899:
influenced most by predation, and flooding. Some of the adults that lose their clutch early in the incubation period renest. Most of the time, only one chick survives to fledge, the other dying within seven days of hatching. In
Scotland, a study concluded that a single pair usually fledges a chick, on average, 25% of the time per year. This can be increased by artificial means, such as constructing rafts for loons to nest on. Whether or not there is at least one chick fledged is influenced by the density of fish in the breeding lake; a lake with a higher density of fish usually reduces the chance that a pair will fledge a chick, even though this loon feeds mainly on fish. There are two factors that might contribute to this; the first being that aquatic insects, an alternative food source for chicks, are more dense when there are less fish, and the second being that a higher density of fish means more
923:, and plant matter. The black-throated loon usually forages by itself or in pairs, rarely feeding in groups with multiple species. It dives from the water, at depths of no more than 5 metres (16 ft). Just before diving, this loon stretches and holds up its neck until it is erect and at full length. It usually jumps slightly upwards before diving. These dives are frequent, with an average of about 1.6 dives per minute. Most dives, about 80% of them, are successful, and those that are successful are usually shorter than those that are unsuccessful, with an average of 17 seconds for each successful dive, and 27 seconds for each unsuccessful dive. These dives usually only result in small items, and those that yield larger pieces of food are usually more than 40 seconds, where this bird catches quick-swimming fish.
830:
42:
2533:
847:, that has emerged from lakes. The nest site is often reused the next year. The nest itself is oval-shaped and built mostly by the female out of heaped plant material like leaves and sticks. The nest is about 23 centimetres (9.1 in) across. Families of black-throated loons often move their nest site from the original nest ponds they inhabited to wetlands nearby after the chicks reach two weeks of age. The journey is generally less than 150 metres (490 ft).
86:
764:
942:
caught. When the chicks are older, they usually accompany both of the parents, swimming a few metres behind them. The strategy that predominates immediately after hatching is generally still employed when the chicks are older, but at a reduced rate. The chicks are fed only one item of prey at a time. The young are also able to capture food themselves at least 36 days after hatching, although they are still fed daily up until about 70 days of age.
385:, is green. The underparts are mostly white, including the bottom of the throat. The flanks are also white, a feature which can be used to separate this bird from the Pacific loon. When the bird is not breeding, the black patch on the throat is absent, replaced with white; most of the black lines on the throat are also missing, except those on the bottom sides, and the upperparts are unpatterned with the exception of a few white spots on the
2691:
233:
810:
867:
61:
2703:
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being an almost unpatterned black from above. The sides of the throat are usually darker at the white border separating the sides of the throat and the front of the throat; most of the time a thin dark necklace between these two areas can be seen. There is white on the sides of the head that are below the eye. The bill is a steel-grey with, similar to the breeding adult, a blackish tip.
752:
2679:
801:
direction and towards ice-free sea, usually wintering in coasts on north-east
Atlantic Ocean and those on the eastern and western Pacific Ocean, such as the coasts of Japan. During this time, its habitat is usually inshore waters along sheltered coasts, although it will sometimes be found inland, in places such as the Mediterranean and Black seas.
400:, whereas in the northern portion, it waits until after the spring thaw. It builds an oval nest about 23 centimetres (9.1 in) across, either near the breeding lake or on vegetation emerging from it. The black-throated loon usually lays a clutch of two, rarely one or three, brown-green eggs with dark splotches. After an incubation period of 27
927:
771:
The juvenile is similar to the non-breeding adult, but has a browner appearance. It has a buffy scaling on the upperparts that is especially pronounced on the scapulars. The lower face and front of the neck has a diffused brownish tinge. The juvenile does not have the white spots on the wing coverts,
381:, which have white squares. The head and hindneck are grey, and the sides white and striped black. Most of the throat is also black, giving this bird the name "black-throated loon". The colour of the throat patch can be used to distinguish the two subspecies; the throat patch of the other subspecies,
854:
Before copulation, the female hunches its neck and swims close to the shore until it finds a suitable place and then lies down on the shore. The male sometimes adopts the same posture as the female. During this time, the only vocalization made is a one note "hum". During copulation, the male, coming
886:
days, with the female spending the most time incubating. During incubation, this bird turns its eggs. The interval between when they are turned is very irregular, ranging from one minute to about six hours. After they hatch, the mobile young are fed by both parents for a period of weeks. The chicks
800:
in Alaska. When breeding, it is found in the area around isolated, deep freshwater lakes larger than 0.1 square kilometres (0.039 sq mi), especially those with inlets, as it prefers to face only small stretches of open water. When it is not breeding, this loon moves in a general southward
739:
is paler than the upperwing, and the underwing coverts are white. The tail is blackish. The bill and legs are black, with a pale grey colour on the inner half of the legs. The toes and the webs are grey, the latter also being flesh coloured. The irides are a deep brown-red. The sexes are alike, and
412:
The adult mostly eats fish. To catch this food, it forages by itself or in pairs, very rarely foraging in groups. It dives from the water, going no deeper than 5 metres (16 ft). Most dives are successful. Whether or not at least one chick will hatch from a nest is variable, ranging from 30% to
898:
Nesting success, whether or not at least one chick will hatch from any given nest, is variable year to year, ranging from under 30% to over 90%. For clutches of two eggs, the average nesting success is about 50%, whereas in clutches with only one egg, this rate is about 60%. The nesting success is
698:
has a grey head and hindneck, with a black throat and a large black patch on the foreneck, both of which have a soft purple gloss. The lower throat has a necklace-shaped patch of short parallel white lines. The sides of the throat have about five long parallel white lines that start at the side of
941:
When it is breeding, the adult usually feeds away from the nest, foraging either at the opposite end of the breeding or at lakes near the breeding lake. When foraging for newly hatched chicks, the adult forages in the lake where the nest is or in nearby lakes, returning after a prey item has been
759:
The non-breeding adult differs from the breeding adult in that the cap and the back of the neck are more brownish. The non-breeding adult also lacks the patterned upperparts of the breeding adult, although some of the upperwing coverts do not lose their white spots. This results in the upperparts
649:
into two species; there was no evidence of the two interbreeding in areas where they occurred together. Furthermore, the architecture of the air sacs in the lungs of the two species are significantly different. This split was done by the AOU in 1985. The phylogeny of this species is debated, the
787:
The male, when breeding, vocalizes a loud and rhythmic "oooéé-cu-cloooéé-cu-cloooéé-cu-cluuéé" whistling song. A "áááh-oo" wail can also be heard, and a growling or croaking "knarr-knor", a sound given especially at night. The alarm call at the nest is a rising "uweek".
850:
In the southern portion of its range, this loon starts to breed in April, whereas in the northern parts of its range, it waits until the spring thaw, when there is adequate water for it to take off. It usually arrives before the lake thaws, in the latter case.
1544:
Monroe, Jr., Burt L.; Banks, Richard C.; Fitzpatrick, John W.; Howell, Thomas R.; Johnson, Ned K.; Ouellet, Henri; Remsen, James V.; Storer, Robert W. (1985). "Thirty-fifth supplement to the
American Ornithologists' Union check-list of North American birds".
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make up an important part of the chicks' diet after eight days. Salmonids, especially those between 100 and 240 millimetres (3.9 and 9.4 in), are important in the diets of older chicks. Eels are also an important food for older chicks.
933:
931:
928:
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The black-throated loon lays a clutch of two, very rarely one or three, 76 by 47 millimetres (3.0 by 1.9 in) eggs that are brown-green with darker speckles. These eggs are incubated by both parents for a period of
1022:
426:
930:
1040:
of the breeding lake possibly threatens this bird. It is also vulnerable to oil pollution, especially when near fishing grounds. Fishing nets are also a cause of mortality. This loon is sensitive to
573:, in reference to the green throat of this subspecies. The common name, black-throated loon, stems from its black throat patch. This loon is also called the Arctic loon and the black-throated diver.
686:
The adult black-throated loon is 58 to 73 cm (23 to 29 in) in length with a 100 to 130 cm (39 to 51 in) wingspan and a weight of 1.3 to 3.4 kilograms (2.9 to 7.5 lb). The
707:, including the centre of the chest, are pure white. The upperparts are blackish down to the base of the wing, where there are a few rows of high contrast white squares that cover the
957:
of about 100 millimetres (3.9 in) in length. Although in these chicks trout makes up the majority of their diet, they are still fed invertebrates in large numbers. In all lakes,
953:
if they are found in the breeding lake. If they are not present, then the chicks are brought up mainly on small invertebrates until about eight days, when they are able to take
1017:. This is because the species has a large population and an extremely large range, and its decline does not appear to be rapid. In the United States, it is protected under the
1704:
Hake, Mikael; Dahlgren, Tomas; Ă…hlund, Matti; Lindberg, Peter; Eriksson, Mats O. G. "The impact of water level fluctuation on the breeding success of the black-throated diver
929:
3012:
414:
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The black-throated loon measures about 70 cm (28 in) in length and can weigh anywhere from 1.3 to 3.4 kilograms (2.9 to 7.5 lb). In breeding
641:
suggested that it be moved to its current placement as a subspecies. The black-throated loon was previously considered conspecific with the North
American
841:
This species usually nests on the ground within about 1 metre (3.3 ft) of the lake it breeds at. This loon also sometimes nests on vegetation, like
2963:
945:
The diet of black-throated loon chicks varies, the prey in the breeding lake being a major factor. For the first eight days, chicks are usually fed
678:. In the former phylogeny, the split between the Pacific loon and the black-throated loon is proposed to have happened about 6.5 million years ago.
3025:
817:
Like other loons, this bird does not take flight well; it takes off by pattering on a "runway" of water. While flying, it makes a barking "kwow"
829:
3103:
2464:
2434:
1819:
1792:
1683:
1649:
1288:
1257:
3252:
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Carboneras, C.; Garcia, E. F. J. (2017). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).
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Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
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the patch on the lower throat and run down to the chest, which also has a pattern of parallel white and black lines. The rest of the
1280:
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422:
481:
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3181:
2914:
2584:
1869:
446:
201:
41:
2108:
Baltz, D. M.; Morejohn, G. Victor (1977). "Food habits and niche overlap of seabirds wintering on
Monterey Bay, California".
3030:
1274:
3232:
3064:
2849:
1305:
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2480:
2766:
1588:
1742:
Mudge, G. P.; Talbot, T. R. (1992). "The breeding biology and causes of nest failure of
Scottish black-throated divers
2826:
2456:
3173:
2267:
Jackson, Digger B. (2002). "Between-lake differences in the diet and provisioning behaviour of black-throated divers
2051:
Amundsen, Per-Arne; Lafferty, Kevin D.; Knudsen, Rune; Primicerio, Raul; Klemetsen, Anders; Kuris, Armand M. (2009).
413:
90%. Most failures come from predators and flooding. Overall, the population of this loon is declining, although the
2932:
2418:
1404:
1304:
Jobling, James A. del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).
675:
3082:
2129:
De Graaf, Richard M.; Tilghman, Nancy G.; Anderson, Stanley H. (1985). "Foraging guilds of North
American birds".
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is very similar to the nominate except that the former has a green throat patch, instead of black. The subspecies
2945:
2522:
871:
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ashore, mounts the female and occasionally flaps its wings loudly. After this, the male returns to the water and
602:. It migrates to the coasts of northwestern Europe and the coasts of the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Seas.
3247:
3227:
2507:
1033:
946:
396:
The timing of the breeding season is variable; in the southern part of its range, this loon starts breeding in
2991:
779:
The black-throated loon can be distinguished from the
Pacific loon by the white on the flanks of the former.
85:
972:
477:
463:
614:– This subspecies is found in eastern Russia from the Lena River and Transbaikal east to the peninsulas of
2813:
2719:
857:
733:
725:
717:
709:
701:
692:
421:, because the population decline is not rapid enough. The black-throated loon is protected under both the
387:
375:
367:
2486:
3142:
3129:
1603:
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itself. The female stays ashore for a maximum of about 23 minutes and usually starts to build the nest.
646:
638:
456:
180:
2831:
1097:
796:
The black-throated loon has a large range, breeding taking place across northern Europe, Asia, and the
776:
that range from sooty-brown to brownish-grey, usually with a slightly paler head. The abdomen is pale.
365:, the adult of the nominate subspecies has mostly black upperparts, with the exception of some of the
3242:
3186:
2888:
2795:
2777:
2138:
2064:
1976:
1009:
Despite the fact that its population is declining, the black-throated loon is listed as a species of
834:
2577:
1408:
1168:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 138.
687:
619:
438:
303:
50:
3160:
3056:
1148:(in Latin) (2nd ed.). Stockholmiae: Sumtu & Literis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. p. 52.
2757:
2656:
2426:
2339:
2162:
2033:
1941:
1523:
1471:
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671:
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as Europe and
America but in 1761 he restricted it to Sweden. In 1897 the American ornithologist
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257:
80:
3147:
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2422:
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2460:
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2206:
2154:
2090:
2082:
2025:
1933:
1815:
1788:
1782:
1763:
1717:
1679:
1645:
1584:
1515:
1463:
1284:
1253:
1145:
Fauna svecica, sistens animalia sveciae regni mammalia, aves amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes
1037:
763:
655:
615:
339:
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2017:
1984:
1925:
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1809:
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1615:
1554:
1505:
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1379:
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1128:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 135.
1092:
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near the coast. Overall, the annual mortality rate of the adult black-throated loon is 10%.
981:
843:
797:
467:
3168:
2818:
1220:"Ninth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds"
330:
in 1758 and has two subspecies. It was previously considered to be the same species as the
232:
3090:
2690:
2602:
2513:
1675:
The Book of Eggs: A Life-Size Guide to the Eggs of Six Hundred of the World's Bird Species
809:
634:
609:
505:
451:
311:
2226:
1074:
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1980:
866:
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2782:
3216:
3038:
2284:
2077:
2052:
1139:
1119:
1083:
1010:
950:
900:
723:. There are small white spots on both the lesser and median coverts. The rest of the
442:
418:
327:
323:
197:
70:
65:
2166:
1219:
1163:
1143:
17:
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912:
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642:
472:
409:
331:
299:
2854:
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1123:
2841:
1673:
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1493:
1439:
1180:
3155:
3069:
3051:
2999:
2751:
2641:
2606:
1412:
993:
989:
818:
667:
599:
393:. The juvenile is similar to the non-breeding adult, except more brown overall.
351:
137:
3199:
2919:
2702:
2411:
992:, are likely the cause of about 40% of clutch losses. Avian predators, such as
693:
674:. This latter study is criticised on the basis that it may form a phylogeny on
3194:
2556:
2201:
2184:
1989:
1960:
1912:
Sjolander, Sverre (1978). "Reproductive behaviour of the black-throated diver
1159:
920:
595:
591:
577:
307:
2742:
2444:
2335:
2292:
2210:
2158:
2086:
2029:
1937:
1767:
1721:
1519:
1467:
2310:(Nitzsch 1819) Jagerskiold 1909 (Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) from mallards (
1558:
97:
2906:
2094:
2008:
in relation to fish density in oligotrophic lakes in southwestern Sweden".
1870:"Observations on arctic and red-throated loons at Storkersen Point, Alaska"
1808:
Peterson, Roger Tory; Mountfort, Guy; Hollom, P. A. D. (15 December 2001).
895:
days after hatching, and achieve sexual maturity after two to three years.
2243:
1383:
772:
and its irides are darker and more dull in colour. The chick hatches with
751:
2736:
2394:. Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds.
2351:
2053:"Food web topology and parasites in the pelagic zone of a subarctic lake"
1620:
1041:
977:
958:
702:
623:
117:
2805:
1888:
915:
of some subarctic lakes, this bird feeds on fish and sometimes insects,
734:
726:
718:
650:
black-throated loon and the Pacific loon traditionally being considered
388:
376:
3095:
2968:
2790:
2627:
2343:
2150:
2110:
2037:
1945:
1527:
1475:
1204:
985:
916:
666:
consisting of the Pacific loon and the two sister species that are the
362:
1604:"A preliminary study on the structure of lung-air sac system of loons"
1023:
Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds
427:
Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds
2306:
Fastzkie, Jean Sprinkle; Crites, John L. (1977). "A redescription of
858:
710:
659:
590:– This subspecies is found in northern Europe, east to the center of
470:
suggested that the black-throated loon should be moved to the genus
368:
343:
107:
3004:
2713:
2498:
2327:
2021:
1929:
1510:
1459:
1196:
2880:
2538:
2004:
Eriksson, Mats O. G. (1986). "Reproduction of black-throated diver
2875:
2614:
2562:
954:
925:
865:
828:
808:
762:
750:
663:
539:
491:
397:
347:
2893:
1842:
Petersen, Margaret R. (1979). "Nesting ecology of arctic loons".
3108:
2593:
1014:
318:. It winters along sheltered, ice-free coasts of the north-east
315:
157:
147:
127:
2717:
2566:
2185:"Breeding and feeding observations on the black-throated diver"
1961:"Artificial floating islands for nesting Black-throated Divers
1965:
in Scotland: construction, use and effect on breeding success"
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
755:
Breeding, top, and non-breeding, bottom, black-throated loons
408:
days, the chick hatches, and is fed a diet of small fish and
748:
retains a purplish gloss, although less than the nominate.
350:
consisting of the Pacific loon and two sister species, the
2366:"Migratory Bird Treaty Act Protected Species (10.13 List)"
633:
was considered to be a separate species when described by
2637:
Black-throated loon (Arctic loon or black-throated diver)
2502:
1218:
Committee of the American Ornithologists' Union (1899).
1021:, while in Europe and Africa, it is protected under the
27:
Migratory aquatic bird found in the northern hemisphere
662:
supported placing the black-throated loon sister to a
346:, the black-throated loon was found to be sister to a
2667:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1641:
Smithsonian Field Guide to the Birds of North America
1678:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 53.
1581:(Aves: Gaviiformes) using next-generation sequencing
1570:
1568:
970:
The black-throated loon is sometimes parasitized by
2726:
2625:
645:, which was its subspecies, but they have now been
2410:
2225:
2224:Russell, Robert W. (2002). Rodewald, P. G. (ed.).
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1365:
1245:
1098:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697834A132606505.en
334:, of which it is traditionally considered to be a
626:. It migrates to the northwestern Pacific coasts.
338:, although this is debated. In a study that used
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1811:A Field Guide to the Birds of Britain and Europe
1699:
1697:
1695:
1494:"Geographical variation in black-throated loons"
1413:"Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins"
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
2262:
2260:
415:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2578:
1868:Bergman, Robert D.; Derksen, Dirk V. (1977).
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
8:
2178:
2176:
1787:. University of Chicago Press. p. 203.
1633:
1631:
1276:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1487:
1485:
558:
542:
509:
485:
2714:
2585:
2571:
2563:
2531:
504:, as used by the ancient Roman naturalist
480:in 1788. This proposal was adopted by the
231:
59:
40:
31:
2453:Field Guide to the Birds of North America
2200:
2076:
1988:
1887:
1814:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 12.
1619:
1577:A phylogenetic reevaluation of the genus
1509:
1096:
937:A video of a black-throated loon foraging
1376:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
1310:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
1306:"Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology"
2674:
2657:Yellow-billed loon (white-billed diver)
2553:Audio recordings of Black-throated loon
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1058:
2652:Red-throated loon (red-throated diver)
2481:Flicker Field Guide Birds of the World
1539:
1537:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1181:"The proper generic name of the loons"
833:Black-throated loon family feeding on
2541:at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
1419:. International Ornithologists' Union
1162:; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979).
7:
2946:774d3bfb-175f-4db6-bc77-78279d3adbcf
1279:. London: Christopher Helm. p.
3223:IUCN Red List least concern species
2510:– A Field Guide to Birds of Armenia
1084:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
996:, also take the eggs of this loon.
326:. This loon was first described by
2992:black-throated-diver-gavia-arctica
2642:Common loon (great northern diver)
1784:A Naturalist's Guide to the Arctic
1760:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1993.tb02822.x
1575:Sprengelmeyer, Quentin D. (2014).
441:in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist
25:
2413:Seabirds: An Identification Guide
1672:Hauber, Mark E. (1 August 2014).
1019:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
423:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918
240:Range of the black-throated loon
2701:
2689:
2677:
2368:. US Fish & Wildlife Service
2285:10.1046/j.1474-919X.2003.00119.x
2078:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01518.x
1417:IOC World Bird List Version 14.1
1252:. University of Nevada–Lincoln.
1165:Check-List of Birds of the World
813:A black-throated loon taking off
84:
2514:BirdLife species factsheet for
1608:Japanese Journal of Ornithology
1073:BirdLife International (2018).
984:. Mammalian predators, such as
1781:Pielou, E. C. (31 July 2012).
903:, a predator of small chicks.
484:(AOU) in 1899. The genus name
482:American Ornithologists' Union
1:
1644:. HarperCollins. p. 74.
1248:Diving Birds of North America
534:. The name of the subspecies
2647:Pacific loon (Pacific diver)
2549:at VIREO (Drexel University)
2539:Explore Species: Arctic Loon
1589:Northern Michigan University
1444:) from northeastern Siberia"
1378:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
622:and the northern portion of
476:that had been introduced by
437:The black-throated loon was
322:and the eastern and western
3253:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2457:National Geographic Society
2316:The Journal of Parasitology
3269:
2236:The Birds of North America
1602:Kadosaki, Masaaki (1975).
1312:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions
731:is a blackish colour. The
676:incomplete lineage sorting
2600:
2547:Arctic Loon photo gallery
2202:10.1080/00063657909476614
2057:Journal of Animal Ecology
1990:10.1080/00063650009461172
1638:Ted Floyd (27 May 2008).
1438:Dwight, Jonathan (1918).
1273:Jobling, James A (2010).
1091:: e.T22697834A132606505.
947:three-spined sticklebacks
872:Museum Wiesbaden, Germany
462:. Linnaeus specified the
417:(IUCN) still rates it as
263:
256:
239:
230:
214:
209:
186:
179:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
2417:(2nd ed.). London:
2409:Harrison, Peter (1988).
2131:Environmental Management
1440:"A new species of loon (
1411:, eds. (December 2023).
792:Distribution and habitat
654:, whereas a study using
306:, primarily breeding in
3238:Birds described in 1758
2271:breeding in Scotland".
1708:in south-west Sweden".
966:Predators and parasites
594:, and from that to the
2308:Eustrongylides tubifex
2183:Bundy, Graham (2009).
1959:Hancock, Mark (2000).
973:Eustrongylides tubifex
938:
911:A top predator in the
874:
838:
814:
768:
756:
559:
543:
510:
486:
433:Taxonomy and etymology
3143:Paleobiology Database
3130:Paleobiology Database
2487:Black-throated Diver
2244:10.2173/bow.arcloo.01
1559:10.1093/auk/102.3.680
1384:10.2173/bow.arcloo.01
1179:Allen, J. A. (1897).
1038:heavy-metal pollution
936:
869:
832:
812:
766:
754:
639:Arthur Cleveland Bent
637:in 1918, but in 1919
585:Gavia arctica arctica
287:), also known as the
3233:Birds of Scandinavia
2941:Fauna Europaea (new)
1621:10.3838/jjo1915.23.1
1492:Bent, A. C. (1919).
293:black-throated diver
35:Black-throated loon
18:Black-throated diver
2499:Profile Arctic Loon
2143:1985EnMan...9..493D
2069:2009JAnEc..78..563A
1981:2000BirdS..47..165H
1889:10.14430/arctic2682
1844:The Wilson Bulletin
1442:Gavia viridigularis
688:nominate subspecies
631:G. a. viridigularis
606:G. a. viridigularis
383:G. a. viridigularis
304:northern hemisphere
279:black-throated loon
269:Linnaeus, 1758
223:G. a. viridigularis
51:Conservation status
2455:. Washington, DC:
2312:Anas platyrhynchos
2151:10.1007/BF01867324
2010:Ornis Scandinavica
1918:Ornis Scandinavica
1407:; Donsker, David;
1242:Johnsgard, Paul A.
939:
875:
839:
815:
769:
767:Non-breeding adult
757:
672:yellow-billed loon
660:nuclear intron DNA
439:formally described
356:yellow-billed loon
344:nuclear intron DNA
251: Non-breeding
3210:
3209:
3117:Open Tree of Life
2720:Taxon identifiers
2665:
2664:
2466:978-0-7922-6877-2
2436:978-0-7470-1410-2
1821:978-0-618-16675-6
1794:978-0-226-14867-0
1685:978-0-226-05781-1
1651:978-0-06-112040-4
1585:Master of Science
1409:Rasmussen, Pamela
1290:978-1-4081-2501-4
1259:978-0-8032-2566-4
1183:. General Notes.
934:
870:Eggs, Collection
613:
589:
460:Colymbus arcticus
275:
274:
266:Colymbus arcticus
74:
16:(Redirected from
3260:
3203:
3202:
3190:
3189:
3177:
3176:
3164:
3163:
3151:
3150:
3138:
3137:
3125:
3124:
3112:
3111:
3099:
3098:
3086:
3085:
3073:
3072:
3070:NBNSYS0000000219
3060:
3059:
3047:
3046:
3034:
3033:
3021:
3020:
3008:
3007:
2995:
2994:
2982:
2981:
2972:
2971:
2959:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2936:
2935:
2923:
2922:
2910:
2909:
2897:
2896:
2884:
2883:
2871:
2870:
2858:
2857:
2845:
2844:
2835:
2834:
2822:
2821:
2809:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2796:CA5852BE6E617DBD
2786:
2785:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2715:
2706:
2705:
2694:
2693:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2564:
2535:
2530:
2470:
2448:
2419:Christopher Helm
2416:
2396:
2395:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2233:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2204:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2080:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1909:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1865:
1852:
1851:
1839:
1826:
1825:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1739:
1726:
1725:
1701:
1690:
1689:
1669:
1656:
1655:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1513:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1435:
1429:
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1401:
1395:
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1390:
1373:
1361:
1322:
1321:
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1317:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1251:
1238:
1232:
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1215:
1209:
1208:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1070:
982:Eustrongylidosis
935:
894:
890:
885:
881:
860:
844:Arctophila fulva
798:Seward Peninsula
736:
728:
720:
712:
704:
695:
694:breeding plumage
608:
588:(Linnaeus, 1758)
587:
572:
569:
566:
562:
557:, and the Latin
556:
553:
550:
546:
533:
530:
527:
523:
520:
517:
513:
503:
500:
497:
489:
468:Joel Asaph Allen
407:
403:
390:
378:
370:
270:
250:
244:
235:
192:
89:
88:
68:
63:
62:
44:
32:
21:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3248:Holarctic birds
3228:Birds of Russia
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3198:
3193:
3185:
3180:
3172:
3167:
3159:
3154:
3146:
3141:
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3115:
3107:
3102:
3094:
3091:Observation.org
3089:
3081:
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2840:
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2804:
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2794:
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2781:
2776:
2770:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2722:
2712:
2700:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2621:
2596:
2594:Loons or divers
2591:
2523:"Gavia arctica"
2521:
2477:
2467:
2451:
2437:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2328:10.2307/3279578
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2107:
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2050:
2049:
2045:
2022:10.2307/3676833
2003:
2002:
1998:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1930:10.2307/3676139
1911:
1910:
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1867:
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1807:
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1795:
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1511:10.2307/4073044
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1460:10.2307/4072850
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1197:10.2307/4068646
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1138:
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1133:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1072:
1071:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1031:
1007:
1002:
980:that can cause
976:, a species of
968:
926:
909:
892:
888:
887:fledge about 60
883:
879:
862:
827:
807:
794:
785:
740:the subspecies
738:
730:
722:
714:
706:
697:
684:
635:Jonathan Dwight
570:
567:
564:
554:
551:
548:
538:stems from the
531:
528:
525:
521:
518:
515:
508:. The specific
506:Pliny the Elder
501:
498:
495:
490:comes from the
452:Systema Naturae
435:
405:
401:
392:
380:
372:
312:northern Europe
268:
252:
248:
246:
242:
205:
194:
188:
175:
172:G. arctica
83:
75:
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60:
53:
28:
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22:
15:
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11:
5:
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3061:
3048:
3035:
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2983:
2973:
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2950:
2937:
2928:Fauna Europaea
2924:
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2787:
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2476:
2475:External links
2473:
2472:
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2465:
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2404:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2379:
2357:
2298:
2256:
2227:"Arctic Loon (
2216:
2172:
2137:(6): 493–536.
2121:
2100:
2063:(3): 563–572.
2043:
2016:(3): 245–248.
1996:
1975:(2): 165–175.
1951:
1895:
1853:
1827:
1820:
1800:
1793:
1773:
1754:(2): 113–120.
1727:
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1627:
1614:(95–96): 1–6.
1594:
1564:
1553:(3): 680–686.
1533:
1504:(2): 238–242.
1481:
1454:(2): 196–199.
1430:
1396:
1367:"Arctic Loon (
1323:
1296:
1289:
1265:
1258:
1233:
1210:
1171:
1151:
1140:Linnaeus, Carl
1131:
1120:Linnaeus, Carl
1111:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
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1027:
1006:
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998:
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964:
951:common minnows
908:
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781:
732:
724:
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691:
683:
680:
652:sister species
628:
627:
603:
576:There are two
478:Johann Forster
434:
431:
410:invertebrates.
386:
374:
366:
336:sister species
320:Atlantic Ocean
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3200:Gavia-arctica
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2792:
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2783:Gavia_arctica
2779:
2775:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2758:Gavia arctica
2753:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2728:Gavia arctica
2725:
2721:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2675:
2671:
2658:
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2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2516:Gavia arctica
2512:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2497:
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2494:BTO BirdFacts
2491:
2490:
2489:Gavia arctica
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2367:
2361:
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2353:
2349:
2345:
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2329:
2325:
2322:(4): 707–12.
2321:
2317:
2313:
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2302:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
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2269:Gavia arctica
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2229:Gavia arctica
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2152:
2148:
2144:
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2136:
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2125:
2122:
2118:(3): 526–543.
2117:
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2007:
2006:Gavia arctica
2000:
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1964:
1963:Gavia arctica
1955:
1952:
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1943:
1939:
1935:
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1927:
1923:
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1914:Gavia arctica
1908:
1906:
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1902:
1900:
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1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1871:
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1860:
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1854:
1850:(4): 608–617.
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1744:Gavia arctica
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1728:
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1719:
1715:
1711:
1710:Ornis Fennica
1707:
1706:Gavia arctica
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1077:Gavia arctica
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783:Vocalizations
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774:down feathers
765:
761:
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746:viridigularis
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742:viridigularis
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592:northern Asia
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536:viridigularis
514:is Latin for
512:
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469:
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464:type locality
461:
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457:binomial name
454:
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448:
447:tenth edition
444:
443:Carl Linnaeus
440:
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419:least concern
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340:mitochondrial
337:
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328:Carl Linnaeus
325:
324:Pacific Ocean
321:
317:
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302:found in the
301:
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286:
285:
284:Gavia arctica
280:
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218:G. a. arctica
216:
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190:Gavia arctica
185:
182:
181:Binomial name
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66:Least Concern
56:
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38:
33:
30:
19:
2727:
2636:
2626:
2618:
2613:: Gaviidae,
2526:
2515:
2503:avibirds.com
2488:
2452:
2412:
2403:Bibliography
2391:
2382:
2370:. Retrieved
2360:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2279:(1): 30–44.
2276:
2272:
2268:
2247:. Retrieved
2235:
2228:
2219:
2195:(1): 33–36.
2192:
2188:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1999:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1954:
1924:(1): 51–65.
1921:
1917:
1913:
1882:(1): 41–51.
1879:
1873:
1847:
1843:
1810:
1803:
1783:
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1713:
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1607:
1597:
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1576:
1550:
1546:
1501:
1497:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1433:
1421:. Retrieved
1416:
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1375:
1368:
1314:. Retrieved
1309:
1299:
1275:
1268:
1247:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1164:
1154:
1144:
1134:
1124:
1114:
1102:. Retrieved
1088:
1082:
1076:
1032:
1008:
1005:Conservation
994:hooded crows
990:pine martens
971:
969:
944:
940:
913:pelagic zone
910:
897:
876:
853:
849:
842:
840:
835:Lake StrĂĄken
816:
795:
786:
778:
770:
758:
745:
741:
685:
643:Pacific loon
630:
629:
605:
584:
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535:
471:
459:
450:
436:
395:
382:
360:
332:Pacific loon
300:aquatic bird
292:
288:
283:
282:
278:
276:
265:
264:
222:
217:
189:
187:
171:
170:
158:
29:
3243:Gaviiformes
3156:SeaLifeBase
3052:NatureServe
3000:iNaturalist
2979:arctic-loon
2752:Wikispecies
2607:Gaviiformes
2508:Arctic Loon
2483:Photographs
2423:34, plate 6
2421:. pp.
1716:(1): 1–12.
1405:Gill, Frank
1160:Mayr, Ernst
1104:13 November
921:crustaceans
819:flight call
682:Description
668:common loon
600:Transbaikal
352:common loon
289:Arctic loon
210:Subspecies
138:Gaviiformes
3217:Categories
3195:Xeno-canto
2557:Xeno-canto
2189:Bird Study
1969:Bird Study
1230:: 97–133 .
1191:(3): 312.
1048:References
703:underparts
596:Lena River
578:subspecies
563:, meaning
547:, meaning
455:under the
308:freshwater
2445:813599822
2388:"Species"
2336:0022-3395
2293:0019-1019
2211:0006-3657
2159:0364-152X
2087:0021-8790
2030:0030-5693
1938:0030-5693
1768:0019-1019
1722:0030-5685
1520:0004-8038
1468:0004-8038
1053:Citations
1042:windfarms
986:red foxes
959:salmonids
805:Behaviour
735:underwing
727:upperwing
719:scapulars
620:Kamchatka
389:upperwing
377:scapulars
310:lakes in
297:migratory
166:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
3057:2.102767
3044:22697834
3018:10934623
2894:45508996
2819:22697834
2814:BirdLife
2803:BioLib:
2737:Wikidata
2459:. 2002.
2392:aewa.org
2167:85418857
2095:19175443
1316:2 August
1244:(1987).
1142:(1761).
1122:(1758).
978:nematode
917:molluscs
837:, Sweden
825:Breeding
670:and the
624:Sakhalin
616:Chukotka
568:throated
519:northern
425:and the
354:and the
291:and the
258:Synonyms
198:Linnaeus
148:Gaviidae
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
3122:1085739
2969:2481959
2956:arctica
2791:Avibase
2743:Q184432
2708:Biology
2696:Animals
2670:Portals
2628:Species
2527:Avibase
2372:13 July
2344:3279578
2249:11 July
2139:Bibcode
2111:The Auk
2065:Bibcode
2038:3676833
1977:Bibcode
1946:3676139
1547:The Auk
1528:4073044
1498:The Auk
1476:4072850
1448:The Auk
1423:25 June
1224:The Auk
1205:4068646
1185:The Auk
1029:Threats
1013:by the
907:Feeding
690:in its
560:gularis
544:viridis
511:arctica
499:sea mew
449:of his
445:in the
363:plumage
295:, is a
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
3187:137186
3161:155257
3148:335288
3135:368268
3109:137186
3031:174471
2976:GNAB:
2915:EURING
2881:arcloo
2842:arcloo
2771:arcloo
2611:Family
2463:
2443:
2433:
2352:886407
2350:
2342:
2334:
2291:
2209:
2165:
2157:
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2085:
2036:
2028:
1944:
1936:
1875:Arctic
1818:
1791:
1766:
1720:
1682:
1648:
1526:
1518:
1474:
1466:
1389:28 May
1287:
1256:
1203:
1000:Status
893:
889:
884:
880:
859:preens
711:mantle
612:, 1918
610:Dwight
529:Arctic
406:
402:
369:mantle
249:
243:
3182:WoRMS
3083:57069
3013:IRMNG
2933:96567
2902:EUNIS
2876:eBird
2868:3FFP5
2855:bob30
2839:BOW:
2684:Birds
2619:Gavia
2615:Genus
2603:Order
2340:JSTOR
2163:S2CID
2034:JSTOR
1942:JSTOR
1579:Gavia
1524:JSTOR
1472:JSTOR
1201:JSTOR
955:trout
891:to 65
882:to 29
664:clade
647:split
552:green
540:Latin
492:Latin
487:Gavia
473:Gavia
404:to 29
398:April
348:clade
159:Gavia
3174:7326
3104:OBIS
3078:NCBI
3039:IUCN
3026:ITIS
3005:4623
2964:GBIF
2907:1061
2832:9522
2827:BOLD
2806:8332
2461:ISBN
2441:OCLC
2431:ISBN
2374:2017
2348:PMID
2332:ISSN
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2289:ISSN
2273:Ibis
2251:2017
2207:ISSN
2155:ISSN
2091:PMID
2083:ISSN
2026:ISSN
1934:ISSN
1816:ISBN
1789:ISBN
1764:ISSN
1748:Ibis
1718:ISSN
1680:ISBN
1646:ISBN
1516:ISSN
1464:ISSN
1425:2024
1391:2017
1318:2017
1285:ISBN
1254:ISBN
1106:2021
1089:2018
1036:and
1015:IUCN
988:and
949:and
715:and
658:and
618:and
598:and
494:for
373:and
342:and
316:Asia
314:and
277:The
202:1758
128:Aves
3169:TSA
3096:305
3065:NBN
2987:IBC
2889:EoL
2863:CoL
2850:BTO
2778:ADW
2767:ABA
2555:on
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2324:doi
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