criton
2340:T. aeacus
2296:Birdwings
2094:57:17-24
2062:amphrysus
1883:Micron 33
1788:Tyô to Ga
1710:Ngypalnet
1547:courtship
1500:polyandry
1474:, with a
1468:oviparous
1404:Indonesia
1356:Australia
1342:Australia
1032:Birdwing
999:poisonous
991:predators
824:subgenus:
762:subgenus:
708:subgenus:
686:subgenus:
417:subgenus:
395:subgenus:
328:Australia
281:Birdwings
269:Boisduval
159:Kingdom:
153:Eukaryota
130:(bottom)
2598:Natural
2445:T. plato
2417:T. minos
2212:binomial
2179:, at EoL
2047:Ripponia
1972:Archived
1760:Archived
1741:Archived
1609:See also
1334:Moluccas
1213:riodinid
1156:humidity
1148:antennal
1042:pupating
1025:Pupa of
398:Ripponia
371:Taxonomy
305:mainland
223:Troidini
199:Family:
169:Phylum:
163:Animalia
149:Domain:
2641:Troides
2600:hybrids
2331:Troides
2259:Troides
2236:Troides
2191:Troides
2189:"Genus
2077:Troides
2058:Troides
1937:Troides
1768:Troides
1665:ARKive
1423:Troides
1300:Troides
1294:in the
1292:Palawan
1288:endemic
1280:Sumatra
1237:hybrids
1229:Troides
1130:Troides
1070:lantana
1066:flowers
987:terpene
420:Troides
389:Troides
352:Sarawak
297:Troides
287:in the
251:Troides
229:Genera
219:Tribe:
189:Order:
183:Insecta
179:Class:
124:Troides
122:(top),
65:improve
2256:, and
2214:names.
2208:Pteron
2126:
2085:aeacus
2081:helena
2064:&
2045:&
1864:
1693:
1421:Three
1332:; the
1276:Natuna
1272:Borneo
1208:Morpho
1203:scales
979:tongue
918:mating
916:After
846:
677:genus:
647:genus:
386:genus:
330:, the
311:, and
299:, and
271:, 1832
258:, 1819
256:Hübner
245:, 1890
243:Rippon
54:, but
1396:CITES
1377:CITES
1318:India
1220:. In
1199:light
1173:(via
1134:veins
1052:Imago
983:snake
981:of a
948:Larva
922:vines
359:CITES
2233:and
2124:ISBN
2083:and
1950:2020
1862:ISBN
1770:and
1691:ISBN
1687:IUCN
1402:and
1231:and
1110:and
1036:are
1017:Pupa
1007:rats
997:, a
963:The
942:eggs
930:and
307:and
283:are
2096:pdf
1911:pdf
1394:of
1290:to
1286:is
1197:of
1005:in
912:Ova
2632::
2250:,
2195:.
2114:,
2079:;
2060:;
1960:.
1941:.
1881:.
1779:^
1716:^
1689:.
1628:^
1596:.
1354:,
1298:.
1278:,
1274:,
1270:,
1262:.
899:—
894:×
884:—
879:×
869:—
864:×
354:.
315:.
295:,
2288:e
2281:t
2274:v
2199:.
2193:"
2162:.
2147:.
2030:(
2015:(
2000:(
1978:.
1952:.
1935:"
1790:(
1774:.
1439:(
1386:(
1093:.
90:)
84:(
79:)
75:(
61:.
34:.
20:)
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