100:
1069:
32:
1356:
130:
1011:
1522:, which will attempt mating if their own species is not to be found near by. The females will typically resist mating attempts by covering their abdomen with their forewings or dropping to the ground, making mating near impossible. Although the females usually resist these mating attempts, they have been noted to be more susceptible if they have not had previous encounters with males of their own species.
942:
960:. Fleshy spine-like tubercles line the caterpillars' backs, and their bodies are dark red to brown and velvety black. Some species have tubercles of contrasting colours, often red, or pale "saddle" markings. Like other members of their family, birdwing caterpillars possess a retractable organ behind their heads called an
1542:
males will approach a female carefully, and examine the female for several minutes. After consideration, the male may choose to hover twenty to thirty centimeters above the female, displaying the bright yellow marking on its hindwings. Meanwhile, the forewings will move forward, exposing the abdomen
2147:
O. goliath procus, T. amphrysus ruficollis, T. a. flavicollis, T. miranda miranda, T. m. neomiranda, T. cuneifera paeninsulae, T. helena cerberus, T. h. hephaestus, T. oblongomaculatus oblongomaculatus, T. o. bouruensis, T. o. papuensis, T. aeacus aeacus, T. a. thomsonii, T. aeacus formosanus, T.
1588:
Gyanandromorphism is a very rare condition in which an organism simultaneously expresses both male and female phenotypes. It is only observed in species that express strong sexual dimorphism. Gynandromorphs are suspected to be due to genetic errors associated with cell division such as
1580:
it has been difficult to study the spectral sensitivities of the sexes although this difference in coloration alludes to the idea of sensory exploitation of the female's photoreceptors. The sensory bias of females to select for males with brighter wings has yet to be studied in
2148:
rhadamantus rhadamantus, T. r. dohertyi, T. r. plateni, T. vandepolli vandepolli, T. v. honrathiana, T. criton, T. darsius, T. haliphron haliphron, T. h. socrates, T. h. iris, T. h. naias, T. h. pallens, T. prattorum, T. magellanus sonani, T. hypolitus hypolitus
1575:
species, the males being black with brightly colored markings of blue, green, orange or yellow and the females are overall black or dark brown. The sexual dichromatism functions in mate recognition by the use of photoreceptors. Due to the protected nature of
1467:
female, reverse of that found in mammals and many other insects, which have a heterogametic male. During copulation males will transfer an ejaculate containing both sperm and accessory substances that can make up to fifteen percent of a males body mass.
292:. Most recent authorities recognise 36 species, however, this is debated, and some authorities include additional genera. Birdwings are named for their exceptional size, angular wings, and birdlike flight. They are found across tropical Asia,
1064:
Breeding behaviour varies little between species; the female's role is relatively passive, slowly fluttering from perch to perch while the male performs an elaborate, quivering yet stationary dance 20–50 cm above her.
1551:
In many animals, females often mate with more than one male. Males who are able will adapt strategies such as postcopulatory guarding to ensure the paternity of the offspring. Following insemination, it is common for the male
1113:
species only, where males are black combined with bright iridescent green, blue, orange, or yellow while the larger and less colourful females are overall black or dark brownish with white, pale brown, or yellow markings.
1828:
Wilts, B. D., Matsushita, A., Arikawa, K., & Stavenga, D. G. (2015). Spectrally tuned structural and pigmentary coloration of birdwing butterfly wing scales. Journal of the Royal
Society Interface, 12(111), 20150717.
1560:, which will seal the ostium bursae and prevent remating by the female, as new sperm is unable to enter the opening. The plug does not impede oviposition and may stay in place for the duration of the female's life.
1893:
Parsons, M.J. (1996). Gondwanan evolution of the troidine swallowtails (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): Cladistic reappraisals using mainly immature stage characters, with focus on the birdwings
Ornithoptera Boisduval
1593:
is known to commonly exhibit this phenomenon, but little to no research has been successful in determining why. Those who experience this phenomenon, usually females, show male-pigmented tissues on their wings.
1182:: the yellow of the dorsal hindwings is modified by bright blue-green iridescence which is only seen when the butterfly is viewed at a narrow, oblique angle. This "grazing iridescence" is brought about through
1819:
Satoh, Y. Yano, S. Takafuji, A. Mating strategy of spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) males: postcopulatory guarding to assure paternity. (2001). Applied
Entomology, 36 (1): 41-45.
1387:, and accordingly their trade is restricted in countries that have signed the CITES convention. Exceptions are made for captive-reared specimens, which mainly originate from ranches in
1655:
1543:
and androconial hair tufts. Mating is only attempted when the female has ceased to flap her wings. After about thirty seconds of the display, the male will attempt copulation.
1090:), showy colouration (in contrasting shades of green, yellow, black, white, and sometimes blue or orange), and slender, lanceolate forewings. With few exceptions (i.e., the
1867:
2079:
Kiyotaro Kondo, Tsutomu
Shinkawa & Hirotaka Matsuka. (2003). Molecular systematics of birdwing butterflies (Papilionidae) inferred from mitochondrial ND5 gene
2644:
1675:
2122:
von Knötgen, Béla. (1997). Ornithoptera: Ornithoptera Schönbergia, Aetheoptera Wangen (Allemagne): MGG Verlag, 1997. Parallel text in German, English and French.
1792:
Nielsen, J. (2010). A Review of
Synandromorphism in the Genus Ornithoptera Boisduval, (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Australian Entomologist, 37(3): 105-112.
1923:
1810:
Orr, A. (1999). Possible
Postcopulatory Mate Guarding in Ornithopter Euphorion (Gray) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Australian Entomologist, 26 (3): 71-76.
956:
are voracious eaters but move very little; a small group will defoliate an entire vine. If starved due to overcrowding, the caterpillars may resort to
1946:
1860:
1395:. Most species of all three genera have now been reared in captivity, though with significant differences in the quantities reared of each species.
1086:
Birdwings are typified by large size (up to a maximum body length of 7.6 cm or 3 inches and a wingspan of 28 cm or 11 inches in
1235:
with just two species. They resemble each other, being overall black with iridescent green markings and a red head. Females are duller than males.
1775:
Straatman, R. Hybridisation of
Birdwing Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) In Papua New Guinea. The Lepidopterological Society of Japan.
1904:
Parsons, M.J. (1992). The butterfly farming and trading industry in the Indo-Australian region and its role in tropical forest conservation.
1683:
1899:
1589:
nondisjunction, as well as fertilization of binucleate ova and fertilisation of multiple sperm that may fuse and act as a second nucleus.
2171:
1037:, it takes about four months to get from egg to adult. Barring predation, this species can also survive up to three months as an adult.
1407:
should be moved to
Appendix II, as the conservation benefits of sustainable management perhaps are higher than those of the trade ban.
998:. The feeding caterpillars incorporate and concentrate the aristolochic acid into their tissues, where the poison will persist through
2275:
346:
Due to their size and brightly coloured males, they are popular among collectors of butterflies, but all birdwings are now listed by
2116:
75:
53:
1854:
2494:
1403:
and therefore cannot legally be traded internationally. At the 2006 meeting of the CITES Animals
Committee some suggested
1372:
1326:
823:
352:
308:
1884:(Lepidoptera: Papilionidae: Troidini) and a new theory of its evolution in relation to Gondwanan vicariance biogeography
2639:
2089:
1877:
Igarashi, S. (1979). Papilionidae and their early stages. Volume I Text (in
Japanese), Volume 2 Plates. Kodansha, Tokyo.
1460:
1729:
1886:
328:
2529:
1095:
777:
129:
1801:
Emlen ST, Oring LW. (1977). Ecology, sexual selection, and the evolution of mating systems. Science 197:215-223.
1078:(female above, male below). The sexes are quite dissimilar in appearance, as is typical of species in the genus
978:-based compound and is deployed when the caterpillar is provoked. The caterpillars are also unappealing to most
2418:
1301:
1151:. The thermoreceptors are sensitive to sudden increases in temperature; they are thought to help the butterfly
793:
616:
46:
40:
2557:
2196:
2084:
1049:
and adults are usually glimpsed along the forest periphery. They feed upon—and are important long-range
2550:
1603:
1496:
1434:
1360:
1335:
999:
739:
297:
293:
257:
1068:
2571:
2536:
2515:
2300:
2268:
1318:
1101:
1074:
785:
723:
685:
647:
57:
1748:
2634:
2624:
2564:
2501:
2200:
1915:
1487:. Butterfly mating systems have great variation, including strict monandry, one male and one female, to
801:
761:
191:
1213:, however, the iridescence is produced by ridge-lamellar scales and features a wider range of colours.
2111:
Edited by Erich Bauer and Thomas Frankenbach Keltern: Goecke & Evers; Canterbury: Hillside Books.
2601:
2594:
2543:
2522:
2508:
2487:
2307:
1960:
1488:
1440:
1256:
879:
864:
769:
731:
715:
707:
655:
1483:. Mating systems include all costs and benefits, pre- and postcopulatory competitions, displays and
849:
2460:
2446:
1713:
1480:
1205:
1163:
1140:
1127:
579:
472:
231:
2467:
2397:
2341:
1669:
1314:
1168:
586:
502:
440:
124:
1355:
2439:
2390:
2376:
2355:
2334:
2261:
2213:
2112:
1974:
of the Papuan Region, with particular reference to the larval foodplants of the Ornithoptera.
1850:
1679:
1568:
1535:
1425:
1292:
1200:
species). Such limited-view iridescence was previously only known from one other species, the
1174:
1136:
1106:
983:
555:
510:
494:
464:
394:
324:
1224:
butterflies is well demonstrated by the fact that commercial breeders have produced numerous
2629:
2588:
2369:
1510:
can have a serious impact on mate selection and successful reproduction. Several species of
1388:
1225:
1152:
926:
432:
312:
307:
Included among the birdwings are some of the largest butterflies in the world: the largest,
1444:(Dutchman's pipe) which can be found in many Australian backyards, kills the caterpillars.
2453:
2425:
2411:
2362:
1964:
1752:
1733:
1479:, first explored in evolutionary terms by Darwin, includes all behaviours associated with
1340:
1191:
921:
571:
547:
517:
456:
320:
99:
244:
2383:
2348:
2327:
1476:
1347:
in the southernmost area of its range; the southernmost distribution of all birdwings.
1264:
1244:
1196:
1132:
1010:
608:
539:
424:
20:
2618:
2432:
2404:
2191:
2133:
T. helena cerberus, O. priamus richmondia, O. priamus arruana, T. brookiana albescens
1909:
1507:
1464:
1419:
930:
563:
448:
1190:(after back-reflection) by the wings' extremely steeply-set, multilayered rib-like
1121:
birdwings are similar and have jet black to brown dorsal forewings, often with the
941:
915:
336:
332:
277:
252:
226:
201:
1712:
United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (2007).
1125:
bordered in grey to creamy white. At least one of these darkly-coloured species (
2230:
2139:
Darby, A.W. (1983). "The female genitalia of the Birdwing Butterflies, part 2.
1557:
1484:
1284:
1248:
1183:
1179:
1033:, the caterpillars may wander considerable distances from their host plants. In
957:
953:
301:
273:
181:
1514:
have been known to create hybrids if they have no access to their own species.
2125:
Darby, A.W. (1982). "The female genitalia of the Birdwing Butterflies, part 1
1628:
1296:
1201:
1194:(rather than the ridge-lamellae of most other iridescent butterflies, such as
1091:
1050:
1046:
1026:
991:
962:
1456:
1392:
1344:
1330:
1022:
316:
161:
141:
1455:, or the genus of birdwing butterflies, usually reproduce sexually and are
982:
due to their toxicity: the vines which the caterpillars feed upon contain
1830:
1726:
1322:
1276:
1144:
979:
211:
1364:
has a very small distribution and is the only birdwing on Appendix I of
2217:
1880:
Parsons, M.J. (1996). A phylogenetic reappraisal of the birdwing genus
1671:
Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book
1280:
1268:
1159:
1058:
975:
340:
239:
1698:
1642:
909:, females immediately begin to seek appropriate host plants; climbing
1518:
females have been known to choose to mate with other species such as
1422:, with classifications ranging from "least concern" to "endangered".
1260:
1054:
987:
967:
906:
171:
151:
2177:
1139:
clubs. The antennal receptors of the clubs—which also possess
2162:
2223:
1438:
which they need for their caterpillars. However, the very similar
1400:
1384:
1380:
1365:
1354:
1306:
1187:
1067:
1009:
971:
940:
347:
1947:
Optical classification of microstructure in butterfly wing-scales
1866:
Campbell, A.L., Naik, R.R., Sowards, L., and Stone, M.O. (2002).
1061:. They are strong flyers and seek sunlit spots in which to bask.
1122:
1030:
910:
2257:
2240:
2234:
2076:
groups., Klampenborg, Denmark, Scandinavian Science Press 2(3)
1057:
of the forest canopy, as well as terrestrial flowers, such as
995:
25:
1745:
1547:
Cryptic choice: sperm competition and postcopulatory guarding
2253:
1309:, and are the westernmost distributed of all birdwings. All
369:
1736:
Summary of the 22nd Meeting of the CITES Animals Committee.
2246:
2023:)., Klampenborg, Denmark, Scandinavian Science Press 1(3)
2008:)., Klampenborg, Denmark, Scandinavian Science Press 1(2)
1993:)., Klampenborg, Denmark, Scandinavian Science Press 1(1)
1957:
2057:., Klampenborg, Denmark, Scandinavian Science Press 2(2)
2038:., Klampenborg, Denmark, Scandinavian Science Press 2(1)
1945:
Vukusic, P., Sambles, J. R., and Ghiradella, H. (2000).
929:) are sought exclusively. The female lays her spherical
1781:
Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan
933:
under the tips of the vine's leaves, one egg per leaf.
2096:
Published by the author at Upper Norwood, London, S.E.
1135:
on the anal veins (A2 and A3) of the wings and on the
1896:
Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History
331:, a particularly attractive species named after Sir
2478:
2318:
2291:
1491:, having many mates of the opposite sex. Typically
217:
123:
92:
107:Male (left) and female (right) representatives of
1313:species are found in the northern portion of the
1714:Review of trade in ranched birdwing butterflies.
1708:
1706:
2269:
1668:Collins, N. Mark; Morris, Michael G. (1985).
8:
1771:
1769:
1216:The close evolutionary relationship between
1418:species have been given assessments by the
1305:. Some species may be found as far west as
2276:
2262:
2254:
1688:– via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
1291:species are distributed widely across the
1178:, are noted for their use of limited-view
323:; and the largest butterfly in India, the
98:
89:
1914:Reed, R.D., and Sperling, F.A.H. (2001).
1339:, which may be found in far northeastern
1029:to look like a dead leaf or twig. Before
356:completely banning) international trade.
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
1499:, mating with more than one individual.
1459:. In butterflies sex is determined by a
39:This article includes a list of general
2199:Birdwing Gallery. In Japanese but with
2062:A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies
2043:A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies
2028:A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies
2013:A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies
1998:A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies
1983:A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies
1868:Biological infrared imaging and sensing
1622:
1620:
1618:
1614:
350:, thereby limiting (and in the case of
2081:Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
2060:Haugum, Jan; & Low, A. M. (1983).
2041:Haugum, Jan; & Low, A. M. (1982).
2026:Haugum, Jan; & Low, A. M. (1981).
2011:Haugum, Jan; & Low, A. M. (1980).
1996:Haugum, Jan; & Low, A. M. (1979).
1981:Haugum, Jan; & Low, A. M. (1978).
2645:Taxa named by Jean Baptiste Boisduval
1932:Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
1831:http://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.0717
1155:and avoid overheating while basking.
7:
1859:American Museum of Natural History.
1641:The World of Birdwing Butterflies.
1271:, and various surrounding islands.
1243:Birdwings are generally found from
855:Troides oblongomaculatus bouruensis
315:; the largest butterfly endemic to
1985:. Volume 1, Part 1. Introduction,
1970:Haugum, Jan. (1981). Notes on the
1295:, but may be found as far east as
974:, the osmeterium excretes a fetid
280:family, that belong to the genera
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1958:The World of Birdwing Butterflies
1922:Savela, Markku (March 20, 2019).
1898:15: 43-118, 34 figures, 2 tables
1861:BioBulletin: Birdwing butterflies
1847:Birdwing Butterflies of the World
16:Butterflies in swallowtail family
2107:Part XII (12), Papilionidae VI:
1231:The final and smallest genus is
1158:The colours of most species are
885:Ornithoptera priamus urvillianus
327:. Another well-known species is
128:
30:
2119:Supplement to von Knötgen, 1997
1379:), all birdwings are listed in
1890:Volume 30, Issue 11:1707-1736.
1783:) Vol. 27, No, 4 1976 156-162.
19:For the anatomy of birds, see
1:
1540:Ornithoptera priamus posedion
1520:Ornithoptera priamus poseidon
1105:), the hindwings lack tails.
870:Ornithoptera priamus poseidon
2145:Showing female genitalia of
2131:Showing female genitalia of
2099:Schäffler, Oliver . (2001).
2090:Robert Henry Fernando Rippon
1727:Earth Negotiations Bulletin.
827:– Queen Alexandra's birdwing
2233:has information related to
2192:Birdwings on postage stamps
1845:d'Abrera, Bernard. (1975).
719:– Wallace's golden birdwing
689:– Queen Victoria's birdwing
298:archipelagic Southeast Asia
2661:
1916:Tree of Life: Papilionidae
1887:Journal of Natural History
1716:European Commission, 2008.
1373:Queen Alexandra's birdwing
1117:Males and females of most
781:– southern tailed birdwing
468:– Buru opalescent birdwing
311:; the second largest, the
309:Queen Alexandra's birdwing
18:
2582:
2208:Wikimedia sister projects
1674:. Gland & Cambridge:
1629:Appendices I, II and III.
1143:that measure atmospheric
966:. Shaped like the forked
778:Ornithoptera meridionalis
651:– Rajah Brooke's birdwing
620:– oblong-spotted birdwing
222:
125:Scientific classification
106:
97:
2105:Butterflies of the World
1656:Rajah Brooke’s birdwing.
1516:Troides oblongamaculatus
1302:Troides oblongomaculatus
1053:of—nectar-bearing
866:Ornithoptera rothschildi
794:Ornithoptera rothschildi
617:Troides oblongomaculatus
590:– van de Poll's birdwing
2101:Schmetterlinge der Erde
1978:2(10), pp. 171–178
1928:Hübner, [1819]"
1918:Retrieved June 28, 2005
1863:Retrieved June 28, 2005
1643:Trogonoptera brookiana.
1604:List of largest insects
1435:Aristolochia praevenosa
1336:Ornithoptera richmondia
824:Ornithoptera alexandrae
797:– Rothschild's birdwing
740:Ornithoptera richmondia
735:– common green birdwing
460:– Dr. Platen's birdwing
436:– Talaud black birdwing
329:Rajah Brooke's birdwing
60:more precise citations.
2094:Icones Ornithopterorum
1951:Photonics Science News
1849:Hill House Publishers
1751:June 27, 2014, at the
1632:Version 27 April 2011.
1432:) depend on the plant
1371:With the exception of
1368:
1253:Trogonoptera brookiana
1083:
1075:Ornithoptera euphorion
1018:
1016:Ornithoptera victoriae
949:
945:Early instar larva of
881:Ornithoptera victoriae
786:Ornithoptera paradisea
724:Ornithoptera euphorion
686:Ornithoptera victoriae
648:Trogonoptera brookiana
2216:has media related to
1571:is very prominent in
1358:
1351:Status and protection
1071:
1013:
990:compound known to be
944:
802:Ornithoptera tithonus
762:Ornithoptera chimaera
711:– Obi Island birdwing
551:– Sri Lankan birdwing
2163:Images representing
2127:Lepidoptera Group 68
2064:. Volume 2, Part 3.
2045:. Volume 2, Part 2.
2030:. Volume 2, Part 1.
2015:. Volume 1, Part 3.
2000:. Volume 1, Part 2.
1906:Tropical Lepidoptera
1658:Accessed 20 May 2012
1645:Accessed 20 May 2012
1534:species demonstrate
1441:Aristolochia elegans
1273:Trogonoptera trojana
1257:Thai-Malay Peninsula
1166:); but two species,
1147:—are known as
1002:and into adulthood.
925:(both in the family
890:Ornithoptera allotei
875:Ornithoptera akakeae
770:Ornithoptera goliath
732:Ornithoptera priamus
716:Ornithoptera croesus
708:Ornithoptera aesacus
656:Trogonoptera trojana
559:– haliphron birdwing
2640:Insect common names
2420:T. oblongomaculatus
2172:Butterflycorner.net
1908:3 (Suppl. 1): 1-31.
1481:sexual reproduction
1329:, and northeastern
1206:Ancyluris meliboeus
1172:and the much rarer
1149:sensilla basiconica
1072:Copulating pair of
805:– Tithonus birdwing
789:– paradise birdwing
765:– chimaera birdwing
743:– Richmond birdwing
580:Troides staudingeri
575:– Riedel's birdwing
473:Troides rhadamantus
452:– southern birdwing
444:– Magellan birdwing
398:– Rippon's birdwing
1963:2009-02-07 at the
1732:2016-03-03 at the
1426:Richmond birdwings
1369:
1325:, New Guinea, the
1315:Australasian realm
1169:Troides magellanus
1084:
1045:Birdwings inhabit
1019:
950:
773:– Goliath birdwing
659:– Palawan birdwing
587:Troides vandepolli
521:– Miranda birdwing
503:Troides andromache
441:Troides magellanus
365:Genera and species
2612:
2611:
2214:Wikimedia Commons
2150:
2143:68. Vejle. 1983.
2141:Lepidoptera Group
2135:
1976:Lep. Group Newsl.
1953:, 6, 66–66.
1685:978-2-88032-603-6
1569:Sexual dimorphism
1564:Sexual dimorphism
1293:Indomalayan realm
1228:between the two.
1107:Sexual dimorphism
984:aristolochic acid
851:Troides prattorum
840:
839:
727:– Cairns birdwing
612:– common birdwing
567:– silver birdwing
556:Troides haliphron
543:– Criton birdwing
532:Troides haliphron
511:Troides cuneifera
506:– Borneo birdwing
495:Troides amphrysus
487:Troides amphrysus
476:– golden birdwing
465:Troides prattorum
428:– golden birdwing
395:Troides hypolitus
325:southern birdwing
267:
266:
261:
248:
235:
86:
85:
78:
2652:
2591:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2255:
2174:(English/German)
2144:
2130:
2055:haliphron groups
1942:
1940:
1938:
1874:, 211–225.
1839:Other references
1833:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1784:
1773:
1764:
1743:
1737:
1723:
1717:
1710:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1665:
1659:
1652:
1646:
1639:
1633:
1624:
1610:Cited references
1389:Papua New Guinea
1333:. An outlier is
927:Aristolochiaceae
498:– Malay birdwing
433:Troides dohertyi
370:
339:of 19th-century
313:Goliath birdwing
256:
243:
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133:
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61:
56:this article by
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2129:. Vejle. 1982.
2092:(1898 to 1906)
1965:Wayback Machine
1956:Nagypal, Tony.
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1341:New South Wales
1327:Solomon Islands
1299:in the case of
1241:
1133:thermoreceptors
1096:O. meridionalis
1043:
1008:
939:
922:Pararistolochia
903:
898:
846:
844:Natural hybrids
841:
630:
572:Troides riedeli
548:Troides darsius
518:Troides miranda
457:Troides plateni
367:
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321:Cairns birdwing
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2599:
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2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2559:O. rothschildi
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2475:
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2462:T. staudingeri
2458:
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2448:T. rhadamantus
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1613:
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1565:
1562:
1548:
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1527:
1526:Male courtship
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1477:Mating systems
1473:
1472:Mating systems
1470:
1449:
1446:
1352:
1349:
1245:Southeast Asia
1240:
1237:
1153:thermoregulate
1141:hygroreceptors
1128:T. rhadamantus
1042:
1039:
1007:
1004:
938:
935:
913:of the genera
902:
899:
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860:Troides mixtum
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613:
609:Troides helena
601:Troides helena
598:species group:
595:
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529:species group:
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484:species group:
481:
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425:Troides aeacus
417:Troides aeacus
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2575:
2574:
2570:
2568:
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2561:
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2552:O. richmondia
2549:
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2542:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2496:O. alexandrae
2493:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2469:T. vandepolli
2466:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2457:
2456:
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2450:
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2445:
2443:
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2424:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2399:T. magellanus
2396:
2394:
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2368:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2343:T. andromache
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1746:IUCN Red List
1742:
1739:
1735:
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1703:
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1563:
1561:
1559:
1556:to produce a
1555:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:Female choice
1503:Female choice
1502:
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1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:heterogametic
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1430:O. richmondia
1427:
1423:
1421:
1420:IUCN Red List
1417:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1405:O. alexandrae
1402:
1399:is listed on
1398:
1397:O. alexandrae
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1377:O. alexandrae
1374:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1361:O. alexandrae
1357:
1350:
1348:
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1342:
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1337:
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1324:
1320:
1316:
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1255:inhabits the
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1198:
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1181:
1177:
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1170:
1165:
1164:papiliochrome
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1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1109:is strong in
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1104:
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1088:O. alexandrae
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1077:
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1066:
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1056:
1052:
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1038:
1036:
1035:O. alexandrae
1032:
1028:
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1017:
1012:
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1000:metamorphosis
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
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969:
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959:
955:
948:
947:Troides minos
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602:
599:
596:
589:
588:
584:
582:
581:
577:
574:
573:
569:
566:
565:
564:Troides plato
561:
558:
557:
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550:
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533:
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488:
485:
482:
475:
474:
470:
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454:
451:
450:
449:Troides minos
446:
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415:
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389:
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385:
382:
381:
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353:O. alexandrae
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303:
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66:December 2012
59:
55:
49:
48:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
2635:Ornithoptera
2625:Papilionidae
2602:
2595:
2573:O. victoriae
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2538:O. paradisea
2537:
2530:
2523:
2517:O. euphorion
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2480:Ornithoptera
2479:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2441:T. prattorum
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2392:T. hypolitus
2391:
2384:
2378:T. haliphron
2377:
2370:
2363:
2357:T. cuneifera
2356:
2349:
2342:
2336:T. amphrysus
2335:
2328:
2319:
2308:
2302:T. brookiana
2301:
2293:Trogonoptera
2292:
2284:
2247:
2242:Trogonoptera
2241:
2236:Ornithoptera
2235:
2224:
2219:Ornithoptera
2218:
2185:
2179:
2165:Ornithoptera
2164:
2146:
2140:
2132:
2126:
2109:Ornithoptera
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2032:Trogonoptera
2031:
2027:
2021:Schoenbergia
2020:
2017:Ornithoptera
2016:
2012:
2006:Ornithoptera
2005:
2002:Ornithoptera
2001:
1997:
1990:
1987:Ornithoptera
1986:
1982:
1975:
1972:Aristolochia
1971:
1950:
1935:. Retrieved
1931:
1925:
1905:
1895:
1885:
1882:Ornithoptera
1881:
1871:
1846:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1797:
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1780:
1776:
1761:Ornithoptera
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1741:
1721:
1694:
1670:
1663:
1650:
1637:
1627:
1591:Ornithoptera
1590:
1587:
1583:Ornithoptera
1582:
1578:Ornithoptera
1577:
1573:Ornithoptera
1572:
1567:
1554:Ornithoptera
1553:
1550:
1539:
1532:Ornithoptera
1531:
1529:
1519:
1515:
1512:Ornithoptera
1511:
1506:
1493:Ornithoptera
1492:
1475:
1461:WW/WZ system
1453:Ornithoptera
1452:
1451:
1448:Reproduction
1439:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1416:Ornithoptera
1415:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1396:
1376:
1370:
1359:
1334:
1319:Weber's line
1311:Ornithoptera
1310:
1300:
1288:
1272:
1252:
1247:to northern
1242:
1239:Distribution
1233:Trogonoptera
1232:
1230:
1222:Ornithoptera
1221:
1217:
1215:
1211:A. meliboeus
1210:
1204:
1195:
1175:T. prattorum
1173:
1167:
1157:
1148:
1131:) possesses
1126:
1118:
1116:
1111:Ornithoptera
1110:
1102:O. paradisea
1100:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1080:Ornithoptera
1079:
1073:
1063:
1044:
1034:
1020:
1015:
992:carcinogenic
961:
954:caterpillars
951:
946:
920:
916:Aristolochia
914:
904:
889:
884:
880:
874:
869:
865:
859:
854:
850:
834:
822:
815:
812:
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792:
784:
776:
768:
760:
754:Schoenbergia
753:
750:
738:
730:
722:
714:
706:
700:Ornithoptera
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684:
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674:
669:Ornithoptera
668:
665:
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639:Trogonoptera
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373:
351:
345:
335:, the first
333:James Brooke
306:
290:Ornithoptera
289:
285:
282:Trogonoptera
281:
269:
268:
253:Ornithoptera
251:
238:
227:Trogonoptera
225:
202:Papilioninae
192:Papilionidae
117:Ornithoptera
116:
112:
109:Trogonoptera
108:
87:
72:
63:
44:
2566:O. tithonus
2503:O. chimaera
2371:T. dohertyi
2231:Wikispecies
2186:Insecta.pro
1991:Aetheoptera
1937:February 4,
1558:mating plug
1538:behaviour.
1495:tend to be
1485:mate choice
1381:Appendix II
1285:Philippines
1249:Australasia
1184:diffraction
1180:iridescence
1092:New Guinean
1051:pollinators
1047:rainforests
1027:camouflaged
958:cannibalism
896:Description
678:Aetheoptera
337:White Rajah
302:Australasia
278:swallowtail
274:butterflies
198:Subfamily:
182:Lepidoptera
58:introducing
21:Bird's wing
2619:Categories
2603:O. allotei
2596:O. akakeae
2545:O. priamus
2524:O. goliath
2510:O. croesus
2489:O. aesacus
2455:T. riedeli
2427:T. plateni
2413:T. miranda
2364:T. darsius
2309:T. trojana
1855:0947352422
1530:Some male
1497:polygamous
1414:and eight
1401:Appendix I
1317:, east of
1297:New Guinea
1160:pigmentary
1023:chrysalids
963:osmeterium
816:Straatmana
162:Arthropoda
93:Birdwings
41:references
2385:T. helena
2350:T. criton
2329:T. aeacus
2285:Birdwings
2083:57:17-24
2051:amphrysus
1872:Micron 33
1777:Tyô to Ga
1699:Ngypalnet
1536:courtship
1489:polyandry
1463:, with a
1457:oviparous
1393:Indonesia
1345:Australia
1331:Australia
1021:Birdwing
988:poisonous
980:predators
813:subgenus:
751:subgenus:
697:subgenus:
675:subgenus:
406:subgenus:
384:subgenus:
317:Australia
270:Birdwings
258:Boisduval
148:Kingdom:
142:Eukaryota
119:(bottom)
2587:Natural
2434:T. plato
2406:T. minos
2201:binomial
2168:, at EoL
2036:Ripponia
1961:Archived
1749:Archived
1730:Archived
1598:See also
1323:Moluccas
1202:riodinid
1145:humidity
1137:antennal
1031:pupating
1014:Pupa of
387:Ripponia
360:Taxonomy
294:mainland
212:Troidini
188:Family:
158:Phylum:
152:Animalia
138:Domain:
2630:Troides
2589:hybrids
2320:Troides
2248:Troides
2225:Troides
2180:Troides
2178:"Genus
2066:Troides
2047:Troides
1926:Troides
1757:Troides
1654:ARKive
1412:Troides
1289:Troides
1283:in the
1281:Palawan
1277:endemic
1269:Sumatra
1226:hybrids
1218:Troides
1119:Troides
1059:lantana
1055:flowers
976:terpene
409:Troides
378:Troides
341:Sarawak
286:Troides
276:in the
240:Troides
218:Genera
208:Tribe:
178:Order:
172:Insecta
168:Class:
113:Troides
111:(top),
54:improve
2245:, and
2203:names.
2197:Pteron
2115:
2074:aeacus
2070:helena
2053:&
2034:&
1853:
1682:
1410:Three
1321:; the
1265:Natuna
1261:Borneo
1197:Morpho
1192:scales
968:tongue
907:mating
905:After
835:
666:genus:
636:genus:
375:genus:
319:, the
300:, and
288:, and
260:, 1832
247:, 1819
245:Hübner
234:, 1890
232:Rippon
43:, but
1385:CITES
1366:CITES
1307:India
1209:. In
1188:light
1162:(via
1123:veins
1041:Imago
972:snake
970:of a
937:Larva
911:vines
348:CITES
2222:and
2113:ISBN
2072:and
1939:2020
1851:ISBN
1759:and
1680:ISBN
1676:IUCN
1391:and
1220:and
1099:and
1025:are
1006:Pupa
996:rats
986:, a
952:The
931:eggs
919:and
296:and
272:are
2085:pdf
1900:pdf
1383:of
1279:to
1275:is
1186:of
994:in
901:Ova
2621::
2239:,
2184:.
2103:,
2068:;
2049:;
1949:.
1930:.
1870:.
1768:^
1705:^
1678:.
1617:^
1585:.
1343:,
1287:.
1267:,
1263:,
1259:,
1251:.
888:—
883:×
873:—
868:×
858:—
853:×
343:.
304:.
284:,
2277:e
2270:t
2263:v
2188:.
2182:"
2151:.
2136:.
2019:(
2004:(
1989:(
1967:.
1941:.
1924:"
1779:(
1763:.
1428:(
1375:(
1082:.
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
50:.
23:.
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