298:(BCA), which absorbs around 562 nm, producing the signature mauve color. The water-soluble BCA/copper complex absorbs much more strongly than the peptide/copper complex, increasing the sensitivity of the biuret test by a factor of around 100: the BCA assay allows to detect proteins in the range of 0.0005 to 2 mg/mL. Additionally, the BCA protein assay gives the important benefit of compatibility with substances such as up to 5% surfactants in protein samples.
448:
1357:
413:
1366:
255:
and thus stabilize the cupric ions. The reaction of the cupric ions with the nitrogen atoms involved in peptide bonds leads to the displacement of the peptide hydrogen atoms under the alkaline conditions. A tri- or tetra-dentate chelation with the peptide nitrogen produces the characteristic color.
210:
and ammonia interfere with this assay, therefore rendering this assay inappropriate for protein samples purified from ammonium sulfate precipitation. Due to its insensitivity and little interference by free amino acids, this assay is most useful for whole tissue samples and other sources with high
31:
286:
Two major modifications of the biuret test are commonly applied in modern colorimetric analysis of peptides: the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay and the Lowry assay. In these tests, the Cu formed during the biuret reaction reacts further with other reagents, leading to a deeper color.
180:
of proteins because peptide bonds occur with the same frequency per amino acid in the peptide. The intensity of the color, and hence the absorption at 540 nm, is directly proportional to the protein concentration, according to the
317:
residues in the protein also form molybdenum blue under these circumstances. In this way, proteins can be detected in concentrations between 0.005 and 2 mg/mL. Molybdenum blue can in turn bind certain organic dyes such as
466:
4553:
433:
Sitzungsberichte der
Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Classe (Meeting Reports of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Mathematical-scientific Class)
462:
512:
206:
In this assay, the copper(II) binds with nitrogen atoms present in the peptides of proteins. In a secondary reaction, the copper(II) is reduced to copper(I). Buffers, such as
785:
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3614:
4382:
3724:
3874:
2508:
4603:
958:
4377:
3479:
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373:
227:
can be determined. Peptides with the correct length of at least 3 amino acids are necessary for a significant, measurable colour shift with these reagents.
3249:
1400:
4049:
1993:
838:
4144:
2248:
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625:
O.H. Lowry, N.J. Rosebrough, A.L. Farr, R.J. Randall: Protein
Measurement With the Folin Phenol Reagent, J. Biol. Chem. 193 (1951) 265 - 275.
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An aqueous sample is treated with an equal volume of 1% strong base (sodium or potassium hydroxide) followed by a few drops of aqueous
4613:
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2013:
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3034:
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2148:
569:"The chelation of metal ions by dipeptides and related substances. Part 5.âCupric complexes of sarcosyl and leucyl ligands"
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1998:
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2003:
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1928:
1191:
2113:
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3384:
2836:
2058:
2023:
1619:
1554:
1386:
203:. The test is named so because it also gives a positive reaction to the peptide-like bonds in the biuret molecule.
4417:
4039:
3099:
3024:
2548:
2383:
2068:
1844:
1804:
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663:
291:
170:
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4302:
4707:
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4169:
4149:
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3819:
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3644:
3584:
3514:
2816:
2796:
2528:
2448:
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2303:
2273:
2208:
2078:
1988:
1978:
1854:
1564:
1333:
1107:
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3759:
3709:
3624:
3599:
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3474:
3439:
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3369:
3344:
3229:
3154:
2934:
2627:
2563:
2363:
2088:
2008:
1694:
1669:
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1441:
1174:
1119:
1077:
861:
823:
4668:
3414:
2038:
1343:
1163:
169:
who independently rediscovered it in 1857. Several variants on the test have been developed, such as the
4254:
4209:
3924:
3894:
3864:
3799:
3779:
3694:
3689:
3654:
3609:
3594:
3589:
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3559:
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3484:
3364:
2884:
2687:
2263:
2218:
2048:
1784:
1504:
1466:
780:
1714:
1709:
1157:
1101:
1048:
1013:
182:
159:
4307:
4437:
4387:
4337:
4317:
4164:
4139:
3854:
3844:
3729:
3544:
3539:
3469:
3254:
3054:
3014:
2944:
2909:
2864:
2831:
2697:
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2652:
2473:
2433:
2393:
2358:
2288:
2043:
1913:
1888:
1426:
1369:
1197:
1089:
1025:
828:
707:
634:
Sargent, M.G.: Fiftyfold amplification of the Lowry protein assay. Anal. Biochem. 163 (1987) 476-481.
616:
Smith, P.K. et al.: Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid. Anal. Biochem. 150 (1985) 76-85.
389:
147:
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4229:
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2018:
1963:
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1609:
1534:
1305:
1287:
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1042:
795:
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732:
302:
275:
1679:
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3754:
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3259:
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3219:
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3194:
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1968:
1893:
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1604:
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1260:
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1215:
727:
546:
295:
244:
220:
1524:
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1007:
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897:
580:
397:
240:
87:
49:
164:
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3319:
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3144:
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3019:
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2576:
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2513:
2498:
2483:
2418:
2293:
2243:
2233:
2213:
2173:
1983:
1973:
1958:
1754:
1674:
1499:
1494:
1311:
1254:
1227:
1203:
866:
690:
319:
310:
1544:
1514:
158:, the biuret test is also known as Piotrowski's test in honor of the Polish physiologist
647:
Gold. 1990. Organic
Compounds in Biological Systems, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
393:
4578:
4488:
4427:
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3429:
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3174:
3029:
2766:
2543:
2413:
2228:
2198:
1898:
1794:
1569:
1431:
1113:
1019:
984:
805:
722:
4691:
4588:
4289:
4134:
4029:
3824:
3214:
3179:
3169:
3104:
3094:
2984:
2821:
2637:
2348:
2323:
2193:
1839:
1824:
1809:
1704:
1634:
1614:
1529:
1299:
1238:
1233:
902:
892:
833:
271:
177:
127:
3629:
2989:
2741:
2518:
2118:
1918:
1769:
1764:
1629:
1484:
1322:
1317:
887:
856:
717:
267:
131:
655:
488:
428:
2128:
1774:
1744:
1509:
1136:
936:
532:
Fenk, C. J.; Kaufman, N.; and Gerbig, D. G. J. Chem. Educ. 2007, 84, 1676-1678.
4412:
3939:
3289:
1378:
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508:
323:
224:
17:
592:
444:
401:
39:
409:
343:
30:
1819:
1489:
979:
584:
568:
314:
151:
1479:
1327:
686:
260:
252:
189:
155:
135:
490:
Fundamental
Laboratory Approaches for Biochemistry and Biotechnology
431:[A new reaction of proteins and their related derivatives].
429:"Eine neue Reaction auf Eiweisskörper und ihre nÀheren Abkömmlinge"
223:. If the solution turns purple, it contains protein. 5â160 mg/
848:
263:
143:
29:
207:
1863:
1382:
940:
659:
139:
111:
102:
96:
73:
64:
58:
487:
Ninfa, Alexander; Ballou, David; Benore, Marilee (2009).
376:[On the compounds of albumin with metal oxides].
99:
61:
188:
Despite its name, the reagent does not in fact contain
154:
solution. The reaction was first observed in 1833; In
105:
52:
4554:
ErlenmeyerâPlöchl azlactone and amino-acid synthesis
465:. Thermo Fisher Scientific Protein Methods Library.
374:"Ăber die Verbindungen des Eiweiss mit Metalloxyden"
326:, resulting in further amplification of the signal.
114:
108:
93:
76:
70:
55:
4461:
4288:
3923:
3438:
2933:
2850:
2730:
2610:
2562:
1872:
1274:
1184:
1150:
1129:
1058:
1000:
993:
972:
911:
875:
847:
804:
698:
90:
67:
34:The characteristic color of a positive biuret test
3615:Divinylcyclopropane-cycloheptadiene rearrangement
567:Datta, S. P.; Leberman, R.; Rabin, B. R. (1959).
130:used for detecting the presence of at least two
3875:Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons
2509:Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons
176:The biuret reaction can be used to assess the
134:in a molecule. In the presence of peptides, a
4604:Lectka enantioselective beta-lactam synthesis
1394:
952:
671:
8:
4383:Inverse electron-demand DielsâAlder reaction
2204:Heterogeneous metal catalyzed cross-coupling
282:High sensitivity variants of the biuret test
3725:Lobry de BruynâVan Ekenstein transformation
378:Poggendorff's Annalen der Physik und Chemie
259:The reagent is commonly used in the biuret
4285:
2559:
1860:
1401:
1387:
1379:
997:
959:
945:
937:
678:
664:
656:
4215:Petrenko-Kritschenko piperidone synthesis
3670:FritschâButtenbergâWiechell rearrangement
305:, Cu is oxidized back to Cu by Mo in the
27:Chemical test for detecting peptide bonds
4378:Intramolecular DielsâAlder cycloaddition
198:
194:
384:(5). Leipzig, Germany: J.A. Barth: 132-
344:"Definition of biuret | Dictionary.com"
335:
4398:Metal-centered cycloaddition reactions
4050:DebusâRadziszewski imidazole synthesis
1994:BodrouxâChichibabin aldehyde synthesis
921:Photoactivated localization microscopy
839:Proteinâprotein interaction prediction
294:, Cu forms a deep purple complex with
4544:Diazoalkane 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition
4448:Vinylcyclopropane (5+2) cycloaddition
4353:Diazoalkane 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition
4125:HurdâMori 1,2,3-thiadiazole synthesis
3620:DowdâBeckwith ring-expansion reaction
2787:HurdâMori 1,2,3-thiadiazole synthesis
1700:LFER solvent coefficients (data page)
7:
3355:Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation
2592:Methoxymethylenetriphenylphosphorane
1365:
3480:AllenâMillarâTrippett rearrangement
796:Freeze-fracture electron microscopy
4619:Nitrone-olefin (3+2) cycloaddition
4614:Niementowski quinazoline synthesis
4403:Nitrone-olefin (3+2) cycloaddition
4328:Azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition
4190:Niementowski quinazoline synthesis
3945:Azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition
3250:MeerweinâPonndorfâVerley reduction
2802:LeimgruberâBatcho indole synthesis
251:, the latter of which is added to
25:
4443:Trimethylenemethane cycloaddition
4145:JohnsonâCoreyâChaykovsky reaction
4010:CadoganâSundberg indole synthesis
3990:BohlmannâRahtz pyridine synthesis
3950:BaeyerâEmmerling indole synthesis
2757:CadoganâSundberg indole synthesis
2249:JohnsonâCoreyâChaykovsky reaction
4698:Biochemistry detection reactions
4539:CookâHeilbron thiazole synthesis
4368:Hexadehydro DielsâAlder reaction
4195:Niementowski quinoline synthesis
4025:CookâHeilbron thiazole synthesis
3970:BischlerâMöhlau indole synthesis
3880:TiffeneauâDemjanov rearrangement
3510:BakerâVenkataraman rearrangement
2668:HornerâWadsworthâEmmons reaction
2339:Mizoroki-Heck vs. Reductive Heck
2224:HornerâWadsworthâEmmons reaction
1735:Neighbouring group participation
1364:
1355:
776:Isothermal titration calorimetry
756:Dual-polarization interferometry
451:from the original on 9 May 2022.
416:from the original on 9 May 2022.
86:
48:
4075:Fiesselmann thiophene synthesis
3905:WestphalenâLettrĂ© rearrangement
3885:Vinylcyclopropane rearrangement
3715:KornblumâDeLaMare rearrangement
3360:Epoxidation of allylic alcohols
3270:Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation
3205:KornblumâDeLaMare rearrangement
2880:GallagherâHollander degradation
599:from the original on 2022-05-09
515:from the original on 2022-05-09
469:from the original on 2022-03-24
354:from the original on 2021-05-11
270:test used to determine protein
256:This is found with dipeptides.
4534:Chichibabin pyridine synthesis
4020:Chichibabin pyridine synthesis
3980:BlumâIttah aziridine synthesis
3815:Ring expansion and contraction
2084:Cross dehydrogenative coupling
1:
4504:BischlerâNapieralski reaction
4462:Heterocycle forming reactions
4115:Hemetsberger indole synthesis
3975:BischlerâNapieralski reaction
3890:WagnerâMeerwein rearrangement
3860:SommeletâHauser rearrangement
3840:SeyferthâGilbert homologation
3705:IrelandâClaisen rearrangement
3700:HofmannâMartius rearrangement
3460:2,3-sigmatropic rearrangement
3075:CoreyâWinter olefin synthesis
3000:BartonâMcCombie deoxygenation
2643:CoreyâWinter olefin synthesis
2597:SeyferthâGilbert homologation
2464:SeyferthâGilbert homologation
967:Analytical reagents and tests
766:Chromatin immunoprecipitation
173:and the Modified Lowry test.
4609:LehmstedtâTanasescu reaction
4569:GabrielâColman rearrangement
4524:Bucherer carbazole synthesis
4519:BorscheâDrechsel cyclization
4499:Bernthsen acridine synthesis
4484:Bamberger triazine synthesis
4469:AlgarâFlynnâOyamada reaction
4180:Nazarov cyclization reaction
4045:De Kimpe aziridine synthesis
4000:Bucherer carbazole synthesis
3995:BorscheâDrechsel cyclization
3765:Nazarov cyclization reaction
3745:MeyerâSchuster rearrangement
3675:GabrielâColman rearrangement
3425:WolffensteinâBöters reaction
3310:Reduction of nitro compounds
3160:Grundmann aldehyde synthesis
2965:AlgarâFlynnâOyamada reaction
2374:Olefin conversion technology
2369:NozakiâHiyamaâKishi reaction
2164:GabrielâColman rearrangement
2054:Claisen-Schmidt condensation
1999:Bouveault aldehyde synthesis
1160:(aldehyde & ketones etc)
829:Protein structural alignment
814:Protein structure prediction
463:"Chemistry of Protein Assay"
4584:Hantzsch pyridine synthesis
4363:Enoneâalkene cycloadditions
4185:Nenitzescu indole synthesis
4105:Hantzsch pyridine synthesis
4070:FerrarioâAckermann reaction
3720:Kowalski ester homologation
3685:Halogen dance rearrangement
3530:Benzilic acid rearrangement
2955:Akabori amino-acid reaction
2915:Von Braun amide degradation
2860:BarbierâWieland degradation
2812:Nenitzescu indole synthesis
2792:KharaschâSosnovsky reaction
2683:JuliaâKocienski olefination
2587:Kowalski ester homologation
2284:Kowalski ester homologation
2259:JuliaâKocienski olefination
2014:CadiotâChodkiewicz coupling
1939:Aza-BaylisâHillman reaction
1884:Acetoacetic ester synthesis
1595:Dynamic binding (chemistry)
1585:Conrotatory and disrotatory
1560:Charge remote fragmentation
913:Super-resolution microscopy
819:Protein function prediction
747:Peptide mass fingerprinting
742:Protein immunoprecipitation
278:at wavelength 540 nm.
4724:
4649:RobinsonâGabriel synthesis
4599:Kröhnke pyridine synthesis
4433:Retro-DielsâAlder reaction
4373:Imine DielsâAlder reaction
4160:Kröhnke pyridine synthesis
3775:NewmanâKwart rearrangement
3750:MislowâEvans rearrangement
3660:FischerâHepp rearrangement
3605:Di-Ï-methane rearrangement
3385:Stephen aldehyde synthesis
3120:EschweilerâClarke reaction
2837:Williamson ether synthesis
2154:FujiwaraâMoritani reaction
2059:Combes quinoline synthesis
2024:Carbonyl olefin metathesis
1725:More O'FerrallâJencks plot
1650:GrunwaldâWinstein equation
1620:Electron-withdrawing group
1555:Catalytic resonance theory
1059:Proteins & amino acids
994:Sugars, fats, and proteins
4659:Urech hydantoin synthesis
4639:PomeranzâFritsch reaction
4564:Fischer oxazole synthesis
4298:1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition
4270:Urech hydantoin synthesis
4240:Reissert indole synthesis
4225:PomeranzâFritsch reaction
4155:Knorr quinoline synthesis
4085:Fischer oxazole synthesis
4015:Camps quinoline synthesis
3935:1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition
3835:Semipinacol rearrangement
3810:RambergâBĂ€cklund reaction
3795:Piancatelli rearrangement
3735:McFadyenâStevens reaction
3490:Alpha-ketol rearrangement
3245:McFadyenâStevens reaction
3190:KilianiâFischer synthesis
3110:Elbs persulfate oxidation
3035:BouveaultâBlanc reduction
2995:BaeyerâVilliger oxidation
2827:SchottenâBaumann reaction
2703:RambergâBĂ€cklund reaction
2582:KilianiâFischer synthesis
2424:RambergâBĂ€cklund reaction
2409:Pinacol coupling reaction
2404:Piancatelli rearrangement
2299:LiebeskindâSrogl coupling
2149:FujimotoâBelleau reaction
1866:List of organic reactions
1730:Negative hyperconjugation
1475:
1417:
1352:
771:Surface plasmon resonance
761:Microscale thermophoresis
751:Protein mass spectrometry
713:Green fluorescent protein
249:potassium sodium tartrate
4634:PictetâSpengler reaction
4549:EinhornâBrunner reaction
4514:Boger pyridine synthesis
4408:Oxo-DielsâAlder reaction
4323:Aza-DielsâAlder reaction
4220:PictetâSpengler reaction
4120:HofmannâLöffler reaction
4110:Hegedus indole synthesis
4080:Fischer indole synthesis
3955:Bartoli indole synthesis
3910:Willgerodt rearrangement
3740:McLafferty rearrangement
3650:Ferrier carbocyclization
3465:2,3-Wittig rearrangement
3455:1,2-Wittig rearrangement
3295:ParikhâDoering oxidation
3285:Oxygen rebound mechanism
2950:AdkinsâPeterson reaction
2842:Yamaguchi esterification
2782:Hegedus indole synthesis
2747:Bartoli indole synthesis
2618:BamfordâStevens reaction
2534:Weinreb ketone synthesis
2494:Stork enamine alkylation
2269:Knoevenagel condensation
2139:Ferrier carbocyclization
2029:CastroâStephens coupling
1655:Hammett acidity function
1645:Free-energy relationship
1590:CurtinâHammett principle
1575:Conformational isomerism
1339:Fecal coliform detection
1104:(aldehyde & ketones)
1098:(aldehyde & ketones)
1072:Bicinchoninic acid assay
791:Cryo-electron microscopy
642:External links and notes
402:10.1002/andp.18331040512
372:Rose, Ferdinand (1833).
4594:Knorr pyrrole synthesis
4529:BuchererâBergs reaction
4474:AllanâRobinson reaction
4453:Wagner-Jauregg reaction
4245:Ring-closing metathesis
4170:Larock indole synthesis
4150:Knorr pyrrole synthesis
4005:BuchererâBergs reaction
3870:Stieglitz rearrangement
3850:SkattebĂžl rearrangement
3820:Ring-closing metathesis
3680:Group transfer reaction
3645:Favorskii rearrangement
3585:Cornforth rearrangement
3515:Bamberger rearrangement
3420:WolffâKishner reduction
3240:MarkĂłâLam deoxygenation
3135:FlemingâTamao oxidation
3130:FischerâTropsch process
2817:Oxymercuration reaction
2797:Knorr pyrrole synthesis
2623:BartonâKellogg reaction
2529:Wagner-Jauregg reaction
2449:Ring-closing metathesis
2439:ReimerâTiemann reaction
2429:RauhutâCurrier reaction
2344:Nef isocyanide reaction
2304:Malonic ester synthesis
2274:Knorr pyrrole synthesis
2209:High dilution principle
2144:FriedelâCrafts reaction
2079:Cross-coupling reaction
2004:BuchererâBergs reaction
1989:Blanc chloromethylation
1979:Blaise ketone synthesis
1954:BaylisâHillman reaction
1949:BartonâKellogg reaction
1924:AllanâRobinson reaction
1830:WoodwardâHoffmann rules
1565:Charge-transfer complex
1334:Pesticide detection kit
1294:FolinâCiocalteu reagent
1290:(creates free radicals)
1108:Van Slyke determination
824:Proteinâprotein docking
737:Protein electrophoresis
427:Piotrowski, G. (1857).
307:FolinâCiocalteu reagent
211:protein concentration.
4559:FeistâBenary synthesis
4333:Bradsher cycloaddition
4303:4+4 Photocycloaddition
4260:SimmonsâSmith reaction
4205:PaternĂČâBĂŒchi reaction
4065:FeistâBenary synthesis
4055:Dieckmann condensation
3805:Pummerer rearrangement
3785:Oxy-Cope rearrangement
3760:Myers allene synthesis
3710:Jacobsen rearrangement
3625:Electrocyclic reaction
3600:Demjanov rearrangement
3555:Buchner ring expansion
3525:Beckmann rearrangement
3505:Aza-Cope rearrangement
3500:ArndtâEistert reaction
3475:Alkyne zipper reaction
3395:Transfer hydrogenation
3370:Sharpless oxyamination
3345:Selenoxide elimination
3230:Lombardo methylenation
3155:Griesbaum coozonolysis
3065:CoreyâItsuno reduction
3040:BoylandâSims oxidation
2980:AngeliâRimini reaction
2628:Boord olefin synthesis
2572:ArndtâEistert reaction
2564:Homologation reactions
2364:Nitro-Mannich reaction
2279:KolbeâSchmitt reaction
2089:Cross-coupling partner
2009:Buchner ring expansion
1929:ArndtâEistert reaction
1695:Kinetic isotope effect
1442:Rearrangement reaction
1192:DilleâKoppanyi reagent
1175:Ceric ammonium nitrate
1120:Xanthoproteic reaction
1078:Bradford protein assay
723:Protein immunostaining
493:. Wiley. p. 111.
148:coordination complexes
35:
4418:PausonâKhand reaction
4255:Sharpless epoxidation
4210:Pechmann condensation
4090:FriedlÀnder synthesis
4040:DavisâBeirut reaction
3895:Wallach rearrangement
3865:Stevens rearrangement
3800:Pinacol rearrangement
3780:Overman rearrangement
3695:Hofmann rearrangement
3690:Hayashi rearrangement
3655:Ferrier rearrangement
3610:Dimroth rearrangement
3595:Curtius rearrangement
3590:Criegee rearrangement
3570:Claisen rearrangement
3560:Carroll rearrangement
3495:Amadori rearrangement
3485:Allylic rearrangement
3365:Sharpless epoxidation
3100:DessâMartin oxidation
3025:BohnâSchmidt reaction
2885:Hofmann rearrangement
2688:Kauffmann olefination
2611:Olefination reactions
2549:WurtzâFittig reaction
2384:PalladiumâNHC complex
2264:Kauffmann olefination
2219:Homologation reaction
2069:CoreyâHouse synthesis
2049:Claisen rearrangement
1845:YukawaâTsuno equation
1805:SwainâLupton equation
1785:Spherical aromaticity
1720:MöbiusâHĂŒckel concept
1505:Aromatic ring current
1467:Substitution reaction
1282:Dragendorff's reagent
1016:(reducing sugars etc)
1001:Sugars & starches
781:X-ray crystallography
33:
4624:PaalâKnorr synthesis
4494:BartonâZard reaction
4438:Staudinger synthesis
4388:Ketene cycloaddition
4358:DielsâAlder reaction
4338:Cheletropic reaction
4318:Alkyne trimerisation
4200:PaalâKnorr synthesis
4165:Kulinkovich reaction
4140:Jacobsen epoxidation
4060:DielsâAlder reaction
3855:Smiles rearrangement
3845:Sigmatropic reaction
3730:Lossen rearrangement
3580:CoreyâFuchs reaction
3545:Boekelheide reaction
3540:Bergmann degradation
3470:Achmatowicz reaction
3255:Methionine sulfoxide
3055:Clemmensen reduction
3015:Bergmann degradation
2945:Acyloin condensation
2910:Strecker degradation
2865:Bergmann degradation
2832:Ullmann condensation
2698:Peterson olefination
2673:Hydrazone iodination
2653:Elimination reaction
2554:ZinckeâSuhl reaction
2474:Sonogashira coupling
2434:Reformatsky reaction
2394:Peterson olefination
2359:Nierenstein reaction
2289:Kulinkovich reaction
2104:DielsâAlder reaction
2064:CoreyâFuchs reaction
2044:Claisen condensation
1914:Alkyne trimerisation
1889:Acyloin condensation
1855:ÎŁ-bishomoaromaticity
1815:ThorpeâIngold effect
1427:Elimination reaction
1362:Chemistry portal
1230:(MDMA, opiates, etc)
1090:Pierce Protein Assay
1026:Aniline acetate test
708:Protein purification
585:10.1039/TF9595502141
243:(NaOH) and hydrated
4644:Prilezhaev reaction
4629:Pellizzari reaction
4308:(4+3) cycloaddition
4275:Van Leusen reaction
4250:Robinson annulation
4235:Pschorr cyclization
4230:Prilezhaev reaction
3960:Bergman cyclization
3915:Wolff rearrangement
3900:Weerman degradation
3790:Pericyclic reaction
3770:Neber rearrangement
3665:Fries rearrangement
3550:Brook rearrangement
3535:Bergman cyclization
3380:Staudinger reaction
3325:Rosenmund reduction
3315:Reductive amination
3280:Oppenauer oxidation
3070:CoreyâKim oxidation
3045:Cannizzaro reaction
2920:Weerman degradation
2895:Isosaccharinic acid
2807:Mukaiyama hydration
2663:Hofmann elimination
2648:Dehydrohalogenation
2633:Chugaev elimination
2454:Robinson annulation
2399:Pfitzinger reaction
2169:Gattermann reaction
2114:WulffâDötz reaction
2094:DakinâWest reaction
2019:Carbonyl allylation
1964:Bergman cyclization
1750:Kennedy J. P. Orton
1670:Hammond's postulate
1640:FlippinâLodge angle
1610:Electromeric effect
1535:Beta-silicon effect
1520:BakerâNathan effect
1344:Prion detection kit
1210:Gallic acid reagent
1171:(types of alcohols)
1084:Lowry protein assay
733:Gel electrophoresis
543:"Chemical Reagents"
439:. Vienna: 335â337.
394:1833AnP...104..132R
303:Lowry protein assay
276:UV/VIS spectroscopy
4393:McCormack reaction
4343:Conia-ene reaction
4175:Madelung synthesis
3965:Biginelli reaction
3755:Mumm rearrangement
3640:Favorskii reaction
3575:Cope rearrangement
3565:Chan rearrangement
3330:Rubottom oxidation
3260:Miyaura borylation
3225:Lipid peroxidation
3220:Lindgren oxidation
3200:Kornblum oxidation
3195:Kolbe electrolysis
3140:Fukuyama reduction
3050:Carbonyl reduction
2900:Marker degradation
2762:Diazonium compound
2752:Boudouard reaction
2731:Carbon-heteroatom
2658:Grieco elimination
2444:Rieche formylation
2389:Passerini reaction
2319:Meerwein arylation
2239:Hydroxymethylation
2134:Favorskii reaction
2034:Chan rearrangement
1969:Biginelli reaction
1894:Aldol condensation
1740:2-Norbornyl cation
1715:Möbius aromaticity
1710:Markovnikov's rule
1605:Effective molarity
1550:BĂŒrgiâDunitz angle
1540:Bicycloaromaticity
1261:Salicylate testing
1249:Zimmermann reagent
1216:Liebermann reagent
1194:(barbiturates etc)
1158:Benedict's reagent
1102:Fehling's solution
1049:Fehling's solution
1014:Benedict's reagent
876:Display techniques
728:Protein sequencing
573:Trans. Faraday Soc
348:www.dictionary.com
296:bicinchoninic acid
245:copper(II) sulfate
221:copper(II) sulfate
36:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4669:WohlâAue reaction
4313:6+4 Cycloaddition
4130:Iodolactonization
3450:1,2-rearrangement
3415:WohlâAue reaction
3335:Sabatier reaction
3300:Pinnick oxidation
3265:Mozingo reduction
3210:Leuckart reaction
3165:Haloform reaction
3080:Criegee oxidation
3060:Collins oxidation
3010:Benkeser reaction
3005:Bechamp reduction
2975:Andrussow process
2960:Alcohol oxidation
2870:Edman degradation
2777:Haloform reaction
2726:
2725:
2713:Takai olefination
2678:Julia olefination
2504:Takai olefination
2379:Olefin metathesis
2254:Julia olefination
2179:Grignard reaction
2159:Fukuyama coupling
2074:Coupling reaction
2039:ChanâLam coupling
1909:Alkyne metathesis
1904:Alkane metathesis
1760:Phosphaethynolate
1665:George S. Hammond
1625:Electronic effect
1580:Conjugated system
1462:Stereospecificity
1457:Stereoselectivity
1422:Addition reaction
1411:organic reactions
1376:
1375:
1251:(Benzodiazepines)
1198:Ehrlich's reagent
1146:
1145:
1051:(reducing sugars)
1045:(reducing sugars)
1010:(Monosaccharides)
934:
933:
883:Bacterial display
651:Chemical Reagents
160:Gustaw Piotrowski
124:Piotrowski's test
122:), also known as
16:(Redirected from
4715:
4664:Wenker synthesis
4654:Stollé synthesis
4509:Bobbitt reaction
4479:Auwers synthesis
4423:Povarov reaction
4348:Cyclopropanation
4286:
4280:Wenker synthesis
4035:Darzens reaction
3985:Bobbitt reaction
3830:Schmidt reaction
3635:Enyne metathesis
3410:Whiting reaction
3405:Wharton reaction
3350:Shapiro reaction
3340:Sarett oxidation
3305:Prévost reaction
3115:Emde degradation
2925:Wohl degradation
2905:Ruff degradation
2875:Emde degradation
2772:Grignard reagent
2708:Shapiro reaction
2693:McMurry reaction
2560:
2524:Ullmann reaction
2489:Stollé synthesis
2479:Stetter reaction
2469:Shapiro reaction
2459:Sakurai reaction
2354:Negishi coupling
2334:Minisci reaction
2329:Michael reaction
2314:McMurry reaction
2309:Mannich reaction
2189:Hammick reaction
2184:Grignard reagent
2124:Enyne metathesis
2109:Doebner reaction
2099:Darzens reaction
1944:Barbier reaction
1934:Auwers synthesis
1861:
1835:Woodward's rules
1800:Superaromaticity
1790:Spiroaromaticity
1690:Inductive effect
1685:Hyperconjugation
1660:Hammett equation
1600:Edwards equation
1452:Regioselectivity
1403:
1396:
1389:
1380:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1306:Melzer's reagent
1288:Fenton's reagent
1222:Mandelin reagent
1212:(drug precursor)
1164:Denigés' reagent
1096:Tollens' reagent
1043:Tollens' reagent
1032:Starch indicator
998:
961:
954:
947:
938:
898:Ribosome display
834:Protein ontology
680:
673:
666:
657:
635:
632:
626:
623:
617:
614:
608:
607:
605:
604:
564:
558:
557:
555:
554:
545:. Archived from
539:
533:
530:
524:
523:
521:
520:
484:
478:
477:
475:
474:
459:
453:
452:
424:
418:
417:
369:
363:
362:
360:
359:
340:
247:, together with
241:sodium hydroxide
202:
183:BeerâLambert law
168:
121:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
83:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
66:
63:
60:
57:
54:
21:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4703:Protein methods
4688:
4687:
4686:
4673:
4574:Gewald reaction
4457:
4284:
4265:Skraup reaction
4100:Graham reaction
4095:Gewald reaction
3926:
3919:
3441:
3434:
3390:Swern oxidation
3375:Stahl oxidation
3320:Riley oxidation
3275:Omega oxidation
3235:Luche reduction
3185:Jones oxidation
3150:Glycol cleavage
3145:Ganem oxidation
3090:Davis oxidation
3085:Dakin oxidation
3020:Birch reduction
2970:Amide reduction
2936:
2929:
2890:Hooker reaction
2852:
2846:
2734:
2732:
2722:
2718:Wittig reaction
2606:
2602:Wittig reaction
2577:Hooker reaction
2558:
2539:Wittig reaction
2514:Thorpe reaction
2499:Suzuki reaction
2484:Stille reaction
2419:Quelet reaction
2294:Kumada coupling
2244:Ivanov reaction
2234:Hydrovinylation
2214:Hiyama coupling
2174:Glaser coupling
1984:Blaise reaction
1974:Bingel reaction
1959:Benary reaction
1876:
1874:
1868:
1859:
1755:Passive binding
1675:Homoaromaticity
1525:Baldwin's rules
1500:Antiaromaticity
1495:Anomeric effect
1471:
1413:
1407:
1377:
1372:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1312:Marquis reagent
1270:
1266:Folin's reagent
1255:Zwikker reagent
1244:Simon's reagent
1228:Marquis reagent
1204:Froehde reagent
1180:
1177:test (alcohols)
1142:
1125:
1092:(total protein)
1086:(total protein)
1080:(concentration)
1074:(concentration)
1054:
989:
968:
965:
935:
930:
907:
871:
867:Secretion assay
843:
800:
694:
684:
644:
639:
638:
633:
629:
624:
620:
615:
611:
602:
600:
566:
565:
561:
552:
550:
541:
540:
536:
531:
527:
518:
516:
501:
486:
485:
481:
472:
470:
461:
460:
456:
426:
425:
421:
371:
370:
366:
357:
355:
342:
341:
337:
332:
320:malachite green
311:molybdenum blue
284:
233:
217:
200:
196:
192:
162:
89:
85:
51:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4721:
4719:
4711:
4710:
4708:Chemical tests
4705:
4700:
4690:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4579:Hantzsch ester
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4489:Banert cascade
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4428:Prato reaction
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3929:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3520:Banert cascade
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3440:Rearrangement
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3430:Zinin reaction
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3400:Wacker process
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3175:Hydrogenolysis
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3125:Ătard reaction
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3030:Bosch reaction
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2935:Organic redox
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2767:Esterification
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2544:Wurtz reaction
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2414:Prins reaction
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2229:Hydrocyanation
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2199:Henry reaction
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1899:Aldol reaction
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1873:Carbon-carbon
1870:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1850:Zaitsev's rule
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1795:Steric effects
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1447:Redox reaction
1444:
1439:
1434:
1432:Polymerization
1429:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1302:(caffeine etc)
1297:
1296:(antioxidants)
1291:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1257:(barbiturates)
1252:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1218:(street drugs)
1213:
1207:
1201:
1200:(indoles, etc)
1195:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1169:Lucas' reagent
1166:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1114:Sakaguchi test
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1037:Molisch's test
1034:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1008:Barfoed's test
1004:
1002:
995:
991:
990:
988:
987:
985:Xylenol orange
982:
976:
974:
970:
969:
966:
964:
963:
956:
949:
941:
932:
931:
929:
928:
923:
917:
915:
909:
908:
906:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
879:
877:
873:
872:
870:
869:
864:
859:
853:
851:
845:
844:
842:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
810:
808:
806:Bioinformatics
802:
801:
799:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
744:
739:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
704:
702:
696:
695:
685:
683:
682:
675:
668:
660:
654:
653:
648:
643:
640:
637:
636:
627:
618:
609:
559:
534:
525:
500:978-0470087664
499:
479:
454:
419:
364:
334:
333:
331:
328:
309:, which forms
283:
280:
237:biuret reagent
232:
231:Biuret reagent
229:
216:
213:
26:
24:
18:Biuret reagent
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4720:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4589:Herz reaction
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4290:Cycloaddition
4287:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4135:Isay reaction
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:Cycloaddition
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3925:Ring forming
3922:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:Rupe reaction
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:Ley oxidation
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3180:Hydroxylation
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3170:Hydrogenation
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3105:DNA oxidation
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3095:Deoxygenation
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2985:Aromatization
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2822:Reed reaction
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2733:bond forming
2729:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:Cope reaction
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:Nef synthesis
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2324:Methylenation
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2194:Heck reaction
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1875:bond forming
1871:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Y-aromaticity
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1825:Walsh diagram
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:Taft equation
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1780:ÎŁ-aromaticity
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1705:Marcus theory
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1680:HĂŒckel's rule
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1635:Evelyn effect
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:Electron-rich
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
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1578:
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1573:
1571:
1568:
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1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1530:Bema Hapothle
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
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1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1465:
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1460:
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1440:
1438:
1435:
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1428:
1425:
1423:
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1419:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1399:
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1392:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1371:
1363:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1300:Murexide test
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1239:Drug checking
1237:
1235:
1234:Mecke reagent
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1110:(amino acids)
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1003:
999:
996:
992:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
975:
971:
962:
957:
955:
950:
948:
943:
942:
939:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
916:
914:
910:
904:
903:Yeast display
901:
899:
896:
894:
893:Phage display
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
878:
874:
868:
865:
863:
862:Protein assay
860:
858:
855:
854:
852:
850:
846:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
811:
809:
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803:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
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774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
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697:
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688:
681:
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669:
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661:
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652:
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631:
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619:
613:
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598:
594:
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586:
582:
579:: 2141â2151.
578:
574:
570:
563:
560:
549:on 2010-02-13
548:
544:
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502:
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492:
491:
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480:
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458:
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446:
442:
438:
435:(in German).
434:
430:
423:
420:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
380:(in German).
379:
375:
368:
365:
353:
349:
345:
339:
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329:
327:
325:
321:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
288:
281:
279:
277:
273:
272:concentration
269:
265:
262:
257:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
230:
228:
226:
222:
214:
212:
209:
204:
191:
186:
184:
179:
178:concentration
174:
172:
166:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:peptide bonds
129:
128:chemical test
125:
119:
81:
45:
41:
32:
19:
3630:Ene reaction
2990:Autoxidation
2851:Degradation
2742:Azo coupling
2519:Ugi reaction
2119:Ene reaction
1919:Alkynylation
1770:Polyfluorene
1765:Polar effect
1630:Electrophile
1545:Bredt's rule
1515:Baird's rule
1485:Alpha effect
1323:Nitrite test
1318:Nitrate test
1065:
888:mRNA display
857:Enzyme assay
718:Western blot
700:Experimental
630:
621:
612:
601:. Retrieved
576:
572:
562:
551:. Retrieved
547:the original
537:
528:
517:. Retrieved
489:
482:
471:. Retrieved
457:
436:
432:
422:
381:
377:
367:
356:. Retrieved
347:
338:
300:
289:
285:
268:colorimetric
258:
236:
234:
218:
205:
187:
175:
123:
43:
37:
2129:Ethenolysis
1775:Ring strain
1745:Nucleophile
1570:Clar's rule
1510:Aromaticity
1284:(alkaloids)
1137:Sudan stain
1066:Biuret test
1020:Bial's test
926:Vertico SMI
786:Protein NMR
239:is made of
163: [
44:biuret test
4692:Categories
4413:Ozonolysis
3940:Annulation
3290:Ozonolysis
1409:Topics in
1224:(ketamine)
1122:(proteins)
1116:(arginine)
1068:(proteins)
1028:(pentoses)
1022:(pentoses)
603:2020-08-29
553:2010-01-30
519:2022-05-09
509:1288381941
473:2022-05-08
358:2021-03-11
330:References
324:Auramine O
3927:reactions
3442:reactions
2937:reactions
2853:reactions
2735:reactions
1877:reactions
1314:(various)
1206:(opioids)
593:0014-7672
445:166037616
215:Procedure
146:-colored
40:chemistry
1820:Vinylogy
1490:Annulene
1437:Reagents
1151:Alcohols
1139:(lipids)
980:Aluminon
693:of study
687:Proteins
597:Archived
513:Archived
467:Archived
449:Archived
414:Archived
352:Archived
315:Tyrosine
292:BCA test
171:BCA test
152:alkaline
1480:A value
1370:Commons
1330:(blood)
1328:Luminol
1308:(fungi)
1039:(carbs)
691:methods
410:1481215
390:Bibcode
301:In the
290:In the
261:protein
253:chelate
193:[(H
126:, is a
973:Metals
689:: key
591:
507:
497:
443:
408:
313:(Mo).
197:NâCOâ)
190:biuret
156:Poland
150:in an
142:forms
136:copper
46:(IPA:
42:, the
1275:Other
1185:Drugs
849:Assay
264:assay
167:]
144:mauve
138:(II)
1130:Fats
589:ISSN
505:OCLC
495:ISBN
441:OCLC
406:OCLC
322:and
266:, a
235:The
208:Tris
581:doi
398:doi
386:142
382:104
274:by
201:NH]
140:ion
38:In
4694::
595:.
587:.
577:55
575:.
571:.
511:.
503:.
447:.
437:24
412:.
404:.
396:.
388:.
350:.
346:.
225:mL
185:.
165:pl
97:aÉȘ
84:,
59:aÉȘ
1402:e
1395:t
1388:v
960:e
953:t
946:v
749:/
735:/
679:e
672:t
665:v
606:.
583::
556:.
522:.
476:.
400::
392::
361:.
199:2
195:2
118:/
115:t
112:É
109:r
106:Ë
103:É
100:j
94:b
91:Ë
88:/
80:/
77:t
74:É
71:r
68:Ë
65:É
62:j
56:b
53:Ë
50:/
20:)
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