2512:, with schools assumed to be of lower quality due to some schools showing lower test scores, less effective policing and fire protection, there are institutions that help to improve the physical and social capital of black neighborhoods. And with the social mobility of many African Americans, there has been the rise of many communities with better schools and safe neighborhoods. But these issues may be more due to economics than race since middle class blacks with middle-class neighborhoods tend to live in better neighborhoods and children attend better schools than those from lower income neighborhoods or schools districts.
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1939:
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3056:. Community gardens serve social and economic functions, providing safe, open spaces in areas with few parks. Organizations such as Philadelphia Green, organized by the Philadelphia Horticultural Society, have helped communities organize gardens to build community feeling and improve neighborhoods. They can be places for socialization, fresh vegetables in neighborhoods poorly served by supermarkets, and sources of traditional African American produce.
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36:
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2470:, some black neighborhoods in the United States have been called "the ghetto" or "the projects." The use of this term is controversial and, depending on the context, potentially offensive. Despite mainstream America’s use of the term "ghetto" to signify a poor urban area (predominantly African-Americans), those living in the area often used it to signify something positive.
2065:
African
Americans competed for work and housing with first or second generation immigrants in many major cities. Ethnic groups created territories which they defended against change. More established populations with more capital moved away to newer housing that was being developed on the outskirts of the cities, to get away from the pressure of new groups of residents.
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4502:
2216:, has also been a factor in the growth patterns of African-American neighborhoods. The process began an intense phase in the late 1940s and continues in some places to the present day. It has had a major impact on the urban landscape. Urban renewal was extremely controversial because it involved the destruction of businesses, the relocation of people, and the use of
2140:
2430:. The residents of these communities are highly educated and work in white-collar professional jobs. Such communities have also developed in many of the larger cities of the United States. Even some of those that traditionally have high poverty and unemployment have also had neighborhoods with middle class and affluent blacks. Cities' policies of
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2057:, stretching from roughly Cermak Road (22nd St) on the north in the Near South Side to the far south suburb of University Park - a distance of approximately 40 miles. There are various races and ethnic groups in this huge expanse such as Whites, Latinos, Asians, and Arabs, but it is predominantly Black.
2064:
Populations increased very rapidly with the addition of
African-American migrants and new European immigrants, which caused widespread housing shortages in many cities. Newer groups competed even for the oldest and most rundown houses because the poorly constructed houses were what they could afford.
2530:
have been important sources of social cohesion and activism. For some
African Americans, the kind of spirituality learned through these churches works as a protective factor against the corrosive forces of racism. Churches may also do work to improve the physical infrastructure of the neighborhood.
2417:
Due to advancements caused by the Civil Rights
Movement, the social and political activism of the African-American community (religious and educational institutions), have been a strong prominent advent of the black middle class and black white-collar professionals. This has helped produce majority
2399:
Despite these pervasive patterns, many changes for individual areas are minor. Thirty years after the civil rights era, the United States remains a residentially segregated society in which both blacks and whites inhabit different neighborhoods of vastly different quality. Cities throughout history
2829:
Segregation in schools and universities led to the creation of many Black schools. Public elementary, junior and senior high schools across the United States existed during the period of legal segregation. Students that attended school went through either vocational classes or regular high school.
2333:
The New Great
Migration is not evenly distributed throughout the South. The rise in net gain points to Atlanta, Charlotte, Dallas, and Houston being a growing hot spots for the migrants of The New Great Migration. The percentage of Black Americans who live in the South has been increasing since
2060:
While the Great
Migration helped educated African Americans obtain jobs, while enabling a measure of class mobility, the migrants encountered significant forms of discrimination in the North through a large migration during such a short of period of time. The African-American migrants were often
2334:
1990, and the biggest gains have been in the region's large urban areas, according to census data. The Black population of metro
Atlanta more than doubled between 1990 and 2020, surpassing 2 million in the most recent census. The Black population also more than doubled in metro Charlotte while
2254:
interstate highway system attempted to maintain racial boundaries established by the city’s 1926 racially based zoning law. The construction of interstate highways through black neighborhoods in the city led to significant population loss in those neighborhoods. It was also associated with an
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are an important part of the built environment of some southern
African American neighborhoods. The houses consist of three to five rooms in a row with no hallways. This African American house design is found in both rural and urban southern areas, mainly in African-American communities and
2499:
of
Pittsburgh, first a neighborhood of early European immigrants, then a black ghetto. Depending on the context and social circles, the term 'ghetto' or 'hood' (short for neighborhood) can be a term of endearment for where the individual person has been brought up or lives.
2342:
both saw their Black populations surpass 1 million for the first time. Several smaller metro areas also saw sizable gains, including San
Antonio; Raleigh and Greensboro, N.C.; and Orlando. Primary destinations are states that have the most job opportunities, especially
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The migrants also discovered that the open discrimination of the South was only more subtly manifested in the North. In 1917, the Supreme Court declared municipal resident segregation ordinances unconstitutional. In response, some white groups resorted to the
2418:
black populations with significant middle to upper class black neighborhoods. Many of these communities are found in the Maryland suburbs of Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, MD as well as the suburbs of Atlanta, GA, and scattered around the country such as
2073:, a formal deed restriction binding property owners in a given neighborhood not to sell to blacks. Whites who broke these agreements could be sued by "damaged" neighbors. Not until 1948 did the Supreme Court strike down restrictive covenants. The
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two years late, because slaveholders had purposefully kept this information from them. Today, several Black communities in Texas and beyond recognize June 19 as a complicated but celebratory holiday. It is also known as Jubilee Day.
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relays in the "Negro Ghetto" (1931) and "The Heart of Harlem" (1945): "The buildings in Harlem are brick and stone/And the streets are long and wide,/But Harlem’s much more than these alone,/Harlem is what’s inside." Playwright
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is most pronounced in housing. Although people of different races may work together, they are still unlikely to live in largely integrated neighborhoods. This pattern differs only by degree in different metropolitan areas.
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The black ghettos did not always contain dilapidated houses and deteriorating projects, nor were all of its residents poverty-stricken. For many African Americans, the ghetto was "home", a place representing authentic
2190:. Data on house prices and attitudes toward integration suggest that in the mid-20th century, segregation was a product of collective actions taken by whites to exclude blacks from their neighborhoods. This meant that
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By 1990, the legal barriers enforcing segregation had been replaced by decentralized racism, where whites pay more to live in predominantly white areas. Some social scientists suggest that the historical processes of
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African American neighborhoods have also generated African American theater and numerous dance companies in a variety of styles. After his career as a classical ballet dancer with the New York City Ballet,
2239:, and vacant lots, some of which still remain vacant at the beginning of the 21st century. Urban renewal had a disproportionate and largely negative impact on African-American neighborhoods. In the 1960s
203:
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The African American Museum Movement emerged during the 1950s and 1960s to preserve the heritage of the black experience and to ensure its proper interpretation in American history. Museums devoted to
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262:
214:
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has been declining in the United States and many black people are moving to white suburbs. Black people continue to live in poorer neighborhoods than white people and Americans of other races.
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1512:
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At the same time, however, middle-class and upper-class Black people have also paid more to live in the suburbs and have left the inner cities of former industrial powerhouses behind. In the
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resented by working classes in the North, who feared that their ability to negotiate rates of pay, or even to secure employment at all, was threatened by the influx of new labor competition.
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and others. Cities were the places where young artists could meet and study with other artists and receive recognition, as did Jacob Lawrence when his "Migration Series" was featured by the
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From 1940-1970, another five million people left the South for industrial jobs in cities of the North and West. Sometimes violence was the outcome of some of the pressure of this migration.
1522:
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2903:(also known as "African New Year") claims to be the largest gathering of African Americans that happens annually on the second Sunday of June in the Southwest Center City section of town.
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contributed to limiting the availability of loans to urban areas, particularly those areas inhabited by African Americans. In Chicago's northside, property owners of Chicago
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as well as many smaller industrial cities. Hence, the Migration played an important role in the formation and expansion of African-American neighborhoods in these cities.
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have contained distinct ethnic districts. But rarely have they been so isolated and impoverished as the African-American districts found in U.S. cities today.
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The creation of highways in some cases divided and isolated black neighborhoods from goods and services, many times within industrial corridors. For example,
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5779:
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5427:
3918:
Charles E. Connerly, "From Racial Zoning to Community Empowerment: The Interstate Highway System and the African American Community in Birmingham, Alabama",
2831:
2820:
2571:
2096:. This series, exhibited in 1941, was responsible for bringing Lawrence to the public eye as one of the most important African-American artists of the time.
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In some cities, the influx of African-American migrants as well as other immigrants resulted in racial violence, which flared in several cities during 1919.
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to reclaim private property for city-initiated development projects. The justifications often used for urban renewal include the "renewal" of residential
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removed racial deed restrictions on housing. This enabled middle-class African Americans to move to better housing, in some cases in the suburbs, and to
728:
189:
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Church Culture as a Strategy of Action in the Black Community Mary Pattillo-McCoy American Sociological Review, Vol. 63, No. 6 (Dec., 1998), pp. 767-784
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were created by African Americans to teach and investigate cultural history that, until recent decades was primarily preserved through oral traditions.
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by John E. Fleming The Journal of American History, Vol. 81, No. 3, The Practice of American History: A Special Issue (Dec., 1994), pp. 1020-1026
3438:
Gotham, Kevin Fox (Summer 2000). "Racialization and the State: The Housing Act of 1934 and the Creation of the Federal Housing Administration".
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is one where the majority of the people who live there are African American. Some of the earliest African-American neighborhoods were in
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to create new housing for residents. Churches have fought for the right to operate their own schools in place of the often inadequate
2275:
1964:
1877:. Slavery had shaped housing options for blacks. Blacks and sometimes Jews, Asians, and Latinos were barred from white neighborhoods.
1854:, either through formal laws or as a product of social norms. Black neighborhoods have played an important role in the development of
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in the 1970s and 1980s, many African American neighborhoods, like other urban minority neighborhoods, turned abandoned lots into
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or brownstones, mixed with older single-family homes that may be converted to multifamily homes. In some areas there are larger
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and many more established after 1865. These colleges and universities are historically often surrounded by Black neighborhoods.
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This significant event and the subsequent struggle of African-American migrants to adapt to Northern cities was the subject of
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86:
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The story of urban renewal: In East Liberty and elsewhere, Pittsburgh's dominant public policy tool didn't work out as planned
6261:
6155:
6070:
5674:
4206:"Gathering the Spirit" at First Baptist Church: Spirituality as a Protective Factor in the Lives of African American Children
4142:
Smitherman, Geneva. Black Talk: Words and Phrases from the Hood to the Amen Corner. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000.
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57:
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by Brett Williams Identities: Global Studies in Power and Culture, Volume 13, Number 1, January–March 2006, pp. 139-171(33)
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that swept cities across the country from 1964 to 1968 damaged or destroyed additional areas of major cities, for instance
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Vocational school offered several subjects such as cosmetology, tailoring and welding. On the college level, a handful of
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Association in 1931 listed the 4600 block of North Winthrop Avenue as the only block where African Americans could live.
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and a feeling, passion, or emotion derived from the rising above the struggle and suffering of being black in America.
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2053:'s South Side and adjoining South Suburbs together constitute the largest geographical predominantly Black region in
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from 1914 to 1940. Most African Americans who participated in the migration moved to large industrial cities such as
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Cutler, David M.; Glaeser, Edward L.; Vigdor, Jacob L. (June 1999). "The Rise and Decline of the American Ghetto".
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commercial and industrial areas. In the second half of the 20th century, renewal often resulted in the creation of
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2455:, photographed in 1999, was infamous for the poor living conditions and lack of safety suffered by its residents.
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would fly cleanly through the house and out the back door. However, the name's origin may actually reflect an
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1855:
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153:
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A survey of community gardens in upstate New York: Implications for health promotion and community development
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was first developed in Chicago in the early 1980s. By the 1990s, it had spread both nationally and globally.
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Douglas S. Massey Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race (2004), 1: 7-25 Cambridge University Press
3800:
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3143:
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2434:, the process of renovating a district so that it conforms to middle-class taste, has also played a factor.
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or are a part of an urban center. These are the mostly residential neighborhoods located closest to the
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is a black neighborhood known for being disadvantaged, and for its most famous daughter, Michelle Obama.
2006:
1920:
996:
986:
918:
881:
665:
655:
555:
236:
2604:
Major movements in literature, music, and the arts have their roots in African American neighborhoods:
2266:'s 12th Street, the U and H street corridors in Washington, DC, and Harlem in New York City during the
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to residents in certain, often racially determined, areas. The most common use of the term refers to
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In response to the influx of Blacks from the South, banks, insurance companies, and businesses began
2070:
1752:
1204:
449:
241:
174:
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Eisenhauer, Elizabeth (February 2001). "In poor health: Supermarket redlining and urban nutrition".
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Elliott, Emerson J.; Ravitch, Diane; Grant, W. Vance; Snyder, Thomas D.; Sonnenberg, William C.
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Elliott, Emerson J.; Ravitch, Diane; Grant, W. Vance; Snyder, Thomas D.; Sonnenberg, William C.
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has increased in national and international popularity, the holiday began among Black Texans in
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2310:, black college graduates are returning to the South for jobs, where they generally settle in
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2191:
1970:
1948:
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796:
637:
144:
3933:
Rethinking Environmental Racism: White Privilege and Urban Development in Southern California
3630:
3253:"For blacks in America, the gap in neighborhood poverty has declined faster than segregation"
2914:
as a public holiday, which is an observance of the emancipation of slaves of African origin.
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5993:
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3509:"Winthrop Family Historical Garden: City of Chicago Public Outdoor Plaza (POP!) Grant 2022"
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1828:
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2391:, have seen little net growth in the African American population from return migration.
2149:
Between 1900 and 1930, the number of Bronx residents increased from 201,000 to 1,265,000.
2110:
The landmarked interconnected sculptural towers known as the Watts Towers are located in
3351:"The United States' History of Segregated Housing Continues to Limit Affordable Housing"
3268:
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5864:
5827:
5817:
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5572:
5514:
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3601:"Jacob Lawrence Is Dead at 82; Vivid Painter Who Chronicled Odyssey of Black Americans"
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1809:
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Garrett-Scott, Shennette; Richardson, Rebecca Cummings; Dillard-Allen, Venita (2013).
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The term "shotgun house," is often said to come from the saying that one could fire a
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Douglas A. Smith Crime and Justice, Vol. 8, Communities and Crime (1986), pp. 313-341
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1978:
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Crowds gather at the beginning of a George Floyd march in front a police station in
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residential neighborhoods. In some areas, however, real estate agents continued to
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Lincoln Academy was the first school for African Americans in Tallahassee, Florida.
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1986:
1885:
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17:
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3334:"The Government Created Housing Segregation. Here's How the Government Can End It"
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the largest gathering of African Americans on the East Coast of the United States.
2551:
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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
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4243:
3977:"Latinos, Blacks Show Strong Growth in San Antonio as White Population Declines"
3049:
3023:
2746:
Many African American neighborhoods produce their own newspapers, including the
2693:
2649:
2625:
2372:
2203:
2034:
2030:
2022:
1824:
1377:
1033:
886:
766:
550:
35:
4492:
Karen Schmelzkopf Geographical Review, Vol. 85, No. 3 (Jul., 1995), pp. 364-381
3257:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1903:
5284:
5269:
5239:
5234:
4983:
4951:
4790:
4758:
3681:
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3000:
2918:
2890:
2772:
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2198:
only in certain areas, and it resulted in a large increase in the residential
2018:
1994:
1844:
482:
221:
4175:
Journal of Urban Health. Springer New York. Volume 78, Number 1 / March, 2001
4171:
6700:
6690:
6675:
6655:
5898:
5744:
5249:
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3818:
3710:
3277:
3034:
3008:
2942:
2922:
2376:
2360:
2179:
2171:
2038:
2014:
2002:
1998:
1707:
1048:
781:
560:
387:
3481:
Giles, Sharon (2023). "Uptown Girl". In Sha, Mandy; Lee, Cassandra (eds.).
3296:
3205:
Corbould, Clare (2007). "Streets, Sounds and Identity in Interwar Harlem".
2535:
have undertaken real estate ventures and renovated burnt-out and abandoned
4468:
Vlach, John (1976). "The Shotgun House: An African Architectural Legacy".
4403:
3218:
2708:
2495:(1987), both of which draw upon the author’s experience growing up in the
6371:
6366:
5876:
4339:
3893:
2388:
2356:
2352:
2327:
1850:
The formation of black neighborhoods is closely linked to the history of
1093:
1018:
1011:
4411:
4387:
3226:
2666:'s predominantly African American neighborhoods. House music, a form of
1912:
is a predominantly African American neighborhood in the city of Houston.
4988:
4042:
3951:
3459:
3087:
List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations
3030:
2673:
2663:
2629:
2563:
2467:
2384:
2364:
2263:
2232:
2175:
2139:
2050:
1990:
1982:
1832:
1181:
487:
5620:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
5822:
4006:
Felton, Emmanuel; Harden, John D.; Schaul, Kevin (January 14, 2022).
2728:
The historic office of the Omaha Star, an African American newspaper.
2532:
2443:
2315:
2282:
African Americans to particular areas although that was now illegal.
2010:
1088:
4545:
4506:
Health & Place Volume 6, Issue 4, 1 December 2000, Pages 319-327
3451:
3045:, which means "place of assembly" in the Southern Dohomey Fon area.
3768:
3534:"Winthrop Family and Black Resilience on the North Side of Chicago"
3092:
List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations
6579:
5635:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
5634:
2926:
2605:
2550:
2447:
2368:
2319:
861:
27:
Type of ethnic enclaves found in many cities in the United States
5679:
2613:
2580:
are found in many black neighborhoods. Institutions such as the
2259:
2221:
891:
6583:
4549:
2652:
created dances out of the African American experience with his
4172:
Root shock: The consequences of African American dispossession
3007:. The built environment is often 19th- and early 20th-century
2840:
2778:
2621:
1969:
The Great Migration was the movement of more than one million
29:
4388:""When Peace Come": Teaching the Significance of Juneteenth"
4354:"Howard University stands strong as neighborhood gentrifies"
4008:"Still looking for a 'Black mecca,' the new Great Migration"
3796:
Crabgrass frontier: The suburbanization of the United States
2330:, three of the biggest gaining states of college graduates.
2212:, the redevelopment of areas within large cities, including
3314:"A history of residential segregation in the United States"
4126:
By William Dennis Keating. Temple University Press. 1994.
2231:
and vast areas of cities being demolished and replaced by
4284:
African-American Museums, History, and the American Ideal
4218:
4043:"120 Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait"
3952:"120 Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait"
3251:
Firebaugh, Glenn; Acciai, Francesco (November 22, 2016).
2413:
for development and gentrification of Black neighborhoods
1947:, is a well-known black neighborhood famously damaged by
1926:
The Founder's Library at Howard University is located in
3833:
Bowery Bummer: Downtown Plan Will Make and Break History
2508:
Although some black neighborhoods may suffer from civic
4458:
The Great Buildings Collection on CD-ROM Kevin Matthews
4085:
Segregation and Stratification: A Biosocial Perspective
3041:
heritage, perhaps being a corruption of a term such as
2857:
2795:
4123:
The Suburban Racial Dilemma: Housing and Neighborhoods
4448:
Black architecture still standing, the Shotgun House!
3487:. Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp. pp. 44–46.
2174:—denying or increasing the cost of services, such as
2700:, the lifestyle of rap/hip hop has spread globally.
2586:
Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History
6397:
6312:
6036:
5969:
5907:
5807:
5768:
5693:
5608:
5528:
5466:
5408:
5057:
4912:
4583:
3618:Zenou, Yves; Boccard, Nicolas (February 25, 1999).
2999:Many African American neighborhoods are located in
1684:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4017:
3513:Uptown United & the Uptown Chamber of Commerce
3174:
2299:that have contributed to contemporary patterns of
2182:, access to jobs, access to health care, or even
6757:African-American segregation in the United States
4517:Minority Communities Need More Parks, Report Says
3938:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
5670:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
5715:Black players in professional American football
5665:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
3620:"Racial Discrimination and Redlining in Cities"
2834:colleges and universities developed before the
2662:is a name given to a dance that was created in
1873:African American neighborhoods originated from
4485:
4483:
4244:A Harlem Church Sues to Operate Charter School
4208:by Wendy L. Haight; Social Work, Vol. 43, 1998
2648:founded a school and dance company in Harlem.
2582:African American Museum and Library at Oakland
1858:. Some neighborhoods endured violent attacks.
411:Education of freed people during the Civil War
6595:
4561:
4265:African American Museums Association: History
4064:
4062:
3048:During the periods of population decline and
2255:increase in neighborhood racial segregation.
1782:
8:
5428:Historically black colleges and universities
3855:, Sunday, May 21, 2000, By Dan Fitzpatrick,
2821:Historically black colleges and universities
2688:starting in the late 1970s predominantly by
2572:List of museums focused on African Americans
2466:Due to segregated conditions and widespread
422:Historically black colleges and universities
4369:"Exploring Atlanta's college neighborhoods"
4254:by Azi Paybarah Published: October 25, 2007
4185:The Neighborhood Context of Police Behavior
2969:(also known as BedSty) is in New York City.
406:Education during the slave period in the US
6602:
6588:
6580:
5697:
4568:
4554:
4546:
4490:Urban Community Gardens as Contested Space
4297:"Step-by-step guide to dance: Alvin Ailey"
3920:Journal of Planning Education and Research
3139:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898
2640:in New York when he was still in his 20s.
1789:
1775:
1646:
1237:
1147:
974:
912:
837:
729:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
706:
602:
330:
158:
131:
5645:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
4527:by Angela Rowen The Berkeley Daily Planet
3940:, Vol. 90, No. 1 (March 2000), pp. 12-40.
3758:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3286:
3276:
2404:Black middle class and white-collar areas
2163:Second Great Migration (African American)
1895:, the city's historic black neighborhood.
185:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3575:"Module 1: Introduction and Definitions"
2594:The African American Museum in Cleveland
3560:"The First Great Migration (1910–1940)"
3118:
2504:Institutions within black neighborhoods
2460:Racial segregation in the United States
2453:Chicago's Cabrini Green Housing Project
1692:
1649:
1579:
1541:
1476:
1368:
1240:
1190:
1150:
1117:
1069:
977:
926:
840:
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709:
646:
623:
605:
529:
496:
463:
435:
396:
333:
290:
254:
161:
143:
6544:Topics related to the African diaspora
5650:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
3082:List of African-American neighborhoods
2487:used the term "ghetto" in Ma Rainey’s
2295:and decentralization are instances of
6524:Landmark African-American legislation
4434:"The Historical Legacy of Juneteenth"
3432:
3430:
3403:
3401:
2929:when enslaved persons learned of the
927:Athletic associations and conferences
416:History of African-American education
7:
6762:Ethnic enclaves in the United States
6747:African-American history by location
5655:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
3894:"Harsh urban renewal in New Orleans"
3410:"The Great Migration, Period: 1920s"
3376:
3374:
3345:
3343:
3328:
3326:
3308:
3306:
3246:
3244:
3200:
3198:
3165:
3163:
3124:
3122:
2950:Philadelphia's Southwest Center City
2318:areas. This includes states such as
850:Association for the Study of African
58:adding citations to reliable sources
6009:African-American Vernacular English
4075:, volume 112 (2004), pp. 1296–1321.
3532:Reddy, Gayatri (November 2, 2021).
2543:found in many black neighborhoods.
2411:Gentrification in the United States
2371:. Other southern states, including
2145:The Hub is the retail heart of the
1664:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1165:African-American Vernacular English
734:National Conference of Black Mayors
5927:U.S. cities with large populations
5630:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
4223:Abyssinian Development Corporation
4071:Rajiv Sethi and Rohini Somanathan
3987:from the original on March 1, 2023
1965:Great Migration (African American)
1835:, and other cities throughout the
867:National Black Chamber of Commerce
25:
4800:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
4796:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
4603:African American founding fathers
3706:How East New York Became a Ghetto
3599:Cotter, Holland (June 10, 2000).
3412:. Digital History. Archived from
3181:. New York, N.Y.: Da Capo Press.
2948:Odunde Festival is celebrated in
1571:Places by plurality of population
237:Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
227:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
180:Abolitionism in the United States
6562:
5680:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
4825:Nadir of American race relations
4373:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
3922:, Vol. 22, No. 2, 99-114 (2002).
3747:The Journal of Political Economy
3627:Universite catholique de Louvain
3066:
2976:
2959:
2941:
2844:
2782:
2721:
2707:
2138:
2121:
2103:
1937:
1919:
1902:
1884:
1852:segregation in the United States
1746:
268:Black Belt in the American South
34:
4686:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
4676:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
3975:O'Hare, By Peggy (2021-08-13).
3843:, J. A. Lobbia, March 17, 1999.
3033:through the front door and the
2692:. Since first emerging in the
1802:African-American neighborhoods
872:National Council of Negro Women
69:"African-American neighborhood"
45:needs additional citations for
5675:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
4681:Civil right movement 1896–1954
3484:If we can do it, you can, too!
2243:famously dubbed urban renewal
1843:. In 1830, there were 14,000 "
1669:Racism against Black Americans
1:
6752:African-American demographics
5855:Cherokee freedmen controversy
4831:The Negro Motorist Green Book
3022:neighborhoods (especially in
2967:Brooklyn's Bedford-Stuyvesant
1891:Shopping on 125th Street, in
877:National Pan-Hellenic Council
4073:Journal of Political Economy
2987:historic black neighborhood.
2075:National Housing Act of 1934
1930:historic black neighborhood.
1812:found in many cities in the
1679:School segregation in the US
1217:Black American Sign Language
1191:Languages and other dialects
5725:Black players in ice hockey
5660:National Urban League (NUL)
5486:American Society of Muslims
4724:Selma to Montgomery marches
4644:Brown v. Board of Education
4098:"Advanced U.S. city search"
2742:African American newspapers
2526:In black neighborhoods the
2147:South Bronx, New York City.
1945:New Orleans' Lower 9th Ward
1847:" living in New York City.
506:African-American businesses
6783:
5882:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
5640:Nashville Student Movement
4651:Children of the plantation
4069:Inequality and Segregation
2880:
2818:
2770:in New York City, and the
2739:
2569:
2519:
2441:
2160:
2157:The Second Great Migration
1962:
1928:Washington D.C.'s U Street
1044:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
719:Congressional Black Caucus
686:African Diaspora Religions
473:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
6617:
6552:
6519:Index of related articles
5700:
5520:Doctrine of Father Divine
4904:Women's suffrage movement
4857:Reconstruction Amendments
4664:Voting Rights Act of 1965
4322:"The Resource - THE NEXT"
4249:January 21, 2008, at the
3573:www.sbctc.edu (adapted).
3440:Sociological Perspectives
3382:"Cities in Black History"
3207:Journal of Social History
3005:central business district
2931:Emancipation Proclamation
2654:Alvin Ailey Dance Company
2129:The South Side of Chicago
1551:US states and territories
852:American Life and History
574:Lift Every Voice and Sing
283:Treatment of the enslaved
6742:African-American society
6569:United States portal
6004:African-American English
5433:Inventors and scientists
5125:George Washington Carver
4729:Chicago Freedom Movement
3981:San Antonio Express-News
3558:Hamilton, Robin (2021).
2578:African American history
2476:African American culture
2233:freeways and expressways
1910:Houston's The Fifth Ward
1856:African-American culture
1753:United States portal
1160:African-American English
671:African-American Muslims
232:Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
6492:African-American firsts
5541:Back-to-Africa movement
5510:Black Hebrew Israelites
5290:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
4838:Partus sequitur ventrem
3801:Oxford University Press
3703:Thabit, Walter (2003).
3682:10.1023/A:1015772503007
3278:10.1073/pnas.1607220113
3144:Oxford University Press
3102:Colonia (United States)
2910:celebrates April 16 as
2188:mortgage discrimination
1863:residential segregation
1674:Reparations for slavery
762:Back-to-Africa movement
661:Black Hebrew Israelites
539:African-American beauty
6460:Spingarn Medal winners
5949:States and territories
5720:Black NFL quarterbacks
5220:Martin Luther King Jr.
4752:Dred Scott v. Sandford
4691:Montgomery bus boycott
4392:Black History Bulletin
2877:Festivals and holidays
2668:Electronic Dance Music
2567:
2456:
2206:in the United States.
1975:Southern United States
1893:New York City's Harlem
1144:Dialects and languages
304:Second Great Migration
6644:Aboriginal Australian
5770:Athletic associations
5705:Negro league baseball
5476:African-American Jews
5195:Ketanji Brown Jackson
5160:Henry Highland Garnet
5019:Negro National Anthem
4769:George Floyd protests
4734:Post–civil rights era
4404:10.1353/bhb.2013.0015
4328:on November 30, 2007.
3898:Worldfreeinternet.net
3873:Worldfreeinternet.net
3219:10.1353/jsh.2007.0091
3171:Johnson, James Weldon
3039:African architectural
2749:South Fulton Neighbor
2554:
2451:
2007:Kansas City, Missouri
1556:US metropolitan areas
1383:List of neighborhoods
997:Alabama Creole people
987:African-American Jews
919:Negro league baseball
882:National Urban League
834:Civic/economic groups
666:African-American Jews
556:African-American hair
418:, after the Civil War
247:Post–civil rights era
5977:Afro-Seminole Creole
5503:Azusa Street Revival
5375:Booker T. Washington
4899:Underground Railroad
4764:Free people of color
4618:Atlantic slave trade
4537:The Paradox of Parks
3538:The Chicago Reporter
3074:United States portal
2908:District of Columbia
2895:In the U.S. city of
2758:in Tallahassee, the
2638:Museum of Modern Art
2301:environmental racism
2071:restrictive covenant
1713:Criminal stereotypes
1488:District of Columbia
1205:Afro-Seminole Creole
647:Non-Christian groups
242:Black power movement
206:during the Civil War
175:Atlantic slave trade
54:improve this article
6372:Trinidad and Tobago
5987:Black American Sign
5814:By African descent
5808:Ethnic subdivisions
5795:Southwestern (SWAC)
5710:Baseball color line
5625:Black Panther Party
5529:Political movements
5446:in computer science
5105:Carol Moseley Braun
4894:Tulsa race massacre
4887:Treatment of slaves
4719:March on Washington
4714:Birmingham movement
4013:The Washington Post
3791:Jackson, Kenneth T.
3636:on 30 November 2007
3269:2016PNAS..11313372F
3263:(47): 13372–13377.
3013:apartment buildings
2308:New Great Migration
1959:The Great Migration
1806:black neighborhoods
1109:Sierra Leone Creole
1070:Specific ancestries
955:Southwestern (SWAC)
478:Black History Month
309:New Great Migration
263:Agriculture history
18:Black neighborhoods
6470:US representatives
6465:US cabinet members
6357:Dominican Republic
5944:Metropolitan areas
5785:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
5610:Civic and economic
5588:Self-determination
5409:Education, science
5330:Fred Shuttlesworth
5310:A. Philip Randolph
5215:Coretta Scott King
5140:Frederick Douglass
4967:Harlem Renaissance
4872:Separate but equal
4862:Reconstruction era
4850:Plessy v. Ferguson
4741:Cornerstone Speech
4655:Civil Rights Acts
4638:Black Lives Matter
4613:American Civil War
4522:2008-02-20 at the
4453:2017-10-05 at the
4340:"History of HBCUs"
4270:2007-10-16 at the
4157:2008-05-11 at the
3838:2008-03-23 at the
3605:The New York Times
3408:Mintz, S. (2007).
2856:. You can help by
2832:historically Black
2794:. You can help by
2698:Bedford-Stuyvesant
2568:
2457:
2428:LaPlace, Louisiana
2424:Oak Park, Michigan
2200:racial segregation
2112:Los Angeles' Watts
1118:Sexual orientation
992:Afro-Puerto Ricans
945:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
580:Self-determination
544:Black is beautiful
210:Reconstruction era
6729:
6728:
6577:
6576:
6405:African Americans
6277:Dallas–Fort Worth
5872:Black Southerners
5803:
5802:
5255:Thurgood Marshall
5225:Bernard Lafayette
4820:Million Man March
4577:African Americans
3900:. 12 October 2005
3720:978-0-8147-8267-5
3188:978-0-306-80431-1
3153:978-0-19-514049-1
3130:Burrows, Edwin G.
3054:community gardens
2995:Built environment
2985:Roxbury, Boston's
2874:
2873:
2812:
2811:
2690:African Americans
2678:cultural movement
2420:Cedar Hill, Texas
2340:Dallas-Fort Worth
2286:Late 20th century
2192:ethnic minorities
1971:African Americans
1949:Hurricane Katrina
1799:
1798:
1736:
1735:
1634:
1633:
1408:Dallas-Fort Worth
1225:
1224:
1135:
1134:
1079:Americo-Liberians
962:
961:
900:
899:
825:
824:
694:
693:
638:Womanist theology
588:
587:
530:Symbols and ideas
316:
315:
195:Antebellum period
190:Revolutionary War
145:African Americans
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
6774:
6622:African-American
6604:
6597:
6590:
6581:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6529:Lynching victims
6028:Louisiana Creole
5999:American English
5887:Louisiana Creole
5860:Choctaw freedmen
5698:
5235:Huddie Ledbetter
5175:Fannie Lou Hamer
5145:W. E. B. Du Bois
5135:Claudette Colvin
5130:Shirley Chisholm
4947:Family structure
4815:Military history
4697:Browder v. Gayle
4570:
4563:
4556:
4547:
4540:
4534:
4528:
4513:
4507:
4499:
4493:
4487:
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4383:
4377:
4376:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4324:. Archived from
4318:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4293:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4261:
4255:
4240:
4234:
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4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4047:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4021:
4016:. Archived from
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3956:
3947:
3941:
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3727:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3635:
3629:. Archived from
3624:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3570:
3564:
3563:
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3405:
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3355:
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3126:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3069:
2980:
2963:
2945:
2912:Emancipation Day
2887:Emancipation Day
2869:
2866:
2848:
2841:
2807:
2804:
2786:
2779:
2764:in Chicago, the
2761:Chicago Defender
2752:in Atlanta, the
2725:
2711:
2660:Chicago stepping
2600:Theatre and arts
2592:in Chicago, and
2272:Civil Rights Act
2237:housing projects
2142:
2125:
2107:
2093:Migration Series
2089:Jacob Lawrence's
2027:Washington, D.C.
1941:
1923:
1906:
1888:
1839:, as well as in
1818:African American
1816:. Generally, an
1791:
1784:
1777:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1698:media depictions
1647:
1542:Population count
1238:
1172:Liberian English
1151:English dialects
1148:
1104:Samaná Americans
1029:Creoles of color
975:
913:
857:Black conductors
838:
707:
681:Louisiana Voodoo
603:
348:Family structure
331:
278:Military history
273:Business history
204:military history
159:
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
6782:
6781:
6777:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6732:
6731:
6730:
6725:
6706:Native American
6671:French-Canadian
6613:
6611:Ethnic enclaves
6608:
6578:
6573:
6563:
6561:
6548:
6514:Historic places
6507:US state firsts
6393:
6308:
6032:
5965:
5937:2010 majorities
5932:2000 majorities
5903:
5850:Black Seminoles
5799:
5790:Southern (SIAC)
5773:
5772:and conferences
5771:
5764:
5760:Serena Williams
5755:Jackie Robinson
5689:
5613:
5611:
5604:
5524:
5491:Nation of Islam
5462:
5410:
5404:
5345:Sojourner Truth
5335:Clarence Thomas
5300:Gabriel Prosser
5200:Michael Jackson
5075:Crispus Attucks
5065:Ralph Abernathy
5053:
5009:Musical theater
4908:
4774:Great Migration
4746:COVID-19 impact
4704:Sit-in movement
4579:
4574:
4544:
4543:
4535:
4531:
4524:Wayback Machine
4514:
4510:
4500:
4496:
4488:
4481:
4470:Pioneer America
4467:
4466:
4462:
4455:Wayback Machine
4445:
4441:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4306:
4304:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4282:
4278:
4272:Wayback Machine
4262:
4258:
4251:Wayback Machine
4241:
4237:
4227:
4225:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4183:
4179:
4169:
4165:
4159:Wayback Machine
4150:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4120:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4083:
4079:
4067:
4060:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4025:
4023:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3990:
3988:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3930:
3926:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3901:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3877:
3875:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3851:
3847:
3840:Wayback Machine
3830:
3826:
3811:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3760:10.1.1.587.8018
3744:
3743:
3734:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3655:Race and health
3652:
3648:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3542:
3540:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3517:
3515:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3452:10.2307/1389798
3437:
3435:
3428:
3419:
3417:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3390:
3388:
3380:
3379:
3372:
3365:"Jim Crow Laws"
3363:
3362:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3304:
3250:
3249:
3242:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3177:Black Manhattan
3169:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3115:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3062:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2964:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2901:Odunde Festival
2893:
2883:Odunde Festival
2879:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2854:needs expansion
2827:
2817:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2792:needs expansion
2744:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2646:Arthur Mitchell
2602:
2574:
2560:Washington Park
2549:
2524:
2518:
2506:
2480:Langston Hughes
2446:
2440:
2406:
2397:
2336:Greater Houston
2297:white privilege
2293:suburbanization
2288:
2270:. In 1968, the
2245:"Negro Removal"
2165:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2108:
1967:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1871:
1810:ethnic enclaves
1795:
1747:
1745:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1688:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1575:
1537:
1513:Omaha, Nebraska
1478:Historic places
1472:
1364:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1186:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1113:
1065:
1007:Black Seminoles
972:
971:Sub-communities
964:
963:
950:Southern (SIAC)
910:
902:
901:
896:
851:
835:
827:
826:
821:
738:
704:
696:
695:
690:
676:Nation of Islam
642:
619:
600:
590:
589:
584:
525:
492:
459:
431:
392:
368:Musical theater
328:
318:
317:
299:Great Migration
156:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6780:
6778:
6770:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6734:
6733:
6727:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6636:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6599:
6592:
6584:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6559:
6553:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6510:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6489:
6488:
6487:
6482:
6480:Visual artists
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6440:Mathematicians
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6401:
6399:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6381:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6346:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6318:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6264:
6259:
6257:South Carolina
6254:
6249:
6248:
6247:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6227:North Carolina
6224:
6223:
6222:
6212:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6195:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6172:Massachusetts
6170:
6169:
6168:
6158:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6141:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6124:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6107:
6102:
6101:
6100:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6083:
6073:
6068:
6067:
6066:
6061:
6051:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6014:social context
6011:
6001:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5979:
5973:
5971:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5946:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5924:
5923:
5922:
5911:
5909:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5865:Creek Freedmen
5862:
5857:
5852:
5842:
5840:Alabama Creole
5837:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5780:Central (CIAA)
5776:
5774:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5701:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5616:
5614:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5573:Pan-Africanism
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5543:
5538:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5515:Black theology
5512:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5495:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5478:
5472:
5470:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5456:in STEM fields
5453:
5448:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5414:
5412:
5411:and technology
5406:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5350:Harriet Tubman
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5280:Michelle Obama
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5210:Barbara Jordan
5207:
5205:Harriet Jacobs
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5095:Amelia Boynton
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5061:
5059:
5058:Notable people
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4994:LGBT community
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4846:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4793:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4709:Freedom Riders
4706:
4701:
4693:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4653:
4648:
4640:
4635:
4633:Black genocide
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4589:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4550:
4542:
4541:
4529:
4508:
4494:
4479:
4460:
4439:
4425:
4378:
4359:
4345:
4331:
4313:
4288:
4276:
4256:
4235:
4210:
4198:
4189:
4177:
4163:
4144:
4135:
4114:
4089:
4077:
4058:
4033:
3998:
3967:
3942:
3924:
3911:
3885:
3861:
3845:
3824:
3809:
3782:
3769:10.1086/250069
3753:(3): 455–506.
3732:
3719:
3713:. p. 42.
3695:
3676:(2): 125–133.
3658:
3646:
3610:
3591:
3565:
3550:
3524:
3500:
3494:979-8379235413
3493:
3473:
3446:(2): 291–317.
3426:
3397:
3370:
3356:
3339:
3336:. 2 July 2019.
3322:
3302:
3240:
3213:(4): 859–894.
3194:
3187:
3159:
3152:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3097:Gentrification
3094:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3061:
3058:
3019:Shotgun houses
2996:
2993:
2982:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2965:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2947:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2851:
2849:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2789:
2787:
2767:Amsterdam News
2755:Capitol Update
2740:Main article:
2737:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2601:
2598:
2590:DuSable Museum
2556:DuSable Museum
2548:
2545:
2541:public schools
2517:
2514:
2505:
2502:
2442:Main article:
2439:
2436:
2432:gentrification
2405:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2381:South Carolina
2349:North Carolina
2287:
2284:
2218:eminent domain
2196:mortgage loans
2158:
2155:
2144:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2127:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2109:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2098:
1963:Main article:
1960:
1957:
1943:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1925:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1890:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1870:
1867:
1837:American South
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1659:Black genocide
1655:
1652:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1566:US communities
1563:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1523:South Carolina
1520:
1518:North Carolina
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1340:South Carolina
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1320:North Carolina
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1177:Samaná English
1174:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1127:LGBT community
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1084:Creek Freedmen
1081:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1054:Carmel Indians
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1009:
999:
994:
989:
983:
980:
979:
973:
970:
969:
966:
965:
960:
959:
958:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
935:Central (CIAA)
929:
928:
924:
923:
922:
921:
911:
908:
907:
904:
903:
898:
897:
895:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
846:
843:
842:
836:
833:
832:
829:
828:
823:
822:
820:
819:
814:
809:
804:
802:Pan-Africanism
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
748:
745:
744:
740:
739:
737:
736:
731:
726:
721:
715:
712:
711:
705:
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683:
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673:
668:
663:
658:
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648:
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641:
640:
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633:Black theology
629:
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508:
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497:Economic class
494:
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485:
480:
475:
469:
466:
465:
461:
460:
458:
457:
452:
447:
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436:Academic study
433:
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385:
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6539:Neighborhoods
6537:
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6508:
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6502:Sports firsts
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6330:
6328:
6325:
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6320:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6311:
6305:
6304:West Virginia
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
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6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6241:Pennsylvania
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
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6225:
6221:
6220:New York City
6218:
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6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6065:
6064:San Francisco
6062:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6037:By state/city
6035:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5982:American Sign
5980:
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5972:
5968:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5951:
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5947:
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5938:
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5925:
5921:
5918:
5917:
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5915:Neighborhoods
5913:
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5906:
5900:
5897:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5883:
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5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5845:Black Indians
5843:
5841:
5838:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5813:
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5778:
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5751:
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5711:
5708:
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5699:
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5692:
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5678:
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5668:
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5646:
5643:
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5638:
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5633:
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5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
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5607:
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5598:
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5552:
5549:
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5534:
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5527:
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5513:
5511:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5423:Black schools
5421:
5419:
5418:Black studies
5416:
5415:
5413:
5407:
5401:
5400:Whitney Young
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5390:Oprah Winfrey
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5360:Denmark Vesey
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5305:Joseph Rainey
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5260:Toni Morrison
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5245:Joseph Lowery
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5190:Jesse Jackson
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5180:Kamala Harris
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5165:Marcus Garvey
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5115:Blanche Bruce
5113:
5111:
5110:Edward Brooke
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5100:James Bradley
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5080:James Baldwin
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5024:Neighborhoods
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4963:
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4958:
4955:
4953:
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4935:
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4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
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4915:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4877:Silent Parade
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4845:
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4840:
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4833:
4832:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4805:Jim Crow laws
4803:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
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4757:
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4753:
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4727:
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4707:
4705:
4702:
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4694:
4692:
4689:
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4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4628:Black cowboys
4626:
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4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
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4457:
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4426:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4379:
4374:
4370:
4367:Welch, Mary.
4363:
4360:
4356:. 3 May 2019.
4355:
4349:
4346:
4341:
4335:
4332:
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4160:
4156:
4153:
4148:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4132:1-56639-147-4
4129:
4125:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4103:
4102:City-data.com
4099:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4044:
4037:
4034:
4022:on 2022-12-23
4020:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4002:
3999:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3971:
3968:
3953:
3946:
3943:
3939:
3936:Laura Pulido
3935:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3874:
3871:
3865:
3862:
3859:Staff Writer.
3858:
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3849:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3810:0-19-504983-7
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3453:
3449:
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3441:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3416:on 2008-01-21
3415:
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3404:
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3199:
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3178:
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3155:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3134:Wallace, Mike
3131:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
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2913:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2859:
2855:
2852:This section
2850:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2797:
2793:
2790:This section
2788:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2743:
2735:
2724:
2710:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2686:New York City
2684:developed in
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2634:Rock 'n' roll
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2510:disinvestment
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:Hill District
2494:
2490:
2486:
2485:August Wilson
2481:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2437:
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2429:
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2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2241:James Baldwin
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:Urban renewal
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2194:could secure
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2141:
2130:
2124:
2114:neighborhood.
2113:
2106:
2097:
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2090:
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2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2066:
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2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:New York City
1976:
1973:out of rural
1972:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1929:
1922:
1911:
1905:
1894:
1887:
1878:
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1848:
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1842:
1841:New York City
1838:
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1830:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1814:United States
1811:
1808:are types of
1807:
1803:
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1729:
1728:Minstrel show
1726:
1724:
1723:Magical Negro
1721:
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1533:West Virginia
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1475:
1469:
1468:San Francisco
1466:
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1454:
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1448:New York City
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1128:
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1107:
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1099:Nova Scotians
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
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1073:
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1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:Black Indians
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
982:
981:
976:
968:
967:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
940:HBCU (HBCUAC)
938:
936:
933:
932:
931:
930:
925:
920:
917:
916:
915:
914:
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885:
883:
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875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
848:
847:
845:
844:
841:Organizations
839:
831:
830:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
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747:
746:
741:
735:
732:
730:
727:
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722:
720:
717:
716:
714:
713:
710:Organizations
708:
700:
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687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
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669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
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541:
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417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
401:
400:
395:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
378:Neighborhoods
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
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351:
349:
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121:
113:
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95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
6666:First Nation
6621:
6455:Sportspeople
6425:Billionaires
6342:Sierra Leone
6245:Philadelphia
6081:Jacksonville
5914:
5908:Demographics
5740:Jack Johnson
5730:Muhammad Ali
5563:Conservatism
5498:Black church
5395:Andrew Young
5380:Ida B. Wells
5370:David Walker
5365:C. T. Vivian
5320:Paul Robeson
5315:Hiram Revels
5295:Colin Powell
5275:Barack Obama
5230:James Lawson
5185:Jimi Hendrix
5155:James Farmer
5150:Medgar Evers
5120:Ralph Bunche
5070:Maya Angelou
5044:Middle class
5023:
4922:Afrofuturism
4848:
4836:
4829:
4750:
4695:
4642:
4608:Afrocentrism
4598:Abolitionism
4536:
4532:
4515:
4511:
4501:
4497:
4489:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4446:
4442:
4428:
4398:(2): 19–25.
4395:
4391:
4381:
4372:
4362:
4348:
4334:
4326:the original
4316:
4305:. Retrieved
4303:. 2010-09-09
4301:The Guardian
4300:
4291:
4283:
4279:
4263:
4259:
4242:
4238:
4226:. Retrieved
4222:
4213:
4205:
4201:
4192:
4184:
4180:
4170:
4166:
4147:
4138:
4121:
4117:
4105:. Retrieved
4101:
4092:
4084:
4080:
4072:
4068:
4049:. Retrieved
4036:
4026:November 14,
4024:. Retrieved
4019:the original
4011:
4001:
3991:November 12,
3989:. Retrieved
3980:
3970:
3958:. Retrieved
3945:
3937:
3931:
3927:
3919:
3914:
3902:. Retrieved
3897:
3888:
3876:. Retrieved
3872:
3870:"Loading..."
3864:
3857:Post-Gazette
3856:
3848:
3831:
3827:
3799:. New York:
3794:
3785:
3750:
3746:
3724:. Retrieved
3705:
3698:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3649:
3638:. Retrieved
3631:the original
3613:
3604:
3594:
3582:. Retrieved
3580:. Saylor.org
3568:
3553:
3543:December 20,
3541:. Retrieved
3537:
3527:
3516:. Retrieved
3512:
3503:
3483:
3476:
3443:
3439:
3418:. Retrieved
3414:the original
3389:. Retrieved
3385:
3359:
3260:
3256:
3210:
3206:
3176:
3138:
3107:White flight
3047:
3042:
3028:
3017:
3001:inner cities
2998:
2984:
2966:
2949:
2916:
2905:
2897:Philadelphia
2894:
2862:
2858:adding to it
2853:
2828:
2825:Black school
2800:
2796:adding to it
2791:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2672:
2658:
2642:
2603:
2588:in Detroit,
2575:
2531:Churches in
2525:
2522:Black church
2507:
2492:
2489:Black Bottom
2488:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2452:
2416:
2408:
2407:
2398:
2395:Contemporary
2332:
2312:middle-class
2305:
2289:
2276:desegregated
2268:Harlem Riots
2257:
2252:Birmingham's
2249:
2229:urban sprawl
2214:white flight
2208:
2184:supermarkets
2169:
2166:
2146:
2128:
2111:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2067:
2063:
2059:
1987:Philadelphia
1968:
1944:
1927:
1909:
1892:
1872:
1860:
1849:
1845:Free negroes
1821:neighborhood
1805:
1801:
1800:
1626:Sierra Leone
1458:Philadelphia
1428:Jacksonville
1024:Brass Ankles
777:Conservatism
752:Afrocentrism
724:Joint Center
615:Black church
606:Institutions
521:Billionaires
511:Middle class
464:Celebrations
427:Fraternities
377:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
6475:US senators
6445:Republicans
6430:Journalists
6287:San Antonio
6252:Puerto Rico
6193:Mississippi
6086:Tallahassee
6059:Los Angeles
5750:Jesse Owens
5735:Arthur Ashe
5593:Nationalism
5583:Raised fist
5546:Black power
5451:in medicine
5385:Roy Wilkins
5340:Emmett Till
5325:Al Sharpton
5090:Julian Bond
5085:James Bevel
5049:Upper class
5039:Stereotypes
4932:Black mecca
4844:Plantations
4623:Black Codes
4161:Kim Pearson
3050:urban decay
3024:New Orleans
2776:in Omaha.
2694:South Bronx
2682:music genre
2650:Alvin Ailey
2537:brownstones
2491:(1984) and
2373:Mississippi
2204:urban decay
2035:New Orleans
2031:Minneapolis
2023:Los Angeles
1875:segregation
1825:New Orleans
1694:Stereotypes
1621:Nova Scotia
1503:Mississippi
1463:San Antonio
1443:Los Angeles
1378:Black mecca
1305:Mississippi
1212:Negro Dutch
1034:Dominickers
978:Multiethnic
887:TransAfrica
797:Nationalism
767:Black power
551:Black pride
516:Upper class
215:Politicians
6736:Categories
6721:Vietnamese
6639:Australian
6420:Astronauts
6210:New Jersey
6054:California
5558:Capitalism
5355:Nat Turner
5285:Rosa Parks
5270:Diane Nash
5240:John Lewis
5029:Newspapers
4999:Literature
4984:Juneteenth
4937:Businesses
4791:Exodusters
4759:Free Negro
4307:2021-05-10
4228:25 October
4107:25 October
3904:25 October
3878:25 October
3726:2007-11-29
3669:GeoJournal
3640:2007-11-29
3518:2023-12-21
3420:2007-11-29
3391:2018-09-05
3386:InfoPlease
3113:References
3009:row houses
2919:Juneteenth
2906:Also, the
2891:Juneteenth
2881:See also:
2819:See also:
2736:Newspapers
2676:is both a
2570:See also:
2520:See also:
2161:See also:
2047:Long Beach
2019:Pittsburgh
1995:Cincinnati
1260:California
1234:Population
807:Patriotism
792:Liberalism
772:Capitalism
743:Ideologies
624:Theologies
483:Juneteenth
455:Literature
383:Newspapers
291:Migrations
222:Juneteenth
80:newspapers
6767:Redlining
6711:Pakistani
6651:Cambodian
6534:Monuments
6410:Activists
6262:Tennessee
6182:Michigan
6166:Baltimore
6156:Louisiana
6149:Lexington
6132:Davenport
6071:Cleveland
5970:Languages
5899:Melungeon
5877:Blaxicans
5745:Joe Louis
5600:Socialism
5536:Anarchism
5265:Bob Moses
5250:Malcolm X
5170:Fred Gray
5034:Soul food
4972:New Negro
4957:Folktales
4867:Redlining
4420:245657706
3777:134413201
3755:CiteSeerX
3711:NYU Press
3690:151164815
3468:144457751
3235:144241684
2923:Galveston
2917:Although
2836:Civil War
2815:Education
2377:Louisiana
2361:Tennessee
2180:insurance
2172:redlining
2039:Milwaukee
2015:Baltimore
2003:St. Louis
1999:Cleveland
1718:Hollywood
1708:Blackface
1643:Prejudice
1561:US cities
1438:Lexington
1413:Davenport
1393:Baltimore
1369:US cities
1345:Tennessee
1295:Louisiana
1241:US states
1049:Melungeon
1019:Blaxicans
817:Socialism
782:Garveyism
757:Anarchism
561:Good hair
388:Soul food
358:Folktales
6691:Japanese
6661:Filipino
6634:Armenian
6557:Category
6348:America
6314:Diaspora
6299:Virginia
6232:Oklahoma
6215:New York
6198:Nebraska
6161:Maryland
6144:Kentucky
6110:Illinois
6049:Arkansas
5954:Illinois
5892:of color
5578:Populism
5551:Movement
5468:Religion
4810:Lynching
4593:Timeline
4520:Archived
4476:: 47–56.
4451:Archived
4412:24759690
4268:Archived
4247:Archived
4155:Archived
4051:25 March
3985:Archived
3960:25 March
3836:Archived
3819:11785435
3793:(1985).
3297:27821759
3227:25096397
3173:(1991).
3136:(1998).
3060:See also
2865:May 2008
2803:May 2008
2528:churches
2516:Churches
2389:Arkansas
2357:Virginia
2353:Maryland
2328:Maryland
2316:suburban
2225:blighted
1951:in 2005.
1758:Category
1581:Diaspora
1508:Missouri
1433:Kentucky
1360:Virginia
1330:Oklahoma
1315:New York
1310:Nebraska
1300:Maryland
1275:Illinois
1255:Arkansas
1094:Merikins
1039:Freedmen
1012:Mascogos
812:Populism
703:Politics
598:Religion
568:Stepping
334:Lifeways
170:Timeline
137:a series
135:Part of
110:May 2010
6716:Serbian
6686:Italian
6656:Chinese
6485:Writers
6450:Singers
6435:Jurists
6383:Europe
6337:Liberia
6282:Houston
6186:Detroit
6122:Indiana
6115:Chicago
6098:Atlanta
6093:Georgia
6076:Florida
6044:Alabama
5994:English
5568:Leftism
5438:Museums
4989:Kwanzaa
4914:Culture
4882:Slavery
4585:History
3584:2 April
3460:1389798
3288:5127296
3265:Bibcode
3035:pellets
3031:shotgun
2674:Hip hop
2664:Chicago
2630:Hip hop
2564:Chicago
2547:Museums
2468:poverty
2438:Ghettos
2385:Alabama
2365:Florida
2345:Georgia
2324:Georgia
2264:Detroit
2176:banking
2055:America
2051:Chicago
2043:Oakland
1991:Detroit
1983:Chicago
1869:History
1833:Atlanta
1616:Liberia
1498:Georgia
1493:Florida
1423:Houston
1418:Detroit
1403:Chicago
1388:Atlanta
1280:Indiana
1270:Georgia
1265:Florida
1250:Alabama
1182:Tutnese
1061:Redbone
787:Leftism
488:Kwanzaa
445:Studies
397:Schools
326:Culture
255:Aspects
200:Slavery
162:Periods
154:History
94:scholar
6701:Korean
6696:Jewish
6681:Indian
6497:Mayors
6415:Actors
6387:France
6379:Israel
6367:Mexico
6352:Canada
6327:Gambia
6322:Africa
6272:Austin
6237:Oregon
6176:Boston
6139:Kansas
6105:Hawaii
6023:Gullah
5833:Yoruba
5823:Gullah
5694:Sports
5612:groups
5442:Women
4979:Hoodoo
4853:(1896)
4779:Second
4755:(1857)
4700:(1956)
4647:(1954)
4418:
4410:
4219:"Home"
4152:GHETTO
4130:
3817:
3807:
3775:
3757:
3717:
3688:
3491:
3466:
3458:
3295:
3285:
3233:
3225:
3185:
3150:
3043:to-gun
2899:, the
2889:, and
2680:and a
2610:Gospel
2584:, the
2533:Harlem
2493:Fences
2444:Ghetto
2426:, and
2326:, and
2079:Uptown
2045:, and
2011:Boston
1861:Black
1829:Mobile
1650:Racism
1611:Israel
1601:France
1596:Canada
1591:Africa
1398:Boston
1335:Oregon
1290:Kansas
1200:Gullah
1089:Gullah
909:Sports
656:Hoodoo
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
6676:Greek
6398:Lists
6362:Haiti
6332:Ghana
6267:Texas
6203:Omaha
5481:Islam
5014:Names
5004:Music
4942:Dance
4416:S2CID
4408:JSTOR
4046:(PDF)
3955:(PDF)
3773:S2CID
3686:S2CID
3634:(PDF)
3623:(PDF)
3578:(PDF)
3464:S2CID
3456:JSTOR
3317:(PDF)
3231:S2CID
3223:JSTOR
2927:Texas
2626:House
2606:Blues
2369:Texas
2320:Texas
2280:steer
2260:riots
2222:slums
1763:Index
1606:Ghana
1528:Texas
1453:Omaha
1350:Texas
862:NAACP
373:Names
363:Music
343:Dance
101:JSTOR
87:books
6627:list
6294:Utah
6127:Iowa
5959:Ohio
5920:list
5828:Igbo
5818:Fula
4962:Hair
4952:Film
4669:1968
4659:1964
4230:2017
4128:ISBN
4109:2017
4053:2017
4028:2023
3993:2023
3962:2017
3906:2017
3880:2017
3815:OCLC
3805:ISBN
3715:ISBN
3653:See:
3586:2012
3545:2023
3489:ISBN
3293:PMID
3183:ISBN
3148:ISBN
2823:and
2773:Star
2696:and
2618:Soul
2614:Jazz
2409:See
2387:and
2367:and
2338:and
2258:The
2202:and
1696:and
1355:Utah
1325:Ohio
1285:Iowa
892:UNCF
353:Film
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