31:
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flecks on the sides of the breast. The upperparts are blackish-brown with pale fringes to the wing-coverts and scapular feathers. The belly and vent are white. In flight it shows a white wingbar, white shoulder patch and white tail with a broad black band across it. There is white from the lower back to the uppertail-coverts apart from a dark bar across the rump.
307:
is 20–27 millimeters long and slightly upturned. The legs and feet are blackish-brown with a reddish tinge. The bird is largely black and white in appearance. Breeding-plumaged adults have a black head and breast apart from a white spot between the eye and bill, a white stripe over the eye and white
318:
The ruddy turnstone is similar but has rufous-brown markings on the upperparts and more white on the head and breast, particularly in breeding plumage. It has narrower wings and a narrower white wingbar. Its legs are orange and brighter than those of the black turnstone though there can be some
322:
The black turnstone has a variety of calls, especially a rattling trill which can be heard throughout the year. This call is higher and less harsh than the similar call of the ruddy turnstone. Other calls include a loud, screeching alarm call and a soft, purring call uttered to young chicks.
461:
It arrives on its breeding ground from early May to early June with the males arriving first. The birds often return to the same territory and pair with the same mate as previous years. The
454:. In winter, its typical habitat is rocky coasts but it also feeds on beaches, mudflats and man-made structures such as jetties and breakwaters. It uses its bill to turn over stones,
2143:
2352:
343:. It usually nests near the coast but in some areas it occurs further inland along the shores of rivers and lakes. There are a handful of records from north-east
2195:
2327:
347:
but there has been no sign of breeding there. The world population is estimated at 95,000 birds with about 80,000 of these in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta.
2107:
2156:
615:
643:
2234:
2347:
2286:
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are similar to winter adults but browner with buff fringes to the wing-coverts and scapulars and a grey-brown tip to the tail.
2161:
79:
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1985:
30:
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296:
481:
and are able to leave the nest and feed themselves soon after hatching. They are able to fly well after 25–34 days.
2200:
1976:
636:
2208:
598:, No. 585 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA. Accessed 20/09/07.
446:
during the breeding season. Seeds, eggs and carrion are also taken. At the breeding grounds it mainly feeds in
370:. It is very occasionally seen inland during spring and fall migration; there are a number of records from the
323:
Displaying males produce a long series of staccato notes in flight as well as chirruping trills on the ground.
1422:
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is a scrape dug mainly by the male. It is usually located amongst sedges or grasses or under
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are usually laid; they are olive or pale greenish with darker spots. The eggs are
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383:
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coast of North
America from southern Alaska southwards as far as north-west
249:
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141:
91:
311:
In winter the head and breast become largely dark brown with little white.
2024:
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1955:
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675:
111:
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280:
101:
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1932:
1920:
2086:
2081:
421:
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290:
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242:
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It is 22–25 centimeters long and weighs 100–170 grams. The black
267:) being the other. It is now classified in the sandpiper family,
2239:
681:
455:
304:
245:
121:
1936:
1249:
700:
625:
271:, but was formerly sometimes placed in the plover family,
378:
and scattered sightings from inland US states including
458:
mats and other objects to get at prey hidden beneath.
339:
in the north. The bulk of the population nests in the
603:
578:, Pica Press, East Sussex and WILDGuides, Hampshire.
576:
Birds, Mammals and
Reptiles of the Galápagos Islands
477:
for 21–24 days by both parents. The young birds are
1945:
1727:
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1540:
1518:
1511:
1375:
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1002:
969:
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921:
858:
851:
743:
721:
714:
522:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693341A93396588.en
548:"First occurrence of Black Turnstone in Arizona"
637:
8:
601:Rosair, David & Cottridge, David (1995)
541:
539:
1933:
1515:
1267:
1260:
1246:
925:
855:
718:
711:
697:
644:
630:
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200:
53:
29:
20:
592:Black Turnstone (Arenaria melanocephala).
520:
570:
568:
489:
590:Handel, C. M., and R. E. Gill (2001).
2353:Taxa named by Nicholas Aylward Vigors
574:Swash, Andy & Still, Rob (2000).
350:It winters on rocky shores along the
331:It breeds in western Alaska from the
7:
275:. It is native to the west coast of
2328:IUCN Red List least concern species
508:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
426:Winter-plumaged bird in California.
704:(Numeniinae–Limosinae–Arenariinae)
38:Breeding-plumaged adult in Alaska
14:
78:
497:BirdLife International (2016).
398:birds have been recorded from
248:. It is one of two species of
1:
406:and there is one record from
546:Stevenson, Mark M. (2005).
297:Humboldt County, California
2369:
596:The Birds of North America
366:with a single record from
1915:
1259:
1245:
1194:Buff-breasted sandpiper (
710:
696:
664:
616:Black turnstone flashcard
219:Strepsilas melanocephalus
215:
208:
199:
180:
173:
75:Scientific classification
73:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
1560:Short-billed dowitcher (
1253:(Tringinae–Scolopacinae)
1167:Spoon-billed sandpiper (
1158:Semipalmated sandpiper (
1077:White-rumped sandpiper (
1059:Broad-billed sandpiper (
1014:Sharp-tailed sandpiper (
826:Bristle-thighed curlew (
515:: e.T22693341A93396588.
241:) is a species of small
2348:Birds described in 1829
1569:Long-billed dowitcher (
1423:Nordmann's greenshank (
835:Slender-billed curlew (
2343:Native birds of Alaska
2305:Arenaria-melanocephala
2002:Arenaria_melanocephala
1977:Arenaria melanocephala
1947:Arenaria melanocephala
1855:South American snipe (
1321:Red-necked phalarope (
501:Arenaria melanocephala
427:
300:
238:Arenaria melanocephala
184:Arenaria melanocephala
2261:Paleobiology Database
1655:New Guinea woodcock (
1387:Grey-tailed tattler (
990:Henderson sandpiper (
905:Black-tailed godwit (
425:
404:Northwest Territories
341:Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta
294:
166:A. melanocephala
1697:Subantarctic snipe (
1477:Solitary sandpiper (
1441:Greater yellowlegs (
1330:Wilson's phalarope (
1113:Pectoral sandpiper (
799:Far Eastern curlew (
790:Hudsonian whimbrel (
763:Long-billed curlew (
555:Arizona Birds Online
408:San CristĂłbal Island
2338:Birds of the Arctic
1664:Eurasian woodcock (
1646:Moluccan woodcock (
1628:American woodcock (
1619:Sulawesi woodcock (
1610:Bukidnon woodcock (
1450:Common greenshank (
1432:Wandering tattler (
1405:Lesser yellowlegs (
1363:Spotted sandpiper (
1104:Western sandpiper (
1041:Baird's sandpiper (
981:Tuamotu sandpiper (
896:Bar-tailed godwit (
817:Eurasian whimbrel (
801:N. madagascariensis
430:It feeds mainly on
358:where it occurs in
295:Black Turnstone in
279:and breeds only in
45:Conservation status
1873:Pin-tailed snipe (
1801:Madagascar snipe (
1396:Spotted redshank (
1354:Common sandpiper (
1203:Temminck's stint (
1176:Red-necked stint (
1095:Purple sandpiper (
1068:Curlew sandpiper (
887:Hudsonian godwit (
731:Upland sandpiper (
428:
301:
2315:
2314:
2248:Open Tree of Life
1939:Taxon identifiers
1930:
1929:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1819:Swinhoe's snipe (
1792:Jameson's snipe (
1740:
1603:
1578:Asian dowitcher (
1553:
1507:
1506:
1495:Common redshank (
1486:Marsh sandpiper (
1459:Green sandpiper (
1305:
1280:Terek sandpiper (
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1185:Long-toed stint (
1131:Least sandpiper (
1086:Stilt sandpiper (
957:Black turnstone (
948:Ruddy turnstone (
941:
917:
916:
871:
847:
846:
772:Eurasian curlew (
756:
605:. Hamlyn, London.
412:Galápagos Islands
229:
228:
223:
68:
2360:
2308:
2307:
2295:
2294:
2282:
2281:
2269:
2268:
2256:
2255:
2243:
2242:
2230:
2229:
2217:
2216:
2204:
2203:
2191:
2190:
2178:
2177:
2165:
2164:
2152:
2151:
2139:
2138:
2126:
2125:
2116:
2115:
2103:
2102:
2090:
2089:
2077:
2076:
2064:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2041:
2040:
2028:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2015:0413ED30505338F9
2005:
2004:
1992:
1991:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1934:
1864:Solitary snipe (
1783:Imperial snipe (
1774:Latham's snipe (
1756:Wilson's snipe (
1739:
1738:
1734:
1673:Javan woodcock (
1637:Amami woodcock (
1612:S. bukidnonensis
1602:
1601:
1597:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1516:
1414:Wood sandpiper (
1304:
1303:
1299:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1196:C. subruficollis
1140:Rock sandpiper (
959:A. melanocephala
940:
939:
935:
926:
878:Marbled godwit (
870:
869:
865:
856:
755:
754:
750:
719:
712:
705:
698:
646:
639:
632:
623:
579:
572:
563:
562:
552:
543:
534:
533:
531:
529:
524:
494:
335:in the south to
333:Alaska Peninsula
221:
204:
186:
83:
82:
62:
57:
56:
33:
24:Black turnstone
21:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2303:
2298:
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2238:
2233:
2225:
2222:Observation.org
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2194:
2186:
2181:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2155:
2147:
2142:
2134:
2129:
2123:black-turnstone
2121:
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2106:
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2085:
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2067:
2059:
2057:
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2036:
2031:
2023:
2021:
2013:
2008:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1941:
1931:
1926:
1899:
1884:G. stricklandii
1882:Fuegian snipe (
1837:African snipe (
1803:G. macrodactyla
1736:
1735:
1733:
1723:
1715:Chatham snipe (
1681:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1586:
1580:L. semipalmatus
1549:
1548:
1546:
1536:
1503:
1371:
1338:
1312:Red phalarope (
1301:
1300:
1298:
1288:
1255:
1252:
1229:
1214:C. tenuirostris
998:
983:P. parvirostris
965:
937:
936:
934:
913:
867:
866:
864:
843:
837:N. tenuirostris
808:Little curlew (
781:Eskimo curlew (
752:
751:
749:
739:
706:
703:
692:
688:Charadriiformes
660:
659:: Scolopacidae)
650:
612:
587:
582:
573:
566:
550:
545:
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537:
527:
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496:
495:
491:
487:
434:, particularly
420:
360:Baja California
329:
289:
261:ruddy turnstone
233:black turnstone
195:
188:
182:
169:
132:Charadriiformes
77:
69:
58:
54:
47:
17:
16:Species of bird
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11:
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2179:
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2153:
2140:
2127:
2117:
2104:
2091:
2078:
2065:
2055:
2042:
2029:
2019:
2006:
1993:
1982:
1967:
1951:
1949:
1943:
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1937:
1928:
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1904:
1901:
1900:
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1897:
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1879:
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1852:
1843:
1839:G. nigripennis
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1765:Common snipe (
1762:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1712:
1706:Snares snipe (
1703:
1699:C. aucklandica
1693:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1657:S. rosenbergii
1652:
1648:S. rochussenii
1643:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1575:
1571:L. scolopaceus
1566:
1556:
1554:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1524:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1492:
1488:T. stagnatilis
1483:
1474:
1470:T. semipalmata
1465:
1456:
1447:
1443:T. melanoleuca
1438:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
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1318:
1308:
1306:
1290:
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1286:
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1274:
1265:
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1256:
1250:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1142:C. ptilocnemis
1137:
1128:
1122:Little stint (
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1079:C. fuscicollis
1074:
1065:
1061:C. falcinellus
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1010:
1008:
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987:
977:
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828:N. tahitiensis
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778:
769:
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757:
741:
740:
738:
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610:External links
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1896:
1894:
1891:Giant snipe (
1889:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1857:G. paraguaiae
1853:
1851:
1849:
1846:Noble snipe (
1844:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1830:G. nemoricola
1826:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1810:Great snipe (
1808:
1806:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1785:G. imperialis
1781:
1779:
1777:
1776:G. hardwickii
1772:
1770:
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1653:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1621:S. celebensis
1617:
1615:
1613:
1608:
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1401:
1399:
1398:T. erythropus
1394:
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1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1361:
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1357:
1356:A. hypoleucos
1352:
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1346:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1326:
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1314:P. fulicarius
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1278:
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1251:Scolopacidae
1248:
1244:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1205:C. temminckii
1201:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1188:
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1181:
1179:
1178:C. ruficollis
1174:
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1088:C. himantopus
1084:
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1075:
1073:
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1070:C. ferruginea
1066:
1064:
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1057:
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889:L. haemastica
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797:
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779:
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766:
765:N. americanus
761:
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736:
734:
733:B. longicauda
729:
728:
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702:Scolopacidae
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689:
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66:
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60:Least Concern
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1946:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1866:G. solitaria
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1828:Wood snipe (
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1767:G. gallinago
1766:
1757:
1748:
1747:Puna snipe (
1728:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1688:Coenocorypha
1686:
1674:
1666:S. rusticola
1665:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1591:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1550:(Dowitchers)
1541:
1529:
1528:Jack snipe (
1520:Lymnocryptes
1519:
1512:Scolopacinae
1496:
1487:
1479:T. solitaria
1478:
1469:
1460:
1452:T. nebularia
1451:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1376:
1365:A. macularia
1364:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1302:(Phalaropes)
1293:
1281:
1271:
1222:
1213:
1212:Great knot (
1204:
1195:
1187:C. subminuta
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1133:C. minutilla
1132:
1123:
1115:C. melanotos
1114:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1023:Sanderling (
1016:C. acuminata
1015:
1003:
991:
982:
970:
958:
956:
950:A. interpres
949:
938:(Turnstones)
929:
906:
898:L. lapponica
897:
888:
879:
859:
836:
827:
818:
809:
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791:
782:
773:
764:
744:
732:
722:
602:
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558:
554:
526:. Retrieved
512:
506:
500:
492:
460:
429:
374:in southern
349:
330:
327:Distribution
321:
317:
310:
302:
273:Charadriidae
269:Scolopacidae
265:A. interpres
264:
256:
237:
236:
232:
230:
222:Vigors, 1829
218:
183:
181:
165:
164:
152:
142:Scolopacidae
18:
2274:SeaLifeBase
2209:Neotropical
2183:NatureServe
2131:iNaturalist
1971:Wikispecies
1921:Boyd (2019)
1893:G. undulata
1794:G. jamesoni
1758:G. delicata
1675:S. saturata
1600:(Woodcocks)
1543:Limnodromus
1461:T. ochropus
1425:T. guttifer
1416:T. glareola
1407:T. flavipes
1389:T. brevipes
1332:P. tricolor
1282:X. cinereus
1097:C. maritima
922:Arenariinae
819:N. phaeopus
783:N. borealis
618:eNature.com
528:12 November
448:wet meadows
436:crustaceans
287:Description
2333:Sandpipers
2322:Categories
2300:Xeno-canto
1875:G. stenura
1848:G. nobilis
1717:C. pusilla
1708:C. huegeli
1562:L. griseus
1530:L. minimus
1497:T. totanus
1323:P. lobatus
1295:Phalaropus
1223:C. virgata
1221:Surfbird (
1169:C. pygmaea
1160:C. pusilla
1052:C. canutus
1050:Red knot (
1043:C. bairdii
972:Prosobonia
810:N. minutus
774:N. arquata
715:Numeniinae
653:Sandpipers
585:References
376:California
372:Salton Sea
337:Point Hope
1919:Based on
1821:G. megala
1749:G. andina
1730:Gallinago
1434:T. incana
1264:Tringinae
1151:C. pugnax
1124:C. minuta
1034:C. alpina
907:L. limosa
868:(Godwits)
852:Limosinae
753:(Curlews)
723:Bartramia
668:Kingdom:
485:Footnotes
479:precocial
475:incubated
384:Wisconsin
319:overlap.
313:Juveniles
250:turnstone
160:Species:
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
2188:2.106575
2175:22693341
2149:11206577
2038:22693341
2033:BirdLife
2022:BioLib:
1956:Wikidata
1812:G. media
1737:(Snipes)
1630:S. minor
1593:Scolopax
1468:Willet (
1106:C. mauri
1032:Dunlin (
1005:Calidris
992:P. sauli
931:Arenaria
880:L. fedoa
746:Numenius
676:Chordata
674:Phylum:
670:Animalia
440:mollusks
402:and the
257:Arenaria
210:Synonyms
153:Arenaria
138:Family:
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
2113:5229406
2010:Avibase
1962:Q618751
1639:S. mira
1345:Actitis
1025:C. alba
686:Order:
680:Class:
469:. Four
467:willows
444:insects
418:Ecology
410:in the
396:Vagrant
392:Arizona
380:Montana
368:Nayarit
352:Pacific
345:Siberia
252:in the
194:, 1829)
148:Genus:
128:Order:
118:Class:
63: (
2292:366869
2279:166039
2266:368543
2253:654830
2240:366869
2214:blktur
2201:279931
2162:176574
2120:GNAB:
2095:EURING
2087:blktur
2061:blktur
2025:136887
1990:blatur
1378:Tringa
1149:Ruff (
861:Limosa
657:family
561:: 1–3.
452:sedges
388:Nevada
364:Sonora
356:Mexico
281:Alaska
243:wading
192:Vigors
2287:WoRMS
2227:72925
2144:IRMNG
2082:eBird
2074:67RCG
2058:BOW:
2051:17425
1272:Xenus
551:(PDF)
456:algal
450:with
400:Yukon
254:genus
2235:OBIS
2196:NCBI
2170:IUCN
2157:ITIS
2136:3941
2108:GBIF
2100:5620
2046:BOLD
682:Aves
530:2021
513:2016
471:eggs
463:nest
438:and
390:and
362:and
305:bill
259:the
246:bird
231:The
122:Aves
2069:CoL
1997:ADW
1986:ABA
594:In
517:doi
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2012::
1999::
1988::
1973::
1958::
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67:)
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