162:. The names of both Birtum and Šarrabu could be written logographically as KAL.EDIN, which literally meant "youngster of the steppe" or "strong one of the steppe." Šarrabu itself might mean "cheater" or "slanderer," though other possibilities have also been proposed, including a possible association with the
141:(attendant deity) was the god Eturammi (also spelled Eturame), whose name means "do not slacken." It is assumed that he was one of the sukkals who were simply personification of specific commands of their masters, similar to
528:
189:
proposed that originally Birtum was worshiped alongside Nungal in a presently unknown city which declined in the third millennium BCE, which lead to transfer of its tutelary deities to
156:
Birtum could be regarded as a twin brother of the god Šarrab(u), though sometimes the latter is instead paired with Šâbu instead. The former tradition is documented in the god list
221:
to summon Birtum. While the fragment in which he explains to Birtum why he needs his help is missing, in the subsequent section of the text he congratulates
541:
103:, and he was likely a deification of such objects. While the word is grammatically feminine, the deity was regarded as male. A similar word,
509:
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80:
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after his defeat of Anzû. Ninurta rebukes him and states that he will keep this item for himself.
202:
598:
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100:
72:
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637:
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A reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian god lists, AN:A-nu-um and AN:Anu šá Ameli
198:
482:
463:
560:
417:
225:(who he addresses as his lord) on behalf of Enlil and urges him to return the
158:
150:
594:
551:
454:
519:
142:
602:
578:
222:
214:
96:
589:. Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik: 19–46.
194:
190:
163:
146:
138:
123:
111:
92:
76:
50:
265:
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261:
259:
257:
126:, the goddess of prisons. It has been proposed that he was a son of
617:
218:
127:
174:." In a single source the names of the pair are explained as "
618:"The Staff of Ninšubura: Studies in Babylonian Demonology II"
319:
317:
304:
302:
244:
242:
382:
380:
193:. A well known example of such a process is the case of
107:("pimple"), is etymologically unrelated to his name.
500:
Lambert, Wilfred G. (1980). "The
Theology of Death".
437:
Before the muses: an anthology of
Akkadian literature
114:as one of the gods associated with the underworld.
269:
46:
38:
33:
21:
145:'s sukkal Nēr-ē-tagmil ("kill, do not spare") or
79:. He was regarded as a deity associated with the
416:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998),
130:, as his wife was on occasion addressed as the
62:
8:
371:
308:
201:, which disappears from records after the
536:. New Haven: Yale Babylonian Collection.
347:
335:
323:
248:
110:In god lists he appears in the circle of
359:
281:
238:
398:
386:
18:
293:
7:
197:, whose cult was transferred from
14:
213:In a late version of the myth of
616:Wiggermann, Frans A. M. (1987).
504:. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.
270:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998
118:Associations with other deities
1:
565:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
487:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
468:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
422:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
559:Michalowski, Piotr (1998),
481:Krebernik, Manfred (2016),
462:Krebernik, Manfred (2011),
217:, Enlil asks his assistant
665:
583:Archiv für Orientforschung
527:Litke, Richard L. (1998).
439:. Potomac, MD: CDL Press.
176:Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea
122:Birtum was the husband of
63:
435:Foster, Benjamin (1996).
26:
577:Sjöberg, Åke W. (1973).
561:"Nisaba A. Philological"
75:who was the husband of
483:"Zwillingsgottheiten"
91:Birtum's name means "
579:"Nungal in the Ekur"
502:Death in Mesopotamia
227:Tablet of Destinies
187:Wilfred G. Lambert
644:Mesopotamian gods
543:978-0-9667495-0-2
350:, pp. 70–71.
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73:Mesopotamian god
66:
65:
19:
16:Mesopotamian god
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649:Underworld gods
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309:Wiggermann 1987
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132:daughter in law
120:
89:
67:, also spelled
29:
28:Deified fetters
17:
12:
11:
5:
662:
660:
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651:
646:
636:
635:
631:
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622:Ex Oriente Lux
613:
574:
556:
542:
524:
510:
497:
478:
459:
445:
432:
412:
410:
407:
404:
403:
401:, p. 479.
391:
389:, p. 478.
376:
374:, p. 576.
364:
352:
348:Krebernik 2011
340:
336:Krebernik 2011
328:
326:, p. 352.
324:Krebernik 2016
313:
298:
296:, p. 187.
286:
274:
272:, p. 617.
253:
249:Krebernik 2011
237:
236:
234:
231:
210:
207:
183:
180:
134:of this god.
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511:87-500-1946-5
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446:1-883053-23-4
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362:, p. 63.
361:
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208:
206:
205:, to Nippur.
204:
203:Ur III period
200:
196:
192:
188:
181:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
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153:("destroy").
152:
148:
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140:
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25:
20:
625:
621:
606:. Retrieved
586:
582:
568:, retrieved
564:
529:
501:
491:, retrieved
486:
472:, retrieved
467:
436:
426:, retrieved
421:
409:Bibliography
394:
367:
360:Lambert 1980
355:
343:
331:
289:
282:Sjöberg 1973
277:
212:
185:
172:Fata Morgana
167:
157:
155:
136:
121:
109:
104:
90:
68:
58:
57:
489:(in German)
470:(in German)
464:"Šarrab(u)"
424:(in German)
399:Foster 1996
387:Foster 1996
178:of MAR.KI"
638:Categories
608:2022-02-23
570:2022-02-22
493:2022-04-24
474:2022-04-24
428:2022-02-22
294:Litke 1998
233:References
149:'s sukkal
81:underworld
595:0066-6440
552:470337605
209:Mythology
159:An = Anum
87:Character
34:Genealogy
628:. Brill.
603:41637722
455:34149948
418:"Nungal"
101:Akkadian
71:) was a
64:𒀭𒁉𒅕𒌈
39:Siblings
520:7124686
223:Ninurta
182:Worship
97:shackle
42:Šarrabu
601:
593:
550:
540:
518:
508:
453:
443:
195:Nisaba
191:Nippur
164:Arabic
147:Nergal
139:sukkal
124:Nungal
112:Nergal
95:" or "
93:fetter
77:Nungal
59:Birtum
51:Nungal
47:Spouse
22:Birtum
599:JSTOR
534:(PDF)
219:Nuska
199:Eresh
168:sārab
166:word
128:Enlil
105:birdu
99:" in
69:Birdu
591:ISSN
548:OCLC
538:ISBN
516:OCLC
506:ISBN
451:OCLC
441:ISBN
215:Anzû
151:Ugur
137:His
170:, "
640::
626:29
624:.
620:.
597:.
587:24
585:.
581:.
563:,
546:.
514:.
485:,
466:,
449:.
420:,
379:^
316:^
301:^
256:^
241:^
143:Id
83:.
611:.
554:.
522:.
457:.
61:(
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