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376:(ASICs) all have been used, each reducing the profitability of the less-specialized technology. Bitcoin-specific ASICs are now the primary method of mining bitcoin and have surpassed GPU speed by as much as 300-fold. The difficulty of the mining process is periodically adjusted to the mining power active on the network. As bitcoins have become more difficult to mine, computer hardware manufacturing companies have seen an increase in sales of high-end ASIC products.
29:
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assuming that the payment was done. The more confirmations that the merchant waits for, the more difficult it is for an attacker to successfully reverse the transaction—unless the attacker controls more than half the total network power, in which case it is called a 51% attack, or a majority attack. Although more difficult for attackers of a smaller size, there may be financial incentives that make history modification attacks profitable.
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It started at 50 bitcoin, dropped to 25 in late 2012, and to 6.25 bitcoin in 2020. The most recent halving, which occurred on 20 April 2024 at 12:09am UTC (with block number 740,000), reduced the block reward to 3.125 bitcoins. The next halving is expected to occur in 2028, when the block reward will fall to 1.625 bitcoins. This halving process is programmed to continue a maximum of 64 times before new coin creation ceases.
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552:, whereby a user pays the same coin to two or more different recipients. An example of such a problem would be if Eve sent a bitcoin to Alice and later sent the same bitcoin to Bob. The bitcoin network guards against double-spending by recording all bitcoin transfers in a ledger (the blockchain) that is visible to all users, and ensuring for all transferred bitcoins that they have not been previously spent.
221:. During mining, practically all of the computing power of the Bitcoin network is used to solve cryptographic tasks, which is proof of work. Their purpose is to ensure that the generation of valid blocks involves a certain amount of effort so that subsequent modification of the blockchain, such as in the 51% attack scenario, can be practically ruled out. Because of the difficulty, miners form "
96:, but a network node can verify the hash is valid using very little energy. If a miner proposes a block to the network, and its hash is valid, the block and its ledger changes are added to the blockchain, and the network moves on to yet unprocessed transactions. In case there is a dispute, then the longest chain is considered to be correct. A new block is created every 10 minutes, on average.
3429:
383:" to reduce variance in miner income. Individual mining rigs often have to wait for long periods to confirm a block of transactions and receive payment. In a pool, all participating miners get paid every time a participating server solves a block. This payment depends on the amount of work an individual miner contributed to help find that block, and the payment system used by the pool.
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accomplice tries to mine a block that includes the payment to Bob instead of Alice. There is a positive probability that the rogue miner will succeed before the network, in which case the payment to Alice will be rejected. As with the plain race attack, Alice can reduce the risk of a Finney attack by waiting for the payment to be included in the blockchain.
492:
By convention, the first transaction in a block is a special transaction that produces new bitcoins owned by the creator of the block. This is the incentive for nodes to support the network. It provides a way to move new bitcoins into circulation. The reward for mining halves every 210,000 blocks.
530:
Various potential attacks on the bitcoin network and its use as a payment system, real or theoretical, have been considered. The bitcoin protocol includes several features that protect it against some of those attacks, such as unauthorized spending, double spending, forging bitcoins, and tampering
255:
Majority consensus in bitcoin is represented by the longest chain, which required the greatest amount of effort to produce. If a majority of computing power is controlled by honest nodes, the honest chain will grow fastest and outpace any competing chains. To modify a past block, an attacker would
646:
is a strategy in data mining in which anonymous data is cross-referenced with other sources of data to re-identify the anonymous data source. Along with transaction graph analysis, which may reveal connections between bitcoin addresses (pseudonyms), there is a possible attack which links a user's
79:
software. These messages are proposed transactions, changes to be made in the ledger. Each node has a copy of the ledger's entire transaction history. If a transaction violates the rules of the
Bitcoin protocol, it is ignored, as transactions only occur when the entire network reaches a consensus
577:
Each block that is added to the blockchain, starting with the block containing a given transaction, is called a confirmation of that transaction. Ideally, merchants and services that receive payment in bitcoin should wait for at least a few confirmations to be distributed over the network before
511:
As noted in
Nakamoto's whitepaper, it is possible to verify bitcoin payments without running a full network node (simplified payment verification, SPV). A user only needs a copy of the block headers of the longest chain, which are available by querying network nodes until it is apparent that the
560:
If Eve offers to pay Alice a bitcoin in exchange for goods and signs a corresponding transaction, it is still possible that she also creates a different transaction at the same time sending the same bitcoin to Bob. By the rules, the network accepts only one of the transactions. This is called a
539:
Unauthorized spending is mitigated by bitcoin's implementation of public-private key cryptography. For example, when Alice sends a bitcoin to Bob, Bob becomes the new owner of the bitcoin. Eve, observing the transaction, might want to spend the bitcoin Bob just received, but she cannot sign the
267:
To compensate for increasing hardware speed and varying interest in running nodes over time, the difficulty of finding a valid hash is adjusted roughly every two weeks. If blocks are generated too quickly, the difficulty increases and more hashes are required to make a block and to generate new
568:
A variant race attack (which has been called a Finney attack by reference to Hal Finney) requires the participation of a miner. Instead of sending both payment requests (to pay Bob and Alice with the same coins) to the network, Eve issues only Alice's payment request to the network, while the
149:
technology is a decentralized and secure digital ledger that records transactions across a network of computers. It ensures transparency, immutability, and tamper resistance, making data manipulation difficult. Blockchain is the underlying technology for cryptocurrencies like
Bitcoin and has
624:
Bitcoin's blocks contain the transactions on the bitcoin network. The on-chain transaction processing capacity of the bitcoin network is limited by the average block creation time of 10 minutes and the original block size limit of 1 megabyte. These jointly constrain the network's
99:
Changes to the
Bitcoin protocol require consensus among the network participants. The Bitcoin protocol has inspired the creation of numerous other digital currencies and blockchain-based technologies, making it a foundational technology in the field of
655:, the attack includes a method to separate the peer from the Tor network, forcing them to use their real IP address for any further transactions. The cost of the attack on the full bitcoin network was estimated to be under €1500 per month, as of 2014.
247:
has produced a valid result, the block cannot be changed without redoing the work. As later blocks are chained after it, the work to change the block would include redoing the work for each subsequent block. If there is a deviation in consensus then a
225:" to get payouts despite these high power requirements, costly hardware deployments, and hardware under control. As a result of the Chinese ban on Bitcoin mining in 2021, the United States currently holds the largest share of Bitcoin mining pools.
1632:
The maximum throughput is the maximum rate at which the blockchain can confirm transactions. Today, bitcoin's maximum throughput is 3.3–7 transactions/sec . This number is constrained by the maximum block size and the inter-block
236:, yields a number smaller than the given difficulty target. While the average work required increases in inverse proportion to the difficulty target, a hash can always be verified by executing a single round of double SHA-256.
565:, since there is a race between the recipients to accept the transaction first. Alice can reduce the risk of race attack stipulating that she will not deliver the goods until Eve's payment to Alice appears in the blockchain.
256:
have to redo the proof-of-work of that block and all blocks after it and then surpass the work of the honest nodes. The probability of a slower attacker catching up diminishes exponentially as subsequent blocks are added.
629:. The transaction processing capacity maximum estimated using an average or median transaction size is between 3.3 and 7 transactions per second. There are various proposed and activated solutions to address this issue.
516:
branch linking the transaction to its block. Linking the transaction to a place in the chain demonstrates that a network node has accepted it, and blocks added after it further establish the confirmation.
507:
Each miner can choose which transactions are included in or exempted from a block. A greater number of transactions in a block does not equate to greater computational power required to solve that block.
348:
959:
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basis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will. Upon reconnection, a node downloads and verifies new blocks from other nodes to complete its local copy of the blockchain.
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network to handle large amounts of transaction data on its platform in a short span of time. It is related to the fact that records (known as
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that they should take place. This "full network consensus" is achieved when each node on the network verifies the results of a
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876:"China is kicking out more than half the world's bitcoin miners – and a whole lot of them could be headed to Texas"
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Bitcoin uses a proof-of-work system or a proof-or-transaction to form a distributed timestamp server as a
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360:" has been observed through the various hashing technologies that have been used to mine bitcoins: basic
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until a value is found that gives the block's hash the required number of leading zero bits. Once the
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1144:"From Mining to Mitigation: How Bitcoin Can Support Renewable Energy Development and Climate Action"
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2007:
1296:"Bitcoin is about to undergo another 'halving' event. Here's why that could send its price soaring"
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232:'s key innovation. The mining process involves identifying a block that, when hashed twice with
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with the blockchain. Other attacks, such as theft of private keys, require due care by users.
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Stoll, Christian; Klaaßen, Lena; Gallersdörfer, Ulrich; Neumüller, Alexander (June 2023).
643:
549:
205:
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68:, the process to create new bitcoins and verify transactions; and cryptographic security.
1670:
Reid, Fergal; Harrigan, Martin (2013). "An
Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System".
1207:(Report). Working Paper Series. MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research.
1143:
1811:
1792:
de Vries, Alex; Gallersdörfer, Ulrich; Klaaßen, Lena; Stoll, Christian (16 March 2022).
1753:
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352:
The largest
Bitcoin mining pools as of April 2020 by nation in which the pools are based
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1917:
1481:"Two Bitcoins at the Price of One? Double-Spending Attacks on Fast Payments in Bitcoin"
1024:
562:
443:. The amount of e-waste generated by bitcoin mining is comparable to that generated by
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101:
706:
667:
116:
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that follows the rules of the
Bitcoin protocol. Creating this hash requires expensive
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1982:
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For the bitcoin timestamp network, a valid proof of work is found by incrementing a
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2012:
49:
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applications beyond finance, such as supply chain management and smart contracts.
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are created and transactions are finalized, is energy-consuming and results in
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decentralized network of volunteers is sufficient. Messages are broadcast on a
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2906:
2608:
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1972:
1942:
1232:"The Bitcoin network completes the fourth-ever 'halving' of rewards to miners"
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consists of the longest series of transaction records from the genesis block
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1987:
1932:
459:. Bitcoin's environmental impact has attracted the attention of regulators,
357:
325:
chips. The chips pictured have become obsolete due to increasing difficulty.
1363:
1204:
341:
to housing and operating large amounts of high-performance mining hardware.
3456:
1767:
1313:(2nd ed.). Sebastopol, California, USA: O'Reilly Media. p. 239.
1029:"Bitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible?"
3131:
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3091:
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3000:
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2017:
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1952:
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1605:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9604. pp. 106–125.
619:
611:
420:
233:
158:
45:
22:
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Requiring a proof of work to accept a new block to the blockchain was
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93:
88:. Mining packages groups of transactions into blocks, and produces a
61:
57:
2356:
952:"Cryptocurrency mining operation launched by Iron Bridge Resources"
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The network requires minimal structure to share transactions. An
27:
1536:
Bar-Zur, Roi; Abu-Hanna, Ameer; Eyal, Ittay; Tamar, Aviv (2023).
548:
A specific problem that an internet payment system must solve is
2539:
2461:
747:
2360:
1848:
1730:
Biryukov, Alex; Khovratovich, Dmitry; Pustogarov, Ivan (2014).
832:"Bitter to Better – how to make Bitcoin a better currency"
3227:
3191:
2797:
701:
662:
461:
leading to incentives or restrictions in various jurisdictions
198:
111:
1479:
Karame, Ghassan O.; Androulaki, Elli; Capkun, Srdjan (2012).
1390:"Quantitative Analysis of the Full Bitcoin Transaction Graph"
1257:"So, Bitcoin Halving Is Done. What Happened and What's Next?"
926:"Bitcoin mania is hurting PC gamers by pushing up GPU prices"
427:, as about half of the electricity used is generated through
1282:"Bitcoin Halving 2024: Why It Matters & What to Expect"
1844:
901:"Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index (CBECI)"
540:
transaction without the knowledge of Bob's private key.
1027:; O'Neill, Claire; Tabuchi, Hiroko (3 September 2021).
717:
678:
127:
1736:
ACM Conference on
Computer and Communications Security
1647:
Mastering
Bitcoin. Unlocking Digital Crypto-Currencies
3445:
841:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 7397.
488:
Diagram showing how bitcoin transactions are verified
52:
decentralized network with no central oversight; the
1490:. International Association for Cryptologic Research
768:"What is Blockchain Technology and How Does it Work"
3293:
3267:
3215:
3057:
3019:
2948:
2905:
2836:
2746:
2696:
2672:
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2632:
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2504:
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2394:
2298:
2241:
2214:
2178:
2153:
2137:
2128:
2062:
2031:
1910:
1732:"Deanonymisation of clients in Bitcoin P2P network"
447:. Scholars argue that bitcoin mining could support
1311:Mastering bitcoin: programming the open blockchain
1071:de Vries, Alex; Stoll, Christian (December 2021).
170:to the current block or record. Orphaned records
1539:2023 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)
993:Analysis of Bitcoin Pooled Mining Reward Systems
788:"Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System"
1579:Cybersecurity, Privacy & Networks eJournal.
1383:
1381:
512:longest chain has been obtained; then, get the
317:Later amateurs mined bitcoins with specialized
431:. Moreover, bitcoins are mined on specialized
379:Computing power is often bundled together or "
356:Bitcoin mining is a competitive endeavor. An "
263:Mining difficulty has increased significantly.
2372:
1860:
1509:Michael J. Casey; Paul Vigna (16 June 2014).
1205:Climate Impacts of Bitcoin Mining in the U.S.
8:
781:
779:
777:
16:Rules that govern the functioning of Bitcoin
1149:ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
48:. Its key components and principles are: a
3428:
3212:
2511:
2379:
2365:
2357:
2134:
1867:
1853:
1845:
1712:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1419:Jerry Brito & Andrea Castillo (2013).
1819:
1743:
1679:
1458:"Bitcoin and the Double-spending Problem"
1430:. George Mason University. Archived from
1414:
1412:
1410:
1362:
1000:
821:
819:
817:
815:
1725:
1723:
1603:Financial Cryptography and Data Security
1511:"Short-Term Fixes To Avert "51% Attack""
839:Financial Cryptography and Data Security
610:refers to the limited capability of the
594:
374:application-specific integrated circuits
157:
21:For broader coverage of this topic, see
3452:
2054:List of people in blockchain technology
1794:"Revisiting Bitcoin's carbon footprint"
1672:Security and Privacy in Social Networks
1645:Antonopoulos, Andreas M. (April 2014).
1309:Antonopoulos, Andreas M (1 July 2017).
758:
599:Number of transactions per month, on a
60:that records all Bitcoin transactions;
1705:
1596:"On Scaling Decentralized Blockchains"
1340:
1338:
974:"Bitcoin boom benefiting TSMC: report"
451:by utilizing surplus electricity from
75:messages to the network using Bitcoin
3346:Decentralized autonomous organization
1211:from the original on 18 November 2023
1184:from the original on 23 November 2023
1119:from the original on 23 November 2021
1077:Resources, Conservation and Recycling
1049:from the original on 17 February 2023
962:from the original on 30 January 2018.
7:
3416:
2341:
1421:"Bitcoin: A Primer for Policymakers"
991:Rosenfeld, Meni (17 November 2011).
932:from the original on 2 February 2018
622:are limited in size and frequency.
297:, as they were better suited to the
1073:"Bitcoin's growing e-waste problem"
874:Sigalos, MacKenzie (15 June 2021).
1674:. New York, NY. pp. 197–223.
1594:Croman, Kyle; Eyal, Ittay (2016).
14:
3356:Distributed ledger technology law
1577:Social Science Research Network.
1230:Macheel, Tanaya (20 April 2024).
786:Nakamoto, Satoshi (24 May 2009).
3479:
3467:
3455:
3427:
3415:
3404:
3403:
2340:
2331:
2330:
1456:Erik Bonadonna (29 March 2013).
705:
666:
659:Consensus mechanism and upgrades
587:This section is an excerpt from
392:This section is an excerpt from
337:Today, bitcoin mining companies
330:
310:
286:
174:exist outside of the best chain.
115:
1097:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105901
766:Hut, Moody (18 December 2023).
413:environmental impact of bitcoin
394:Environmental impact of bitcoin
44:that govern the functioning of
32:A diagram of a bitcoin transfer
2206:2020 Twitter account hijacking
1388:Ron Dorit; Adi Shamir (2012).
826:Barber, Simon; Boyen, Xavier;
370:field-programmable gate arrays
1:
3474:Free and open-source software
2049:List of bitcoin organizations
1162:10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c05445
503:Online transaction processing
2223:The Rise and Rise of Bitcoin
1690:10.1007/978-1-4614-4139-7_10
851:10.1007/978-3-642-32946-3_29
449:renewable energy development
217:. This work is often called
2417:Cryptographic hash function
2186:Bitcoin scalability problem
1821:10.1016/j.joule.2022.02.005
1611:10.1007/978-3-662-53357-4_8
1395:. Cryptology ePrint Archive
608:Bitcoin scalability problem
589:Bitcoin scalability problem
404:Bitcoin mining facility in
272:Difficulty and mining pools
209:A Bitcoin mining farm, 2018
3518:
830:& Uzun, Ersin (2012).
743:Lists of network protocols
639:Deanonymisation of clients
586:
500:
391:
275:
20:
3399:
3376:Initial exchange offering
3351:Decentralized application
3331:Cryptocurrency in Nigeria
2326:
2201:2018 Bitcoin bomb threats
2196:2018 cryptocurrency crash
2039:List of bitcoin companies
1882:
1542:. IEEE Computer Society.
1347:"The Bitcoin Mining Game"
1138:Lal, Apoorv; Zhu, Jesse;
366:graphics processing units
3381:List of cryptocurrencies
3268:Crypto service companies
3059:Cryptocurrency exchanges
362:central processing units
73:cryptographically signed
1581:Accessed 21 April 2019.
651:. If the peer is using
419:, the process by which
201:-based mining rig, 2012
3316:Complementary currency
2422:Decentralized exchange
2407:Cryptocurrency tumbler
2300:Bitcoin in El Salvador
1364:10.5195/ledger.2016.13
714:This section is empty.
675:This section is empty.
603:
489:
476:
409:
353:
264:
210:
202:
175:
124:This section is empty.
33:
3371:Initial coin offering
3326:Cryptocurrency bubble
2857:Basic Attention Token
2427:Decentralized finance
2412:Cryptocurrency wallet
2085:Cryptocurrency wallet
2044:List of bitcoin forks
1902:Environmental effects
1517:. Wall Street Journal
598:
535:Unauthorized spending
487:
475:-based mining machine
470:
403:
387:Environmental effects
351:
293:Early bitcoin miners
276:Further information:
262:
208:
197:
161:
77:cryptocurrency wallet
56:technology, a public
31:
3366:Environmental impact
3336:Cryptocurrency scams
1923:Andreas Antonopoulos
1548:10.1109/SP46215.2023
1460:. Cornell University
1437:on 21 September 2013
1142:(13 November 2023).
845:. pp. 399–414.
698:Impact and influence
573:History modification
497:Payment verification
295:used GPUs for mining
215:peer-to-peer network
3021:Inactive currencies
1812:2022Joule...6..498D
1754:2014arXiv1405.7418B
1156:(45): 16330–16340.
1089:2021RCR...17505901D
1011:2011arXiv1112.4980R
958:. 26 January 2018.
928:. 30 January 2018.
843:Springer Publishing
339:dedicate facilities
2481:Proof of authority
2452:Non-fungible token
2432:Distributed ledger
2253:Bitcoin Foundation
2191:History of bitcoin
1998:Cameron Winklevoss
1649:. O'Reilly Media.
1034:The New York Times
604:
490:
477:
410:
354:
265:
211:
203:
176:
34:
3443:
3442:
3263:
3262:
2742:
2741:
2442:Lightning Network
2354:
2353:
2246:
2174:
2173:
2145:Bitcoin Unlimited
2100:Lightning Network
1699:978-1-4614-4138-0
1656:978-1-4493-7404-4
1620:978-3-662-53356-7
1557:978-1-6654-9336-9
1345:Houy, N. (2016).
1320:978-1-4919-5438-6
980:. 4 January 2014.
860:978-3-642-32945-6
734:
733:
695:
694:
647:pseudonym to its
618:) in the Bitcoin
601:logarithmic scale
521:Protocol features
433:computer hardware
364:(CPUs), high-end
144:
143:
84:operation called
3509:
3484:
3483:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3459:
3451:
3431:
3430:
3419:
3418:
3407:
3406:
3391:Virtual currency
3341:Digital currency
3321:Crypto-anarchism
3213:
2966:HBAR (Hashgraph)
2949:Other currencies
2585:Ethereum Classic
2512:
2388:Cryptocurrencies
2381:
2374:
2367:
2358:
2344:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2259:Bitcoin Magazine
2244:
2135:
2003:Tyler Winklevoss
1963:Satoshi Nakamoto
1869:
1862:
1855:
1846:
1841:
1823:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1766:. Archived from
1747:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1703:
1683:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1600:
1591:
1582:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1485:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1436:
1425:
1416:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1004:
988:
982:
981:
970:
964:
963:
948:
942:
941:
939:
937:
922:
916:
915:
913:
911:
897:
891:
890:
888:
886:
871:
865:
864:
836:
823:
810:
809:
807:
805:
799:
793:. Archived from
792:
783:
772:
771:
763:
729:
726:
716:You can help by
709:
702:
690:
687:
677:You can help by
670:
663:
441:electronic waste
425:carbon emissions
415:is significant.
334:
314:
290:
230:Satoshi Nakamoto
173:
169:
165:
139:
136:
126:You can help by
119:
112:
102:cryptocurrencies
71:Users broadcast
38:Bitcoin protocol
3517:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3478:
3468:
3466:
3454:
3446:
3444:
3439:
3395:
3361:Double-spending
3311:Blockchain game
3289:
3259:
3211:
3053:
3015:
2944:
2901:
2832:
2738:
2692:
2668:
2652:
2628:
2589:
2564:
2500:
2466:
2390:
2385:
2355:
2350:
2322:
2294:
2275:Canaan Creative
2245:(not exchanges)
2243:
2237:
2210:
2170:
2149:
2124:
2070:Bitcoin network
2058:
2027:
1978:Vitalik Buterin
1928:Brian Armstrong
1906:
1878:
1873:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1764:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1704:
1700:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1428:Mercatus Center
1423:
1418:
1417:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1321:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1023:
1022:
1018:
990:
989:
985:
972:
971:
967:
950:
949:
945:
935:
933:
924:
923:
919:
909:
907:
899:
898:
894:
884:
882:
873:
872:
868:
861:
834:
825:
824:
813:
803:
801:
797:
790:
785:
784:
775:
765:
764:
760:
756:
739:
730:
724:
721:
700:
691:
685:
682:
661:
644:Deanonymisation
641:
636:
631:
630:
592:
584:
575:
558:
550:double-spending
546:
544:Double spending
537:
528:
523:
505:
499:
482:
465:
464:
445:the Netherlands
439:, resulting in
397:
389:
346:
345:
344:
343:
342:
335:
327:
326:
315:
307:
306:
301:algorithm than
291:
280:
274:
250:blockchain fork
192:
171:
167:
163:
162:The best chain
156:
140:
134:
131:
110:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3515:
3513:
3505:
3504:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3476:
3464:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3425:
3413:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3294:Related topics
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2748:Proof of stake
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2719:Nervos Network
2716:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2575:
2573:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2509:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2491:Proof of stake
2488:
2486:Proof of space
2483:
2477:
2475:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2457:Smart contract
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2338:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2242:Legal entities
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2080:Cryptocurrency
2077:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1938:Wences Casares
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1918:Gavin Andresen
1914:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1806:(3): 498–502.
1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1770:on 22 May 2017
1762:
1719:
1698:
1662:
1655:
1637:
1619:
1583:
1570:
1556:
1528:
1501:
1471:
1448:
1406:
1377:
1334:
1319:
1301:
1287:
1284:. 6 June 2023.
1273:
1248:
1222:
1195:
1130:
1060:
1016:
983:
965:
943:
917:
892:
866:
859:
811:
800:on 4 July 2010
773:
757:
755:
752:
751:
750:
745:
738:
735:
732:
731:
712:
710:
699:
696:
693:
692:
673:
671:
660:
657:
640:
637:
635:
632:
593:
585:
583:
580:
574:
571:
557:
554:
545:
542:
536:
533:
527:
524:
522:
519:
501:Main article:
498:
495:
481:
480:Mined bitcoins
478:
417:Bitcoin mining
398:
390:
388:
385:
336:
329:
328:
316:
309:
308:
292:
285:
284:
283:
282:
281:
273:
270:
219:bitcoin mining
191:
188:
155:
152:
142:
141:
122:
120:
109:
106:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3514:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3436:
3435:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3240:LocalBitcoins
3238:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:ItBit (Paxos)
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2657:RandomX-based
2655:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2506:Proof of work
2503:
2497:
2496:Proof of work
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2347:
2339:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2313:Bitcoin Beach
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:Proof of work
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2023:Erik Voorhees
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:Ross Ulbricht
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:Charlie Shrem
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1958:Mark Karpelès
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
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3408:
3285:Initiative Q
2643:Bitcoin Gold
2535:Counterparty
2530:Bitcoin Cash
2318:Bitcoin City
2257:
2229:
2221:
2166:Bitcoin Gold
2161:Bitcoin Cash
2063:Technologies
2013:Dave Kleiman
2008:Craig Wright
1897:Legal status
1803:
1797:
1772:. Retrieved
1768:the original
1735:
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1432:the original
1427:
1397:. Retrieved
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1276:
1264:. Retrieved
1261:Investopedia
1260:
1251:
1239:. Retrieved
1235:
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1186:. Retrieved
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1080:
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1032:
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978:Taipei Times
977:
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934:. Retrieved
920:
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879:
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795:the original
761:
722:
718:adding to it
713:
683:
679:adding to it
674:
642:
615:
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576:
567:
559:
547:
538:
529:
510:
506:
491:
429:fossil fuels
378:
372:(FPGAs) and
355:
266:
254:
238:
227:
223:mining pools
218:
212:
177:
154:Transactions
145:
132:
128:adding to it
123:
98:
85:
70:
50:peer-to-peer
42:set of rules
37:
35:
18:
3386:Token money
3275:Hyperledger
3147:EDX Markets
3011:WhopperCoin
2907:Stablecoins
2308:Bitcoin Law
2234:(2015 film)
2226:(2014 film)
2090:Bitcoin ATM
1993:Cody Wilson
1786:Works cited
1626:10 December
1215:18 November
1188:23 November
1140:You, Fengqi
828:Shi, Elaine
804:20 December
582:Scalability
563:race attack
556:Race attack
514:Merkle tree
278:Mining pool
252:can occur.
184:best-effort
3306:BitLicense
3250:QuadrigaCX
3233:bankruptcy
3197:ShapeShift
3142:Crypto.com
3029:BitConnect
2981:MobileCoin
2750:currencies
2609:Bitconnect
2604:Auroracoin
2508:currencies
2474:mechanisms
2402:Blockchain
2395:Technology
2075:Blockchain
1973:Nick Szabo
1948:Hal Finney
1943:Tim Draper
1515:Money Beat
1494:22 October
1464:22 October
1441:22 October
1399:18 October
1370:14 January
1083:: 105901.
1053:1 February
1025:Huang, Jon
936:2 February
910:5 December
885:5 December
754:References
649:IP address
627:throughput
620:blockchain
268:bitcoins.
147:Blockchain
108:Blockchain
54:blockchain
3462:Economics
3137:Coincheck
3039:KodakCoin
2887:Shiba Inu
2872:KodakCoin
2862:Chainlink
2788:Injective
2762:Avalanche
2724:Primecoin
2472:Consensus
1988:Roger Ver
1933:Adam Back
1892:Economics
1838:247143939
1830:2542-4351
1745:1405.7418
1708:cite book
1681:1107.4524
1357:: 53–68.
1329:953432201
1178:264574360
1170:2168-0485
1123:6 October
1113:240585651
1105:0921-3449
1043:0362-4331
1002:1112.4980
956:World Oil
358:arms race
90:hash code
3496:Category
3486:Internet
3410:Category
3132:Coinbase
3112:Bitstamp
3092:Bitpanda
3082:bitFlyer
3077:Bitfinex
3001:SafeMoon
2961:Filecoin
2940:USD Coin
2808:Polkadot
2803:Peercoin
2783:Gridcoin
2777:Ethereum
2757:Algorand
2734:Vertcoin
2704:AmbaCoin
2634:Equihash
2624:Litecoin
2619:Dogecoin
2579:Ethereum
2555:Peercoin
2550:Namecoin
2545:MazaCoin
2447:MetaMask
2336:Category
2285:GHash.io
2280:CoinDesk
2231:Deep Web
2154:Currency
2018:Jihan Wu
1488:iacr.org
1266:20 April
1241:20 April
1209:Archived
1182:Archived
1117:Archived
1047:Archived
960:Archived
930:Archived
737:See also
526:Security
437:lifespan
421:bitcoins
408:, Canada
368:(GPUs),
3502:Bitcoin
3448:Portals
3422:Commons
3301:Airdrop
3280:IQ.Wiki
3245:Mt. Gox
3216:Defunct
3202:Uniswap
3162:Genesis
3097:Bithumb
3072:Binance
3044:OneCoin
3006:Stellar
2892:The DAO
2882:Polygon
2852:Aventus
2767:Cardano
2560:Titcoin
2525:Bitcoin
2516:SHA-256
2346:Commons
2270:Bitmain
2179:History
1953:Wei Dai
1887:History
1876:Bitcoin
1808:Bibcode
1750:Bibcode
1521:30 June
1085:Bibcode
1007:Bibcode
905:ccaf.io
634:Privacy
612:Bitcoin
471:Avalon
245:hashing
234:SHA-256
46:Bitcoin
40:is the
23:Bitcoin
3255:Thodex
3182:Kucoin
3177:Kraken
3157:Gemini
3127:Circle
3102:BitMEX
3087:Bitkub
3034:Coinye
2996:Ripple
2971:Helium
2935:Tether
2840:tokens
2838:ERC-20
2813:Solana
2772:EOS.IO
2676:-based
2664:Monero
2636:-based
2614:Coinye
2597:-based
2595:Scrypt
2572:-based
2570:Ethash
2518:-based
2215:Movies
2138:Client
2115:SegWit
1911:People
1836:
1828:
1774:16 May
1760:
1696:
1653:
1617:
1563:15 May
1554:
1351:Ledger
1327:
1317:
1176:
1168:
1111:
1103:
1041:
857:
616:blocks
406:Quebec
381:pooled
190:Mining
180:ad hoc
172:
168:
164:
94:energy
86:mining
62:mining
58:ledger
3223:BTC-e
3207:Upbit
3167:Huobi
3152:eToro
3107:Bitso
3049:Petro
2930:Terra
2877:Minds
2847:Augur
2823:Tezos
2818:Steem
2779:(2.0)
2729:Verge
2697:Other
2688:Petro
2648:Zcash
2581:(1.0)
2265:BitGo
2130:Forks
2120:SHA-2
2095:ECDSA
2032:Lists
1834:S2CID
1799:Joule
1740:arXiv
1676:arXiv
1633:time.
1599:(PDF)
1484:(PDF)
1435:(PDF)
1424:(PDF)
1393:(PDF)
1174:S2CID
1109:S2CID
997:arXiv
835:(PDF)
798:(PDF)
791:(PDF)
457:solar
241:nonce
3434:List
3187:Kuna
3117:BTCC
3067:Abra
2986:Nano
2976:Luna
2956:Chia
2920:Diem
2897:TRON
2714:IOTA
2709:Firo
2683:Dash
2540:LBRY
2462:Web3
2437:Fork
2290:Nuri
1826:ISSN
1776:2017
1758:ISBN
1714:link
1694:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1628:2017
1615:ISBN
1565:2023
1552:ISBN
1523:2014
1496:2014
1466:2014
1443:2013
1401:2012
1372:2017
1325:OCLC
1315:ISBN
1268:2024
1243:2024
1236:CNBC
1217:2023
1190:2023
1166:ISSN
1125:2022
1101:ISSN
1055:2022
1039:ISSN
938:2018
912:2023
887:2023
880:CNBC
855:ISBN
806:2012
748:Web3
606:The
473:ASIC
455:and
453:wind
411:The
323:ASIC
321:and
319:FPGA
303:CPUs
64:and
36:The
3228:FTX
3192:OKX
3122:BUX
2991:NEO
2925:Pax
2915:Dai
2867:Kin
2828:TON
2798:Nxt
2793:Kin
2674:X11
2105:P2P
1816:doi
1686:doi
1607:doi
1544:doi
1359:doi
1158:doi
1093:doi
1081:175
847:doi
720:.
681:.
653:Tor
199:GPU
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