641:
time, there is an even smaller window of time (6–12 hours) when the female is in behavioral estrus, and breeding is only possible during this period. After breeding, the female's vulva gradually closes and remains black and closed for the remainder of the year. Gestation lasts an average of 102.5 days and typically results in a litter of 2–6 offspring that are unable to cling to their mother, as in other primates. The female builds a nest where infants remain until they can leave it on their own. For the first two weeks after birth, the female stays with the infants nearly 24 hours a day. Both males and females will guard the nest. There is evidence that related as well as unrelated females will deposit their infants in communal nests and share in parental care while other individuals forage, resulting in increased infant survival compared to single-nesting females.
488:
456:
472:
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needed with environmental and social cues. Parenting in this species of lemurs is unique in that no single infant is invested in but instead, females bear litters of multiple offspring. Males also play a role in the parenting of the offspring especially in smaller groups where the certainty of paternity is high. In larger groups, the chance of a female mating with more than one male increases as does uncertainty in paternity. This tends to decrease the level of male care of offspring. Instead of clinging to the mother, offspring are placed into a nest which is guarded by both parents, described in detail below.
31:
587:
this feeding priority. Energy demands in this species are particularly high. Female dominance in feeding is maintained through demonstrating some aggressive behavior and leading the group to food in order to have first access to the food. Dominance is not thought to be established in younger females so groups lacking a mature female may not have a dominant female. When a dominant female is present, she leads the group to the food source and eats more than the rest of the group.
258:
92:
508:
657:. The numbers of black-and-white ruffed lemurs are on a steep downward trend, dropping 80% in the 21 years before 2020, the equivalent to three generations. The Vasey studies in 2003 indicated that Nosy Mangabe is the most densely populated area of black and white ruffed lemurs. It had around 29–43 individuals/km. Next in decreasing order came Anatanamatazo with 10–15 individuals/km, and then Manomba with.4-2.5 individuals/km.
523:, ranging in length from 100 to 120 cm (3.3 to 3.9 ft) and weighing between 3.1 and 4.1 kg (6.8 and 9.0 lb). The black-and-white ruffed lemur is always both black and white; the general color patterns do not usually vary. Abdomen, tail, hands and feet, inner limbs, forehead, face and crown are black. The fur is white on the sides, back, hind limbs and on the hindquarters. Males and females are alike.
50:
596:
among different groups, and alarming other members of the group of predators. Unlike the calls of other species, the calls of the black-and-white ruffed lemur are not likely to be for the establishment of territory for a group. The calling behavior is participated in throughout the course of a day, not concentrated at any one point of the day; however calls are usually not heard at night.
583:
by the female even when they do not show aggressive behavior towards the male. Unlike other species of lemurs, black-and-white ruffed lemur females occasionally show submission and more aggression needs to be maintained in order for the female to win the interaction instead of having an undecided interaction. Male aggression does not vary among seasons.
609:
545:
becoming available during certain times of the year. Water consumption also varies throughout the year and can be influenced by diet. The number of tree species utilized by for food by the lemurs can range from 19 to 40 species depending on location. The larger part of fruit items in the diet is provided by four taxa of fruit trees:
626:
dynamics, meaning that group size can fluctuate based on resource availability. When resources (e.g. food) are plentiful, the environment can support a larger group of lemurs, but when resources are scarce, the group may split into smaller sub-groups to survive. The sub-groups can rejoin and split as
2006:
Britt, Adam; Welch, Charles; Katz, Andrea; Iambana, Bernard; Porton, Ingrid; Junge, Randall; Crawford, Graham; Williams, Cathy; Haring, David (2004). "The re-stocking of captive-bred ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) into the
Betampona Reserve, Madagascar: methodology and recommendations".
736:
All of the individuals underwent a "boot camp" program prior to release that gave the lemurs experience in a free-range naturally wooded environment. During this time, the lemurs were able to improve their physical abilities in a forest canopy as well as forage for naturally growing food. The lemurs
640:
during the breeding season, their vaginas begin to open slightly, starting with a small pink dot and line, which is easily visible because the skin around the vulva is black. The pink area gradually opens over the course of several days. Once fully opened, vaginal estrus lasts 2–3 days. During this
635:
Both males and females reach sexual maturity between the ages of 1.5 and 3 years, although breeding is not necessarily successful during the first year of maturity. Males exhibit testicular enlargement as they mature, which gradually increases over the months leading to their breeding window. After
586:
One of the main reasons that black-and-white ruffed lemurs exhibit dominance is for feeding purpose; that is they are able to establish priority over males in feeding. Reproductive females need more access to food because of the costs of carrying and caring for offspring which is why they establish
582:
Black-and-white ruffed lemurs demonstrate the rare behavior of female social dominance both within and outside the context of feedings. This is also found in other ruffed lemurs as well as in ring-tailed lemurs and red ruffed lemurs. Aggressive interactions between males and females are usually won
595:
The black-and-white ruffed lemur demonstrates several different call types each of which last several seconds. Most lemurs of a group participate in any one chorus. These lemurs are particularly known for their loud roar/shriek choruses which have several purposes including group movement, spacing
535:
The three subspecies have slightly different ranges. The white-belted black-and-white ruffed lemur is found furthest to the north, the southern black-and-white ruffed lemur is found furthest to the south, and the black-and-white ruffed lemur has a geographic range between the other two subspecies.
544:
Wild black-and-white ruffed lemurs have a highly frugivorous diet, with fruit making up 92% of their overall diet. Smaller percentages of leaves, nectar, seeds, and even fungi make up the remainder. Their diet is also influenced by the seasons, with certain plant parts and fruits only ripening or
740:
Once released into the wild, the animals each had radio transmitting collars, to aid in the research and monitoring possibilities post-release. The lemurs were provided with some supplementary food and their health and behavior was monitored. At least 5 of the released individuals were killed by
741:
fossa, a native predator of lemurs, including a breeding pair that had previously raised triplets. Of the surviving lemurs, at least 1 male successfully merged with an existing wild group and reproduced. Future reintroduction efforts are halted due to habitat degradation and fragmentation.
531:
The species inhabits the eastern rainforests of
Madagascar. It occurs at low to moderate altitudes, in primary forests with tall and mature trees, and by preference deep inside contiguous blocks of vegetation, although patchy forests are made use of if necessary.
604:
Black-and-white ruffed lemurs are known to form a natural hybrid zone with the red ruffed lemur. This zone may have once been very large before humans came into contact with the two subspecies. The calls of the two organisms differ in frequency and pulse rate.
733:, which is in their native range in the rainforests of eastern Madagascar. Prior to being released, individuals were selected by the ruffed lemur Species Survival Plan based on genetic information, health status, life history, and behavioral traits.
665:
While predators may be a large threat to the black and white ruffed lemur, the principal threat to their survival comes from the human inhabitants of the island. Since they are comparatively large to other species of lemurs they are hunted as
392:
The black-and-white ruffed lemur has a complex social structure and is known for its loud, raucous calls. It is unusual in that it exhibits several reproductive traits typically found in small, nocturnal lemurs, such as a short
487:
621:
Studies of groups of black-and-white ruffed lemurs both in captivity and in the wild have demonstrated a variety of social structures from pairs to large groups. Groups have been shown to exhibit a range of
455:
1371:
471:
1545:
Baden, Andrea L.; Webster, Timothy H.; Kamilar, Jason M. (2016). "Resource
Seasonality and Reproduction Predict Fission–Fusion Dynamics in Black-and-White Ruffed Lemurs (Varecia variegata)".
1274:
Balko, Elizabeth A.; Underwood, H. Brian (2005). "Effects of Forest
Structure and Composition on Food Availability for Varecia variegata at Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar".
2764:
1649:
Pereira, ME; Seeligson, ML; Macedonia, JM (1988). "The behavioral repertoire of the black-and-white ruffed lemur, Varecia variegata variegata (Primates: Lemuridae)".
2606:
2094:
354:
than the red ruffed lemur. Three subspecies of black-and-white ruffed lemur have been recognized since the red ruffed lemur was elevated to species status in 2001.
2784:
1231:
Britt, Adam (2000). "Diet and
Feeding Behaviour of the Black-and-White Ruffed Lemur (Varecia variegata variegata) in the Betampona Reserve, Eastern Madagascar".
2671:
1684:
Baden, Andrea L.; Wright, Patricia C.; Louis Jr., Edward E.; Bradley, Brenda J. (2013). "Communal nesting, kinship, and maternal success in a social primate".
1414:
2794:
670:
by poachers and village men who are looking to feed their families. Another threat to the lemurs is the agricultural practices of the local community. The
2580:
1961:
Britt, Adam; Welch, Charlie; Katz, Andrea (2001). "The Impact of
Cryptoprocta ferox on the Varecia v.vareigata Reinforcement Project at Betampona".
2619:
2134:
1884:
Golden, Christopher D. (2009). "Bushmeat hunting and use in the Makira Forest, north-eastern
Madagascar: a conservation and livelihoods issue".
1046:
998:
970:
2774:
351:
2080:
365:, ranging in length from 100 to 120 cm (3.3 to 3.9 ft) and weighing between 3.1 and 4.1 kg (6.8 and 9.0 lb). They are
2789:
2050:
Britt, Adam (1998). "Encouraging
Natural Feeding Behavior inCaptive-Bred Black and White RuffedLemurs (Varecia variegata variegata)".
1318:
931:
852:
636:
successfully breeding with a female, the male's testicles gradually reduce to normal. When females become sexually mature and enter
2063:
2645:
389:
of lemurs, the diet consists mainly of fruit, although nectar and flowers are also favored, followed by leaves and some seeds.
2779:
2663:
2624:
1499:"Do Ruffed Lemurs Form a Hybrid Zone? Distribution and Discovery of Varecia, with Systematic and Conservation Implications"
54:
2103:
2089:
2422:
1908:"Decline of Propithecus diadema edwardsi and Varecia variegata variegata (Primates: Lemuridae) in south-east Madagascar"
1498:
2741:
2658:
2541:
2413:
2404:
2127:
1589:
623:
921:
842:
737:
were released in 3 groups, each consisting of a family group or pairing, to mimic their natural grouping patterns.
565:
239:
993:. Vol. 1: Lorises, Lemurs, and Tarsiers (Revised 1st ed.). Pearson Custom Publishing. pp. 195–200.
30:
2676:
553:
1939:
Britt, Adam; Welch, C.R.; Katz, A.S. (1998). "First release of captive-bred lemurs into their natural habitat".
1523:
91:
2431:
2250:
1980:
Britt, Adam; Welch, Charles; Katz, Andrea (2000). "Ruffed lemur re-stocking and conservation program update".
2481:
2120:
1509:
722:
347:
2519:
2710:
2546:
2331:
721:
Black-and-white ruffed lemurs were part of a reintroduction program from 1997 to 2001, organized by the
702:
650:
196:
674:
method of agriculture is very devastating to the natural habitat of the black and white ruffed lemur.
2567:
2528:
2449:
2286:
2016:
1693:
1159:
1109:
694:
212:
1514:
1440:
1209:
786:
729:). A total of 13 individuals that were born in human care in the United States were released at the
2440:
958:
382:
39:
2259:
2241:
2032:
1709:
1570:
1527:
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1337:
1283:
1240:
1204:
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414:
339:
2736:
2637:
1824:
Louis, E.E.; Sefczek, T.M.; Raharivololona, B.; King, T.; Morelli, T.L.; Baden, A. (2020).
1783:
Louis, E.E.; Sefczek, T.M.; Raharivololona, B.; King, T.; Morelli, T.L.; Baden, A. (2020).
1742:
Louis, E.E.; Sefczek, T.M.; Raharivololona, B.; King, T.; Morelli, T.L.; Baden, A. (2020).
1181:
Louis, E.E.; Sefczek, T.M.; Raharivololona, B.; King, T.; Morelli, T.L.; Baden, A. (2020).
1131:
Louis, E.E.; Sefczek, T.M.; Raharivololona, B.; King, T.; Morelli, T.L.; Baden, A. (2020).
1081:
Louis, E.E.; Sefczek, T.M.; Raharivololona, B.; King, T.; Morelli, T.L.; Baden, A. (2020).
876:
Louis, E.E.; Sefczek, T.M.; Raharivololona, B.; King, T.; Morelli, T.L.; Baden, A. (2020).
762:
Louis, E.E.; Sefczek, T.M.; Raharivololona, B.; King, T.; Morelli, T.L.; Baden, A. (2020).
2769:
2684:
2533:
2465:
2098:
1353:
398:
370:
2028:
2020:
1697:
2304:
1784:
1743:
1132:
1082:
686:
671:
507:
1825:
1182:
877:
763:
2758:
2632:
2313:
2180:
2112:
1838:
1797:
1756:
1372:"Does Female Dominance Facilitate Feeding Priority in Black-and-white Ruffed Lemurs (
1195:
1145:
1095:
917:
886:
838:
772:
637:
153:
59:
2036:
1713:
1574:
1531:
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2387:
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1483:
1303:
913:
834:
516:
358:
324:
173:
2728:
2650:
2593:
2513:
2232:
1064:"Primate Factsheets: Ruffed lemur (Varecia) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology"
1016:"Primate Factsheets: Ruffed lemur (Varecia) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology"
2215:
1924:
1907:
1705:
1467:
446:
374:
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of the seasonal rainforests on the eastern side of the island. They are also
335:
320:
2504:
1906:
Lehman, Shawn M.; Ratsimbazafy, Jonah; Rajaonson, Andry; Day, Sabine (2006).
2277:
2144:
1370:
Overdorff, Deborah J.; Erhart, Elizabeth M. & Mutschler, Thomas (2005).
941:
862:
559:
547:
520:
394:
386:
378:
362:
163:
103:
1729:
Communal infant care in black- and-white ruffed lemurs ( Varecia variegata)
1566:
1475:
1402:
1295:
1252:
649:
All three subspecies of the black-and-white ruffed lemur are classified as
1670:
1635:
1349:
2689:
2498:
2162:
667:
366:
123:
847:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 117.
709:). Nesting behavior poses the greatest risks for predation, especially
2585:
2174:
608:
401:
and rapid maturation. In captivity, they can live up to 36 years.
342:, it has a much smaller population that is spread out, living in lower
331:
143:
2064:
10.1002/(sici)1098-2361(1998)17:5<379::aid-zoo3>3.0.co;2-x
1662:
1627:
1558:
1394:
1341:
1287:
1244:
2598:
2168:
2156:
710:
133:
113:
2475:
409:
The black-and-white ruffed lemur is one of two species in the genus
2723:
607:
506:
327:
76:
70:
923:
Mammal
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
844:
Mammal
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1873:. Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press. pp. 1332–1336.
1614:
Foerg, R. (1982). "Reproductive behavior in Varecia variegata".
654:
2572:
2479:
2116:
515:
Together with the red ruffed lemur, the species is the largest
1441:"Diurnal Distribution of Loud Calls in Sympatric Wild Indris (
965:(2nd ed.). Conservation International. pp. 303–320.
757:
755:
753:
1319:"Female Social Dominance in Semi-Free-Ranging Ruffed Lemurs (
1731:(PhD Dissertation). Stony Brook, NY: Stony Brook University.
381:
locomotion is preferred in the trees and on the ground, and
1869:, ruffed lemurs". In S. M. Goodman; J. P. Benstead (eds.).
1524:
10.1206/0003-0082(2002)376<0001:drlfah>2.0.co;2
926:(3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1068:
National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin
357:
Together with the red ruffed lemur, they are the largest
677:
The black-and-white ruffed lemur is preyed upon by the
2091:
The black and white ruffed lemur – Varecia variegata
350:. It also has less coverage and protection in large
2488:
2385:
2344:
2213:
2189:
1439:Geissmann, Thomas & Mutschler, Thomas (2006).
1160:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136895A115586802.en
1110:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136934A115587032.en
1601:Lemur Social Systems and their Ecological Basis
1588:White, F. J.; Balko, E. A.; Fox, E. A. (1993).
1210:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T22919A115574404.en
787:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T22918A115574178.en
1041:. A&C Black Publishers. pp. 170–173.
2128:
1599:. In Kappeler, P. M.; Ganzhorn, J. U (eds.).
1317:Raps, Stefan & White, Frances J. (1995).
953:
951:
8:
725:and the Duke University Primate Center (now
2765:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
2476:
2135:
2121:
2113:
1018:. Wisconsin Primate Research Center (WPRC)
369:, spending most of their time in the high
256:
48:
29:
20:
1923:
1590:"Male transfer in captive ruffed lemurs,
1513:
1208:
1158:
1108:
984:
982:
785:
423:white-belted black-and-white ruffed lemur
338:. Despite having a larger range than the
1497:Vasey, Natalie; Tattersall, Ian (2002).
421:). Three subspecies are recognized: the
377:, active exclusively in daylight hours.
1039:Mammals of Madagascar, A Complete Guide
749:
451:
2081:images and movies of the ruffed lemur
2785:Critically endangered fauna of Africa
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1956:
1954:
1901:
1899:
385:is seen during feeding. As the most
7:
991:Primate Ecology and Social Structure
1839:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1798:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1757:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1686:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1449:): Implications for Call Functions"
1196:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1146:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1096:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
887:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
773:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2795:Taxa named by Robert Kerr (writer)
2029:10.1023/b:bioc.0000009497.24917.ae
493:Hill's ruffed lemur male urinating
14:
1871:The Natural History of Madagascar
1456:Primates; Journal of Primatology
486:
470:
454:
90:
1886:Fauna & Flora International
1547:American Journal of Primatology
1383:American Journal of Primatology
1276:American Journal of Primatology
2423:Southern lesser bamboo lemur (
2364:Black-and-white ruffed lemur (
1376:) in Southeastern Madagascar?"
1:
2414:Western lesser bamboo lemur (
2405:Eastern lesser bamboo lemur (
2009:Biodiversity and Conservation
24:Black-and-white ruffed lemur
2104:black-and-white ruffed lemur
809:"Checklist of CITES Species"
461:Black and white ruffed lemur
439:black-and-white ruffed lemur
311:black-and-white ruffed lemur
2775:Endemic fauna of Madagascar
1592:Varecia variegata variegata
1014:Gron, KJ (17 August 2007).
464:Varecia variegata variegata
2811:
2432:Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur (
600:Interspecific interactions
566:Harungana madagascariensis
496:Varecia variegata editorum
480:Varecia variegata editorum
2790:Mammals described in 1792
2462:
2151:
2143:Extant species of family
1925:10.1017/s0030605306000019
1706:10.1007/s00265-013-1601-y
1603:. Plenum. pp. 41–49.
1506:American Museum Novitates
1468:10.1007/s10329-006-0189-5
554:Chrysophyllum boivinianum
279:
272:
264:
255:
225:
220:
202:
195:
87:Scientific classification
85:
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
2097:17 December 2008 at the
920:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
841:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
527:Distribution and habitat
477:Hill's ruffed lemur male
2332:Blue-eyed black lemur (
2251:Sanford's brown lemur (
1153:: e.T136895A115586802.
1103:: e.T136934A115587032.
989:Sussman, R.W. (2003) .
348:reproductively isolated
330:, one of two which are
2450:Greater bamboo lemur (
2287:Collared brown lemur (
2088:Parco Zoo Punta Verde
1203:: e.T22919A115574404.
1037:Garbutt, Nick (2007).
961:; et al. (2006).
780:: e.T22918A115574178.
723:Madagascar Fauna Group
613:
512:
413:, the other being the
361:members of the family
2780:Mammals of Madagascar
2711:Paleobiology Database
2441:Golden bamboo lemur (
1805:: e.T136934A115587032
1764:: e.T136895A115586802
1445:) and Ruffed Lemurs (
1359:on 15 September 2012.
703:brown-tailed mongoose
651:Critically Endangered
611:
519:member of the family
510:
55:Critically Endangered
2260:White-headed lemur (
2242:Common brown lemur (
2108:Animal Diversity Web
1846:: e.T22919A115574404
963:Lemurs of Madagascar
894:: e.T22918A115574178
695:ring-tailed mongoose
344:population densities
2323:Red-bellied lemur (
2296:Gray-headed lemur (
2269:Red-fronted lemur (
2201:Ring-tailed lemur (
2083:(Varecia variegata)
2021:2004BiCon..13..635B
1865:Vasey, N. (2003). "
1698:2013BEcoS..67.1939B
1651:Folia Primatologica
1616:Folia Primatologica
1330:Folia Primatologica
1233:Folia Primatologica
661:Threats in the wild
447:nominate subspecies
431:Hill's ruffed lemur
383:suspensory behavior
40:Conservation status
2373:Red ruffed lemur (
1727:Baden, AL (2011).
1420:on 17 October 2015
691:Cryptoprocta ferox
614:
513:
2752:
2751:
2698:Open Tree of Life
2534:Varecia_variegata
2520:Varecia variegata
2490:Varecia variegata
2482:Taxon identifiers
2473:
2472:
2398:
2357:
2226:
1828:Varecia variegata
1787:Varecia variegata
1746:Varecia variegata
1692:(12): 1939–1950.
1663:10.1159/000156353
1628:10.1159/000156047
1559:10.1002/ajp.22507
1447:Varecia variegata
1395:10.1002/ajp.20125
1374:Varecia variegata
1342:10.1159/000156883
1321:Varecia Variegata
1288:10.1002/ajp.20127
1245:10.1159/000021741
1185:Varecia variegata
1135:Varecia variegata
1085:Varecia variegata
1062:Gron, KJ (2007).
1048:978-0-300-12550-4
1000:978-0-536-74363-3
972:978-1-881173-88-5
959:Mittermeier, R.A.
880:Varecia variegata
766:Varecia variegata
731:Betampona Reserve
727:Duke Lemur Center
707:Salanoia concolor
683:Accipiter henstii
334:to the island of
316:Varecia variegata
307:
306:
301:
300:I. Geoffroy, 1851
293:
267:Varecia variegata
250:
243:
232:
206:Varecia variegata
188:V. variegata
80:
63:
2802:
2745:
2744:
2732:
2731:
2719:
2718:
2706:
2705:
2693:
2692:
2680:
2679:
2667:
2666:
2654:
2653:
2641:
2640:
2628:
2627:
2615:
2614:
2602:
2601:
2589:
2588:
2576:
2575:
2563:
2562:
2550:
2549:
2537:
2536:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2477:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2305:Mongoose lemur (
2225:
2224:
2220:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2114:
2068:
2067:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2003:
1990:
1989:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1622:(1–2): 108–121.
1611:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1517:
1503:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1453:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1419:
1413:. Archived from
1380:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1352:. Archived from
1327:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1011:
1005:
1004:
986:
977:
976:
955:
946:
945:
910:
904:
903:
901:
899:
873:
867:
866:
831:
825:
824:
822:
820:
805:
799:
798:
796:
794:
789:
759:
617:Social structure
578:Female dominance
511:Close-up of head
490:
474:
458:
415:red ruffed lemur
340:red ruffed lemur
299:
291:
265:Distribution of
260:
249:(A. Smith, 1833)
248:
237:
230:
208:
95:
94:
74:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
16:Species of lemur
2810:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2740:
2735:
2727:
2722:
2714:
2709:
2701:
2696:
2688:
2685:Observation.org
2683:
2675:
2670:
2662:
2657:
2649:
2644:
2636:
2631:
2623:
2618:
2610:
2605:
2597:
2592:
2584:
2579:
2571:
2566:
2558:
2553:
2545:
2540:
2532:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2484:
2474:
2469:
2458:
2425:H. meridionalis
2416:H. occidentalis
2395:(Bamboo lemurs)
2394:
2393:
2391:
2381:
2354:(Ruffed lemurs)
2353:
2352:
2350:
2340:
2314:Crowned lemur (
2222:
2221:
2219:
2209:
2185:
2147:
2141:
2099:Wayback Machine
2076:
2071:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2005:
2004:
1993:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1515:10.1.1.669.8670
1501:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1451:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1001:
988:
987:
980:
973:
957:
956:
949:
934:
912:
911:
907:
897:
895:
875:
874:
870:
855:
833:
832:
828:
818:
816:
807:
806:
802:
792:
790:
761:
760:
751:
747:
719:
699:Galidia elegans
679:Henst's goshawk
663:
647:
633:
619:
602:
593:
580:
575:
542:
529:
505:
498:
494:
491:
482:
478:
475:
466:
462:
459:
443:V. v. variegata
427:V. v. subcincta
407:
282:V. v. variegata
246:V. v. subcincta
244:
233:
228:V. v. variegata
216:
210:
204:
191:
89:
81:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2808:
2806:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2733:
2720:
2707:
2694:
2681:
2668:
2655:
2642:
2629:
2616:
2603:
2590:
2577:
2564:
2551:
2538:
2525:
2510:
2494:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2447:
2438:
2434:H. alaotrensis
2429:
2420:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2329:
2325:E. rubriventer
2320:
2311:
2302:
2298:E. cinereiceps
2293:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2101:
2086:
2075:
2074:External links
2072:
2070:
2069:
2058:(5): 379–392.
2042:
2015:(3): 635–657.
1991:
1972:
1950:
1931:
1918:(1): 108–111.
1895:
1876:
1857:
1816:
1775:
1734:
1719:
1676:
1641:
1606:
1580:
1553:(2): 256–279.
1537:
1508:(3376): 1–26.
1489:
1431:
1362:
1309:
1266:
1239:(3): 133–141.
1223:
1173:
1123:
1073:
1054:
1047:
1029:
1006:
999:
978:
971:
947:
932:
905:
868:
853:
826:
800:
748:
746:
743:
718:
717:Reintroduction
715:
672:slash-and-burn
662:
659:
646:
643:
632:
629:
624:fission fusion
618:
615:
601:
598:
592:
589:
579:
576:
574:
571:
541:
538:
528:
525:
504:
501:
500:
499:
492:
485:
483:
476:
469:
467:
460:
453:
435:V. v. editorum
406:
403:
397:period, large
352:national parks
305:
304:
303:
302:
294:
292:Muirhead, 1819
277:
276:
270:
269:
262:
261:
253:
252:
235:V. v. editorum
223:
222:
218:
217:
211:
200:
199:
193:
192:
185:
183:
179:
178:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
83:
82:
69:
66:
65:
47:
44:
43:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2807:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2468:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2334:E. flavifrons
2330:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2233:Black lemur (
2231:
2230:
2228:
2223:(True lemurs)
2218:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2181:Strepsirrhini
2178:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1932:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1820:
1817:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1776:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1435:
1432:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1366:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1174:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1124:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1030:
1017:
1010:
1007:
1002:
996:
992:
985:
983:
979:
974:
968:
964:
960:
954:
952:
948:
943:
939:
935:
933:0-801-88221-4
929:
925:
924:
919:
918:Wilson, D. E.
915:
914:Groves, C. P.
909:
906:
893:
889:
888:
883:
881:
872:
869:
864:
860:
856:
854:0-801-88221-4
850:
846:
845:
840:
839:Wilson, D. E.
836:
835:Groves, C. P.
830:
827:
814:
810:
804:
801:
788:
783:
779:
775:
774:
769:
767:
758:
756:
754:
750:
744:
742:
738:
734:
732:
728:
724:
716:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
675:
673:
669:
660:
658:
656:
652:
644:
642:
639:
630:
628:
625:
616:
610:
606:
599:
597:
591:Communication
590:
588:
584:
577:
572:
570:
568:
567:
563:species, and
562:
561:
556:
555:
550:
549:
539:
537:
533:
526:
524:
522:
518:
509:
502:
497:
489:
484:
481:
473:
468:
465:
457:
452:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
404:
402:
400:
396:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
326:
322:
318:
317:
312:
298:
295:
290:
287:
286:
285:
283:
278:
275:
271:
268:
263:
259:
254:
251:
247:
241:
236:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
207:
201:
198:
197:Binomial name
194:
190:
189:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:Strepsirrhini
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
93:
88:
84:
78:
72:
67:
61:
56:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2489:
2464:
2451:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2415:
2406:
2386:
2374:
2366:V. variegata
2365:
2363:
2345:
2333:
2324:
2316:E. coronatus
2315:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2271:E. rufifrons
2270:
2262:E. albifrons
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2107:
2090:
2082:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2012:
2008:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1915:
1911:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1848:. Retrieved
1843:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1807:. Retrieved
1802:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1766:. Retrieved
1761:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1583:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1505:
1492:
1462:(4): 393–6.
1459:
1455:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1424:26 September
1422:. Retrieved
1415:the original
1386:
1382:
1373:
1365:
1354:the original
1336:(3): 163–8.
1333:
1329:
1320:
1312:
1282:(1): 45–70.
1279:
1275:
1269:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1200:
1194:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1164:. Retrieved
1150:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1114:. Retrieved
1100:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1067:
1057:
1038:
1032:
1022:19 September
1020:. Retrieved
1009:
990:
962:
922:
908:
896:. Retrieved
891:
885:
879:
871:
843:
829:
817:. Retrieved
812:
803:
791:. Retrieved
777:
771:
765:
739:
735:
720:
706:
698:
690:
682:
676:
664:
648:
645:Conservation
634:
631:Reproduction
620:
603:
594:
585:
581:
564:
558:
552:
546:
543:
534:
530:
514:
495:
479:
463:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
410:
408:
391:
356:
315:
314:
310:
308:
296:
288:
281:
280:
266:
245:
234:
231:(Kerr, 1792)
227:
226:
205:
203:
187:
186:
174:
18:
2594:iNaturalist
2514:Wikispecies
2289:E. collaris
2278:Red lemur (
2253:E. sanfordi
2052:Zoo Biology
1657:(1): 1–32.
1443:Indri indri
1389:(1): 7–22.
1216:12 November
1166:12 November
1116:12 November
815:. UNEP-WCMC
793:12 November
713:predators.
503:Description
437:), and the
387:frugivorous
379:Quadrupedal
323:species of
221:Subspecies
2759:Categories
2407:H. griseus
2179:Suborder:
1982:Lemur News
1963:Lemur News
1941:Lemur News
745:References
336:Madagascar
321:endangered
240:Osman Hill
150:Suborder:
73:Appendix I
2443:H. aureus
2388:Hapalemur
2307:E. mongoz
2244:E. fulvus
2235:E. macaco
2155:Kingdom:
2145:Lemuridae
2079:ARKive –
1832:variegata
1791:subcincta
1510:CiteSeerX
1189:variegata
1089:subcincta
711:mammalian
560:Protorhus
551:species,
548:Ravensara
521:Lemuridae
395:gestation
363:Lemuridae
182:Species:
164:Lemuridae
110:Kingdom:
104:Eukaryota
2724:Species+
2664:12100061
2612:10765471
2499:Wikidata
2466:Category
2452:H. simus
2375:V. rubra
2280:E. rufus
2203:L. catta
2175:Primates
2169:Mammalia
2163:Chordata
2161:Phylum:
2157:Animalia
2095:Archived
2037:25560589
1988:: 36–38.
1969:: 35–37.
1750:editorum
1714:18119412
1575:37492301
1567:26606154
1532:34522123
1476:16736264
1411:35182546
1403:15898069
1296:15898066
1261:11002097
1253:10828690
1139:editorum
942:62265494
916:(2005).
863:62265494
837:(2005).
819:18 March
668:bushmeat
612:Juvenile
573:Behavior
419:V. rubra
405:Taxonomy
367:arboreal
319:) is an
274:Synonyms
160:Family:
144:Primates
134:Mammalia
124:Chordata
120:Phylum:
114:Animalia
100:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
2651:1001011
2586:2436424
2505:Q998074
2347:Varecia
2216:Eulemur
2173:Order:
2167:Class:
2017:Bibcode
1947:: 5–11.
1867:Varecia
1850:18 July
1809:18 July
1768:18 July
1694:Bibcode
1671:3251818
1636:7201444
1484:1586657
1350:8792616
1304:2654383
898:18 July
653:by the
429:), the
411:Varecia
399:litters
375:diurnal
332:endemic
242:, 1953)
175:Varecia
170:Genus:
140:Order:
130:Class:
75: (
58: (
2770:Lemurs
2716:237775
2703:388420
2625:572873
2573:326534
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701:) and
638:estrus
517:extant
445:, the
371:canopy
359:extant
325:ruffed
297:varius
215:, 1792
2742:18519
2690:88197
2638:22918
2607:IRMNG
2599:43615
2560:7FHRK
2547:19425
2192:Lemur
2033:S2CID
1830:ssp.
1789:ssp.
1748:ssp.
1710:S2CID
1597:(PDF)
1571:S2CID
1528:S2CID
1502:(PDF)
1480:S2CID
1452:(PDF)
1418:(PDF)
1407:S2CID
1379:(PDF)
1357:(PDF)
1326:(PDF)
1300:S2CID
1257:S2CID
1187:ssp.
1137:ssp.
1087:ssp.
813:CITES
687:fossa
328:lemur
77:CITES
71:CITES
2729:5668
2677:9455
2672:NCBI
2633:IUCN
2620:ITIS
2581:GBIF
2542:BOLD
1912:Oryx
1890:Oryx
1852:2020
1844:2020
1811:2020
1803:2020
1770:2020
1762:2020
1667:PMID
1632:PMID
1563:PMID
1472:PMID
1426:2012
1399:PMID
1346:PMID
1292:PMID
1249:PMID
1218:2021
1201:2020
1168:2021
1151:2020
1118:2021
1101:2020
1043:ISBN
1024:2008
995:ISBN
967:ISBN
938:OCLC
928:ISBN
900:2020
892:2020
859:OCLC
849:ISBN
821:2015
795:2021
778:2020
655:IUCN
540:Diet
346:and
309:The
289:vari
213:Kerr
2737:TSA
2659:MSW
2646:MDD
2568:EoL
2555:CoL
2529:ADW
2106:at
2060:doi
2025:doi
1920:doi
1702:doi
1659:doi
1624:doi
1555:doi
1520:doi
1464:doi
1391:doi
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