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303:, the square on the curtain "suggests the sun's coffin", while other critics view it as an expression of the victory of active human creativity over the passive form of nature: a black square appeared instead of a solar circle. He was immediately aware of the design's potential, wrote pleading letters to Matyushin to retain it when the composer was planning a 1915 performance of the opera. In the letters, Malevich claimed that the square "will have great significance in painting" and is the "embryo of all possibilities; in its development it acquires a terrible strength."
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663:, "the painting looks terrible: crackled, scuffed, and discolored, as if it had spent the past eighty-eight years patching a broken window. In fact, it passed most of that time deep in the Soviet archives, classed among the lowliest of the state's treasures. Malevich, like other members of the Revolutionary-era Russian avant-garde, was thrown into oblivion under
130:. In his manifesto for the Suprematist movement Malevich said the paintings were intended as "desperate struggle to free art from the ballast of the objective world" by focusing only on form. He sought to create paintings that all could understand and that would have an emotional impact comparable to religious works.
330:
Malevich was a prolific and talented self-publicist and has been described as both a "brilliant, grandiose, messianic figure" and a "fanatic pamphleteer". Sensing a breakthrough, he declared the painting as a milestone in both his oeuvre and "in the history of art". He later wrote that he was so
265:(1885–1922), and follows protagonists seeking to "abolish reason" by capturing the sun and destroying time. The opera ends with a world in darkness, which Khlebnikov intended to represent the a future after the destruction of Russian tradition. These ideas resonated with Malevich's
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of the image, used it to decorate his signature, and applied it to lapels he gave to his students. The reverse contains the inscription "1913", however, this is thought to refer to the year of the design's conception that year for
292:, are in colour but contain distinct black squares and rectangles. During the pivotal scene depicting the death of the sun, black squares appear eight times: on a curtain and the backdrops, and on the coats and hats of the sun's
437:, whose manifesto better reflected the ideology of the early Soviet government and which had a larger influence on later 20th century art. Today Suprematism is almost exclusively associated with Malevich and his apprentice
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in 1915. The last is thought to have been painted during the late 1920s or early 1930s. Malevich described the 1915 painting as the "zero point of painting"; since then, it has had a significant influence on
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Malevich produced three oil on canvas copies of the original painting. The first copy was completed in 1923. The second copy was painted around 1923 in collaboration with his students
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522:(also at the Tretyakov Gallery) was painted c. 1929 for Malevich's solo exhibition, perhaps as a stand-in for a solo exhibition as the original was by then in poor condition.
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was the turning point in his career and defined the aesthetic he was to follow for the remainder of his career; his other significant paintings include variants such as
115:. The first of four painted versions, the original was completed in 1915 and described by the artist as his breakthrough work and the inception for the launch of his
153:(c. 1920–23). Malevich painted three other versions; in 1923, 1929, and between the late 1920s and early 1930s. Each version differs slightly in size and texture.
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Malevich was arrested for several days in 1930. His work was officially banned in the USSR shortly after his early death in 1935 after Stalin's favoured
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in the late 1920s. Stalin was notoriously suspicious of people who traveled outside the Soviet Union, and
Malevich came to the attention of Stalin's
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exhibition where around 70 of his paintings and drawings scheduled for display. Malevich was aware that progressive artists were likely to be
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418:(Russian: Супремус), which translates as "superior" or "perfected", which Malevich said reflected his desire to "liberate" painting from
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a dedication to "family, home and church", and was "ironically...a mirror image of the socialist realism of the hated
Communists."
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for the 1932 exhibition
Artists of the RSFSR: 15 Years in Leningrad, where the two squares formed the centerpiece of the show.
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variants (in 1924, 1929, while the final version is thought to date from the late 1920s or early 1930s). He created numerous
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Blanshard, Frances
Bradshaw. "Retreat from Likeness in the Theory of Painting". New York: Columbia University Press, 1949
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Malevich created the first version in 1915 using broad strokes of thick black oil paint onto a 79.5cm x 79.5cm
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excited at the breakthrough that he was unable to "sleep, eat, or drink for an entire week after".
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wasn't exhibited again until the 1980s, today the work is regarded as historically significant in
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The painting has degraded considerably since its creation. According to the
American art critic
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movement, which emphasised colour and shape. The title "Suprematism" is derived from the word
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Jakovljevic, Branislav. "Unframe
Malevich!: Ineffability and Sublimity in Suprematism".
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was designated the official art of the union, and many other art forms were suppressed.
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canvas. The border and edges were applied with various shades of white and grey paint.
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is the smallest and may have been intended as a diptych along with the smaller again
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185:'s early works, created while still a teenager, incorporate the style and motifs of
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Kazimir
Malevich B. 1878, Near Kiev, Russia (Now Kyiv, Ukraine); D. 1935, Leningrad
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is widely regarded by art historians as foundational in the development of both
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Shatskikh, Aleksandra. "Black Square: Malevich and the Origin of
Suprematism".
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79.5 cm × 79.5 cm (31.3 in × 31.3 in)
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The
Painting As Empty Space: Allan McCollum's Subversion of the Last Painting
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As the Met reclassifies
Russian art as Ukrainian, not everyone is convinced
200:. In the early 1900s, when he was heavily influenced by late 19th-century
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to Moscow in 1907, where he came into contact with the leading Russian
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way of living, which was based around, according to the historian
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Art and Identity: Essays on the Aesthetic of Creation of the Mind
1074:. Tate Research Publication, January 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
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Malevich's sketches for the costumes seem largely influenced by
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in Russia, and made attempts to relocate to Germany, where the
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culture. Over the following decades, Malevich made three other
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He first used the motif of a black square while working as the
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923:
Stories of Iconic Artworks: Kazimir Malevich’s Black Square
651:, and one of the most recognisable 20th century paintings.
518:, Konstantin Rozhdestvensky and Nikolay Suyetin. The third
1065:
The Art of the Sublime – 'Kasimir Malevich's Black Square'
605:
as a possible dissident in early 1927 when he traveled to
338:
Triptych at the Russian Museum, featuring the 1924 version
749:"Everything and Nearly Nothing: Malevich and His Effects"
245:
on 3 December, 1913. Although the opera is ostensibly a
1126:
Kovtun, E. F.; Douglas, Charlotte. "Kazimir Malevich".
429:
Although the movement gained many supporters among the
625:", that is art that did not conform to the idealised
269:
views on the purpose of contemporary Modernist art.
280:. However, a number, including those known today as
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A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
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671:', he was interrogated and jailed for two months."
241:'s (1861–1934), staged at the Luna Park Theater in
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30:
1142:Arts incohérents, discoveries and new perspectives
925:". Artland Magazine, 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2024
852:Kazimir Malevich: the man who liberated painting
580:, c. late 1920s–1930s, Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow
1169:Black Square: Adventures in Post-Soviet Ukraine
1371:
1219:
249:, the plot satirises the religious dogma and
8:
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949:Five ways to look at Malevich's Black Square
882:, 17 September 1990. Retrieved 12 April 2024
812:"The Shape of Things:After Kazimir Malevich"
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667:. The axe fell on him in 1930. Accused of '
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383:. According to an overview of the work by
381:The main Suprematist element. Square. 1913
36:
27:
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342:The painting was first shown at the 1915
156:The original painting was first shown at
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458:, 1915. Russian Museum, Saint Petersburg
410:. Malevich said the paintings began the
1306:Suprematist Composition: White on White
959:
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621:party was already targeting so-called "
537:
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126:, Malevich was born in 1878 in today's
1054:, 11 May 2000. Retrieved 18 April 2024
901:
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897:
859:, 4 July 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2024
711:, 19 March 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2024
4219:Six Characters in Search of an Author
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354:(then Petrograd). Its hanging in the
315:Suprematist works by Malevich at the
7:
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841:
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781:"The Prophet: Malevich's Revolution"
4640:Collection of the Tretyakov Gallery
874:Malevich's Search for a New Reality
3414:Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2
1130:, volume 41, no. 3, Autumn, 1981.
751:. DeutscheBank/Art. Archived from
204:. He moved from his birthplace of
14:
1164:, Vienna: Wiener Secession, 1994.
1116:, volume 63, no. 3, Autumn 2004.
565:, 1929, Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow
379:. He continued to refer to it as
358:emphasised the collision between
344:The Last Futurist Exhibition 0,10
158:The Last Futurist Exhibition 0,10
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822:from the original on 18 May 2015
791:from the original on 18 May 2015
570:
555:
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963:Kovtun; Douglas (1981), p. 235
951:". Tate. Retrieved 1 March 2024
299:According to the art historian
4368:Grosvenor School of Modern Art
4361:Fourth dimension in literature
1144:. Paris: Lienart, April 2022.
999:Kasimir Malevich. Black Square
1:
4635:Paintings by Kazimir Malevich
1181:Roald, Tone; Lang, Johannes.
1171:. Cornerstone Digital, 2016.
597:took absolute control of the
23:Black Square (disambiguation)
1096:Malevich, Black Square, 1915
237:by the painter and composer
16:Painting by Kazimir Malevich
4461:List of avant-garde artists
3438:The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari
1346:(1913 opera, stage setting)
593:art fell from favour after
4656:
4319:Classical Hollywood cinema
1048:The man they couldn't hang
253:autocracy then dominating
119:art movement (1915–1919).
20:
4582:
3390:Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
1005:. Retrieved 18 April 2024
981:Roald, Lang (2013), p. 50
692:Jakovljevic (2004), p. 19
550:, c. 1923, Russian Museum
433:, it was overshadowed by
35:
2175:The Master and Margarita
1031:. Retrieved 1 March 2024
319:, Saint Petersburg, 1915
261:was written by the poet
227:for the premiere of the
122:A leading member of the
4468:List of modernist poets
4354:Fourth dimension in art
3530:Meshes of the Afternoon
1298:An Englishman in Moscow
1290:Suprematist Composition
891:Drutt (2003), pp. 46–47
728:. Retrieved 30 May 2024
611:Grosse Kunstausstellung
290:A Certain Evil Intender
111:painting by the artist
4552:Second Viennese School
4294:
4283:
2187:The Sound and the Fury
2091:In Search of Lost Time
1548:
1477:
1466:
1420:
1409:
737:Blanshard (1949). p. 4
339:
320:
181:A self-taught artist,
178:
4531:Reactionary modernism
4454:List of art movements
1197:Yale University Press
1154:Meinhardt, Johannes.
337:
314:
255:pre-revolution Russia
176:
4375:Hanshinkan Modernism
4231:The Threepenny Opera
4147:Pelléas et Mélisande
1343:Victory over the Sun
1025:Art Terms: Modernism
810:Schjehldahl, Peter.
779:Schjehldahl, Peter.
502:State Russian Museum
481:Museum of Modern Art
424:representational art
377:Victory over the Sun
348:Field of Mars square
234:Victory over the Sun
21:For other uses, see
4433:International Style
4183:Afternoon of a Faun
3462:Battleship Potemkin
3366:Mont Sainte-Victoir
1070:6 July 2016 at the
972:Drutt (2003), p. 47
905:Drutt (2003), p. 25
872:Brenson, Michael. "
431:Russian avant-garde
124:Russian avant-garde
109:oil on linen canvas
4312:Buddhist modernism
4269:American modernism
4195:The Rite of Spring
2163:The Sun Also Rises
2139:The Magic Mountain
701:Helmore, Edward. "
340:
321:
282:Futurist Strongman
263:Velimir Khlebnikov
214:Natalia Goncharova
179:
4612:
4611:
4340:Experimental film
4256:
4255:
4243:Waiting for Godot
3543:
3542:
2200:
2199:
2103:The Metamorphosis
1353:
1352:
1191:978-9-4012-0904-5
1167:Pinkham, Sophie.
1150:978-2-3590-6366-0
1108:978-0-89207-265-1
848:Spalding, Frances
638:socialist realism
239:Mikhail Matyushin
177:Malevich, c. 1900
94:
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85:Tretyakov Gallery
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4573:Vulgar modernism
4568:
4566:Underground film
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4389:Hippie modernism
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3378:The Starry Night
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1250:The Knifegrinder
1235:Kazimir Malevich
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1185:. Rodopi, 2013.
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609:to attended the
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422:(imitation) and
364:Eastern Orthodox
362:and traditional
352:Saint Petersburg
301:Frances Spalding
243:Saint Petersburg
218:Mikhail Larionov
212:artists such as
195:Eastern Orthodox
183:Kazimir Malevich
113:Kazimir Malevich
49:Kazimir Malevich
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512:
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483:, New York City
475:(also known as
468:
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317:0,10 Exhibition
309:
229:Cubo-Futuristic
171:
147:(c. 1924), and
26:
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5:
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3042:Ray (Satyajit)
3038:
3035:Ray (Nicholas)
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2127:The Waste Land
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1438:Constructivism
1434:
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1092:Drutt, Matthew
1089:
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879:New York Times
862:
833:
816:The New Yorker
802:
785:The New Yorker
766:
755:on 22 May 2016
747:Mazzoni, Ira.
739:
730:
713:
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679:
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673:
656:
653:
623:degenerate art
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511:
508:
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494:
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477:White on White
469:
462:
460:
452:
445:
435:constructivism
396:
395:Interpretation
393:
308:
305:
225:stage designer
170:
167:
163:minimalist art
139:White on White
104:Чёрный квадрат
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4595:Postmodernism
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4538:Metamodernism
4535:
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4503:New Hollywood
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4396:Impressionism
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1600:Literary arts
1597:
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1541:Neoplasticism
1538:
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1504:Functionalism
1501:
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1459:Expressionism
1456:
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1431:Ashcan School
1428:
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1063:Philip Shaw.
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603:secret police
600:
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595:Joseph Stalin
592:
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368:oil on canvas
365:
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247:comedic farce
244:
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202:Impressionism
199:
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79:
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68:
67:oil on canvas
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:
47:
43:
39:
34:
29:
24:
19:
4593:
4586:
4333:Ecomodernism
4241:
4229:
4217:
4205:
4193:
4181:
4171:The Firebird
4169:
4157:
4145:
4133:
4121:
4109:
3528:
3518:Citizen Kane
3516:
3507:Fallingwater
3497:Villa Savoye
3484:
3472:
3460:
3448:
3436:
3426:Black Square
3424:
3412:
3400:
3388:
3376:
3364:
3352:
3244:Le Corbusier
3172:Architecture
2185:
2173:
2161:
2151:Mrs Dalloway
2149:
2137:
2125:
2113:
2101:
2089:
1974:Lowell (Amy)
1341:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1282:Black Circle
1280:
1272:
1264:
1258:Black Square
1256:
1248:
1182:
1168:
1161:
1155:
1141:
1127:
1113:
1098:. New York:
1095:
1059:
1052:The Guardian
1051:
1019:
1010:
977:
968:
887:
877:
857:The Guardian
855:
824:. Retrieved
815:
805:
793:. Retrieved
784:
757:. Retrieved
753:the original
742:
733:
716:
708:The Guardian
706:
697:
658:
645:Black Square
644:
642:
635:
589:
578:Black Square
577:
563:Black Square
562:
548:Black Square
547:
530:
527:Black Square
526:
524:
520:Black Square
519:
513:
497:Black Circle
495:
476:
472:White Square
470:
453:
439:El Lissitzky
428:
415:
408:abstract art
400:Black Square
399:
398:
389:Abstract art
380:
376:
341:
329:
322:
298:
294:pall bearers
289:
286:Grave Digger
285:
281:
271:
232:
222:
189:and Russian
180:
155:
148:
144:Black Circle
142:
138:
135:Black Square
134:
132:
121:
107:) is a 1915
103:
102:
98:Black Square
97:
96:
95:
31:Black Square
18:
4588:Romanticism
4545:Remodernism
4426:Incoherents
4285:Avant-garde
4276:Armory Show
3883:Maeterlinck
3786:Villa-Lobos
3772:Szymanowski
3751:Stockhausen
3688:Lutosławski
3406:(1909–1910)
2206:Visual arts
2179:(1928–1940)
2095:(1913–1927)
1618:Apollinaire
1582:Synchromism
1422:Art Nouveau
1332:Suprematism
1317:(1928–1932)
1314:Red Cavalry
1274:Black Cross
1128:Art Journal
1114:Art Journal
591:Avant-garde
500:, c. 1924.
412:Suprematism
385:Tate Modern
372:lithographs
356:icon corner
307:Composition
210:avant-garde
150:Black Cross
117:Suprematist
4630:Minimalism
4619:Categories
4475:Maximalism
4410:Literature
4085:Wiesenthal
3987:Cunningham
3980:Balanchine
3960:Witkiewicz
3932:Strindberg
3918:Pirandello
3890:Mayakovsky
3765:Stravinsky
3737:Schoenberg
3549:Performing
3474:Metropolis
3265:Mendelsohn
3070:Rossellini
3063:Richardson
2874:Fassbinder
2860:Eisenstein
2797:Cassavetes
2553:Modigliani
2427:Goncharova
2413:Giacometti
1807:Dos Passos
1609:Literature
1568:Surrealism
1479:Die Brücke
1266:Red Square
1100:Guggenheim
1044:Wood, Tony
726:Guggenheim
675:References
649:Modern art
615:suppressed
532:Red Square
525:The final
455:Red Square
169:Conception
73:Dimensions
4524:Pulp noir
4482:Modernity
4347:Film noir
4071:St. Denis
3994:Diaghilev
3730:Schaeffer
3653:Hindemith
3625:Dutilleux
3597:Boulanger
3402:The Dance
3098:Tarkovsky
3091:Sternberg
2923:Hitchcock
2839:Dovzhenko
2755:Antonioni
2700:Stieglitz
2539:Metzinger
2490:Kokoschka
2469:Kandinsky
1883:Aldington
1876:Akhmatova
1793:Marinetti
1786:Mansfield
1737:Hemingway
1575:Symbolism
1394:Movements
1387:Modernism
1242:Paintings
669:formalism
655:Condition
643:Although
631:Tony Wood
586:Influence
479:), 1918.
360:Modernism
267:year zero
187:Ukrainian
133:The 1915
101:(Russian
4606:Category
4207:Fountain
4111:Don Juan
4050:Nijinsky
3946:Wedekind
3925:Piscator
3820:Anderson
3744:Scriabin
3660:Honegger
3314:Sullivan
3300:Saarinen
3293:Rietveld
3286:Niemeyer
3258:Melnikov
3188:Bunshaft
3119:Truffaut
3084:Sjöström
3028:Pudovkin
3000:Minnelli
2965:Kurosawa
2958:Kuleshov
2888:Flaherty
2714:Vuillard
2693:Steichen
2651:Rousseau
2616:Pissarro
2595:O'Keeffe
2560:Mondrian
2511:Malevich
2504:Magritte
2476:Kirchner
2420:van Gogh
2371:Doesburg
2350:Delaunay
2343:Delaunay
2266:Brâncuși
2252:Boccioni
2215:Painting
2065:Williams
1988:Mallarmé
1904:Cendrars
1814:Platonov
1772:Lawrence
1765:Koestler
1702:Flaubert
1695:Faulkner
1660:Bulgakov
1589:Tonalism
1550:De Stijl
1534:Lettrism
1520:Futurism
1411:Art Deco
1337:Supremus
1102:, 2003.
1068:Archived
820:Archived
789:Archived
510:Versions
416:supremus
278:Futurism
259:libretto
191:folk art
141:(1918),
81:Location
4261:Related
4123:Ubu Roi
4078:Tamiris
4064:Sokolow
4043:Massine
3911:Osborne
3904:O'Neill
3897:O'Casey
3855:Chekhov
3841:Beckett
3827:Anouilh
3811:Theatre
3758:Strauss
3716:Russolo
3695:Milhaud
3674:Janáček
3646:Górecki
3639:Feldman
3618:Debussy
3611:Copland
3569:Antheil
3307:Steiner
3230:Johnson
3209:Guimard
3202:Gropius
3049:Resnais
2951:Kubrick
2881:Fellini
2867:Epstein
2853:Edwards
2818:Cocteau
2804:Chaplin
2776:Bresson
2769:Bergman
2748:Aldrich
2741:Akerman
2686:Soutine
2658:Schiele
2609:Picasso
2602:Picabia
2532:Matisse
2406:Gauguin
2378:Duchamp
2336:Kooning
2315:Claudel
2308:Chirico
2301:Chagall
2294:Cézanne
2287:Cassatt
2259:Bonnard
2245:Bellows
2238:Balthus
2115:Ulysses
2037:Stevens
2030:Seferis
1849:Unamuno
1688:Forster
1667:Chekhov
1632:Beckett
1561:Orphism
1527:Imagism
1511:Bauhaus
1497:Fauvism
1402:Acmeism
1122:4134488
1082:Sources
420:mimesis
346:at the
251:Tsarist
128:Ukraine
4247:(1953)
4235:(1928)
4223:(1921)
4211:(1917)
4199:(1913)
4187:(1912)
4175:(1910)
4163:(1905)
4159:Salome
4151:(1902)
4139:(1899)
4127:(1896)
4115:(1888)
4092:Wigman
4022:Graham
4015:Fuller
4008:Fokine
4001:Duncan
3953:Wilder
3939:Toller
3876:Kaiser
3848:Brecht
3834:Artaud
3793:Webern
3779:Varèse
3709:Partch
3681:Ligeti
3604:Boulez
3576:Bartók
3534:(1943)
3522:(1941)
3510:(1936)
3500:(1931)
3490:(1929)
3478:(1927)
3466:(1925)
3454:(1923)
3442:(1920)
3430:(1915)
3418:(1912)
3394:(1907)
3382:(1889)
3370:(1887)
3358:(1886)
3335:Wright
3321:Tatlin
3279:Neutra
3181:Breuer
3147:Welles
3133:Vertov
3056:Renoir
3007:Murnau
2993:Marker
2986:Lupino
2944:Keaton
2930:Hubley
2916:Godard
2902:Fuller
2846:Dreyer
2825:Dassin
2783:Buñuel
2679:Sisley
2672:Signac
2665:Seurat
2637:Renoir
2455:Hopper
2357:Demuth
2280:Calder
2273:Braque
2224:Albers
2191:(1929)
2167:(1926)
2155:(1925)
2143:(1924)
2131:(1922)
2119:(1922)
2107:(1915)
2058:Valéry
2044:Thomas
2009:Pessoa
1953:George
1946:Elytis
1939:Éluard
1925:Desnos
1897:Cavafy
1867:Poetry
1828:Proust
1821:Porter
1723:Hamsun
1681:Döblin
1674:Conrad
1646:Breton
1625:Barnes
1445:Cubism
1309:(1918)
1301:(1917)
1293:(1916)
1285:(1915)
1277:(1915)
1269:(1915)
1261:(1915)
1199:, 2012
1189:
1175:
1148:
1136:776564
1134:
1120:
1106:
826:15 May
795:15 May
759:15 May
665:Stalin
607:Berlin
404:modern
274:Cubism
257:. Its
231:opera
89:Moscow
63:Medium
45:Artist
4417:Post-
4403:Music
4102:Works
4057:Shawn
4036:Laban
3971:Dance
3869:Jarry
3862:Ibsen
3800:Weill
3723:Satie
3632:Falla
3590:Berio
3560:Music
3345:Works
3272:Nervi
3216:Horta
3195:Gaudí
3154:Wiene
3126:Varda
3112:Trnka
3021:Pabst
2979:Losey
2937:Jones
2909:Gance
2832:Deren
2811:Clair
2790:Carné
2762:Avery
2644:Rodin
2630:Redon
2588:Nolde
2581:Munch
2574:Moore
2567:Monet
2518:Manet
2497:Léger
2462:Kahlo
2441:Grosz
2399:Ernst
2392:Ensor
2329:Degas
2082:Works
2072:Yeats
2051:Tzara
2023:Rilke
2016:Pound
1995:Moore
1967:Lorca
1960:Jacob
1932:Eliot
1911:Crane
1890:Auden
1856:Woolf
1842:Svevo
1835:Stein
1800:Musil
1758:Kafka
1751:Joyce
1744:Hesse
1730:Hašek
1653:Broch
1488:Music
1325:Other
1132:JSTOR
1118:JSTOR
627:Aryan
325:linen
198:icons
4029:Holm
3702:Nono
3667:Ives
3583:Berg
3551:arts
3328:Mies
3251:Loos
3237:Kahn
3161:Wood
3140:Vigo
3105:Tati
3077:Sirk
2972:Lang
2895:Ford
2732:Film
2721:Wood
2546:Miró
2525:Marc
2483:Klee
2448:Höch
2434:Gris
2385:Dufy
2322:Dalí
2002:Owen
1918:H.D.
1779:Mann
1716:Gide
1709:Ford
1639:Bely
1452:Dada
1187:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1162:AURA
1146:ISBN
1104:ISBN
1029:Tate
828:2015
797:2015
761:2015
619:Nazi
599:USSR
406:and
288:and
276:and
216:and
206:Kyiv
193:and
58:1915
55:Year
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