91:
1121:
470:
was also to be used as food fish. However, flooding in the South caused these populations of carp to spread into the
Mississippi watershed. They continued to spread via the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, where they began to form wild populations. Black carp later began to migrate to connected river systems, and spread via continued flooding events. Aside from this, the population was also introduced via human release.
42:
66:
486:
crucial ecosystems such as the Great Lakes or waterways on the West Coast are ongoing. Local laws prevent human release of these fish in these waterways, and population controls have also contributed to this success. No state allows the intentional release of black carp, sterile or otherwise, but the
481:
Many mechanical control methods have been used to control the population of Asian carp, including use of noise, walls of bubbles, netting and even explosions, but these have only succeeded in slowing the spread of carp. The most effective methods, such as chemical poisoning, are successful at killing
469:
The black carp was first accidentally introduced into the United States during a grass carp shipment from Asia in the 1970s. The black carp was later intentionally introduced to the US in the 1980s for use in retention ponds and aquaculture facilities to manage yellow grub and snails populations. It
490:
reports that more than 60 confirmed black carp have been caught in the
Mississippi River basin. This basin is the second-largest drainage system on the North American continent. The Mississippi River spans 2320 miles, while the entire system covers 1,151,000 sq mi. The presence of black carp within
540:
bones. There are four teeth on the left side and five teeth on the right side of the pharynx in adults. As the black carp prepare to crush shelled prey, they forcibly occlude their pharyngeal teeth. A horny patch above the pharyngeal teeth helps to position and hold the prey in place as it is
485:
Currently, novel control methods are being researched that use carp pheromones to control their behavior. Another widespread effort involves using carp as a food source. Locals in areas where carp have invaded are encouraged to catch and eat them. Efforts to prevent Asian carp from spreading to
473:
The nature of the black carp's diet has led to its use in the United States in the control of snails in aquaculture. Snails are obligate alternate hosts of trematode pests that can cause substantial losses to aquaculture crops. Some state aquaculture laws require the carp to be bred as
478:, to render them sterile, thus minimizing the potential for the fish to escape and create self-sustaining populations. The use of triploids, though, does require the maintenance and use of fertile diploid brood stock at least at some location for production of the triploids.
515:
in
Missouri, but other escapes are likely, because most early captures were far from this location, in the southern Mississippi basin. Most of the captured fish have been confirmed to be diploid and assumed fertile. Two diploid fingerlings were captured near
451:
Black carp are elongated fish with a fusiform body. They appear dusky gray, brown or bluish black and have dark fins. Their dorsal fin is high and pointed. In comparison to grass carp, the distances from the eye to the superior and inferior edges of the
456:
are respectively longer, contributing to the elongate appearance of the scaleless head. Unlike in grass carp, the upper lip does not appear to protrude beyond the lower lip when viewed from above with the fish's mouth closed. Black carp have large
369:. One of the largest cyprinids in the world, the black carp has a typical length of 60–120 cm (23.5–47 in), though it can reach up to 1.9 m (6 ft 3 in) in length and 109 kg (240 lb) in weight. It is
491:
this enormous river system means that this highly invasive species has access to a vast range of bodies of water covering the majority of the
Midwestern United States. Rivers where black carp have been captured also include the
523:
Black carp are considered to be a serious threat to mollusks native to the United States, many of which are critically endangered. In 2007, the black carp was listed as an "injurious species" under the
520:, Missouri in 2016, a sign of natural reproduction of this species in the wild. In Louisiana, many other reports by knowledgeable fishers of their capture have not been verified by biologists.
866:
1798:
1631:
1706:
781:"Physiological and behavioral responses of bighead and silver carp to chemicals associated with common carp sex pheromones: U.S. Geological Survey data release"
1773:
1053:
966:
Lu, Ying; Xia, Huimin; Zhai, Wanying; Liu, Jie; Zhou, Yan; Xu, Xiaoyan; Xiao, Jun; Chen, Liting; Luo, Liming; Shen, Yubang; Li, Jiale (December 2022).
443:, and partly because of its diet and limited food supply, is the most scarce and expensive in the marketplace among the "four famous domestic fishes".
890:
Nico et al. 2005. Black carp: biological synopsis and risk assessment of an introduced fish
American Fisheries Society Special Publication 32. 337 pp.
1605:
1657:
592:
1719:
751:
1466:
528:. Transporting live black carp, whether sterile or fertile, into the United States or across state lines is thus illegal in most cases.
1579:
630:
1788:
1745:
840:
1803:
492:
487:
1783:
1081:
1662:
90:
1450:
1181:
212:
1644:
1540:
935:
He, Chong; Zhou, Wu; Wang, Hongtao; Shi, San-Qiang; Yao, Haimin (2013). "Mechanics of
Pharyngeal Teeth of Black Carp (
1045:
1531:
1711:
1456:
1793:
712:
1385:
1380:
1318:
1493:
500:
285:
1545:
1206:
1120:
195:
662:
Chu X. 1984.The fishes of Fujian
Province. Part 1. Fujian Science and Technology Press, Fujian, China.
1750:
1566:
1461:
780:
1401:
1276:
968:"Genome survey sequence of black carp provides insights into development-related gene duplications"
653:
Chu, X. et al. 1989. The fishes of Yunnan China. Part 1. Cyprinidae. Science Press, Beijing, China.
606:
583:
307:
55:
1698:
779:
Mackey, C.M.; Calfee, R.D.; Sorensen, P.W.; Rue, M.C.P.; Leese, J.M.; Ghosal, R.; Lim, H. (2020).
762:
1261:
1074:
558:
413:
221:
85:
1685:
1636:
1732:
1553:
1364:
1186:
1176:
989:
550:
525:
496:
813:
1737:
1675:
1313:
1266:
1160:
979:
948:
900:
788:
692:
601:
541:
crushed. The pharyngeal teeth will be replaced multiple times during the life of the carp.
453:
436:
421:
1354:
1201:
504:
349:
341:
172:
162:
482:
carp, but also affect other fish in the body of water, further disrupting the ecosystem.
1444:
1246:
901:"Injurious Wildlife Species; Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), U.S. President. Rule"
517:
508:
458:
274:
132:
41:
554:
1778:
1767:
1670:
1432:
1251:
1241:
1155:
1067:
1008:
841:"Efforts To Keep Asian Carp Out Of The Great Lakes Move Forward Under New Agreements"
626:
511:
in
Illinois. One confirmed escape of black carp from aquaculture has occurred on the
417:
296:
142:
75:
70:
1558:
1416:
1406:
1339:
1334:
1216:
1171:
1140:
1135:
679:
Kroboth, Patrick T.; Chapman, Duane C.; Hrabik, Robert A.; Neely, David A. (2019).
393:
374:
1693:
1618:
1525:
1411:
1271:
1226:
1221:
1165:
512:
409:
397:
370:
681:"Characteristics for the External Identification of Black Carp From Grass Carp"
1438:
1256:
1196:
1110:
1104:
562:
425:
405:
401:
358:
152:
1516:
993:
536:
Black carp have enameloid teeth located in the posterior pharynx between the
1584:
1308:
1236:
697:
680:
440:
354:
102:
1649:
952:
17:
1592:
1510:
1476:
1471:
1349:
1344:
1292:
1231:
1191:
639:
537:
475:
338:
122:
428:", though it is not as widely distributed worldwide as the other three.
1610:
1597:
984:
967:
366:
334:
1623:
1359:
792:
386:
112:
1487:
1009:"Post-Larval Development of the Masticating Apparatus of Black Carp
461:
on their body and a forked tail fin behind a broad caudal peduncle.
1150:
378:
362:
345:
1724:
1090:
432:
382:
1571:
1491:
1063:
439:, being one of the most highly esteemed and expensive domestic
1211:
867:"Scientists: Discovery of young, wild black carp troubling"
1056:. Lists general information and reseources for black carp.
1007:
Liu, Huanliang; Li, Hua; Zhai, Baoxiang; Liu, Wei (1990).
1059:
820:. Washington State Recreation and Conservation Office
412:
in China for over a thousand years. It has also been
1500:
1425:
1394:
1373:
1327:
1301:
1285:
1128:
1097:
752:"Asian Carp: Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force"
1052:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
607:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T166112A1112111.en
431:In China, black carp is widely cultivated for
1075:
8:
1054:United States National Agricultural Library
1799:Taxa named by John Richardson (naturalist)
1488:
1082:
1068:
1060:
1046:Species Profile- Black Carp (Asian Carp) (
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
621:
619:
617:
64:
40:
31:
983:
721:Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
696:
674:
672:
670:
668:
605:
972:Journal of the World Aquaculture Society
685:Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management
593:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
574:
353:. It is native to lakes and rivers in
930:
928:
926:
7:
404:, make up the culturally important "
1774:IUCN Red List least concern species
1467:Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences
911:(201): 59019–59035. 18 October 2007
865:Stafford, Margaret (5 March 2016).
818:Washington Invasive Species Council
561:"tooth". Specific name from Latin
344:and the sole extant species of the
25:
1119:
89:
488:United States Geological Survey
465:Black carp in the United States
941:Advanced Engineering Materials
1:
1451:The Adventures of Little Carp
1182:Fringed-lipped peninsula carp
939:) Crushing Mollusk Shells".
406:four famous domestic fishes
1820:
1017:Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica
839:Kaeding, Danielle (2021).
392:Black carp, together with
1457:Daughterless Carp Project
1117:
227:
220:
201:
194:
86:Scientific classification
84:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
1789:Freshwater fish of China
629:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
549:Generic name from Greek
293:Myloleuciscus atripinnis
263:Mylopharyngodon aethiops
1319:Spring viraemia of carp
698:10.3996/112018-JFWM-102
600:: e.T166112A156739085.
582:Bogutskaya, N. (2022).
373:and generally feeds on
1804:Fish described in 1846
1532:Mylopharyngodon piceus
1502:Mylopharyngodon piceus
1048:Mylopharyngodon piceus
1011:Mylopharyngodon piceus
953:10.1002/adem.201200304
937:Mylopharyngodon piceus
845:Wisconsin Public Radio
715:Mylopharyngodon piceus
633:Mylopharyngodon piceus
586:Mylopharyngodon piceus
532:Anatomy and physiology
503:in Louisiana, and the
326:Mylopharyngodon piceus
247:Myloleuciscus aethiops
205:Mylopharyngodon piceus
1784:Cyprinid fish of Asia
1207:Japanese crucian carp
1462:Aquaculture in China
1328:Recreational fishing
643:. July 2022 version.
1277:Smallscale mud carp
553:"mill" + New Latin
357:, ranging from the
331:Chinese black roach
255:Myloleucus aethiops
56:Conservation status
1286:Other carp species
1262:Siamese giant carp
985:10.1111/jwas.12870
304:Leucisculus fuscus
282:Barbus tonkinensis
266:(Basilewsky, 1855)
258:(Basilewsky, 1855)
250:(Basilewsky, 1855)
239:Leuciscus aethiops
1761:
1760:
1733:Open Tree of Life
1494:Taxon identifiers
1485:
1484:
1365:Eliburn Reservoir
1187:Giant salmon carp
1177:Deccan white carp
1129:True carp species
1107:(the carp family)
557:"throat" + Greek
526:Lacey Act of 1900
495:in Arkansas, the
317:
316:
311:
300:
289:
278:
267:
259:
251:
243:
235:
79:
16:(Redirected from
1811:
1754:
1753:
1741:
1740:
1728:
1727:
1715:
1714:
1702:
1701:
1689:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1666:
1665:
1653:
1652:
1640:
1639:
1627:
1626:
1614:
1613:
1601:
1600:
1588:
1587:
1575:
1574:
1562:
1561:
1549:
1548:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1489:
1402:Fisherman's soup
1314:Koi herpes virus
1267:Siamese mud carp
1161:Chinese mud carp
1123:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1061:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1004:
998:
997:
987:
978:(6): 1197–1214.
963:
957:
956:
932:
921:
920:
918:
916:
905:Federal Register
897:
891:
888:
882:
881:
879:
877:
862:
856:
855:
853:
851:
836:
830:
829:
827:
825:
810:
804:
803:
801:
799:
793:10.5066/P9K7KWM3
776:
770:
769:
767:
761:. Archived from
756:
748:
733:
732:
730:
728:
709:
703:
702:
700:
676:
663:
660:
654:
651:
645:
644:
623:
612:
611:
609:
579:
437:Chinese medicine
306:
295:
284:
273:
271:Leuciscus dubius
265:
257:
249:
242:Basilewsky, 1855
241:
234:Richardson, 1846
233:
231:Leuciscus piceus
207:
94:
93:
73:
68:
67:
44:
32:
21:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1794:Squaliobarbinae
1764:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1749:
1744:
1736:
1731:
1723:
1718:
1710:
1705:
1697:
1692:
1684:
1682:
1674:
1669:
1661:
1656:
1648:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1604:
1596:
1591:
1583:
1578:
1570:
1565:
1557:
1552:
1544:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1496:
1486:
1481:
1421:
1390:
1369:
1355:Yateley Complex
1323:
1297:
1281:
1202:Hora white carp
1168:(European carp)
1124:
1115:
1093:
1088:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1006:
1005:
1001:
965:
964:
960:
934:
933:
924:
914:
912:
899:
898:
894:
889:
885:
875:
873:
864:
863:
859:
849:
847:
838:
837:
833:
823:
821:
812:
811:
807:
797:
795:
778:
777:
773:
768:on 24 May 2020.
765:
754:
750:
749:
736:
726:
724:
711:
710:
706:
678:
677:
666:
661:
657:
652:
648:
625:
624:
615:
581:
580:
576:
571:
565:"pitch-black."
547:
534:
509:Illinois Rivers
467:
449:
350:Mylopharyngodon
342:freshwater fish
216:
209:
203:
190:
174:Mylopharyngodon
163:Squaliobarbinae
88:
80:
69:
65:
58:
28:
27:Species of fish
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1742:
1729:
1716:
1703:
1690:
1680:
1667:
1654:
1641:
1628:
1615:
1602:
1589:
1576:
1563:
1550:
1537:
1522:
1506:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1445:Carp streamers
1442:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1426:Related topics
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1381:Richard Walker
1377:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1247:Predatory carp
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1041:
1040:External links
1038:
1035:
1034:
999:
958:
947:(8): 684–690.
922:
892:
883:
857:
831:
805:
771:
734:
704:
691:(2): 304–313.
664:
655:
646:
627:Froese, Rainer
613:
573:
572:
570:
567:
546:
543:
533:
530:
518:Cape Girardeau
466:
463:
459:cycloid scales
448:
445:
420:as one of the
315:
314:
313:
312:
301:
290:
279:
268:
260:
252:
244:
236:
225:
224:
218:
217:
210:
199:
198:
192:
191:
187:M. piceus
184:
182:
178:
177:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
133:Actinopterygii
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
82:
81:
63:
60:
59:
54:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1816:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1478:
1477:Goldfish pond
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1252:Prussian carp
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1242:Pigmouth carp
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1156:Carnatic carp
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:(Richardson)"
1012:
1003:
1000:
995:
991:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
962:
959:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
931:
929:
927:
923:
910:
906:
902:
896:
893:
887:
884:
872:
868:
861:
858:
846:
842:
835:
832:
819:
815:
809:
806:
794:
790:
786:
782:
775:
772:
764:
760:
753:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
735:
722:
718:
716:
713:"Black carp (
708:
705:
699:
694:
690:
686:
682:
675:
673:
671:
669:
665:
659:
656:
650:
647:
642:
641:
636:
634:
628:
622:
620:
618:
614:
608:
603:
599:
595:
594:
589:
587:
578:
575:
568:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
544:
542:
539:
531:
529:
527:
521:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
483:
479:
477:
471:
464:
462:
460:
455:
454:pre-operculum
446:
444:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
418:United States
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:invertebrates
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:
347:
343:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:
322:
309:
305:
302:
298:
294:
291:
287:
283:
280:
276:
272:
269:
264:
261:
256:
253:
248:
245:
240:
237:
232:
229:
228:
226:
223:
219:
214:
213:J. Richardson
208:
206:
200:
197:
196:Binomial name
193:
189:
188:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
143:Cypriniformes
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
92:
87:
83:
77:
72:
71:Least Concern
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1501:
1449:
1437:
1417:Taramosalata
1407:Gefilte fish
1374:Carp anglers
1340:Redmire pool
1335:Carp fishing
1217:Krishna carp
1172:Crucian carp
1145:
1141:Bighead carp
1136:African carp
1047:
1025:. Retrieved
1023:(4): 310–320
1020:
1016:
1010:
1002:
975:
971:
961:
944:
940:
936:
913:. Retrieved
908:
904:
895:
886:
874:. Retrieved
871:STLtoday.com
870:
860:
848:. Retrieved
844:
834:
822:. Retrieved
817:
814:"Asian Carp"
808:
796:. Retrieved
784:
774:
763:the original
758:
725:. Retrieved
720:
714:
707:
688:
684:
658:
649:
638:
632:
597:
591:
585:
577:
548:
535:
522:
484:
480:
472:
468:
450:
430:
394:bighead carp
391:
348:
330:
325:
324:
320:
318:
303:
292:
281:
270:
262:
254:
246:
238:
230:
204:
202:
186:
185:
173:
29:
1694:NatureServe
1619:iNaturalist
1526:Wikispecies
1386:Chris Yates
1272:Silver carp
1227:Mrigal carp
1222:Mirror carp
1166:Common carp
1098:Carp groups
513:Osage River
497:Atchafalaya
447:Description
426:Asian carps
410:polyculture
398:silver carp
371:carnivorous
159:Subfamily:
35:Black carp
1768:Categories
1439:Total Carp
1257:Sabre carp
1197:Grass carp
1146:Black carp
1111:Asian carp
1105:Cyprinidae
569:References
414:introduced
408:" used in
402:grass carp
359:Amur Basin
321:black carp
153:Cyprinidae
18:Black amur
1309:Carp lice
1237:Nile carp
994:0893-8849
545:Etymology
538:cleithral
505:Kaskaskia
476:triploids
441:food fish
355:East Asia
181:Species:
109:Kingdom:
103:Eukaryota
1699:2.101992
1637:10154847
1593:FishBase
1511:Wikidata
1472:Koi pond
1350:Hair rig
1345:Chod rig
1302:Diseases
1293:Sea carp
1232:Mud carp
1192:Goldfish
640:FishBase
555:pharynx-
422:invasive
377:such as
339:cyprinid
222:Synonyms
149:Family:
123:Chordata
119:Phylum:
113:Animalia
99:Domain:
76:IUCN 3.1
1611:2362110
1517:Q909455
1395:As food
1027:21 July
915:20 July
876:20 July
850:21 July
824:21 July
798:21 July
759:Fws.gov
727:21 July
416:in the
387:mussels
367:Vietnam
361:across
335:species
286:Sauvage
275:Bleeker
215:, 1846)
169:Genus:
139:Order:
129:Class:
74: (
1751:594789
1738:837022
1725:594789
1676:166112
1663:639618
1624:128426
1572:204589
1546:200040
1433:Benson
1360:Boilie
992:
723:. 2022
563:piceus
400:, and
379:snails
310:, 1920
308:Ōshima
299:, 1912
297:Garman
288:, 1884
277:, 1864
49:Adult
1746:WoRMS
1712:75356
1683:NAS:
1650:73511
1632:IRMNG
1585:10028
1580:EUNIS
1559:743PJ
1151:Catla
766:(PDF)
755:(PDF)
551:mylo-
493:White
383:clams
363:China
346:genus
333:is a
329:) or
1779:Carp
1720:OBIS
1707:NCBI
1671:IUCN
1658:ITIS
1606:GBIF
1598:4602
1541:BOLD
1412:Kuai
1091:Carp
1029:2022
990:ISSN
917:2022
878:2022
852:2022
826:2022
800:2022
785:USGS
729:2022
598:2022
559:odon
507:and
499:and
435:and
433:food
385:and
319:The
1686:573
1645:ISC
1567:EoL
1554:CoL
1212:Koi
980:doi
949:doi
789:doi
693:doi
602:doi
501:Red
365:to
337:of
1770::
1748::
1735::
1722::
1709::
1696::
1673::
1660::
1647::
1634::
1621::
1608::
1595::
1582::
1569::
1556::
1543::
1528::
1513::
1021:14
1019:.
1015:.
988:.
976:53
974:.
970:.
945:15
943:.
925:^
909:72
907:.
903:.
869:.
843:.
816:.
787:.
783:.
757:.
737:^
719:.
717:)"
689:10
687:.
683:.
667:^
637:.
616:^
596:.
590:.
396:,
389:.
381:,
1083:e
1076:t
1069:v
1050:)
1031:.
996:.
982::
955:.
951::
919:.
880:.
854:.
828:.
802:.
791::
731:.
701:.
695::
635:"
631:"
610:.
604::
588:"
584:"
424:"
323:(
211:(
78:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
