445:
441:, it was recorded that the female visited the nest more times and invested more time into nest building than males do. The female was responsible for the incubation and incubated every night in Argentina, while the male provided preys for both and briefly incubated when the female went out of the nest. After hatching, the female does all of the chick covering, feeding and defense were only carried out by the female, whereas the male provided prey. These are typical parental behaviors by raptors and eagles, but seem somewhat more rigidly divided in this species as the male never appears to take on brooding responsibilities in the black-and-chestnut eagle.
75:
31:
608:
378:
309:
390:. The wings are whitish on juveniles where adults are chestnut and the remaining wing feathers of the juvenile have a much more varying black-and-white pattern. The tail of juveniles has two strong black bands. The juvenile’s eye is blue-gray, later becoming yellow before becoming orangish at maturity. Maturity is obtained gradually over four years, about average for a large eagle but nearly twice as long as some other
197:
50:
386:
The adult's tail is grayish with a thick black subterminal band. Adult black-and-chestnut eagles have orange-yellow eyes and yellow bare parts but for the somewhat proportionately small gray bill. The juvenile bird is very different, being whitish over the head and body with a buffy wash underneath and scaly grey-brown on the back and mantle, somewhat more extensive than in other whitish juvenile
356:. For its genus and for many genera of forest-dwelling raptors in general, it has a proportionately short tail and proportionately long wings but still it is longer tailed and shorter winged than most true open country eagles. Females are notably larger as is typical in raptors, by about 4% to 14%, and longer tailed. The
432:
Nest building is
February and March, laying eggs in April and May and fledgling young by August and September. It builds a huge stick nest about 2 m (6.6 ft) across and 1 m (3.3 ft) deep. Clutches include 1 to 2 fledglings. At the nest area in some areas, adults primarily appeared
385:
As an adult, this species is glossy black on the head and the back and a rich and somewhat streaky chestnut on the underside, much of the wing secondaries and even on its legs. The black-tipped white feathers on the wing primaries contrast strongly with the chestnut secondaries and underwing coverts.
667:
in the forests of the Andes is rampant as in much of the tropics. There may be only 370–1500 individuals of black-and-chestnut eagles left in the wild (and 250–999 mature individuals), fewer than previously thought. It is one of the most endangered birds of prey in the
Americas. Further exacerbating
369:
length. The talons of this species are very large and formidable for the size of the eagle, averaging 50.9 mm (2.00 in) in 6 females and 46.4 mm (1.83 in) in 6 males along the enlarged hallux claw (their main killing apparatus), thus nearly as large as a much bigger eagle such as
423:
is unlikely to be mistaken, being much broader winged and lacks all chestnut pigment, furthermore having an almost inverse tail pattern to adult black-and-chestnuts on a rather shorter tail. Unlike other crested raptors, it is reported that the crest of the black-and-chestnut eagle is held upright
452:
Black-and-chestnut eagle hunts primarily in the canopy; soars frequently and is rarely seen perched. Powerful legs and talons specialized for taking large prey. They frequently have much-abraded tails by plunging after prey through the branches. Main prey is usually small-to-mid-sized arboreal
418:
can appear surprisingly similar in flight to juvenile black-and-chestnut eagles but are conspicuously longer tailed with a stronger barring pattern. Furthermore, there is little to no overlap with the other species of the genus as well as crested eagles due to the distinct habitat used by the
364:
length is 463 to 488 mm (18.2 to 19.2 in) and 283 to 300 mm (11.1 to 11.8 in) in males, respectively, and 508 to 528 mm (20.0 to 20.8 in) and 329 to 335 mm (13.0 to 13.2 in) in females. A small sample of these eagles measured 110 to 120 mm (4.3 to
582:
eagles, but few interactions have been reported and, as they often occur at slightly different altitudes than other neotropic forest eagles, the black-and-chestnut eagle is believed to be normally the top avian predator in its range. One exception is the similarly sized
316:
This is a fairly large eagle and very large raptor at 60 to 80 cm (24 to 31 in) in total length with a wingspan of 147 to 180 cm (4 ft 10 in to 5 ft 11 in). It is largest current member of the genus
756:
Lerner, H., Christidis, L., Gamauf, A., Griffiths, C., Haring, E., Huddleston, C.J., Kabra, S., Kocum, A., Krosby, M., Kvaloy, K., Mindell, D., Rasmussen, P., Rov, N., Wadleigh, R., Wink, M. & Gjershaug, J.O. (2017).
773:
Zuluaga, S., Vargas, F. H., Araoz, R., & Grande, J. M. (2022). Main aerial top predator of the Andean
Montane Forest copes with fragmentation, but may be paying a high cost. Global Ecology and Conservation, 37,
957:
Restrepo-Cardona, Juan
Sebastián, et al. "Deforestation may trigger black-and-chestnut eagle (Spizaetus isidori) predation on domestic fowl." Tropical Conservation Science 12 (2019): 1940082919831838.
591:, whereas the black-and-chestnut eagle seems to prefer birds and small-to-mid-sized mammals, and the two species were observed flying near each other without aggression in southeastern
402:
species but are distinctly larger, bulkier and proportionately shorter tailed than both and each species has somewhat distinctive juvenile patterns on the wing primaries and tail. The
398:
by its larger, much bulkier frame and distinctive tail pattern on a conspicuously relatively shorter tail. Black-and-chestnut juveniles are more reminiscent of juveniles of both other
327:. Full grown weights for black-and-chestnut eagles have been reported as 1.5 to 3.5 kg (3.3 to 7.7 lb), making it among neotropic eagles around the same body size as the two
352:
is considerably larger among all neotropical eagles, with most other eagles absent from the high elevation forest home of the black-and-chestnut eagle apart from the
809:, version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
1319:
272:
species and thus the species should be included in that genus. The black-and-chestnut eagle is a typical forest raptor, hunting primarily small to medium-sized
1077:
on 22 February 2018. Recommended citation for factsheets for more than one species: BirdLife
International (2018) IUCN Red List for birds. Downloaded from
595:
since prey partitioning appears to allow them to co-exist. One species seen to be aggressively displaced by the black-and-chestnut eagles here was the
1399:
1267:
1293:
823:
Integrating socio-ecological information to address human-top predator conflicts: the case of an endangered eagle in the eastern Andes of
Colombia
975:
DOMESTIC FOWL IN THE DIET OF THE BLACK-AND-CHESTNUT EAGLE (SPIZAETUS ISIDORI) IN THE EASTERN ANDES OF COLOMBIA: A POTENTIAL CONFLICT WITH HUMANS?
943:
Del Hoyo, J., Del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Sargatal, J. (1992). Handbook of the birds of the world (Vol. 1, No. 8). Barcelona: Lynx edicions.
186:
1409:
561:, including standard-sized adults, which has caused some persecution of this endangered species. One small dietary study was conducted in
394:
species. Adult black-and-chestnut eagles are practically unmistakable, unless seen only dorsally and then can be distinguished from the
444:
569:
were much more frequently taken, making up 53.9% of the diet. Also, here the black-and-chestnut eagles took about the same number of
1107:
866:
1414:
54:
1092:
The first Black-and-chestnut Eagle (Spizaetus isidori) nest discovered in
Argentina reveals potential human-predator conflicts
1298:
1006:
Observations on the ecology of the Black-and-chestnut Eagle (Oroaetus isidori) in a montane forest of southeastern Peru.
656:
1205:
337:
663:
of primary forest in foothills throughout the Andes is the primary cause of the precipitous decline of this species.
1429:
1324:
403:
74:
739:
506:
652:
1332:
648:
932:
First results on parental care of the black-and-chestnut eagle (Spizaetus isidori) in the Yungas area of Jujuy
1337:
1424:
1192:
1119:
470:
1210:
1157:
1102:"Raptors of the World" by Ferguson-Lees, Christie, Franklin, Mead & Burton. Houghton Mifflin (2001),
169:
292:
killer, have caused strong population declines and the black-and-chestnut eagle is considered to be an
712:
424:
during calm periods of time and in flight and more likely to be held flat in stressful circumstances.
1254:
1184:
1166:
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1404:
454:
281:
39:
550:
542:
293:
204:
69:
917:
Schulenberg, T. S., Stotz, D. F., Lane, D. F., O'Neill, J. P., & Parker III, T. A. (2010).
1345:
1311:
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1103:
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570:
407:
324:
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the species' conservation issues are its continued persecution as a killer of domestic fowl.
1350:
707:
395:
30:
1197:
1419:
1043:
Davies, C. W. N., Barnes, R., Butchart, S. H. M., Fernandez, M., & Seddon, N. (1997).
607:
514:
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263:
126:
1171:
805:
Bierregaard, R. O., G. M. Kirwan, P. F. D. Boesman, C.J. Sharpe, and J. S. Marks (2020).
689:
619:, normally at elevations between 1,800 to 2,500 m (5,900 to 8,200 ft), in the
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59:
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411:
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247:
243:
136:
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1019:
Feeding ecology and conservation of Isidor's Eagle (Spizaetus isidori) in
Colombia
861:
by
Ferguson-Lees, Christie, Franklin, Mead & Burton. Houghton Mifflin (2001),
1090:
Aráoz, R., Grande, J. M., López C., Cereghetti, J. & Vargas, F. H. in press.
573:
as they did chickens, and coatis are known predators of poultry chicks and eggs.
1363:
1280:
1151:
566:
534:
530:
366:
349:
332:
285:
280:
and constructing a large nest in a tall tree. Unfortunately, the twin causes of
1142:
1371:
576:
They overlap in range with several other large forest eagles, including other
478:
880:
The booted eagles (Aves: Accipitridae): perspectives in evolutionary biology
759:
Phylogeny and new taxonomy of the Booted Eagles (Accipitriformes: Aquilinae)
644:
624:
578:
438:
319:
268:
251:
146:
86:
323:, with the smallest males somewhat larger linearly than the largest female
1136:
640:
562:
482:
434:
106:
1272:
1179:
990:. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, 22(6), 280–293.
660:
636:
628:
558:
462:
289:
1285:
893:
The birds of
Colombia and adjacent areas of South and Central America
502:
273:
96:
1246:
1113:
1021:. The Peregrine Fund Reports. The Peregrine Fund, Boise, Idaho, USA.
882:. University of London, University College London (United Kingdom).
1358:
1241:
620:
606:
588:
490:
443:
376:
307:
254:
1045:
The conservation status of birds on the Cordillera de Colán, Peru
1259:
632:
599:, possibly because they sometimes steal eggs from bird's nests.
592:
361:
297:
277:
116:
1117:
683:
681:
1056:
Sarasola, J. H., Grande, J. M., & Bechard, M. J. (2018).
312:
A 19th century painting of an adult black-and-chestnut eagle.
557:) are also taken. Black-and-chestnut eagles sometimes hunt
1078:
1074:
266:
indicates that this species is fairly closely related to
930:
Larrea, M., Gallego, D., Aráoz, R., & Grande, J. M.
565:, however, found that chickens made up 14.7% while wild
1032:
Conservation of the Black-and-Chestnut Eagle in Ecuador
821:
Zuluaga, S., Vargas, F. H. & Grande, J. M. (2020).
904:
Ascanio, D., Rodriguez, G., & Restall, R. (2017).
1126:
973:Zuluaga, S., & Echeverry-Galvis, M. Á. (2016).
953:
951:
949:
1069:BirdLife International (2018). Species factsheet:
825:. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, 18(4).
587:, which preliminary reports suggests mostly hunts
410:, is not known to take up occasional residency in
1060:. In Birds of prey (pp. 373-394). Springer, Cham.
1047:. Bird Conservation International, 7(2), 181-195.
713:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22696207A93549661.en
529:). Birds are import prey in some regions, mainly
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
785:The distribution of birds in Venezuelan páramos
659:. It is generally local and rare. Widespread
344:and slightly heavier than the notably longer
8:
807:Black-and-chestnut Eagle (Spizaetus isidori)
783:Vuilleumier, F., & Ewert, D. N. (1978).
406:is particularly far smaller and, unlike the
986:Mcgraw, W. S., & Berger, L. R. (2013).
969:
967:
965:
963:
1114:
1058:Conservation status of Neotropical raptors
919:Birds of Peru: revised and updated edition
787:. Bulletin of the AMNH; v. 162, article 2.
195:
48:
29:
20:
1008:Ornitologıa Neotropical 15 (2004): 31–40.
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448:A black-and-chestnut eagle in habitat.
977:Ornitología Neotropical, 27, 113–120.
895:. Livingston Publ. Co., Pennsylvania.
381:Close-up of an adult's face and back.
7:
288:, justified or not as an occasional
1004:Valdez, Ursula, and Sophie Osborn.
699:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
647:, with isolated populations in the
340:, at least twice as heavy as other
14:
836:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
1400:IUCN Red List endangered species
891:Meyer de Schauensee, R. (1964).
549:), though smaller birds such as
73:
1017:Marquez, C.; Delgado, H. 2010.
688:BirdLife International (2016).
1:
1094:. Journal of Raptor Research.
988:Raptors and primate evolution
921:. Princeton University Press.
761:. Zootaxa, 4216(4), 301–320.
657:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
250:. It is often placed in the
1410:Birds of the Northern Andes
414:. Also juvenile pale morph
338:black-chested buzzard-eagle
1446:
507:gray-bellied night monkeys
404:black-and-white hawk-eagle
834:Dunning Jr, J. B. (2007).
437:to feed their young. In
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194:
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
24:Black-and-chestnut eagle
23:
908:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
706:: e.T22696207A93549661.
649:Venezuelan Coastal Range
419:black-and-chestnut. The
226:black-and-chestnut eagle
1415:Birds described in 1845
1079:http://www.birdlife.org
1075:http://www.birdlife.org
611:An adult bird in flight
571:western mountain coatis
501:) are taken as well as
471:stump-tailed porcupines
612:
449:
382:
313:
1030:Campbell, A. (2017).
878:Parry, S. J. (2001).
615:It is found in humid
610:
527:Lagothrix lagothricha
447:
380:
311:
1081:on 22 February 2018.
859:Raptors of the World
555:Patagioenas fasciata
547:Chamaepetes goudotii
455:red-tailed squirrels
653:Serranía del Perijá
551:Band-tailed pigeons
543:Sickle-winged Guans
459:Sciurus granatensis
282:habitat destruction
40:Conservation status
1073:. Downloaded from
906:Birds of Venezuela
740:"Oroaetus isidori"
613:
603:Habitat and status
539:Penelope montagnii
453:mammals including
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383:
325:ornate hawk-eagles
314:
294:Endangered species
262:. However, recent
1430:Birds of Colombia
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1386:
1377:Spizaetus-isidori
1346:Open Tree of Life
1158:Spizaetus isidori
1128:Spizaetus isidori
1120:Taxon identifiers
1071:Spizaetus isidori
692:Spizaetus isidori
495:Nasuella olivacea
477:). Occasionally,
475:Coendou rufescens
408:ornate hawk-eagle
234:), also known as
231:Spizaetus isidori
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365:4.7 in) in
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264:genetic testing
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623:from northern
604:
601:
597:turkey vulture
585:solitary eagle
523:woolly monkeys
519:Sapajus apella
429:
426:
421:solitary eagle
416:crested eagles
354:solitary eagle
305:
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246:in the family
240:South American
236:Isidor's eagle
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137:Accipitridae
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1333:Neotropical
1281:iNaturalist
1152:Wikispecies
719:12 November
499:Nasua nasua
479:carnivorans
350:harpy eagle
348:. Only the
333:Buteogallus
304:Description
286:persecution
242:species of
1405:Buteoninae
1394:Categories
1372:Xeno-canto
672:References
627:, through
469:sp.), and
358:wing chord
55:Endangered
645:Venezuela
625:Argentina
579:Spizaetus
483:kinkajous
467:Didelphis
439:Argentina
435:squirrels
433:to bring
400:Spizaetus
392:Spizaetus
388:Spizaetus
342:Spizaetus
320:Spizaetus
269:Spizaetus
252:monotypic
155:Species:
148:Spizaetus
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1359:Species+
1312:22696207
1198:22696207
1193:BirdLife
1143:Q1260020
1137:Wikidata
641:Colombia
563:Colombia
559:chickens
533:such as
505:such as
481:such as
463:opossums
336:and the
259:Oroaetus
205:Synonyms
187:Des Murs
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1338:baceag2
1273:5788512
1260:1048938
1247:baceag2
1221:baceag2
1180:Avibase
774:e02174.
744:Avibase
661:cutting
637:Ecuador
629:Bolivia
503:monkeys
428:Ecology
329:largest
296:by the
290:poultry
274:mammals
189:, 1845)
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1420:Eagles
1351:238260
1325:291970
1299:824124
1211:113096
1106:
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589:snakes
541:) and
497:&
491:coatis
367:tarsus
1286:73432
1242:eBird
1234:6ZCKG
1218:BOW:
643:, to
621:Andes
531:guans
278:birds
255:genus
1364:7769
1320:NCBI
1307:IUCN
1294:ITIS
1268:GBIF
1206:BOLD
1104:ISBN
863:ISBN
721:2021
704:2016
655:and
633:Peru
593:Peru
362:tail
360:and
298:IUCN
284:and
276:and
224:The
117:Aves
1255:EoL
1229:CoL
1167:ADW
708:doi
513:),
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