17:
1293:
115:
that would please God, all the more so for the marginal of the community who were unlikely to marry in any case. However, what comes across in many of the appalling descriptions of the forcibly married, and their reactions to each other, is that the act was far more callous than charitable. But it
84:
The community who wants to perform this wedding selects the bride and groom. The two are either poor orphans, disabled, beggars or homeless and thus would have no reasonable chance of getting married by themselves. The wedding takes place at a cemetery and is financed by the community and the
116:
was enabled by traditional attitudes around communal charity. Those who had relied on it were seen as being, quite literally, property of the townspeople and thus had no say when their (previously reviled) bodies were needed to protect the town.
237:
To this end, communities would conduct weddings of two orphans at the grave sites. The Jews pledged to support the orphans, and in return, they hoped the souls of the deceased would reward their efforts and intercede to block the evil
85:
community pledges to support the couple. It is hoped that by performing this form of charity the souls of the deceased would reward their efforts and intercede to block the evil decree.
159:
in 1922 and involved people who carried the wounds of those events: a woman with an eye gouged out by pogromists, a war veteran who had been wounded and lost the ability to speak."
2139:
2101:
151:
According to Nathan Meir, "In the early 20th century, a new category of marginal persons appeared: those who carried the physical and mental scars of World War and
375:
2121:
934:
529:
1674:
306:
1562:
1331:
1092:
2281:
191:
368:
1968:
517:
21:
2146:
1273:
865:
2129:
882:
860:
551:
332:
2276:
2240:
2116:
1726:
2071:
2043:
1961:
1822:
977:
512:
361:
16:
136:
There were records of black weddings being performed in Jewish communities around the world. There was one performed
2106:
2063:
2023:
1297:
1027:
1129:
1983:
1699:
1387:
254:
2195:
597:
507:
1767:
954:
929:
2210:
1946:
1665:
1324:
1149:
870:
685:
221:
2215:
1941:
1101:
602:
2134:
2096:
1951:
1687:
1660:
1154:
1144:
1139:
1106:
1077:
637:
617:
2230:
2091:
2053:
1863:
1837:
1827:
1797:
1495:
1164:
1159:
1111:
1082:
1054:
972:
855:
813:
644:
284:
2271:
2164:
2081:
2008:
1731:
1606:
1478:
1437:
1427:
1351:
982:
823:
672:
651:
607:
534:
522:
462:
457:
384:
1589:
183:
Stepchildren of the Shtetl. The
Destitute, Disabled, and Mad of Jewish Eastern Europe, 1800-1939
2245:
2225:
2086:
1936:
1853:
1832:
1772:
1530:
1402:
1392:
1366:
1317:
1046:
1032:
1000:
962:
887:
877:
735:
680:
665:
578:
556:
546:
484:
479:
452:
403:
187:
167:
95:
2266:
2235:
1956:
1752:
1520:
1452:
1447:
1422:
1278:
1268:
1237:
758:
715:
592:
2220:
2111:
2033:
2018:
2013:
1973:
1807:
1412:
1407:
1205:
1087:
914:
782:
753:
743:
623:
561:
435:
137:
1873:
566:
467:
129:
first cholera pandemic and then another written reference to one taking place in 1849 in
2038:
2028:
2003:
1993:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1655:
1650:
1601:
1468:
1432:
1193:
1188:
944:
919:
828:
748:
720:
698:
690:
658:
630:
571:
539:
425:
413:
398:
2260:
2200:
1978:
1787:
1757:
1640:
1557:
1537:
1513:
1417:
1371:
1246:
1200:
1017:
967:
725:
612:
489:
408:
141:
2169:
1988:
1926:
1868:
1858:
1812:
1645:
1594:
1579:
1567:
1473:
1442:
1263:
2076:
2048:
125:
Kafrissen wrote that "The first evidence of a plague wedding is from 1831, during
1921:
1792:
1782:
1762:
1747:
1716:
1614:
1503:
1361:
1183:
1005:
808:
145:
111:
felt it was efficacious because helping to marry off a needy bride was a great
1903:
1898:
1706:
1694:
1397:
1059:
939:
787:
447:
418:
73:
2190:
2156:
1721:
1711:
1635:
1584:
1525:
1508:
1356:
1220:
1134:
924:
803:
181:
163:
130:
2205:
1777:
1225:
1215:
1175:
1069:
1022:
472:
442:
430:
61:
155:. Meir notes that two of the last recorded cholera weddings happened in
1893:
1802:
1630:
1340:
1121:
818:
133:. There isn’t much evidence of the weddings, however until the 1860s."
112:
104:
69:
57:
37:
25:
1817:
1210:
893:
764:
584:
353:
307:"Orphan Couple Holds "Black Wedding" in Cemetery to Ward off Plagues"
152:
126:
65:
1998:
1682:
1574:
1012:
772:
156:
108:
15:
107:
wedding didn’t have one single interpretation. For example, some
1931:
1542:
777:
53:
1313:
357:
1309:
333:"When a Cemetery Wedding Was Used to End the Spanish Flu"
2178:
2155:
2062:
1912:
1846:
1740:
1673:
1624:
1494:
1487:
1461:
1380:
1256:
1236:
1173:
1120:
1068:
1045:
993:
953:
907:
848:
839:
796:
734:
708:
500:
391:
255:"Black Weddings: Marrying in The Time of Cholera"
76:, were wed in an effort to ward-off diseases.
1325:
369:
215:
213:
211:
64:. The bride and the groom, being either poor
60:performed in times of crisis, such as during
8:
1491:
1332:
1318:
1310:
845:
376:
362:
354:
222:"Married at the First Sight — of a Plague"
140:in 1909. Another was performed in 1918 in
305:Berkowitz, Adam Eliyahu (24 March 2020).
248:
246:
279:
277:
275:
207:
300:
298:
7:
14:
162:A black wedding was performed in
1292:
1291:
20:Black Wedding performed in the
1274:Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia
93:Rokhl Kafrissen wrote for the
1:
883:Ghost marriage in South Sudan
186:. Stanford University Press.
2241:Wedding vow renewal ceremony
331:Bell, Steve (13 June 2020).
2298:
1768:"Indian" Wedding Blessing
1388:Marriage proposal planner
1347:
1287:
166:in March 2020 during the
2282:Ashkenazi Jewish culture
2196:Maiden and married names
2122:United States and Canada
28:can be seen at the right
180:Meir, Natan M. (2020).
56:custom consisting of a
2034:Saint Thomas Christian
871:Chinese ghost marriage
118:
29:
22:Mt. of Olives cemetery
2216:Self-uniting marriage
101:
19:
1661:Wedding ring cushion
2277:Marriage in Judaism
2231:Wedding anniversary
1962:Pre-wedding customs
1864:Wedding cake topper
1838:Wedding videography
1828:Wedding photography
1798:Pounded rice ritual
1496:Western dress codes
1112:Royal intermarriage
814:Mystery of Crowning
253:Patowary, Kaushik.
2165:Honeymoon registry
1922:Anand Karaj (Sikh)
1443:Stag and doe party
1438:Bachelorette party
1428:Wedding invitation
978:Marriage allowance
608:Widow conservation
385:Types of marriages
337:The New York Times
220:Ben-David, Lenny.
30:
2254:
2253:
2246:Womanless wedding
2226:Knobstick wedding
2130:England and Wales
1854:Wedding breakfast
1833:Wedding reception
1773:Jumping the broom
1553:
1552:
1531:Black lounge suit
1403:Banns of marriage
1393:Marriage proposal
1307:
1306:
1041:
1040:
1028:Mixed-orientation
878:Widow inheritance
557:Marriage in Islam
547:Clerical marriage
291:. March 13, 2020.
285:"Plague Weddings"
168:COVID-19 pandemic
24:, c. 1905. Black
2289:
2236:Wedding crashing
2077:Vőfély (Hungary)
2049:Vőfély (Hungary)
1753:Bedding ceremony
1700:child bridegroom
1492:
1453:Rehearsal dinner
1448:Marriage license
1423:Engagement party
1334:
1327:
1320:
1311:
1295:
1294:
1269:Mail-order bride
846:
716:Marriageable age
530:Eastern Orthodox
378:
371:
364:
355:
348:
347:
345:
343:
328:
322:
321:
319:
317:
302:
293:
292:
281:
270:
269:
267:
265:
250:
241:
240:
234:
232:
217:
197:
42:shvartse khasene
2297:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2221:Shotgun wedding
2174:
2151:
2126:United Kingdom
2092:Myanmar (Burma)
2058:
2019:Poruwa ceremony
1914:
1908:
1842:
1808:Trash the dress
1736:
1669:
1620:
1549:
1483:
1457:
1413:Bridal registry
1408:Wedding planner
1376:
1343:
1338:
1308:
1303:
1283:
1252:
1232:
1169:
1116:
1064:
1037:
989:
949:
903:
841:
835:
792:
744:Sister exchange
730:
704:
496:
436:Serial monogamy
392:Legal scenarios
387:
382:
352:
351:
341:
339:
330:
329:
325:
315:
313:
311:Israel 365 News
304:
303:
296:
289:Tablet Magazine
283:
282:
273:
263:
261:
252:
251:
244:
230:
228:
226:Times of Israel
219:
218:
209:
204:
194:
179:
176:
138:Mount of Olives
123:
91:
89:Interpretations
82:
50:mageyfe khasene
12:
11:
5:
2295:
2293:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2259:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2211:Royal weddings
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1949:
1947:Bengali Muslim
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1889:Kolach (bread)
1886:
1884:Jordan almonds
1881:
1879:Hochzeitssuppe
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1847:Food and drink
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1679:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1656:Wedding mandap
1653:
1651:Wedding favors
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1602:Cocktail dress
1599:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1500:
1498:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1469:Wedding chapel
1465:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1433:Bachelor party
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1242:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1180:
1178:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1093:Middle Eastern
1085:
1074:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1008:
997:
995:
991:
990:
988:
987:
986:
985:
980:
975:
965:
959:
957:
951:
950:
948:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
911:
909:
905:
904:
902:
901:
900:
899:
898:
897:
885:
875:
874:
873:
868:
863:
852:
850:
843:
840:Circumstantial
837:
836:
834:
833:
832:
831:
826:
816:
811:
806:
800:
798:
794:
793:
791:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
769:
768:
761:
751:
746:
740:
738:
732:
731:
729:
728:
723:
718:
712:
710:
706:
705:
703:
702:
695:
694:
693:
688:
683:
678:
677:
676:
669:
662:
655:
648:
641:
634:
627:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
589:
588:
576:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
549:
544:
543:
542:
537:
532:
527:
526:
525:
510:
504:
502:
498:
497:
495:
494:
493:
492:
487:
477:
476:
475:
470:
465:
455:
450:
445:
440:
439:
438:
428:
423:
422:
421:
416:
406:
401:
395:
393:
389:
388:
383:
381:
380:
373:
366:
358:
350:
349:
323:
294:
271:
259:Amusing Planet
242:
206:
205:
203:
200:
199:
198:
192:
175:
172:
122:
119:
90:
87:
81:
78:
46:plague wedding
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2294:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2201:Marriage vows
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:Black wedding
2184:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:Bengali Hindu
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:Wedding March
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1758:Bridal Chorus
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:Lebes Gamikos
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1558:Wedding dress
1556:
1555:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1514:Morning dress
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1418:Bridal shower
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1342:
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34:black wedding
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2170:Consummation
1952:Brunei Malay
1874:Groom's cake
1869:Cookie table
1859:Wedding cake
1813:Unity candle
1675:Participants
1666:Wishing well
1646:Wedding cord
1613:
1595:Opera gloves
1580:Evening gown
1568:Bridal crown
1563:Contemporary
1474:Gretna Green
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1264:Dishu system
1245:
1130:Human–animal
1102:Same-surname
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603:Self-uniting
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567:Nikah mut'ah
468:Nikah mut'ah
340:. Retrieved
336:
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314:. Retrieved
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262:. Retrieved
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229:. Retrieved
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174:Bibliography
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31:
2102:Philippines
2054:Zoroastrian
1913:By religion
1793:Polterabend
1783:Money dance
1763:First dance
1748:Ahesta Bero
1717:Flower girl
1688:child bride
1521:Semi-formal
1381:Pre-wedding
1362:Handfasting
1184:Concubinage
1155:Interracial
1145:Interethnic
1140:Inter-caste
1078:Consanguine
1006:Watta satta
955:Convenience
809:Handfasting
598:Scientology
572:Nikah 'urfi
414:Nikah 'urfi
146:Spanish flu
2261:Categories
2064:By country
1915:or culture
1904:Place card
1899:Loving cup
1741:Traditions
1707:Bridesmaid
1695:Bridegroom
1398:Engagement
1352:Collective
1176:monogamous
1165:Morganatic
1160:Interfaith
1083:Avunculate
1055:Common-law
973:Green card
940:Tongyangxi
856:Posthumous
797:Ceremonial
788:Tongyangxi
645:Prajapatya
448:Remarriage
342:13 October
316:13 October
264:13 October
231:13 October
202:References
99:magazine:
48:(Yiddish:
2272:Epidemics
2191:Elopement
2157:Honeymoon
2112:Sri Lanka
1937:Ayyavazhi
1732:Officiant
1722:Groomsman
1712:Bridesman
1636:Las arras
1590:Debutante
1585:Ball gown
1526:Black tie
1509:White tie
1479:Las Vegas
1462:Locations
1357:Elopement
1221:Polyandry
1135:Hypergamy
983:Predatory
925:Hypergamy
908:Financial
824:Las Vegas
804:Betrothal
759:Abduction
681:Ayyavazhi
673:Paishacha
652:Gandharva
523:Josephite
513:Christian
501:Religious
463:Hollywood
458:Temporary
409:Customary
164:Bnei Brak
62:epidemics
2206:Newlywed
2135:Scotland
2097:Pakistan
2072:Ethiopia
2044:Timorese
1999:Mandaean
1969:Catholic
1778:Lychgate
1727:Page boy
1538:Informal
1488:Clothing
1367:Same-sex
1341:Weddings
1298:Category
1226:Polygyny
1216:Polygamy
1107:Homogamy
1070:Endogamy
1047:De facto
1033:Sororate
1023:Sologamy
1001:Exchange
963:Lavender
888:Levirate
736:Arranged
666:Rakshasa
579:Levirate
518:Catholic
485:Putative
480:Voidable
473:Wedlease
453:Same-sex
443:Marriage
431:Monogamy
404:Covenant
142:New York
127:Russia’s
80:Overview
74:disabled
2267:Wedding
2147:Vietnam
2140:history
2117:Ukraine
2082:Iceland
2024:Punjabi
2014:Persian
1984:Islamic
1957:Chinese
1894:Korovai
1803:Pyebaek
1631:Chuppah
1625:Objects
1607:Garters
1279:Walking
1238:Sexless
1122:Exogamy
1060:Plaçage
866:Germany
819:Wedding
783:Shotgun
618:Vivaaha
593:Natural
552:Islamic
419:Plaçage
238:decree.
153:pogroms
121:History
105:cholera
70:beggars
66:orphans
58:wedding
52:) is a
38:Yiddish
26:chuppah
2107:Russia
2039:Shinto
2029:Quaker
2004:Mormon
1994:Jewish
1974:Hajong
1818:Walima
1615:Casual
1504:Formal
1211:Bigamy
1206:Plural
1088:Cousin
915:Boston
894:Yibbum
861:France
765:Raptio
754:Forced
624:Brahma
585:Yibbum
562:Misyar
540:Quaker
535:Mormon
508:Jewish
190:
157:Odessa
131:Krakow
113:mitsve
109:rabbis
96:Tablet
54:Jewish
44:), or
2179:Other
2087:India
1979:Hindu
1788:Music
1683:Bride
1575:Dress
1372:White
1257:Other
1189:Group
1013:Heqin
994:Other
945:Trial
930:Naked
920:Flash
849:Death
842:basis
829:Proxy
773:Heqin
749:Flash
721:Child
699:Manus
691:Yogic
686:Vedic
659:Asura
638:Arsha
631:Daiva
613:Hindu
426:Fleet
399:Civil
72:, or
2009:Odia
1989:Iyer
1932:Ayie
1927:Arab
1543:Suit
1201:Open
1194:Line
1174:Non-
1018:Love
968:Sham
935:Peer
778:Miai
726:Teen
490:Void
344:2020
318:2020
266:2020
233:2020
188:ISBN
103:The
709:Age
2263::
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32:A
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36:(
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