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suicide bombers, taking more than one thousand hostages. On the first day, all of the hostages were taken to the school's gym. There were more than a thousand hostages including parents, children, and teachers. The attackers then separated the adults that seemed the strongest, about fifteen to twenty people, into a corridor, where explosions occurred shortly after. The explosions were the result of the female suicide bombers. Negotiations started with the terrorists and with an individual named Leonid Rosha, a pediatrician. Ultimately, negotiations failed. On the second day, Russia's president, Vladimir Putin made the public statement that, what is most important is the life of the hostages. Negotiations kept occurring, but none of them seemed successful. On the last day of the siege, two bombs detonated killing many hostages instantly, however, some of the hostages took this chance to flee. Russian forces also took this chance to move in into the school. In the process of all of this, the roof collapsed killing more than a hundred hostages. In the end, some of the terrorists were killed and some were captured alive. Because of this incident, more than 330 people were killed and about 700 people were wounded. Two
Chechen women suicide bombers, Roza Nagayeva and Mairam Taburova, were involved.
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Widows is that they joined due to family connections; because they were following men or avenging the deaths of their husbands. Women may also be portrayed as being a terrorist for 'the sake of love'; meaning they join because they have a personal connection to the organization, such as a husband or a boyfriend in the organization. This narrative describes the female terrorists as feminine and passive because they are following the men in their lives to join the terrorist organization. On the other hand, women may also be depicted as tough as a man and given more masculine qualities; and the media may question her feminine qualities.
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motivated by revenge, despair, and their drive for an independent state than by religious fundamentalism or individual honor. They may feel that terrorism is a strategy when there is no peaceful outlet to affect politics or that it is the only option for people with extremist views. Black Widows may be driven by the idea of
Chechnya gaining independence from Russia or they may have joined the terrorist movement because they were brainwashed and needed a sense of belonging when they were in a state of political turmoil. It's important to note that the Black Widows rarely do interviews, so very little is known about their lives.
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bombs strapped onto Black Widows to get rid of them. Additionally, women terrorists are strategically appealing because they symbolize opposing their traditional roles of being obedient, also women terrorists arouse less suspicion, which terrorists groups are able to take advantages of. Between 1998 and 2001, according to professor
Richard Pape of University of Chicago, the average number of deaths caused by a suicide attack is 13 people, while the average deaths caused by suicide attacks from Black Widows is 28, meaning they are twice more deadly than the average suicide bomber.
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revenge if one's loved one has died. Another perspective of how Black Widows form is that after traumatic events, people in general, not just
Chechen women, tend to turn to extreme religious views to form a sense of identity and belonging. Thus, jihadist ideologies provides this medium for Chechen women who experienced extreme post traumatic experiences thus transforming them into Black Widows. Combined with personal trauma, cultural responsibility for social justice, and extreme religious viewpoints to take revenge, these factors mold Chechen women to become Black Widows.
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Before her attack Khava
Barayeva made a martyr video. In the video, Khava Barayeva claimed she was attacking for Chechen independence and tried to spread the message to others to do the same. On June 6, 2000, Khava Barayeva, who was only 17 years old, and Luisa Magomadova drove a truck of explosives at a checkpoint of Omon, a base named Alkhan-Yurt. Barayeva detonated the bombs, which is reported according to the rebels 27 people had passed, while Russians claimed two people were killed and only five people were injured.
831:. On November 29, 2001, journalists reported the attempted assassination of General Gadzhiyez by a suicide bomber attack This attack received relatively little attention from the western press, but may have been the first Black Widow attack. On October 23, 2002, the female terrorists gained international media attention when they seized the Dubrovka Theater. During this attack, female terrorists were filmed and interviewed by the press. This is one of the first times the Black Widows had a voice in the media.
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connections. Other hostages reported that some of the Black Widows only talked about the Koran, had extremist viewpoints, and were hard to reason with. A majority of Black Widows are uneducated which may be the result of these extreme perspectives. This also suggests that Black Widows may be driven by ideals about religion or may be out of touch with reality, and brainwashed by the men in their lives to join the cause.
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friendships or familial relationships. Approximately, twenty seven percent of Black Widows were married or had personal connections to terrorists before becoming terrorists themselves. Further, Black Widows had similar prior experiences before becoming terrorists. These prior experiences include losing close family members that resulted from conflicts with the
Russian forces.
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support their respective positions. Chechen terrorist leaders emphasized women as victims to humanize the
Russian-Chechen Conflict. Media coverage tends to show the female terrorists motives as emotional, such as due to loss of a relative, rather than ideological or political, such as gaining independence from Russia.
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According to Marc
Sagement, who takes part in the Foreign Policy Research Institute's Center for the Study of Terrorism, there is a strong relationship between becoming a Black Widow and having personal connections to terror networks. In other words, recruitment of Black Widows usually occurs through
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The main perpetrator Khava
Barayeva is considered first known ‘Black Widow’. She is the cousin of the well-known field commander warlord Arbi Barayev and sister of Movsar Barayev, head of the moscow commando. She and Luisa Magomadova were the first to attack and became known as the “Black Widows”.
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After the
Dubrovka theater attack, hostages gave mixed reports about what motivates the Black Widows. During the attack, some female suicide bombers reportedly told hostages how their family members had been killed in the war and they felt they had nothing left, thus, they were motivated by family
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argued that these women are specifically trained for suicide attacks. On the other hand, independent journalists including Robert W. Kurz and Charles K. Bartles reject this view, stating that in most cases female Chechen suicide bombers do not fit this model. Mostly, female terrorists are given no
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Although Chechen suicide bombers do not have personality disorders prior to becoming terrorists, research shows that they have deep personal trauma, which leads them to embrace terrorist ideologies causing them to join the Black Widows. Furthermore, Chechens believe it is ethically correct to take
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reported on Chechnya and Russia between 1994 and 2004 during the peak of the conflict; it's reports often questioned and speculated why women would join the Chechen terrorist groups and largely did not interview the Chechen's involved in the cause. A common media narrative about the Chechen Black
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between Russia and Islamist rebels since 1994 or in clashes with Russian-backed forces. These women may be driven by grievances or they may feel it is the only option to get their viewpoint seen. Kurz and Bartles offer another view of Black Widows' motives, arguing that these women are much more
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There are currently forty-seven Chechen Female bombers that have been confirmed based on twenty five successful bombings. These attacks methods include detonating bombs on trucks, cars, usage of explosive devices, or using suicide belts or bags. Some have even detonated their bombs on airplanes.
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Furthermore, to terrorists, Black Widows are considered less valuable than male terrorists, since male terrorists require formal training, while women terrorists are viewed as expendable. In some cases, when opinions do not match between Black Widows and male terrorists, male terrorists detonate
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The media depicts the female suicide bombers in two main ways, as motivated by the deaths of men in her life or as in a situation of hopelessness where she is forced into terrorism to get her voice heard. Both the Russian government and Chechen groups portrayed the Black Widows in these ways to
304:. Basayev also stated that he himself trained at least fifty of the Black Widows. The female suicide bombers have carried out over 65% of the 23 terrorist attacks linked to the Chechen movement since 2000. The Black Widows are associated with terrorist attacks in Chechnya between 1999 and 2005.
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started on Wednesday, September 1, 2004, during the day of knowledge, which is a holiday that celebrates school starting. Because of this holiday, there were many children including parents in a school in Beslan, North Ossetia. At 9:30 AM, 34 terrorists stormed the school, including two female
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were linked to shahidkas by the Russian Government, although an investigation has yet to be undertaken. One of the perpetrators was Dagestani-born Dzhennet Abdurakhmanova (1992-2010), the widow of 30-year-old Umalat Magomedov who was killed by Russian forces on 31 December
980:, Russia's busiest airport. Although the identity of those responsible for carrying out the attacks has not been officially confirmed, initial reports suggested that at least one Black Widow was involved, likely accompanied by a man.
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is intended). The Black Widows wear black dresses and dark clothing that covers their bodies from head to toe. This attire is supposed to symbolize their personal losses from the Chechen wars. In 2003, the Russian journalist
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In 1994, the Russian press began to note rumors of female suicide bombers and female snipers; these rumors were proven credible due to the occasional arrests and the known involvement of women in the attacks during the
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On 29 March 2010, nearly 40 people were killed and another 100 injured when two suicide bombers detonated explosives at two stations of the Moscow subway, the Park Kultury metro station and at the Lubyanka station.
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in 2002. Of the 41 terrorists in the attack on the Dubrovka theater 19 were female. The terrorists held around 800 people hostage at the theater for 3 days, until Russian forces regained control of the
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that many of the women who have been sold by their parents are used as shahidkas, while others have been kidnapped or tricked. She also claims that many have been prepared to be suicide bombers through
1002:. The attack was allegedly perpetrated by Russian Aminat Kurbanova who had converted to Islam. Her two former spouses were Islamic militants, and her third husband also believed to be a militant.
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and rape. Several were pregnant at the time. Besayev, who is a leader of the Chechen independence movement and a terrorist, also argued that women are trained for their missions. In addition,
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training at all in preparation for the suicides as no weapon skill is needed to strap on the explosives. Many do not even blow themselves up, but are blown up by remote controls.
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as a witness for the prosecution, but she withdrew all her statements about Kulayev that she made in pre-trial depositions and said she didn't know he was a militant.
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In December 2003, a male and female suicide bomber killed 46 people and injured 100 others by detonating explosives on a packed commuter train, which had just left
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patient. Bayrokova let the woman in. Her daughter spent an hour in her bedroom with the woman, before leaving the house. Zareta Bayrokova died in the attack on the
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and that the bomb had detonated prematurely. Six people died and 13 were injured in the blast. The suicide bomber was later identified as Khadishat Mangeriyeva.
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328:" (Невесты Аллаха) when she described the process by which Chechen women were recruited by Basayev and his associates; the phrase was also used again after the
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In May 2003, Shakhida Baimuratova, a suicide bomber, killed 16 people and wounded 150 in an assassination attempt on then Moscow-appointed Chechen president
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On 25 May 2013, a female suicide bomber, Madina Alieva, blew herself up in Dagestan, injuring at least 18. She was the widow of an Islamist killed in 2009.
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1557:"The Portrayal of Female Terrorists in the Media: Similar Framing Patterns in the News Coverage of Women in Politics and in Terrorism"
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On 7 March 2012, a widow of a militant killed on 10–11 February 2012 near a village, Karabudakhkent, 40 km (24 miles) south of
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Yuzik, Yulia, "Невесты Аллаха. Лица и судьбы всех женщин-шахидок, взорвавшихся в России" 2003, Ультра Культура;
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at a crowded Muslim festival in Ilishkan Yurt. A second woman bomber was also present but killed only herself.
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in Southern Russia. The woman is believed to have carried explosives in a bag, whereas the man had
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Additionally, some Black Widows have brothers or close relatives who were killed in one of the two
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Radu, Michael (November–December 2004). "Russia's Problem: The Chechens or Islamic Terrorists?".
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On 5 July 2003, two suicide bombers killed 16 people and injured six others at a rock concert at
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Eliatamby, Maneshka; Romanova, Ekaterina (2011). "Dying for Identity: Chechnya and Sri Lanka".
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officer, was killed as he tried to defuse a device at a Moscow cafe. The failed bomber, ethnic
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On 5 June 2003, a woman detonated a bomb in a bus carrying Russian Air Force pilots in
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1720:(2005). "The Black Widows: Chechen Women Join the Fight for Independence—and Allah".
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are believed to have been the work of the Black Widows. The smaller of the planes, a
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1926:"Where Were You, 8, Beslan Massacre | Alexander Street, part of Clarivate"
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There have been claims by Yulia Yuzik, a Russian journalist and author of
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2118:"'Black Widow' assassinates moderate Muslim cleric in Russia's Caucasus"
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1882:"Beslan school attack | Siege, Massacre, & Aftermath | Britannica"
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Julia Jusik: The brides Allahs. Suicide assassin inside from Chechnya
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killing 46 people. Among the wreckage, investigators found traces of
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The term "Black Widows" probably originates from these women being
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2171:"Volgograd bombs: Second blast kills 14 a day after first attack"
1243:"Introduction: Women, Gender, and Terrorism: Gendering Terrorism"
2202:"The women with death at their fingertips - martyrs or victims?"
1314:"Unraveling Chechen "Black Widows" | Office of Justice Programs"
2244:"Nord-Ost Anniversary Recalls Ascent of Female Suicide Bomber"
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On 21 October 2013, a female suicide bomber, Naida Asiyalova,
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1951:"Russia: Recounting The Beslan Hostage Siege -- A Chronology"
1527:(in Norwegian). Kulturmeglerne. 29 March 2005. Archived from
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and six other people were killed in a suicide bomb attack in
1283:"Government snipers triggered Beslan bloodbath, court told"
1637:"Chechen Black Widows: The lethal female terrorists ever"
1673:"BBC News | EUROPE | Suicide bombers strike in Chechnya"
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2063:"Metro massacre brings terror back to Russian capital"
1756:"Moscow airport attack: timeline of attacks in Russia"
2143:"Female suicide bomber injures 18 in southern Russia"
2004:"Russia says Moscow bomber was teenage "Black Widow""
1909:"Black Widows: The Chechen Female Suicide Terrorists"
1656:"Black Widows: The Chechen Female Suicide Terrorists"
1387:"Black Widows: The Chechen Female Suicide Terrorists"
1297:"Black Widows: The Chechen Female Suicide Terrorists"
2091:"Dagestan 'black widow' bomber kills Russian police"
1975:"Russia blames Chechen sisters for suicide bombings"
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referred to the shahidkas as a part of force of his
1081:"Moscow bombings blamed on Chechnya's Black Widows"
871:, killing twenty (besides herself) and injuring 14.
97:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
19:"Black Widows" redirects here. For other uses, see
1404:"Marc Sageman - Foreign Policy Research Institute"
2061:Buribayev, Aydar; Nowak, David (30 March 2010).
1017:killed 16 people at a train station in Volgograd
934:Two Russian passenger aircraft disasters in 2004
896:On 9 December 2003, a bomb exploded outside the
332:, as the title of an installment of the Russian
16:Term for Islamist Chechen female suicide bombers
911:On 6 February 2004, Georgi Trofimov, a Russian
1187:Muslim Women in War and Crisis: Representation
1015:On 29 December 2013, a female suicide bomber
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8:
1121:Kurz, Robert W.; Charles K. Bartles (2007).
284:, willing to be a manifestation of violent
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1054:"Moscow bombing: who are the Black Widows"
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2276:(German language excerpt), zeit.de (2004)
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222:Learn how and when to remove this message
157:Learn how and when to remove this message
1700:"What Makes Chechen Women So Dangerous?"
904:. It is thought that the target was the
2034:"Moscow hit by deadly suicide bombings"
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702:Jihadist extremism in the United States
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2014:from the original on 16 February 2013
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1783:"Now we all are going to be blown up"
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302:Riyad-us Saliheen Brigade of Martyrs
197:move details into the article's body
95:adding citations to reliable sources
2300:Suicide bombing in the Chechen wars
2242:Lagunina, Irina (27 October 2006).
2002:Faulconbridge, Guy (2 April 2012).
1561:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism
1159:from the original on 6 October 2014
900:just a few hundred metres from the
603:Insurgency in the Maghreb and Sahel
528:Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine
1812:"Zarema, whom should we kill now?"
1810:Farniev, Zaur (23 December 2005).
1781:Sokovnin, Aleksey (9 April 2004).
1555:Nacos, Brigitte (15 August 2006).
1130:Journal of Slavic Military Studies
719:Foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq
643:Moro insurgency in the Philippines
14:
2200:Groskop, Viv (5 September 2004).
2148:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
1949:Bransten, Jeremy (8 April 2008).
1722:Studies in Conflict and Terrorism
1052:Osborne, Andrew (29 March 2012).
41:This article has multiple issues.
1841:"Day of Knowledge | 1 September"
1506:Sie explodierten per Fernzündung
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690:Islamic terrorism in the Balkans
638:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
173:
71:
30:
2248:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
2116:Roggio, Bill (29 August 2012).
1955:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
1079:Elder, Miriam (29 March 2010).
994:On 28 August 2012, Sufi leader
844:Medna Bayrokova, a resident of
633:Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
628:East Turkestan Islamic Movement
292:of October 2002. The commander
82:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
2233:. Vol. 31. Archived from
2223:F. Shamileva (29 March 2004).
1625:. University of Georgia Press.
697:Islamism in the United Kingdom
663:Arab mujahideen in Afghanistan
504:Notable jihadist organisations
1:
1762:. London, UK. 24 January 2011
1260:10.1080/08974454.2019.1633612
290:Moscow theater hostage crisis
1623:Women, Gender, and Terrorism
1247:Women & Criminal Justice
972:On 24 January 2011, 35 were
623:Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
21:Black Widow (disambiguation)
2295:Islamic terrorism in Russia
685:Islamic terrorism in Europe
543:Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan
533:Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
288:. They became known at the
106:"Black Widow" Chechnya
2321:
1930:search.alexanderstreet.com
1226:Interview with Yulia Yuzik
1213:Women Waging War and Peace
854:Dubrovka Theater in Moscow
707:Foreign fighters in Bosnia
598:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
18:
2305:Women in the Chechen wars
1734:10.1080/10576100500180394
1573:10.1080/10576100500180352
1185:Shirazi, Faegheh (2010).
1142:10.1080/13518040701703070
1123:"Chechen suicide bombers"
653:South Thailand insurgency
484:International propagation
258:
242:
1839:rac_admin (2019-08-30).
1432:Wiedling Literary Agency
829:Russian-Chechen Conflict
1621:Sjoberg, Laura (2011).
1010:blew up a Volgograd bus
340:(Совершенно секретно).
2290:Female suicide bombers
2273:Zur Hochzeit mit Allah
898:Hotel National, Moscow
456:Islamic fundamentalism
382:Practices and concepts
282:female suicide bombers
2237:on 27 September 2007.
1845:Russian Art + Culture
1241:Banks, Cyndi (2019).
924:Beslan hostage crisis
593:Boko Haram insurgency
553:Islamic State of Iraq
1525:"Allahs sorte enker"
893:strapped to his leg.
678:Jihadism in the West
573:Hayat Tahrir al-Sham
315:(the connotation of
91:improve this article
976:and 180 wounded in
957:Beslan School Siege
940:which crashed near
920:Zarema Muzhakhoyeva
906:State Duma building
724:Homegrown terrorism
367:Part of a series on
324:coined the phrase "
2225:"Women's question"
2177:. 31 December 2013
1886:www.britannica.com
1704:The New York Times
1531:on 9 October 2007.
1511:6 May 2007 at the
1482:10.1007/bf02687293
1189:. pp. 92–106.
820:The New York Times
712:Bosnian mujahideen
658:Taliban insurgency
586:Jihadism in Africa
317:black widow spider
2230:The Chechen Times
1215:. pp. 53–65.
928:Nur-Pashi Kulayev
781:
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516:Pakistani Taliban
431:Islamic terrorism
274:), is a term for
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2251:. Retrieved
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2212:. Retrieved
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2068:The Scotsman
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2016:. Retrieved
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1983:. Retrieved
1981:. 2005-04-21
1979:the Guardian
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1820:(in Russian)
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1791:(in Russian)
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1529:the original
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1408:www.fpri.org
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1085:The Guardian
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1062:. Retrieved
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850:tuberculosis
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89:Please help
84:verification
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43:Please help
40:
2210:. Edinburgh
2071:. Edinburgh
1718:Nivat, Anne
1503:(in German)
1342:css.ethz.ch
1318:www.ojp.gov
996:Said Afandi
989:Makhachkala
966:The attacks
322:Yulia Yuzik
300:called the
235:Black Widow
147:August 2012
2284:Categories
2010:. Moscow.
1985:2022-10-05
1960:2022-11-20
1935:2022-11-20
1891:2022-11-20
1850:2022-11-20
1817:Kommersant
1788:Kommersant
1682:2022-11-20
1413:2022-11-22
1347:2022-11-22
1323:2022-11-22
1036:References
978:Domodedovo
926:terrorist
887:Yessentuki
563:Boko Haram
538:Al-Shabaab
394:Mujahideen
338:Top Secret
336:programme
205:April 2024
117:newspapers
46:improve it
2127:29 August
2101:30 August
1766:30 August
1742:145077435
1581:111067973
1490:143804533
1476:: 10–11.
1269:200015855
1163:30 August
1091:30 August
1064:30 August
857:building.
790:narcotics
479:Wahhabism
414:Inghimasi
399:Istishhad
195:and help
52:talk page
2253:12 April
2214:12 April
2075:30 March
2018:30 April
2012:Archived
1824:12 April
1509:Archived
1154:Archived
1150:96476266
1087:. London
1060:. Moscow
1030:Shaheeda
1024:See also
1000:Dagestan
987:capital
985:Dagestan
891:grenades
523:Al-Qaeda
475:Salafism
465:Islamism
409:Shahidka
373:Jihadism
313:Chechnya
276:Islamist
251:Shahidka
2181:20 July
2046:20 July
2008:Reuters
1795:20 July
1470:Society
950:hexogen
511:Taliban
470:Qutbism
360:Motives
279:Chechen
263:Russian
259:шахидка
255:Russian
239:Russian
131:scholar
2265:
2155:28 May
1740:
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1267:
1230:RFE/RL
1148:
974:killed
946:Rostov
938:TU-134
917:Ingush
880:Moscow
846:Grozny
404:Shahid
309:widows
271:shahid
133:
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1912:(PDF)
1738:S2CID
1659:(PDF)
1577:S2CID
1486:S2CID
1390:(PDF)
1300:(PDF)
1265:S2CID
1157:(PDF)
1146:S2CID
1126:(PDF)
969:2009.
389:Jihad
286:jihad
249:) or
138:JSTOR
124:books
2263:ISBN
2255:2009
2216:2009
2183:2015
2157:2013
2129:2012
2103:2012
2077:2010
2048:2015
2020:2012
1826:2009
1797:2015
1768:2012
1439:2022
1165:2012
1093:2012
1066:2012
955:The
942:Tula
477:and
110:news
2095:BBC
2039:BBC
1730:doi
1569:doi
1478:doi
1255:doi
1228:at
1138:doi
878:in
334:NTV
93:by
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