49:
31:
422:(RNA)". There are four different nucleotides that can make up a genome. In BQCV, 29.2% of its genome is made up of A nucleotides, 30.6% is U nucleotides, 18.5% is C nucleotides, and 21.6% is G nucleotides. A genome is polyadenylated when it has a poly(A) tail at the end, or a string of only adenine (A) bases. The black queen cell virus contains two
542:
Another important interaction that BQCV has with its host is its resistance to host cell mechanisms. This resistance is accomplished by a cap structure that black queen cell virus has on the 5’ end of its genome. A cap structure has many functions. It protects the mRNA from being degraded, it ensures
538:
species that are now hosts for this virus. One major impact that this virus has on its host is its ability to produce offspring. The offspring are still produced by infected individuals, but they do not survive. Another way that this virus interacts with its host is by interfering with cellular mRNA
1154:
Gall, Olivier Le; Christian, Peter; Fauquet, Claude M.; King, Andrew M. Q.; Knowles, Nick J.; Nakashima, Nobuhiko; Stanway, Glyn; Gorbalenya, Alexander E. (2008-04-01). "Picornavirales, a proposed order of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a pseudo-T = 3 virion architecture".
392:, which describe the faces in terms of the number of facets (smaller triangles inside the faces) each contains. BQCV is a pseudo-T=3 capsid, meaning that it is mathematically a T=1 capsid, but the way the capsid is structured makes it look like T=3. The genome of this virus contains 8550
366:. VP4 proteins, which are sometimes also found in the capsid, do not affect the virus's infectivity, or ability to be transmitted. The surface of the virion has large protrusions, which are formed by the VP1 and VP3 proteins and are located between the 5- and 3-fold axes of the
239:
of being infected with this virus, as it only manifests itself with visible symptoms in the larvae. Although only the larvae are visibly affected by this disease, adults can also be infected, but asymptomatically. Transmission occurs by a
522:, which helps with RNA replication. The genome of the virus has a positive strand of RNA, which is used as a template to synthesize the negative strand RNA. This negative strand is then used as a template to synthesize more genomic RNA.
627:
to transmit the virus to other uninfected bees. The results of both of these functions of the parasite in these colonies is the increase of the infectivity and the mortality rate related to the virus.
563:, there is a much higher chance that that same bee will contract BQCV. Nosema disease can be treated in infected honey bees with Flumidil-B. Another virus that can be associated with BQCV is
373:
Due to these protrusions, BQCV is larger than most other picornaviruses. The capsid is also characterized by plateaus (around the 3-fold axes) and depressions (around the 2-fold axes).
668:
Zhang, X.; He, S. Y.; Evans, J. D.; Pettis, J. S.; Yin, G. F.; Chen, Y. P. (2012-01-01). "New evidence that deformed wing virus and black queen cell virus are multi-host pathogens".
260:
or treatment forms available to treat bees infected with this virus, therefore sanitation is the best way to prevent the spread. Sanitation practices include replacing the
1032:
370:. An icosahedral capsid is formed from 20 triangular faces, put together in such a way that it resembles a sphere. The axes are found where the faces come together.
1358:
1371:
1094:"The use of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for the taxonomic assignment of Picorna-like viruses (order Picornavirales) infecting Apis mellifera L. populations"
547:, which is the site of replication. It is possible to study these viral interactions with host cells because of the ability that scientists have to produce
559:
There are many diseases or viruses that can be associated with black queen cell virus. One such disease is Nosema disease. If a honey bee is infected with
388:. It has a linear, single-stranded, positive sense RNA genome encased in an icosahedral capsid (described above). Viruses with icosahedral symmetry have
264:
of the hive and requeening. Requeening simply means that the queen of the hive is replaced with a new, and in the case of infected hives, healthy queen.
623:, are commonly found in bee colonies that are also infected with viruses. The parasites can activate the virus if it is latent and can also act as a
590:(ABPV) all are related to BQCV very closely, but all have much less easily defined symptoms. Structurally, BQCV is the most similar to TrV and to
648:
stunt virus. However, black queen cell virus is not used in this way because bee colonies are important to agriculture and to economics.
235:, causing them first to turn yellow and then black, and eventually die. These pupae come from queen bees that seem healthy and show no
1218:
587:
583:
579:
605:. These are both from the family Picornaviridae and they may “form evolutionary intermediates between human and insect viruses”.
203:. Infection of the latter two species is more recent and can be attributed to genetic similarity and geographical closeness.
945:
Spurny, Radovan; PĹ™idal, AntonĂn; Pálková, Lenka; Kiem, Hoa Khanh Tran; de
Miranda, Joachim R.; Plevka, Pavel (2017-02-28).
471:
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on the cell membrane. Once the virus is inside the cell, the virus is uncoated and the genome (RNA) is released into the
519:
48:
256:
to hive when the bees travel between them and when infected queen bees are distributed to other hives, There are no
1323:
503:
1376:
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After the virus has entered the host cell, it must replicate its genome. In dicistroviruses, the 5’ VPg protein
359:
355:
351:
1399:
487:
1285:
1008:
892:
1404:
848:"Analysis of the complete genome sequence of black queen-cell virus, a picorna-like virus of honey bees"
624:
507:
415:
786:"Development of infectious transcripts and genome manipulation of Black queen-cell virus of honey bees"
1345:
1055:
677:
640:
389:
43:
732:
Bonning, Bryony C. (2009-10-01). "The
Dicistroviridae: An emerging family of invertebrate viruses".
514:, which improves translation of viral mRNA. The ORF1 (discussed earlier) codes for the replication
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757:
423:
367:
334:
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of honey bees. BQCV can also be transmitted from nurse bees to larvae when they feed, and from
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109:
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567:. This virus manifests itself with similar symptoms to those of BQCV but it affects the
1128:
1093:
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187:
121:
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511:
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containing non-structural and structural (capsid-forming) subunits, respectively".
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199:
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1308:
1009:"Honey Bee Disorders: Viral Diseases | Honey Bee Program | CAES Entomology | UGA"
802:
785:
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1209:
Flint, Jane; Racaniello, Vincent R.; Rall, Glenn F.; Skalka, Anna Marie (2015).
864:
847:
598:
591:
574:
Black queen cell virus is also similar to a few other viruses within the family
431:
290:
193:
1046:
Szabo, Tibor I. (1982-01-01). "Requeening
Honeybee Colonies with Queen Cells".
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efficient translation, and it helps the mRNA travel from the cytoplasm to the
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are being used as pest control. Some examples include the control of the
551:
in the viral genome and analyze the effect that it has on the host cell.
548:
412:
947:"Virion Structure of Black Queen Cell Virus, a Common Honeybee Pathogen"
482:, other proteins – and in some cases viruses – by the inward budding of
479:
405:
257:
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812:
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BQCV interacts with parasites to make the virus more prone to causing
594:. Iflaviruses also infect insects, just like black queen cell virus.
515:
427:
347:
212:
1279:
474:. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis "is a process by which cells absorb
278:, which are also known as picorna-like viruses. Families within the
1236:"Recognition of mRNA cap structures by viral and cellular proteins"
784:
Benjeddou, Mongi; Leat, Neil; Allsopp, Mike; Davison, Sean (2002).
178:
60:
211:
Black queen cell virus was originally described in 1977, but its
846:
Leat, Neil; Ball, Brenda; Govan, Vandana; Davison, Sean (2000).
228:
1350:
1283:
530:
The main host of black queen cell virus is the honey bee genus
362:. The capsid is the shell of the virus that holds the virus's
486:
vesicles". This absorption begins after the virus binds to a
219:
until 2000. BQCV can currently be found most commonly in
320:. This family contains twelve viruses within the genus
1092:
Baker, Andrea C.; Schroeder, Declan C. (2008-01-22).
346:
The black queen cell virus contains 60 copies of the
316:
family, which means that it is a virus that infects
1292:
597:The human viruses that are closest to BQCV include
454:, as a whole, will be used as the model to explain
438:(usually UAA, UAG or UGA)". ORF1 and ORF2 "encode
1234:Fechter, Pierre; Brownlee, George G. (May 2005).
539:production, in favor of its own mRNA production.
1213:. Washington, DC: ASM Press. pp. 89–90.
8:
1031:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
272:Black queen cell virus comes from the order
1280:
426:(ORFs), which is a "continuous stretch of
29:
18:
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978:
893:"Black queen cell virus « Bee Aware"
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1007:Communications, Emily Pitts, Office of.
38:Diagram of a picorna-like virus protein
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571:of the hive, instead of the queen bee.
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670:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
312:. Of these, BQCV belongs to the
47:
1240:The Journal of General Virology
1048:Journal of Apicultural Research
1294:Triatovirus nigereginacellulae
1068:10.1080/00218839.1982.11100543
506:synthesis of RNA and inhibits
1:
638:with CrPV and the control of
584:Israeli acute paralysis virus
472:clathrin-mediated endocytosis
803:10.1099/0022-1317-83-12-3139
520:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
381:Black queen cell virus is a
865:10.1099/0022-1317-81-8-2111
852:Journal of General Virology
790:Journal of General Virology
630:Some members of the family
526:Viral interaction with host
458:of black queen cell virus.
326:, and others in the genera
227:. BQCV visibly affects the
1421:
617:. Parasites, particularly
1169:10.1007/s00705-008-0041-x
746:10.1007/s12250-009-3044-1
690:10.1016/j.jip.2011.09.010
588:acute bee paralysis virus
534:. There are also several
42:
37:
28:
21:
1324:Black queen cell virus
1211:Principles of Virology
1111:10.1186/1743-422X-5-10
171:black queen cell virus
160:Black queen cell virus
23:Black queen cell virus
1253:10.1099/vir.0.80755-0
466:The virus enters the
416:deoxyribonucleic acid
390:triangulation numbers
248:, which lives in the
1157:Archives of Virology
963:10.1128/JVI.02100-16
646:Helicoverpa armigera
641:Helicoverpa armigera
434:(usually AUG) and a
268:Viral classification
44:Virus classification
1246:(Pt 5): 1239–1249.
1060:1982JApiR..21..208S
951:Journal of Virology
682:2012JInvP.109..156Z
555:Associated diseases
424:open reading frames
400:. Nucleotides "are
1013:caes2.caes.uga.edu
404:that serve as the
368:icosahedral capsid
1387:
1386:
1286:Taxon identifiers
796:(12): 3139–3146.
734:Virologica Sinica
620:Varroa destructor
580:Kashmir bee virus
446:Replication cycle
402:organic molecules
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858:(8): 2111–2119.
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420:ribonucleic acid
408:for forming the
364:genetic material
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16:Species of virus
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636:olive fruit fly
632:Dicistroviridae
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576:Dicistroviridae
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518:, specifically
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484:plasma membrane
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462:Entry into cell
452:Dicistroviridae
448:
430:that contain a
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344:
342:Virus structure
314:Dicistroviridae
297:Dicistroviridae
270:
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185:, specifically
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135:Dicistroviridae
111:Pisoniviricetes
46:
17:
12:
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5:
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1400:Picornavirales
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1163:(4): 715–727.
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1081:
1054:(4): 208–211.
1038:
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767:
740:(5): 415–427.
703:
676:(1): 156–159.
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565:Sacbrood virus
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527:
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398:polyadenylated
378:
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285:Picornaviridae
282:order include
280:Picornavirales
275:Picornavirales
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188:Apis mellifera
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123:Picornavirales
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406:monomer units
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223:and parts of
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181:that infects
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87:Orthornavirae
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41:
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27:
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1405:Bee diseases
1293:
1243:
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1160:
1156:
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1097:
1051:
1047:
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1016:. Retrieved
1012:
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900:. Retrieved
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855:
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789:
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733:
673:
669:
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639:
631:
629:
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612:
609:Interactions
603:parechovirus
596:
586:(IAPV), and
575:
573:
560:
558:
541:
531:
529:
510:of cellular
501:
465:
451:
449:
440:polyproteins
410:nucleic acid
383:nonenveloped
380:
377:Viral genome
372:
345:
333:
327:
321:
313:
309:Sequiviridae
307:
303:Marnaviridae
301:
295:
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245:
225:South Africa
210:
200:Apis dorsata
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159:
158:
146:
134:
122:
110:
99:Pisuviricota
98:
86:
74:
67:
57:(unranked):
22:
1318:Wikispecies
599:hepatitis A
592:iflaviruses
569:worker bees
561:Nosema apis
508:translation
498:Replication
476:metabolites
456:replication
450:The family
432:start codon
394:nucleotides
335:Triatovirus
291:Comoviridae
246:Nosema apis
207:Description
194:Apis florea
147:Triatovirus
1394:Categories
1018:2017-11-02
902:2017-11-02
813:10566/8925
652:References
601:and human
436:stop codon
418:(DNA) and
396:and it is
329:Aparavirus
323:Cripavirus
318:arthropods
250:intestines
233:queen bees
183:honey bees
1309:Q18965351
1262:0022-1317
1177:0304-8608
1120:1743-422X
1076:0021-8839
971:0022-538X
754:1674-0769
615:mortality
549:mutations
536:bumblebee
492:cytoplasm
468:host cell
386:RNA virus
350:proteins
221:Australia
217:sequenced
154:Species:
82:Kingdom:
75:Riboviria
1364:11459247
1303:Wikidata
1270:15831934
1185:18293057
1138:18211671
1027:cite web
989:28077635
874:10900051
822:12466491
762:36053081
698:22001629
488:receptor
480:hormones
413:polymers
258:vaccines
242:parasite
237:symptoms
215:was not
130:Family:
94:Phylum:
1193:2303309
1129:2267166
1056:Bibcode
980:5331821
678:Bibcode
582:(KBV),
545:nucleus
516:enzymes
244:called
177:) is a
142:Genus:
118:Order:
106:Class:
1351:541258
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625:vector
504:primes
428:codons
358:, and
348:capsid
306:, and
213:genome
197:, and
1377:92395
1359:IRMNG
1189:S2CID
957:(6).
758:S2CID
644:with
229:pupae
179:virus
68:Realm
61:Virus
1372:NCBI
1338:LYGJ
1266:PMID
1258:ISSN
1215:ISBN
1181:PMID
1173:ISSN
1134:PMID
1116:ISSN
1072:ISSN
1033:link
985:PMID
967:ISSN
870:PMID
818:PMID
750:ISSN
694:PMID
532:Apis
512:mRNA
332:and
262:comb
254:hive
175:BQCV
169:The
1346:EoL
1333:CoL
1248:doi
1165:doi
1161:153
1124:PMC
1106:doi
1064:doi
975:PMC
959:doi
860:doi
808:hdl
798:doi
742:doi
686:doi
674:109
470:by
360:VP3
356:VP2
352:VP1
231:of
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