1387:
1399:
25:
148:, with white members meeting in the chapel and Black members meeting in a member's home. When the Black members resisted, arguing that integration would help everyone, Howells decided to remove the missionaries from the Black members and stop visiting them. The First Presidency under Heber J. Grant sent a letter to stake president
261:. When Wilkinson found out he wrote that it was a "serious mistake of judgement", and "the danger in doing so is that students ... assume that there is nothing improper about mingling with other races", and the man was promptly reassigned to a departmental advisory position to minimize the risk of mingling.
188:
against racial covenants in housing. They counseled members to buy homes so black people would not move next to LDS chapels. In the 1950s, the San
Francisco mission office took legal action to prevent Black families from moving into the church neighborhood. A Black man living in Salt Lake City, Daily
439:
Furthermore, your ideas, as we understand them, appear to contemplate the intermarriage of the Negro and the White races, a concept which has heretofore been most repugnant to most normal-minded people from the ancient patriarchs till now. ... We are not unmindful of the fact that there is a growing
256:
protested an
African student who was given a scholarship, believing it was dangerous to allow Black students on BYU's campus. In 1960 the NAACP reported that the predominantly LDS landlords of Provo, Utah would not rent to a BYU Black student, and that no motel or hotel there would lodge hired Black
235:
Church leaders opposed desegregation in public schools. After Dr. Robinson wrote an editorial in the
Deseret News, President McKay deleted portions that indicated support for desegregation in schools, stating it would not be fair to force a white child to learn with a Black child. Decades earlier as
472:
No special effort has ever been made to proselyte among the Negro race, and social intercourse between the Whites and the
Negroes should certainly not be encouraged because of leading to intermarriage, which the Lord has forbidden. This move which has now received some popular approval of trying to
264:
A few months later, BYU leaders were "very much concerned" when a male Black student received a large number of votes for student vice president. Subsequently, Lee told
Wilkinson he would hold him responsible if one of his granddaughters ever went to "BYU and becme engaged to a colored boy". Later
272:
as the motive behind the decision. By 1968, there was only one
African American student on campus, though, Wilkinson wrote that year when responding to criticism that "all Negroes who apply for admission and can meet the academic standards are admitted." BYU's dean of athletics Milton Hartvigsen
507:
It is sought today in certain quarters to break down all race prejudice, and at the end of the road ... is intermarriage. ...o not ever let that wicked virus get into your systems that brotherhood either permits or entitles you to mix races which are inconsistent. Biologically, it is wrong;
209:
opened a blood bank which kept separate blood stocks for white and Black people. It was the second-largest in-hospital blood bank. After the 1978 ending of the priesthood ban, Consolidated Blood
Services agreed to supply hospitals with connections to the LDS Church, including LDS Hospital,
140:
During the years, different Black families were either told by church leadership not to attend church or chose not to attend church after white members complained. The church began considering segregated congregations, and sent missionaries to southern United States to establish segregated
1085:
858:
Since they are not entitled to the
Priesthood, the Church discourages social intercourse with the negro race, because such intercourse leads to marriage, and the offspring possess negro blood and is therefore subject to the inhibition set out in our
284:
In 1976, an
African American, Robert Lee Stevenson was elected a student body vice president at BYU. In 2002, BYU elected its first African American student body president. In June 2020, BYU formed a committee on race and inequality.
183:
did not allow Black individuals to appear in photographs with white people. Church leaders urged white members to join civic groups and opened up LDS chapels "for meetings to prevent
Negroes from becoming neighbors", even after a
1115:
194:
1164:
1031:
269:
152:
in Washington, D.C., advising that if two Black women were "discreetly approached" they should be happy to sit at the back or side so as not to upset some white women who had complained about sitting near them in the
1425:
226:
in Provo. Racially segregated blood stocks reportedly ended in the 1970s, although white patients worried about receiving blood from a Black donor were reassured that this would not happen even after 1978.
440:
tendency ... toward the breaking down of race barriers in the matter of intermarriage between whites and blacks, but it does not have the sanction of the Church and is contrary to Church doctrine.
1440:
526:
473:
break down social barriers between the Whites and the Blacks is one that should not be encouraged because inevitably it means the mixing of the races if carried to its logical conclusion.
1017:
205:
Church leaders advocated for the segregation of donated blood, concerned that giving white members blood from Black donors might disqualify them from the priesthood. In 1943, the
304:
701:
189:
Oliver, described how, as a boy in the 1910s, he was excluded from an LDS-led boy scout troop because they did not want Black people in their building. In 1954, apostle
1144:
173:, a church-run hotel, banned Black guests, even when other hotels made exceptions for Black celebrities. Black people were prohibited from performing in the
1390:
89:
1299:
1024:
1139:
533:
100:
who stated, "I would confine them by strict law to their own species". Until 1963, many church leaders supported legalized racial segregation.
1149:
157:
church meetings. At least one Black family was forbidden from attending church after white members complained about their attendance. In 1956,
817:
405:
1066:
265:
the BYU Board of Trustees decided in February 1961 to officially encourage Black students to attend other universities for the first time.
35:
46:
995:
223:
457:
882:
790:
614:
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432:
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340:
64:
957:
705:
1061:
1435:
197:, the Lamanites and Nephites, Jacob and Esau, and the Israelites and Canaanites as scripture-based precedence for segregation.
193:
taught that segregation was inspired by God, arguing that "what God hath separated, let not man bring together again". He used
1110:
844:
211:
1090:
240:
general president to keep the National Council of Women from supporting going on record in favor of school desegregation.
129:
976:
675:
646:
277:'s 1969 criticism of BYU's ban on Black athletes bigotry towards a religious group, and the next month Wilkinson accused
132:
members publicly and privately condemned white-Black marriage calling it "repugnant", "forbidden", and a "wicked virus".
257:
performers. Later that year BYU administrators hired a Black man as a professor without the knowledge of its president
1430:
726:
Glen W. Davidson, "Mormon Missionaries and the Race Question," The Christian Century, September 29, 1965, pp. 1183–86.
274:
170:
1332:
1234:
1169:
1154:
1132:
1127:
1056:
294:
80:
219:
559:
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of bigotry for refusing to schedule athletic events with BYU over its discrimination towards black athletes.
1214:
236:
a missionary he had written that he did "not care much for a negro". Apostle J. Rueben Clark instructed the
834:
161:
suggested that a segregated chapel should be created for places where a number of Black families joined.
1402:
1122:
299:
117:
39:
that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
486:
910:
174:
1362:
278:
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1357:
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1009:
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930:
647:"Religious Accommodation in the Land of Racial Democracy: Mormon Priesthood and Black Brazilians"
185:
145:
93:
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878:
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807:
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In 1965, administrators began sending a rejection letter to Black applicants which cited the
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1294:
1289:
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780:
467:
190:
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The church also advocated for segregation laws and enforced segregation in its facilities.
463:
453:
105:
1372:
1327:
1279:
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237:
154:
109:
101:
459:
Neither White Nor Black: Mormon Scholars Confront the Race Issue in a Universal Church
1419:
1274:
1264:
1254:
1189:
1078:
1073:
942:
253:
121:
809:
Flesh and Blood: Organ Transplantation and Blood Transfusion in 20th Century America
424:
Mormonism and White Supremacy: American Religion and The Problem of Racial Innocence
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97:
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911:"'This Time of Crisis': The Race-Based Anti-BYU Athletic Protests of 1968–1971"
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309:
144:
In 1947, mission president, Rulon Howells, decided to segregate the branch in
737:
92:
discouraged social interaction or marriage with Black people and encouraged
1259:
934:
603:
Murphy, Larry G.; Melton, J. Gordon; Ward, Gary L. (November 20, 2013).
996:"BYU announces new committee to examine race and inequality on campus"
926:
86:
Black segregation in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
270:
LDS Church's discouragement of interracial courtship and marriage
1013:
18:
427:. New York City: Oxford University Press. pp. 121–123.
332:
Elijah Abel: The Life and Times of a Black Priesthood Holder
36:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1426:
History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
128:
were leading proponents of segregation. In the late 1940s
573:
Margaret Blair Young, Darius Aidan Gray (August 2013).
42:
560:"Howell, Martha Ann Jane Stevens Perkins (1875–1954)"
676:"Mormonism's Negro Doctrine: An Historical Overview"
1313:
1180:
1101:
1047:
397:
The Mormon Church and Blacks: A Documentary History
305:
Racial segregation of churches in the United States
88:was a part of the religion for over a century. The
812:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 197.
785:. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press.
394:Harris, Matthew L.; Bringhurst, Newell G. (2015).
1441:African-American segregation in the United States
576:The Last Mile of the Way (Revised & Expanded)
958:"Mormon School Elects a Black to Student Office"
836:Elder Statesman: A Biography of J. Reuben Clark
782:David O. McKay and the Rise of Modern Mormonism
356:Randall Balmer, Jana Riess (December 8, 2015).
1041:Black people and the Latter Day Saint movement
1025:
8:
527:"Abner Leonard Howell: Honorary High Priest"
389:
387:
385:
383:
381:
379:
702:"Blacks in Utah History: An Unknown Legacy"
1032:
1018:
1010:
977:"BYU elects first black student president"
606:Encyclopedia of African American Religions
362:. Columbia University Press. p. 168.
16:History of black segregation by LDS Church
874:The Mormon Hierarchy: Extensions of Power
774:
772:
770:
768:
598:
596:
558:Young, Margaret Blair (August 29, 2016).
400:. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
96:. The practice began with church founder
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
520:
518:
516:
248:Church leaders supported segregation at
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
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744:. p. 2 – via Newspapers.com.
630:Young, Margaret Blair (July 23, 2013).
321:
244:Segregation at Brigham Young University
975:Stewart, Amy K. (February 12, 2002).
956:Lichtenstein, Grace (April 4, 1976).
195:church teachings on the curse of Cain
7:
1067:History of African Americans in Utah
909:Bergera, Gary James (Summer 2013).
632:"Howell, Abner Leonard (1877-1966)"
1086:LDS temple and priesthood policies
14:
1397:
1386:
1385:
1062:Black people and early Mormonism
839:. Signature Books. p. 345.
485:Clark, J. Reuben (August 1946).
165:Segregation in church facilities
136:Segregation in LDS congregations
23:
359:Mormonism and American Politics
1111:Mormon teachings on skin color
736:Oliver, David (May 28, 1965).
1:
1091:1978 Revelation on Priesthood
231:Segregation in public schools
201:Segregation in blood supplies
466:. p. 89. Archived from
779:Prince, Gregory A. (2005).
421:Brooks, Joanna (May 2020).
275:Western Athletic Conference
186:1948 Supreme Court decision
1457:
1333:Amanda and Samuel Chambers
1170:Lynching of Thomas Coleman
1155:Civil rights and Mormonism
1133:Act in Relation to Service
1128:History of slavery in Utah
1057:Black people and Mormonism
833:Quinn, D. Michael (2002).
806:Lederer, Susan E. (2008).
295:Black people and Mormonism
81:Black people and Mormonism
78:
1381:
915:Utah Historical Quarterly
871:D. Michael Quinn (1997).
742:The Daily Utah Chronicles
508:spiritually, it is wrong.
674:Bush, Lester E. (1973).
462:. Salt Lake City, Utah:
250:Brigham Young University
1436:Criticism of Mormonism
1116:Curses of Cain and Ham
755:Oliver, David (1963).
525:Margaret Blair Young.
45:by rewriting it in an
1150:Patriarchal blessings
1123:Mormonism and slavery
487:"Plain Talk to Girls"
452:Bush, Lester E. Jr.;
300:Mormonism and slavery
118:Joseph Fielding Smith
1165:Interracial marriage
1140:Joseph Smith's views
1103:Historical teachings
758:A Negro on Mormonism
708:on December 30, 2017
470:on October 1, 2022.
224:Utah Valley Hospital
216:Cottonwood Hospitals
175:Salt Lake Tabernacle
877:. Signature Books.
700:Ronald G. Coleman.
579:. Zarahemla Books.
329:W. Kesler Jackson.
279:Stanford University
218:in Salt Lake City,
1431:Mormonism and race
1358:Jane Manning James
1353:Mary Lee Pugh Hope
539:on January 7, 2017
220:McKay-Dee Hospital
212:Primary Children's
146:Piracicaba, Brazil
94:racial segregation
47:encyclopedic style
34:is written like a
1413:
1412:
1300:Winston Wilkinson
1225:Keith N. Hamilton
1049:Overview articles
819:978-0-19-516150-2
407:978-0-252-08121-7
75:
74:
67:
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1401:
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1290:Catherine Stokes
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1230:Alvin B. Jackson
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704:. Archived from
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532:. Archived from
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259:Ernest Wilkinson
191:Mark E. Petersen
159:Mark E. Petersen
150:Ezra Taft Benson
130:First Presidency
126:Mark E. Peterson
114:Ezra Taft Benson
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252:(BYU). Apostle
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141:congregations.
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106:J. Reuben Clark
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43:help improve it
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102:David O. McKay
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1002:. LDS Church.
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