1174:-like 2D material with excellent charge transport properties, thermal transport properties and optical properties. Distinguishing features of scientific interest include a thickness dependent band-gap, which is not found in graphene. This, combined with a high on/off ratio of ~10 makes phosphorene a promising candidate for field-effect transistors (FETs). The tunable bandgap also suggests promising applications in mid-infrared photodetectors and LEDs. Exfoliated black phosphorus sublimes at 400 °C in vacuum. It gradually oxidizes when exposed to water in the presence of oxygen, which is a concern when contemplating it as a material for the manufacture of transistors, for example. Exfoliated black phosphorus is an emerging anode material in the battery community, showing high stability and
111:
385:
920:
386:
870:. For easier handling, red phosphorus is often used in form of dispersions or masterbatches in various carrier systems. However, for electronic/electrical systems, red phosphorus flame retardant has been effectively banned by major OEMs due to its tendency to induce premature failures. One persistent problem is that red phosphorus in epoxy molding compounds induces elevated leakage current in semiconductor devices. Another problem was acceleration of
1248:
1089:
39:
381:
1105:
913:
98:
905:
1240:
1097:
442:
776:
31:
1007:). The optical band gap of the violet phosphorus was measured by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to be around 1.7 eV. The thermal decomposition temperature was 52â°C higher than its black phosphorus counterpart. The violet phosphorene was easily obtained from both mechanical and solution exfoliation.
1147:
Black phosphorus based sensors exhibit several superior qualities over traditional materials used in piezoelectric or resistive sensors. Characterized by its unique puckered honeycomb lattice structure, black phosphorus provides exceptional carrier mobility. This property ensures its high sensitivity
631:
The odour of combustion of this form has a characteristic garlic smell. White phosphorus is only slightly soluble in water and can be stored under water. Indeed, white phosphorus is safe from self-igniting when it is submerged in water; due to this, unreacted white phosphorus can prove hazardous to
974:
form exists with similar phosphorus cages. The lattice structure of violet phosphorus was presented by Thurn and Krebs in 1969. Imaginary frequencies, indicating the irrationalities or instabilities of the structure, were obtained for the reported violet structure from 1969. The single crystal of
2704:
Wood, Joshua D.; Wells, Spencer A.; Jariwala, Deep; Chen, Kan-Sheng; Cho, EunKyung; Sangwan, Vinod K.; Liu, Xiaolong; Lauhon, Lincoln J.; Marks, Tobin J.; Hersam, Mark C. (7 November 2014). "Effective
Passivation of Exfoliated Black Phosphorus Transistors against Ambient Degradation".
1123:
of â39.3 kJ/mol (relative to white phosphorus which is defined as the standard state). It was first synthesized by heating white phosphorus under high pressures (12,000 atmospheres) in 1914. As a 2D material, in appearance, properties, and structure, black phosphorus is very much like
1135:
pleated honeycomb structure and is the least reactive allotrope, a result of its lattice of interlinked six-membered rings where each atom is bonded to three other atoms. In this structure, each phosphorus atom has five outer shell electrons. Black and red phosphorus can also take a
1186:
Ring-shaped phosphorus was theoretically predicted in 2007. The ring-shaped phosphorus was self-assembled inside evacuated multi-walled carbon nanotubes with inner diameters of 5â8 nm using a vapor encapsulation method. A ring with a diameter of 5.30 nm, consisting of 23
384:
2894:
Zhang, Jinying; Zhao, Dan; Xiao, Dingbin; Ma, Chuansheng; Du, Hongchu; Li, Xin; Zhang, Lihui; Huang, Jialiang; Huang, Hongyang; Jia, Chun-Lin; TomĂĄnek, David; Niu, Chunming (6 February 2017). "Assembly of Ring-Shaped
Phosphorus within Carbon Nanotube Nanoreactors".
2813:
Zheng, Weiran; Lee, Jeongyeon; Gao, Zhi-Wen; Li, Yong; Lin, Shenghuang; Lau, Shu Ping; Lee, Lawrence Yoon Suk (30 June 2020). "Laser-Assisted
Ultrafast Exfoliation of Black Phosphorus in Liquid with Tunable Thickness for Li-Ion Batteries".
1930:
Zhang, Lihui; Huang, Hongyang; Zhang, Bo; Gu, Mengyue; Zhao, Dan; Zhao, Xuewen; Li, Longren; Zhou, Jun; Wu, Kai; Cheng, Yonghong; Zhang, Jinying (2020). "Structure and
Properties of Violet Phosphorus and Its Phosphorene Exfoliation".
402:
409:
3157:
816:
It was first presented by Anton von Schrötter before the Vienna
Academy of Sciences on December 9, 1847, although others had doubtlessly had this substance in their hands before, such as Berzelius.
1201:
units with a total of 230 P atoms, was observed inside a multi-walled carbon nanotube with an inner diameter of 5.90 nm in atomic scale. The distance between neighboring rings is 6.4 Ă
.
2651:
Liu, Xiaolong D.; Wood, Joshua D.; Chen, Kan-Sheng; Cho, EunKyung; Hersam, Mark C. (9 February 2015). "In Situ
Thermal Decomposition of Exfoliated Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorus".
524:
It glows greenish in the dark (when exposed to oxygen). It ignites spontaneously in air at about 50 °C (122 °F), and at much lower temperatures if finely divided (due to
740:, no other polyhedral phosphorus clusters are known. White phosphorus converts to the thermodynamically-stabler red allotrope, but that allotrope is not isolated polyhedra.
2456:
Zhang, Yuanbo; Chen, Xian Hui; Feng, Donglai; Wu, Hua; Ou, Xuedong; Ge, Qingqin; Ye, Guo Jun; Yu, Yijun; Li, Likai (May 2014). "Black phosphorus field-effect transistors".
806:. Bulk red phosphorus does not ignite in air at temperatures below 240 °C (460 °F), whereas pieces of white phosphorus ignite at about 30 °C (86 °F).
2013:
Korolkov, Vladimir V.; Timokhin, Ivan G.; Haubrichs, Rolf; Smith, Emily F.; Yang, Lixu; Yang, Sihai; Champness, Neil R.; Schröder, Martin; Beton, Peter H. (2017-11-09).
387:
1766:
1642:
Corbridge, D. E. C. (1995) "Phosphorus: An
Outline of its Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technology" 5th Edition Elsevier: Amsterdam. § 4.1.12.
1735:
2525:
Wang, J.; Rousseau, A.; Yang, M.; Low, T.; Francoeur, S.; KĂ©na-Cohen, S. (2020). "Mid-infrared
Polarized Emission from Black Phosphorus Light-Emitting Diodes".
280:
896:
for hydrogen formation from the water. They display a steady hydrogen evolution rates of 633 ÎŒmol/(hâ
g) by the formation of small-sized fibrous phosphorus.
490:
Molten and gaseous white phosphorus also retains the tetrahedral molecules, until 800 °C (1,500 °F; 1,100 K) when it starts decomposing to
858:. Together with the organic polymer material, these acids create a char that prevents the propagation of the flames. The safety risks associated with
2770:; Wentzcovitch, Renata M.; Koester, Steven J.; Mkhoyan, K. Andre (2015-11-01). "Atomic and electronic structure of exfoliated black phosphorus".
1309:
at 800 °C is â 1%. At temperatures above about 2000 °C, the diphosphorus molecule begins to dissociate into atomic phosphorus.
3110:
3077:
2930:
Zhang, Jia Lin; Zhao, Songtao (30 June 2016). "Epitaxial Growth of Single Layer Blue
Phosphorus: A New Phase of Two-Dimensional Phosphorus".
1887:
Thurn, H.; Krebs, H. (1969-01-15). "Ăber
Struktur und Eigenschaften der Halbmetalle. XXII. Die Kristallstruktur des Hittorfschen Phosphors".
1661:
Streubel, Rainer (1995). "Phosphaalkyne Cyclooligomers: From Dimers to HexamersâFirst Steps on the Way to PhosphorusâCarbon Cage Compounds".
1543:
761:. Other clusters are more thermodynamically favorable, and some have been partially formed as components of larger polyelemental compounds.
1778:
2113:
Cartz, L.; Srinivasa, S. R.; Riedner, R. J.; Jorgensen, J. D.; Worlton, T. G. (1979). "Effect of pressure on bonding in black phosphorus".
1004:
809:
Under standard conditions it is more stable than white phosphorus, but less stable than the thermodynamically stable black phosphorus. The
1600:
2408:
2859:
Karttunen, Antti J.; Linnolahti, Mikko; Pakkanen, Tapani A. (15 June 2007). "Icosahedral and Ring-Shaped Allotropes of Phosphorus".
1647:
255:
1767:
https://www.dfrsolutions.com/hubfs/Resources/services/Red-Phosphorus-Induced-Failures-in-Encapsulated-Circuits.pdf?t=1513022462214
1329:
Red/brown phosphorus was shown to be stable in air for several weeks and have properties distinct from those of red phosphorus.
855:
1273:
at 1100 kelvin). In 2006, the diatomic molecule was generated in homogeneous solution under normal conditions with the use of
1140:
crystal lattice structure. The first high-pressure synthesis of black phosphorus crystals was made by the Nobel prize winner
1120:
1015:
Violet phosphorus does not ignite in air until heated to 300 °C and is insoluble in all solvents. It is not attacked by
810:
1809:
946:
heated red phosphorus in a sealed tube at 530 °C. The upper part of the tube was kept at 444 °C. Brilliant opaque
1116:
429:
3150:
3138:
1586:
1742:
1132:
1295:, and the thermodynamically stable form between 1200 °C and 2000 °C. The dissociation of tetraphosphorus (
975:
violet phosphorus was also produced. The lattice structure of violet phosphorus has been obtained by single-crystal
509:
solid that quickly yellows in light, and impure white phosphorus is for this reason called yellow phosphorus. It is
875:
529:
84:
2307:
Lange, Stefan; Schmidt, Peer; Nilges, Tom (2007). "Au3SnP7@Black Phosphorus: An Easy Access to Black Phosphorus".
1166:
The similarities to graphite also include the possibility of scotch-tape delamination (exfoliation), resulting in
954:, crystals sublimed as a result. Violet phosphorus can also be prepared by dissolving white phosphorus in molten
525:
2973:
Piro, Na; Figueroa, Js; Mckellar, Jt; Cummins, Cc (2006). "Triple-bond reactivity of diphosphorus molecules".
1054:
and the vapour condensed rapidly, violet phosphorus is obtained. It would appear that violet phosphorus is a
395:
2588:"Temperature and Thickness Dependences of the Anisotropic In-Plane Thermal Conductivity of Black Phosphorus"
1141:
1047:
1222:
943:
110:
1779:
https://www.dfrsolutions.com/hubfs/Resources/services/The-Return-of-the-Red-Retardant.pdf?t=1513022462214
1128:
with both being black and flaky, a conductor of electricity, and having puckered sheets of linked atoms.
798:
network. Upon further heating, the amorphous red phosphorus crystallizes. It has two crystalline forms:
683:
139:
127:
2409:"Black phosphorusâbased humanâmachine communication interface: A breakthrough in assistive technology"
2982:
2939:
2779:
2724:
2599:
2544:
2475:
2355:
2234:
2171:
2122:
2087:
2026:
1940:
1896:
1861:
1701:
1371:
1137:
863:
737:
34:
White phosphorus (left), red phosphorus (center left and center right), and violet phosphorus (right)
595:
are also formed, but in small amounts. This combustion gives phosphorus(V) oxide, which consists of
3178:
3173:
2767:
2225:
Ahuja, Rajeev (2003). "Calculated high pressure crystal structure transformations for phosphorus".
1624:
1330:
1277:
1149:
867:
656:
548:
3006:
2841:
2748:
2714:
2686:
2660:
2633:
2568:
2534:
2507:
2465:
2250:
2161:
1972:
1601:"Woman mistakes WWII-era munition for precious stone on German beach | DW | 05.08.2017"
1205:
667:
919:
3145:
3102:
2342:
Vaghasiya, Jayraj V.; MayorgaâMartinez, Carmen C.; VyskoÄil, Jan; Pumera, Martin (2023-01-03).
1559:
Simon, Arndt; Borrmann, Horst; Horakh, Jörg (1997). "On the Polymorphism of White Phosphorus".
746:, in particular, is unlikely to form, and the closest approach is the half-phosphorus compound
3133:
3106:
3073:
3050:
2998:
2955:
2912:
2876:
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2740:
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2207:
2189:
2060:
2042:
1964:
1956:
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1539:
1066:
967:
799:
687:
186:
3040:
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2823:
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2732:
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2607:
2552:
2483:
2379:
2363:
2316:
2281:
2242:
2197:
2179:
2130:
2095:
2078:
Brown, A.; Rundqvist, S. (1965). "Refinement of the crystal structure of black phosphorus".
2050:
2034:
1948:
1904:
1869:
1709:
1670:
1568:
1485:
1274:
1247:
787:
652:
303:
206:
78:
58:
1333:
showed that red/brown phosphorus forms long, parallel nanorods with a diameter between 3.4
103:
White phosphorus sample with a chunk removed from the corner to expose un-oxidized material
2148:
Ling, Xi; Wang, Han; Huang, Shengxi; Xia, Fengnian; Dresselhaus, Mildred S. (2015-03-27).
1088:
1032:
959:
882:
831:
679:
2986:
2943:
2783:
2728:
2603:
2548:
2479:
2359:
2238:
2175:
2126:
2091:
2030:
1944:
1900:
1865:
1705:
83:
This section is about the chemistry of white phosphorus. For military applications, see
3095:
2384:
2343:
2202:
2149:
2055:
2014:
1605:
1393:
1043:
971:
939:
803:
790:
to 300 °C (570 °F) in the absence of air or by exposing white phosphorus to
770:
663:
514:
423:
65:
solids. Solid violet and black allotropes are also known. Gaseous phosphorus exists as
62:
662:
The white allotrope can be produced using several methods. In the industrial process,
3167:
2845:
2572:
2254:
1976:
958:
in a sealed tube at 500 °C for 18 hours. Upon slow cooling, Hittorf's allotrope
893:
835:
758:
691:
606:
tetrahedral with oxygen inserted between the phosphorus atoms and at their vertices:
352:
342:
3010:
2752:
2690:
2511:
904:
97:
38:
2766:
Wu, Ryan J.; Topsakal, Mehmet; Low, Tony; Robbins, Matthew C.; Haratipour, Nazila;
2637:
2432:
1465:
1386:
1239:
1234:
951:
886:
851:
847:
825:
633:
231:
66:
1104:
912:
2951:
2556:
2674:
1411:
1167:
1161:
1028:
963:
733:
678:. Elemental phosphorus is then liberated as a vapour and can be collected under
484:
480:
476:
17:
2367:
2038:
1096:
441:
2099:
1991:
1908:
1835:
1510:
1381:
1292:
947:
871:
843:
813:
of red phosphorus is â17.6 kJ/mol. Red phosphorus is kinetically most stable.
518:
319:
197:
50:
2799:
2495:
2375:
2293:
2193:
2046:
1960:
1916:
1873:
1721:
1572:
1326:
polymers were isolated from CuI-P complexes using low temperature treatment.
3029:"Phosphorus nanorods â two allotropic modifications of a long-known element"
2994:
2184:
1376:
1266:) can normally be obtained only under extreme conditions (for example, from
859:
839:
795:
468:
242:
54:
43:
3054:
3045:
3028:
3002:
2959:
2916:
2908:
2880:
2872:
2827:
2744:
2682:
2629:
2612:
2587:
2564:
2503:
2393:
2328:
2246:
2211:
2064:
1968:
1952:
1833:
Monoclinic phosphorus formed from vapor in the presence of an alkali metal
1690:"The discovery of red phosphorus (1847) by Anton von Schrötter (1802â1875)"
1674:
2487:
775:
1765:
Craig Hillman, Red Phosphorus Induced Failures in Encapsulated Circuits,
1334:
1281:
1221:
Single-layer blue phosphorus was first produced in 2016 by the method of
1171:
1125:
1039:
1024:
1020:
791:
510:
408:
401:
394:
367:
2836:
2586:
Smith, B.; Vermeersch, B.; Carrete, J.; Ou, E.; Kim, J.; Li, S. (2017).
2285:
30:
1460:
1438:
1323:
1285:
1175:
1055:
644:
332:
218:
2791:
2736:
2621:
2320:
2015:"Supramolecular networks stabilise and functionalise black phosphorus"
1713:
636:
who may collect washed-up samples while unaware of their true nature.
3027:
Pfitzner, A; BrÀu, Mf; Zweck, J; Brunklaus, G; Eckert, H (Aug 2004).
2134:
1077:
1051:
1016:
743:
675:
671:
2269:
1849:
1689:
866:
of red phosphorus can be effectively minimized by stabilization and
422:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
2665:
2539:
2166:
1058:
of high relative molecular mass, which on heating breaks down into
1050:
and the vapour condenses as white phosphorus. If it is heated in a
962:
out. The crystals can be revealed by dissolving the lead in dilute
2719:
2470:
1246:
1238:
1103:
1095:
1087:
918:
911:
903:
774:
472:
440:
185:
175:
37:
29:
1148:
and mechanical resilience, making it an intriguing candidate for
1144:
in 1914. Metal salts catalyze the synthesis of black phosphorus.
955:
648:
475:
in a tetrahedral structure, joined by six phosphorusâphosphorus
2344:"Black phosphorous-based human-machine communication interface"
908:
Violet phosphorus (right) by a sample of red phosphorus (left)
506:
1798:
Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2016, 55, 9580â9585.
1080:, they link up again to form the polymeric violet allotrope.
881:
Red phosphorus can also be used in the illicit production of
1789:
Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 2012, 111â112, 409â414.
1038:
If it is heated in an atmosphere of inert gas, for example
854:). The flame retarding effect is based on the formation of
1777:
Dock Brown, The Return of the Red Retardant, SMTAI 2015,
690:(although phosphate rock contains substantial amounts of
379:
3146:
More about White Phosphorus (and phosphorus pentoxide)
1115:
is the thermodynamically stable form of phosphorus at
979:-ray diffraction to be monoclinic with space group of
562:
when reacted with excess oxygen. On rare occasions,
551:) when reacted with a limited supply of oxygen, and
536:
oxides depending on the amount of available oxygen:
3094:
3033:Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English
1663:Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English
1302:) begins at lower temperature: the percentage of
1213:ring shaped molecule is not stable in isolation.
532:. Phosphorus reacts with oxygen, usually forming
1035:. Violet phosphorus ignites upon impact in air.
230:
3022:
3020:
2154:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
830:Red phosphorus can be used as a very effective
383:
2407:Chemistry, University of; Prague, Technology.
1993:Violet violent Phosphorus EXPLODES on impact!
8:
2772:Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A
1538:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 392.
1346:Properties of some allotropes of phosphorus
1076:molecules (i.e. white phosphorus) but, in a
1065:molecules. On cooling, these would normally
3068:A. Holleman; N. Wiberg (1985). "XV 2.1.3".
1637:
1635:
1633:
892:Red phosphorus can be used as an elemental
347:44.1 °C; 111.4 °F; 317.3 K
205:
89:
3044:
2835:
2718:
2664:
2611:
2538:
2469:
2383:
2201:
2183:
2165:
2054:
1621:100 years of Phosphorus Making: 1851â1951
1534:Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004).
2274:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1344:
1319:
1305:
1298:
1269:
1262:
1208:
1197:
1190:
1072:
1061:
753:
749:
720:
716:
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598:
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587:
580:
576:
569:
565:
558:
554:
543:
539:
463:
2897:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1810:"Hittorf's Metallic Phosphorus of 1865"
1521:
938:is a crystalline form of the amorphous
666:is heated in an electric or fuel-fired
521:from chronic ingestion or inhalation.
285:
260:
2433:"Black Phosphorus Powder and Crystals"
2653:Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
2270:"Two New Modifications of Phosphorus"
2150:"The renaissance of black phosphorus"
357:280 °C; 536 °F; 553 K
267:Key: OBSZRRSYVTXPNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
27:Solid forms of the element phosphorus
7:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1291:Diphosphorus is the gaseous form of
1225:from black phosphorus as precursor.
966:followed by boiling in concentrated
732:Although white phosphorus forms the
530:white phosphorus is used as a weapon
1587:"A dangerous guide to beachcombing"
221:
1736:"Red Phosphorus Reliability Alert"
505:White phosphorus is a translucent
445:White phosphorus crystal structure
309:
144:1,2,3,4-Tetraphosphatricyclobutane
25:
3070:Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie
682:. An idealized equation for this
1889:Acta Crystallographica Section B
109:
96:
2115:The Journal of Chemical Physics
426:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
57:, the most common of which are
42:White phosphorus and resulting
2861:Chemistry â A European Journal
2268:Bridgman, P. W. (1914-07-01).
1011:Reactions of violet phosphorus
923:Hitorff's phosphorus structure
900:Violet or Hittorf's phosphorus
811:standard enthalpy of formation
794:. Red phosphorus exists as an
1:
1850:"Zur Kenntniss des Phosphors"
1694:Journal of Chemical Education
1117:room temperature and pressure
936:Hittorf's metallic phosphorus
528:). Because of this property,
3151:The Periodic Table of Videos
3139:The Periodic Table of Videos
2952:10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01459
2557:10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00581
1990:ChemicalForce (2021-12-07).
1019:and only slowly reacts with
3158:The Chemistry of Phosphorus
3072:(33 ed.). de Gruyter.
2675:10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00043
1808:Curry, Roger (2012-07-08).
1688:Kohn, Moritz (1944-11-01).
728:Other polyhedrane analogues
3195:
3154:(University of Nottingham)
3142:(University of Nottingham)
2368:10.1038/s41467-022-34482-4
2039:10.1038/s41467-017-01797-6
1232:
1159:
1108:Black phosphorus structure
899:
823:
768:
264:InChI=1S/P4/c1-2-3(1)4(1)2
85:white phosphorus munitions
82:
76:
2816:Advanced Energy Materials
2100:10.1107/S0365110X65004140
1909:10.1107/S0567740869001853
1619:Threlfall, R.E., (1951).
1243:Structure of diphosphorus
786:may be formed by heating
420:
361:
296:
276:
251:
167:
150:
138:
126:
121:
108:
95:
3160:at Chemistry LibreTexts.
1874:10.1002/andp.18652021002
1573:10.1002/cber.19971300911
1131:Black phosphorus has an
1092:Black phosphorus ampoule
736:, the simplest possible
526:melting-point depression
116:Tetraphosphorus molecule
3097:Semiconductor materials
2995:10.1126/science.1129630
2227:Physica Status Solidi B
2185:10.1073/pnas.1416581112
1142:Percy Williams Bridgman
483:arrangement results in
69:and atomic phosphorus.
3093:Berger, L. I. (1996).
3046:10.1002/anie.200460244
2909:10.1002/anie.201611740
2873:10.1002/chem.200601572
2828:10.1002/aenm.201903490
2613:10.1002/adma.201603756
2247:10.1002/pssb.200301569
2080:Acta Crystallographica
1953:10.1002/ange.201912761
1675:10.1002/anie.199504361
1252:
1244:
1223:molecular beam epitaxy
1182:Ring-shaped phosphorus
1109:
1101:
1093:
944:Johann Wilhelm Hittorf
924:
916:
909:
804:fibrous red phosphorus
780:
446:
390:
46:
35:
3101:. CRC Press. p.
2488:10.1038/nnano.2014.35
2458:Nature Nanotechnology
2348:Nature Communications
2019:Nature Communications
1836:U.S. patent 4,620,968
1251:Diphosphorus molecule
1250:
1242:
1107:
1099:
1091:
928:Monoclinic phosphorus
922:
915:
907:
878:insulating material.
778:
684:carbothermal reaction
487:and instability.
444:
389:
140:Systematic IUPAC name
53:can exist in several
41:
33:
2002:– via YouTube.
1848:Hittorf, W. (1865).
864:friction sensitivity
738:Platonic hydrocarbon
372:(fire diamond)
156:Molecular phosphorus
2987:2006Sci...313.1276P
2944:2016NanoL..16.4903Z
2784:2015JVSTA..33f0604W
2729:2014NanoL..14.6964W
2604:2017AdM....2903756S
2549:2020NanoL..20.3651W
2480:2014NatNa...9..372L
2360:2023NatCo..14....2V
2309:Inorganic Chemistry
2286:10.1021/ja02184a002
2239:2003PSSBR.235..282A
2176:2015PNAS..112.4523L
2127:1979JChPh..71.1718C
2092:1965AcCry..19..684B
2031:2017NatCo...8.1385K
1945:2020AngCh.132.1090Z
1901:1969AcCrB..25..125T
1866:1865AnP...202..193H
1706:1944JChEd..21..522K
1625:Albright and Wilson
1536:Inorganic Chemistry
1347:
1331:Electron microscopy
1313:Phosphorus nanorods
868:micro-encapsulation
856:polyphosphoric acid
670:in the presence of
657:disulfur dichloride
549:phosphorus trioxide
471:of four phosphorus
327: g·mol
92:
1854:Annalen der Physik
1561:Chemische Berichte
1372:Body-centred cubic
1345:
1253:
1245:
1110:
1102:
1094:
925:
917:
910:
781:
447:
430:Infobox references
391:
90:
47:
36:
3112:978-0-8493-8912-2
3079:978-3-11-012641-9
2867:(18): 5232â5237.
2792:10.1116/1.4926753
2737:10.1021/nl5032293
2713:(12): 6964â6970.
2321:10.1021/ic062192q
2160:(15): 4523â4530.
1933:Angewandte Chemie
1714:10.1021/ed021p522
1545:978-0-13-039913-7
1502:
1501:
1150:sensor technology
1121:heat of formation
970:. In addition, a
968:hydrochloric acid
932:violet phosphorus
800:violet phosphorus
688:calcium phosphate
517:on ingestion and
513:, causing severe
454:yellow phosphorus
438:Chemical compound
436:
435:
187:Interactive image
159:Yellow phosphorus
91:White phosphorus
16:(Redirected from
3186:
3128:White phosphorus
3117:
3116:
3100:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3024:
3015:
3014:
2981:(5791): 1276â9.
2970:
2964:
2963:
2938:(8): 4903â4908.
2927:
2921:
2920:
2903:(7): 1850â1854.
2891:
2885:
2884:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2839:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2768:Jeong, Jong Seok
2763:
2757:
2756:
2722:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2668:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2615:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2542:
2533:(5): 3651â3655.
2522:
2516:
2515:
2473:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2280:(7): 1344â1363.
2265:
2259:
2258:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2205:
2187:
2169:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2135:10.1063/1.438523
2110:
2104:
2103:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2058:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1939:(3): 1090â1096.
1927:
1921:
1920:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1741:. Archived from
1740:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1639:
1628:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1567:(9): 1235â1240.
1556:
1550:
1549:
1531:
1486:Refractive index
1469:
1443:
1426:
1419:
1348:
1322:
1308:
1301:
1275:transition metal
1272:
1265:
1211:
1200:
1193:
1113:Black phosphorus
1100:Black phosphorus
1084:Black phosphorus
1075:
1064:
834:, especially in
788:white phosphorus
757:, produced from
756:
723:
715:+ 10 C â 6 CaSiO
653:carbon disulfide
642:
627:
605:
594:
583:
572:
561:
546:
501:
500:
499:
466:
450:White phosphorus
411:
404:
397:
382:
326:
311:
304:Chemical formula
234:
223:
209:
189:
131:White phosphorus
113:
100:
93:
79:White phosphorus
73:White phosphorus
21:
18:Black phosphorus
3194:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3164:
3163:
3134:White Phophorus
3125:
3120:
3113:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3039:(32): 4228â31.
3026:
3025:
3018:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2822:(31): 1903490.
2812:
2811:
2807:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2441:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2417:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2315:(10): 4028â35.
2306:
2305:
2301:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1996:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1860:(10): 193â228.
1847:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1814:LATERAL SCIENCE
1807:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1641:
1640:
1631:
1618:
1614:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1533:
1532:
1523:
1519:
1507:
1463:
1441:
1424:
1417:
1343:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1237:
1231:
1219:
1217:Blue phosphorus
1210:
1206:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1164:
1158:
1086:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1059:
1033:phosphoric acid
1013:
902:
883:methamphetamine
862:generation and
832:flame retardant
828:
822:
773:
767:
755:
751:
747:
730:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
680:phosphoric acid
641:
637:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
604:
600:
596:
593:
589:
585:
582:
578:
574:
571:
567:
563:
560:
556:
552:
545:
541:
537:
498:
495:
494:
493:
491:
465:
461:
458:tetraphosphorus
439:
432:
427:
416:
415:
414:
413:
406:
399:
392:
388:
380:
324:
314:
306:
292:
289:
284:
283:
272:
269:
268:
265:
259:
258:
237:
224:
212:
192:
179:
163:
162:
146:
145:
134:
133:Tetraphosphorus
132:
117:
114:
104:
101:
88:
81:
75:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3192:
3190:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3155:
3143:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3123:External links
3121:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3085:
3078:
3060:
3016:
2965:
2922:
2886:
2851:
2805:
2758:
2696:
2659:(5): 773â778.
2643:
2598:(5): 1603756.
2578:
2517:
2464:(5): 372â377.
2448:
2424:
2413:techxplore.com
2399:
2334:
2299:
2260:
2233:(2): 282â287.
2217:
2140:
2105:
2086:(4): 684â685.
2070:
2005:
1982:
1922:
1895:(1): 125â135.
1879:
1840:
1826:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1727:
1680:
1669:(4): 436â438.
1653:
1629:
1612:
1606:Deutsche Welle
1592:
1578:
1551:
1544:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
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1500:
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1435:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1394:Pearson symbol
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1342:
1339:
1314:
1311:
1280:(for example,
1233:Main article:
1230:
1227:
1218:
1215:
1183:
1180:
1160:Main article:
1157:
1154:
1085:
1082:
1044:carbon dioxide
1012:
1009:
940:red phosphorus
901:
898:
836:thermoplastics
821:
818:
784:Red phosphorus
779:Red phosphorus
771:Red phosphorus
769:Main article:
766:
765:Red phosphorus
763:
759:phosphaalkynes
729:
726:
725:
724:
664:phosphate rock
643:is soluble in
629:
628:
496:
437:
434:
433:
428:
424:standard state
421:
418:
417:
407:
400:
393:
378:
377:
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359:
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102:
77:Main article:
74:
71:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3191:
3180:
3177:
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3169:
3159:
3156:
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3152:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3140:
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3131:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3114:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3098:
3089:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3061:
3056:
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3023:
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3017:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
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2976:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2778:(6): 060604.
2777:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
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2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2300:
2295:
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2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
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2066:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2006:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1891:(in German).
1890:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1837:
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1804:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1748:on 2018-01-02
1744:
1737:
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1728:
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1719:
1715:
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1699:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1676:
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1657:
1654:
1649:
1648:0-444-89307-5
1645:
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1626:
1622:
1616:
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1608:
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1596:
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986:
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957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
921:
914:
906:
897:
895:
894:photocatalyst
890:
888:
884:
879:
877:
874:reactions in
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:polyurethanes
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
827:
819:
817:
814:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
777:
772:
764:
762:
760:
745:
741:
739:
735:
727:
697:
696:
695:
693:
692:fluoroapatite
689:
686:is shown for
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
635:
609:
608:
607:
550:
535:
531:
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522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
459:
455:
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443:
431:
425:
419:
412:
405:
398:
374:
371:
370:
366:
365:
360:
356:
354:
353:Boiling point
351:
350:
346:
344:
343:Melting point
341:
340:
336:
334:
331:
330:
323:
321:
318:
317:
308:
305:
301:
300:
295:
286:
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40:
32:
19:
3149:
3137:
3096:
3088:
3069:
3063:
3036:
3032:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2935:
2932:Nano Letters
2931:
2925:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2837:10397/100139
2819:
2815:
2808:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2710:
2707:Nano Letters
2706:
2699:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2530:
2527:Nano Letters
2526:
2520:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2440:. Retrieved
2436:
2427:
2416:. Retrieved
2412:
2402:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2022:
2018:
2008:
1997:. Retrieved
1992:
1985:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1829:
1817:. Retrieved
1813:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1750:. Retrieved
1743:the original
1730:
1697:
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1683:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1620:
1615:
1604:
1595:
1581:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1535:
1433:Cmca No. 64
1430:P2/c No. 13
1387:Orthorhombic
1328:
1316:
1290:
1257:diphosphorus
1256:
1254:
1235:Diphosphorus
1229:Diphosphorus
1220:
1203:
1185:
1165:
1146:
1133:orthorhombic
1130:
1112:
1111:
1037:
1023:. It can be
1014:
1000:
999:= 21.893 Ă
,
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
960:crystallises
952:rhombohedral
935:
931:
927:
926:
891:
880:
848:epoxy resins
829:
826:Safety match
820:Applications
815:
808:
783:
782:
742:
731:
661:
634:beachcombers
630:
533:
523:
515:liver damage
504:
502:molecules.
489:
477:single bonds
467:) exists as
457:
453:
449:
448:
368:
168:Identifiers
151:Other names
67:diphosphorus
48:
2121:(4): 1718.
2025:(1): 1385.
1819:16 November
1700:(11): 522.
1623:. Oldbury:
1412:Space group
1337:and 4.7 Ă
.
1259:allotrope (
1168:phosphorene
1162:phosphorene
1156:Phosphorene
1029:nitric acid
1005:CSD-1935087
1003:= 97.776°,
964:nitric acid
942:. In 1865,
734:tetrahedron
719:+ 10 CO + P
485:ring strain
481:tetrahedral
297:Properties
128:IUPAC names
3179:Phosphorus
3174:Allotropes
3168:Categories
2666:1502.02644
2540:1911.09184
2442:2019-08-23
2418:2023-06-16
2167:1503.08367
1999:2024-08-12
1752:2018-01-01
1517:References
1511:Phossy jaw
1382:Monoclinic
1341:Properties
1293:phosphorus
948:monoclinic
872:hydrolysis
844:thermosets
824:See also:
519:phossy jaw
456:or simply
337:1.82 g/cm
320:Molar mass
288:P12P3P1P23
198:ChemSpider
174:3D model (
55:allotropes
51:phosphorus
49:Elemental
44:allotropes
2846:225707528
2800:0734-2101
2720:1411.2055
2592:Adv Mater
2573:208202133
2496:1748-3395
2471:1401.4117
2376:2041-1723
2294:0002-7863
2255:120578034
2194:0027-8424
2047:2041-1723
1977:241932000
1961:1521-3757
1917:0567-7408
1722:0021-9584
1377:Triclinic
1368:Symmetry
1357:white(ÎČ)
1354:white(α)
1278:complexes
1178:storage.
1119:, with a
995:= 9.128,
991:= 9.210,
860:phosphine
840:polyamide
796:amorphous
469:molecules
243:UN number
3055:15307095
3011:27740669
3003:16946068
2960:27359041
2917:28074606
2881:17373003
2753:22128620
2745:25380142
2691:24648672
2683:26262651
2630:27882620
2565:32286837
2512:17218693
2504:24584274
2394:36596775
2354:(1): 2.
2329:17439206
2212:25820173
2065:29123112
1969:31713959
1505:See also
1282:tungsten
1172:graphene
1126:graphite
1069:to give
1067:dimerize
1048:sublimes
1040:nitrogen
1025:oxidised
1021:halogens
887:Krokodil
792:sunlight
369:NFPA 704
362:Hazards
2983:Bibcode
2975:Science
2940:Bibcode
2780:Bibcode
2725:Bibcode
2638:5479539
2622:1533031
2600:Bibcode
2545:Bibcode
2476:Bibcode
2385:9810665
2356:Bibcode
2235:Bibcode
2203:4403146
2172:Bibcode
2123:Bibcode
2088:Bibcode
2056:5680224
2027:Bibcode
1941:Bibcode
1897:Bibcode
1862:Bibcode
1702:Bibcode
1490:1.8244
1461:Bandgap
1439:Density
1360:violet
1324:nanorod
1286:niobium
1194:and 23
1176:lithium
1056:polymer
972:fibrous
711:+ 6 SiO
668:furnace
645:benzene
333:Density
325:123.895
219:PubChem
3109:
3076:
3053:
3009:
3001:
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2045:
1975:
1967:
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1915:
1720:
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1542:
1446:1.828
1442:(g/cm)
1427:No. 2
1363:black
1078:vacuum
1052:vacuum
1017:alkali
987:(13) (
846:(e.g.
842:) and
838:(e.g.
744:Cubane
676:silica
672:carbon
655:, and
584:, and
479:. The
281:SMILES
232:123286
207:109894
122:Names
3007:S2CID
2842:S2CID
2749:S2CID
2715:arXiv
2687:S2CID
2661:arXiv
2634:S2CID
2569:S2CID
2535:arXiv
2508:S2CID
2466:arXiv
2251:S2CID
2162:arXiv
1973:S2CID
1746:(PDF)
1739:(PDF)
1480:0.34
1455:2.69
1452:2.36
1449:1.88
1403:mP84
1400:aP24
1351:Form
1138:cubic
1046:, it
950:, or
934:, or
615:+ 5 O
511:toxic
473:atoms
256:InChI
247:1381
176:JSmol
59:white
3107:ISBN
3074:ISBN
3051:PMID
2999:PMID
2956:PMID
2913:PMID
2877:PMID
2796:ISSN
2741:PMID
2679:PMID
2626:PMID
2618:OSTI
2561:PMID
2500:PMID
2492:ISSN
2390:PMID
2372:ISSN
2325:PMID
2290:ISSN
2208:PMID
2190:ISSN
2061:PMID
2043:ISSN
1965:PMID
1957:ISSN
1913:ISSN
1821:2014
1718:ISSN
1644:ISBN
1540:ISBN
1498:2.4
1495:2.6
1477:1.5
1472:2.1
1406:oS8
1284:and
1255:The
1204:The
1170:, a
956:lead
885:and
802:and
752:(CH)
699:2 Ca
674:and
649:oils
507:waxy
61:and
3148:at
3136:at
3041:doi
2991:doi
2979:313
2948:doi
2905:doi
2869:doi
2832:hdl
2824:doi
2788:doi
2733:doi
2671:doi
2608:doi
2553:doi
2484:doi
2380:PMC
2364:doi
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2231:235
2198:PMC
2180:doi
2158:112
2131:doi
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2051:PMC
2035:doi
1949:doi
1937:132
1905:doi
1870:doi
1858:202
1710:doi
1671:doi
1627:Ltd
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