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moss to use if their mother chased after them. He remained at the house and put a web over his front door. The wife tried to get in but became stuck and had her leg cut off. She then put her head through and he cut that off also. While the body followed the husband to the creek, the head followed the children. The oldest boy saw the head behind them and threw the stick. The stick turned into a great forest. The head made it through, so the younger brother instructed the elder to throw the stone. He did so, and where the stone landed a huge mountain popped up. It spanned from big water (ocean) to big water and the head was forced to go through it, not around. The head met a group of rams and said to them she would marry their chief if they butted their way through the mountain. The chief agreed and they butted until their horns were worn down, but this still was not through. She then asked the ants if they could burrow through the mountain with the same stipulations, it was agreed and they get her the rest of the way through. The children were far ahead, but eventually saw the head rolling behind them. The boys wet the moss and wrung it out behind themselves. They were then in a different land surrounded by an expanse of water (the 'new land' is commonly interpreted as
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he was told by the dream to get a large spider web and put it on the trail where the animals roamed, and they would get caught up and could be easily killed with the stone axe he had. The man had done so and saw that it was true. One day, he came home from bringing in some fresh meat from the trail and discovered his wife to be applying perfume on herself. He thought that she must have another lover since she never did this before. He then told his wife that he was going to move a web and asked if she could bring in the meat and wood he had left outside from a previous hunt. She had reluctantly gone out and passed over a hill. The wife looked back three times and saw her husband in the same place she had left him, so she continued on to retrieve the meat. The father then asked his children if they went with their mother to find wood, but they never had. However they knew the location in which she retrieved it from.
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451:, varying from about 10 to 30 lodges, about 80 to 241 people. This size group was large enough to defend against attack and to undertake communal hunts, but was also small enough for flexibility. Each band consisted of a respected leader , possibly his brothers and parents, and others who were not related. Since the band was defined by place of residence, rather than by kinship, a person was free to leave one band and join another, which tended to ameliorate leadership disputes. As well, should a band fall upon hard times, its members could split up and join other bands. In practice, bands were constantly forming and breaking up. The system maximized flexibility and was an ideal organization for a hunting people on the northwestern
1513:, where they were forbidden to speak their native language, practise customs, or wear traditional clothing. In 1907, the United States government adopted a policy of allotment of reservation land to individual heads of families to encourage family farming and break up the communal tribal lands. Each household received a 160-acre (65 ha) farm, and the government declared the remainder "surplus" to the tribe's needs. It put it up for sale for development. The allotments were too small to support farming on the arid plains. A 1919 drought destroyed crops and increased the cost of beef. Many Indians were forced to sell their allotted land and pay taxes which the government said they owed.
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1093:, a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, returned to Blackfoot country soon after, he barely escaped with his life. In 1809, Colter and his companion were trapping on the Jefferson River by canoe when they were surrounded by hundreds of Blackfoot warriors on horseback on both sides of the river bank. Colter's companion, John Potts, did not surrender and was killed. Colter was stripped of his clothes and forced to run for his life, after being given a head start (famously known in the annals of the West as "Colter's Run.") He eventually escaped by reaching a river five miles away and diving under either an island of
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Indian Days. Lasting four days, it is held during the second week of July in
Browning. Lastly, the Sun Dance, which was illegal from the 1890sâ1934, has been practiced again for years. While it was illegal, the Blackfoot held it in secret. Since 1934, they have practised it every summer. The event lasts eight days â time filled with prayers, dancing, singing, and offerings to honor the Creator. It provides an opportunity for the Blackfoot to get together and share views and ideas with each other, while celebrating their culture's most sacred ceremonies.
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690:. This processed it to last a long time without spoiling, and they depended on bison meat to get through the winters. The winters were long, harsh, and cold due to the lack of trees in the Plains, so people stockpiled meat in summer. As a ritual, hunters often ate the bison heart minutes after the kill. The women tanned and prepared the skins to cover the tepees. These were made of log poles, with the skins draped over it. The tepee remained warm in the winter and cool in the summer, and was a great shield against the wind.
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the situation changed. By 1787 David
Thompson reports that the Blackfoot had completely conquered most of Shoshone territory, and frequently captured Shoshone women and children and forcibly assimilated them into Blackfoot society, further increasing their advantages over the Shoshone. Thompson reports that Blackfoot territory in 1787 was from the North Saskatchewan River in the north to the Missouri River in the South, and from Rocky Mountains in the west out to a distance of 300 miles (480 km) to the east.
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two and reshaped as slimmer versions of a full-sized bison horn, and polished. The horns were attached to a beaded, rimmed felt hat. Furs from weasels (taken when carrying heavy winter coats) were attached to the top of the headdress, and dangled from the sides. The side furs were often finished with bead work where attached to the headdress. A similar headdress, called the antelope horn headdress, was made in a similar fashion using the horn or horns from a
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Clarke had also raped Owl Child's wife. But, Clarke was long married to Coth-co-co-na, a Piegan woman who was Owl Child's cousin. The raped woman gave birth to a child as a result of the rape, which oral history said was stillborn or killed by band elders. Two years after the beating, in 1869 Owl Child and some associates killed Clarke at his ranch after dinner, and severely wounded his son Horace. Public outcry from news of the event led to
General
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518:, to last them through winter and other times when hunting was poor. At the end of the fall, the Blackfoot would move to their winter camps. The women worked the buffalo and other game skins for clothing, as well as to reinforce their dwellings; other elements were used to make warm fur robes, leggings, cords and other needed items. Animal sinews were used to tie arrow points and lances to throwing sticks, or for bridles for horses.
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842:, in order to move up in social rank. The coups in order of importance were: taking a gun from a living enemy and or touching him directly; capturing lances, and bows; scalping an enemy; killing an enemy; freeing a tied horse from in front of an enemy lodge; leading a war party; scouting for a war party; stealing headdresses, shields, pipes (sacred ceremonial pipes); and driving a herd of stolen horses back to camp.
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fashioned with typical tribal clothing and designs and also taught the young women how to care for a child. As they grew older, more responsibilities were placed upon their shoulders. The girls were then taught to cook, prepare hides for leather, and gather wild plants and berries. The boys were held accountable for going out with their father to prepare food by means of hunting.
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gifts of horses and clothing and were considered married. The married couple would reside in their own tipi or with the husband's family. Although the man was permitted more than one wife, typically he only chose one. In cases of more than one wife, quite often the male would choose a sister of the wife, believing that sisters would not argue as much as total strangers.
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499:). This was the only time of year when the four nations would assemble. The gathering reinforced the bonds among the various groups and linked individuals with the nations. Communal buffalo hunts provided food for the people, as well as offerings of the bulls' tongues (a delicacy) for the ceremonies. These ceremonies are sacred to the people. After the
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Runner was alerted to soldiers on the snowy bluffs above the encampment. He walked toward them, carrying his safe-conduct paper. Heavy Runner and his band of
Piegans shared peace between American settlers and troops at the time of the event. Heavy Runner was shot and killed by army scout Joe Cobell, whose wife was part of the camp of the hostile
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1306:. Crowfoot considered the Lakota then to be refugees and was sympathetic to their strife, but retained his anti-war stance. Sitting Bull and Crowfoot fostered peace between the two nations by a ceremonial offering of tobacco, ending hostilities between them. Sitting Bull was so impressed by Crowfoot that he named one of his sons after him.
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The people have revived the Black Lodge
Society, responsible for protecting songs and dances of the Blackfoot. They continue to announce the coming of spring by opening five medicine bundles, one at every sound of thunder during the spring. One of the biggest celebrations is called the North American
1866:
is part of the oral history of the
Blackfoot nation. It was said that in the beginning, Napio floated on a log with four animals. The animals were: Mameo (fish), Matcekups (frog), Maniskeo (lizard), and Sopeo (turtle). Napio sent all of them into the deep water, one after another. The first three had
1821:
The man set out and found the timber along with a den of rattlesnakes, one of which was his wife's lover. He set the timber on fire and killed the snakes. He knew by doing this that his wife would become enraged, so the man returned home. He told the children to flee and gave them a stick, stone, and
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In 1860, very few buffalo were left, and the
Niitsitapi became completely dependent on government supplies. Often the food was spoiled by the time they received it, or supplies failed to arrive at all. Hungry and desperate, Blackfoot raided white settlements for food and supplies, and outlaws on both
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entered the Upper
Missouri region from the south for the first time, without Niitsitapiksi permission. This led to tensions and conflict until 1830, when peaceful trade was established. This was followed by the opening of Fort Piegan as the first American trading post in Niitsitapi territory in 1831,
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that they were not far from much larger groups of warriors. Lewis explained to them that the United States government wanted peace with all Indian nations, and that the US leaders had successfully formed alliances with other Indian nations. The group camped together that night, and at dawn there was
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The women also made clothing from the skins, such as robes and moccasins, and made soap from the fat. Both men and women made utensils, sewing needles and tools from the bones, using tendon for fastening and binding. The stomach and bladder were cleaned and prepared for use for storing liquids. Dried
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to the west. Adopting the use of the horse, the
Niitsitapi established themselves as one of the most powerful Indian tribes on the Plains in the late 18th century, earning themselves the name "The Lords of the Plains." Niitsitapi stories trace their residence and possession of their plains territory
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Unemployment is a challenging problem on the
Blackfeet Reservation and on Canadian Blackfoot reserves, because of their isolation from major urban areas. Many people work as farmers, but there are not enough other jobs nearby. To find work, many Blackfoot have relocated from the reservation to towns
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He took the mud and rolled it in his hand and created the earth. He let it roll out of his hand and over time, it has grown to what it is today. After he created the earth, he created women first, followed by men. He had them living separately from one another. The men were shy and afraid, but Napio
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One brother was simple and went north to discover what he could and make people. The other was smart and went south to make white people. He taught them how to forge and make advanced weapons, which is how the Blackfoot people believe the whites became so technologically advanced. The simple brother
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One of the most famous traditions held by the Blackfoot is their story of sun and the moon. It starts with a family of a man, wife, and two sons, who live off berries and other food they can gather, as they have no bows and arrows, or other tools (albeit a stone axe). One night, the man had a dream:
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Typically clothing was made primarily of softened and tanned antelope and deer hides. The women would make and decorate the clothes for everyone in the tribe. Men wore moccasins, long leggings that went up to their hips, a loincloth, and a belt. Occasionally they would wear shirts but generally they
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Members of the religious society protected sacred Blackfoot items and conducted religious ceremonies. They blessed the warriors before battle. Their major ceremony was the Sun Dance, or Medicine Lodge Ceremony. By engaging in the Sun Dance, their prayers would be carried up to the Creator, who would
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The United States passed laws that adversely affected the Niitsitapi. In 1874, the US Congress voted to change the Niitsitapi reservation borders without discussing it with the Niitsitapi. They received no other land or compensation for the land lost, and in response, the Kainai, Siksika, and Piegan
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antelopes in the same way). Afterwards the hunters would go to the bottom and take as much meat as they could carry back to camp. They also used camouflage for hunting. The hunters would take buffalo skins from previous hunting trips and drape them over their bodies to blend in and mask their scent.
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believe the Niitsitapi did not originate in the Great Plains of the Midwest North America, but migrated from the upper Northeastern part of the country. They coalesced as a group while living in the forests of what is now the Northeastern United States. They were mostly located around the modern-day
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and red willow plants. The smoke from the pipe is said to carry the users prayers up to the creator with the rising smoke. Large medicine bags often decorated with ornate beaded designs were used by medicine men to carry sage, sweet grass, and other important plants. Blackfoot also used sweet grass
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Women's societies also had important responsibilities for the communal tribe. They designed refined quillwork on clothing and ceremonial shields, helped prepare for battle, prepared skins and cloth to make clothing, cared for the children and taught them tribal ways, skinned and tanned the leathers
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Following the death of Heavy Runner, the soldiers attacked the camp. According to their count, they killed 173 Piegan and suffered just one U.S. Army soldier casualty, who fell off his horse and broke his leg, dying of complications. Most of the victims were women, children and the elderly, as most
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The Niitsitapi, also known as the Blackfoot or Blackfeet Indians, reside in the Great Plains of Montana and the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Originally, only one of the Niitsitapi tribes was called Blackfoot or Siksika. The name is said to have come from the color of the peoples'
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The split-horn headdress was very popular among Northern Plains Indians, particularly those nations of the Blackfoot Confederacy. Many warrior societies, including the Horn Society of the Blackfoot, wore the split-horn headdress. The split-horn headdress was made from a single bison horn, split in
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Boys dressed much like the older males, wearing leggings, loincloths, moccasins, and occasionally an undecorated shirt. They kept warm by wearing a buffalo robe over their shoulders or over their heads if it became cold. Women and girls wore dresses made from two or three deerskins. The women wore
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In a typical Blackfoot family, the father would go out and hunt and bring back supplies that the family might need. The mother would stay close to home and watch over the children while the father was out. The children were taught basic survival skills and culture as they grew up. It was generally
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In the Blackfoot culture, men were responsible for choosing their marriage partners, but women had the choice to accept them or not. The male had to show the woman's father his skills as a hunter or warrior. If the father was impressed and approved of the marriage, the man and woman would exchange
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On 23 January 1870, a camp of Piegan Indians were spotted by army scouts and reported to the dispatched cavalry, but it was mistakenly identified as a hostile band. Around 200 soldiers surrounded the camp the following morning and prepared for an ambush. Before the command to fire, the chief Heavy
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Events were catalyzed by Owl Child, a young Piegan warrior who stole a herd of horses in 1867 from an American trader named Malcolm Clarke. Clarke retaliated by tracking Owl Child down and severely beating him in full view of Owl Child's camp, and humiliating him. According to Piegan oral history,
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During the mid-1800s, the Niitsitapi faced a dwindling food supply, as European-American hunters were hired by the U.S. government to kill bison so the Blackfeet would remain in their reservation. Settlers were also encroaching on their territory. Without the buffalo, the Niitsitapi were forced to
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Like many other Great Plains Indian nations, the Niitsitapi often had hostile relationships with white settlers. Despite the hostilities, the Blackfoot stayed largely out of the Great Plains Indian Wars, neither fighting against nor scouting for the United States army. One of their friendly bands,
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The Shoshone acquired horses much sooner than the Blackfoot and soon occupied much of present-day Alberta, most of Montana, and parts of Wyoming, and raided the Blackfoot frequently. Once the Piegan gained access to horses of their own and guns, obtained from the HBC via the Cree and Assiniboine,
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were paid for cures and healing with horses. Those who designed shields or war bonnets were also paid in horses. The men gave horses to those who were owed gifts as well as to the needy. An individual's wealth rose with the number of horses accumulated, but a man did not keep an abundance of them.
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Today, many of the Blackfoot live on reserves in Canada. About 8,500 live on the Montana reservation of 1,500,000 acres (6,100 km). In 1896, the Blackfoot sold a large portion of their land to the United States government, which hoped to find gold or copper deposits. No such mineral deposits
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are both used by Blackfoot and other Plains tribes for ceremonial purposes and are considered sacred plants. Sage and sweet grass are burned with the user inhaling and covering themselves in the smoke in a process known widely as smudging. Sage is said to rid the body of negative emotions such as
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When these peoples were forced to end their nomadic traditions, their social structures changed. Tribal nations, which had formerly been mostly ethnic associations, were institutionalized as governments (referred to as "tribes" in the United States and "bands" or "First Nations" in Canada). The
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helped the Blackfoot record their language. During the 1950s and 1960s, few Blackfoot spoke the Pikuni language. In order to save their language, the Blackfoot Council asked elders who still knew the language to teach it. The elders had agreed and succeeded in reviving the language, so today the
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Within the Blackfoot nation, there were different societies to which people belonged, each of which had functions for the tribe. Young people were invited into societies after proving themselves by recognized passages and rituals. For instance, young men had to perform a vision quest, begun by a
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Eventually, they established a viable economy based on farming, ranching, and light industry. Their population has increased to about 16,000 in Canada and 15,000 in the U.S. today. With their new economic stability, the Niitsitapi have been free to adapt their culture and traditions to their new
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was made from eagle feathers, because the bird was considered powerful. It was worn by prestigious warriors and chiefs (including war-chiefs) of the Blackfoot. The straight-up headdress is a uniquely Blackfoot headdress that, like the war bonnet, is made with eagle feathers. The feathers on the
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They would also play a popular game called shinny, which later became known as ice hockey. They used a long curved wooden stick to knock a ball, made of baked clay covered with buckskin, over a goal line. Girls were given a doll to play with, which also doubled as a learning tool because it was
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For almost half the year in the long northern winter, the Niitsitapi lived in their winter camps along a wooded river valley. They were located perhaps a day's march apart, not moving camp unless food for the people and horses, or firewood became depleted. Where there was adequate wood and game
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who would run their settlements wisely. During times of peace, the people would elect a peace chief, meaning someone who could lead the people and improve relations with other tribes. The title of war chief could not be gained through election and needed to be earned by successfully performing
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and several passengers contracted smallpox on the way. They continued to send a smaller vessel with supplies farther up the river to posts among the Niitsitapi. The Niitsitapi contracted the disease and eventually 6,000 died, marking an end to their dominance among tribes over the Plains. The
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from the Northwestern Plains, the Niitsitapi began in 1800 a long phase of keen competition in the fur trade with their former Cree allies, which often escalated militarily. In addition both groups had adapted to using horses about 1730, so by mid-century an adequate supply of horses became a
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The four Blackfoot nations come together to make up what is known as the Blackfoot Confederacy, meaning that they have banded together to help one another. The nations have their own separate governments ruled by a head chief, but regularly come together for religious and social celebrations.
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were at the height of their power; they could successfully defend their territories against the Sioux (Lakota, Nakota and Dakota) and the Niitsitapi Confederacy. During the so-called Buffalo Wars (about 1850 â 1870), they penetrated further and further into the territory from the Niitsitapi
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also wintered in wooded areas, where they were partially sheltered from storms and snow. They were easier prey as their movements were hampered. In spring the buffalo moved out onto the grasslands to forage on new spring growth. The Blackfoot did not follow immediately, for fear of late
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depend on the United States government for food supplies. In 1855, the Niitsitapi chief Lame Bull made a peace treaty with the United States government. The Lame Bull Treaty promised the Niitsitapi $ 20,000 annually in goods and services in exchange for their moving onto a reservation.
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Blackfoot war parties would ride hundreds of miles on raids. A boy on his first war party was given a silly or derogatory name. But after he had stolen his first horse or killed an enemy, he was given a name to honor him. Warriors would strive to perform various acts of bravery called
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created the Blackfoot nation and was unable to teach them anything. He became known as Left Hand, and later by the Blackfoot as Old Man (or Napiw, the Creator). The woman still chases the man: she is the moon and he is the sun, and if she ever catches him, it will always be night.
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The Confederacy occupied a large territory where they hunted and foraged; in the 19th century it was divided by the current CanadaâUS international border. But during the late nineteenth century, both governments forced the peoples to end their nomadic traditions and settle on
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anger. Sweet grass is said to draw in positive energy. Both are used for purification purposes. The pleasant and natural odor of the burning grass is said to attract spirits. Sweet grass is prepared for ceremony by braiding the stems together then drying them before burning.
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By the late 1820s, the Niitsitapiksi, and in particular the Piikani, whose territory was rich in beaver, temporarily put aside cultural prohibitions and environmental constraints to trap enormous numbers of these animals and, in turn, receive greater quantities of trade
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decorative earrings and bracelets made from sea shells, obtained through trade with distant tribes, or different types of metal. They would sometimes wear beads in their hair or paint the part in their hair red, which signified that they were old enough to bear children.
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In a warrior society, the men had to be prepared for battle. Again, the warriors would prepare by spiritual cleansing, then paint themselves symbolically; they often painted their horses for war as well. Leaders of the warrior society carried spears or lances called a
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The Blackfoot continue many cultural traditions of the past and hope to extend their ancestors' traditions to their children. They want to teach their children the Pikuni language as well as other traditional knowledge. In the early 20th century, a white woman named
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Buffalo scalps, often with horns still attached and often with a beaded rim, were also worn. Fur "turbans" made from soft animal fur (most often otter) were also popular. Buffalo scalps and fur turbans were worn in the winter to protect the head from the cold.
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in his decision not to allow the Army to take over the Bureau of Indian Affairs, as it had been suggesting to combat corruption among Indian agents. Grant chose to appoint numerous Quakers to those positions as he pursued a peace policy with Native Americans.
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The Blackfoot have continued to wear traditional headdresses at special ceremonies. They are worn mostly by elected chiefs, members of various traditional societies (including the Horn, Crazy Dog and Motokik societies), powwow dancers and spiritual leaders.
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Similar to other Indigenous Peoples of the Great Plains, the Blackfoot developed a variety of different headdresses that incorporated elements of creatures important to them; these served different purposes and symbolized different associations. The typical
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This began a period of great struggle and economic hardship; the Niitsitapi had to try to adapt to a completely new way of life. They suffered a high rate of fatalities when exposed to Eurasian diseases, for which they had no natural immunity.
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In the fall, the people would gradually shift to their wintering areas. The men would prepare the buffalo jumps and pounds for capturing or driving the bison for hunting. Several groups of people might join at particularly good sites, such as
1321:. Louis Riel and his men added to the already unsettled conditions facing the Blackfoot by camping near them. They tried to spread discontent with the government and gain a powerful ally. The North-West Rebellion was made up mostly of MĂ©tis,
1419:, further along the river, from whom he wanted to divert attention. Fellow scout Joe Kipp had realized the error and tried to signal the troops. He was threatened by the cavalry for reporting that the people they attacked were friendly.
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a scuffle as it was discovered that the Blackfoot were trying to steal guns and run off with their horses while the Americans slept. In the ensuing struggle, one warrior was fatally stabbed and another shot by Lewis and presumed killed.
578:, made of leather. They had typically dyed or painted the soles of their moccasins black. One legendary story claimed that the Siksika walked through ashes of prairie fires, which in turn colored the bottoms of their moccasins black.
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Up until around 1730, the Blackfoot traveled by foot and used dogs to carry and pull some of their goods. They had not seen horses in their previous lands, but were introduced to them on the Plains, as other tribes, such as the
346:" (US terminology). The South Peigan are the only group who chose to settle in Montana. The other three Blackfoot-speaking peoples and the Sarcee are located in Alberta. Together, the Blackfoot-speakers call themselves the
1564:. They went out from the camp alone for four days of fasting and praying. Their main goal was to see a vision that would explain their future. After having the vision, a youth returned to the village ready to join society.
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Horses revolutionised life on the Great Plains and soon came to be regarded as a measure of wealth. Warriors regularly raided other tribes for their best horses. Horses were generally used as universal standards of barter.
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in 1833. The Americans offered better terms of trade and were more interested in buffalo skins than the HBC, which brought them more trade from the Niitsitapi. The HBC responded by building Bow Fort (Peigan Post) on the
2255:, a pen and pencil factory, which opened in 1972, but it closed in the late 1990s. In Canada, the Northern Piegan make traditional craft clothing and moccasins, and the Kainai operate a shopping center and factory.
1282:, one of the most influential Blackfoot chiefs, dismissed the Lakota messengers. He threatened to ally with the NWMP to fight them if they came north into Blackfoot country again. News of Crowfoot's loyalty reached
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During the summer, the people assembled for nation gatherings. In these large assemblies, warrior societies played an important role for the men. Membership into these societies was based on brave acts and deeds.
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reported that most of the killed were warriors under Mountain Chief. An official investigation never occurred, and no official monument marks the spot of the massacre. Compared to events such as the massacres at
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of the younger men were out hunting. The Army took 140 Piegan prisoner and then released them. With their camp and belongings destroyed, they suffered terribly from exposure, making their way as refugees to
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Nation, who inhabited the Missouri Plains and moved west to Colorado and Wyoming. They were allied with the Confederacy from circa 1793 to 1861, but came to disagreement and were enemies of it thereafter.
1333:, an influential Cree chief and great peacemaker, as his son. Although he refused to fight, Crowfoot had sympathy for those with the rebellion, especially the Cree led by such notable chiefs as Poundmaker,
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Family was highly valued by the Blackfoot Indians. For traveling, they also split into bands of 20â30 people, but would come together for times of celebration. They valued leadership skills and chose the
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the Native Americans to European-American ways, in 1898, the government dismantled tribal governments and outlawed the practice of traditional Indian religions. They required Blackfoot children to go to
2568:(2013) is a Franco-American film exploring the psychoanalysis of a Blackfoot, Jimmy Picard, in the post-World War II period at a veterans' hospital by a Hungarian-French ethnologist and psychoanalyst,
1329:, who all fought against European encroachment and destruction of Bison herds. The Plains Cree were one of the Blackfoot's most hated enemies; however, the two nations made peace when Crowfoot adopted
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feathers. Within the ring is an outline map of the Blackfoot Reservation. Within the map is depicted a warrior's headdress and the words "Blackfeet Nation" and "Pikuni" (the name of the tribe in the
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The individual's prestige and status was judged by the number of horses that he could give away. For the Indians who lived on the Plains, the principal value of property was to share it with others.
436:â "Our Land." They had adopted the use of the horse from other Plains tribes, probably by the early eighteenth century, which gave them expanded range and mobility, as well as advantages in hunting.
2113:) in Montana, United States. A once large and mighty division of the Piegan were the Inuk'sik ("the humans") of southwestern Montana. Today they survive only as a clan or band of the South Peigan.
1043:. Around 1870, the alliance between the Blackfoot and the Gros Ventre broke, and the latter began to look to their former enemies, the Southern Assiniboine (or Plains Assiniboine), for protection.
1651:, applying an infusion of the roots and leaves to sore and swollen joints, giving an infusion of the leaves and roots to asthmatic children, and using the plant to dye their arrows blue. They put
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question of survival. Horse theft was at this stage not only a proof of courage, but often a desperate contribution to survival, for many ethnic groups competed for hunting in the grasslands.
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2266:. The school is also the location of the tribal headquarters. As of 1979, the Montana state government requires all public school teachers on or near the reservation to have a background in
1830:). The head rolled into the water and drowned. The children decided to build a raft and head back. Once they returned to their land, however, they discovered that it was now occupied by the
1520:, passed by the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, ended allotments and allowed the tribes to choose their own government. They were also allowed to practise their cultures. In 1935, the
2477:â "Bear Child"), was a Canadian-American plainsman, buffalo hunter, horse trader, interpreter, and scout of Kainai-Scottish descent. He identified as Piegan and became a minor Kainai chief.
2205:("fat bellies"), misinterpreting a physical sign for waterfall; and the English called them the Fall Indians, related to waterfalls in the mountains. The Blackfoot referred to them as the
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and cities. Some companies pay the Blackfoot governments to lease use of lands for extracting oil, natural gas, and other resources. The nations have operated such businesses such as the
1871:
said to them to not fear and take one as their wife. They had done as he asked, and Napio continued to create the buffalo and bows and arrows for the people so that they could hunt them.
1470:
The Cree and Assiniboine also suffered from the dwindling herds of the buffalo. By 1850 herds were found almost exclusively on the territory of the Blackfoot. Therefore, in 1870 various
2685:
2329:
The Blackfeet Nation in Montana have a blue tribal flag. The flag shows a ceremonial lance or coup stick with 29 feathers. The center of the flag contains a ring of 32 white and black
4071:
1494:â "where we slaughtered the Cree") and lost over 300 warriors. The next winter the hunger compelled them to negotiate with the Niitsitapi, with whom they made a final lasting peace.
1151:
was the HBC's busiest post. It was primarily used by the Piikani. Other Niitsitapiksi nations traded more in pemmican and buffalo skins than beaver, and visited other posts such as
1770:
straight-up headdress point directly straight upwards from the rim (hence the name). Often a red plume is attached to the front of the headdress; it also points straight upward.
4749:
2592:
1600:
511:. As the buffalo were naturally driven into the area by the gradual late summer drying off of the open grasslands, the Blackfoot would carry out great communal buffalo kills.
2186:
people, who migrated south onto the plains sometime in the early eighteenth century. They later joined the Confederacy and essentially merged with the Pikuni ("Once had").
4726:
1501:
The winter of 1883â1884 became known as "Starvation Winter" because no government supplies came in, and the buffalo were gone. That winter, 600 Niitsitapi died of hunger.
1349:
1077:
On their return trip from the Pacific Coast, Lewis and three of his men encountered a group of young Blackfoot warriors with a large herd of horses, and it was clear to
3908:
4382:
2715:
4602:
2423:), since about 1820 Chief of the Old Feathers' band, his personal following was known as the Bad Guns band, consisted of about 400 persons, along with Old Sun and
1119:
In the context of shifting tribal politics due to the spread of horses and guns, the Niitsitapi initially tried to increase their trade with the HBC traders in
908:) in the mountain country to their west and southwest. Their most mighty and most dangerous enemy, however, were the political/military/trading alliance of the
4294:
3436:
674:
feet (2.0 m) tall and weighing up to 2,000 pounds (910 kg). Before the introduction of horses, the Niitsitapi needed other ways to get in range. The
594:
border between Canada and the state of Maine. By 1200, the Niitsitapi were moving in search of more land. They moved west and settled for a while north of the
1689:
said that both boys and girls learned to ride horses early. Boys would usually play with toy bows and arrows until they were old enough to learn how to hunt.
1147:, on the northern boundary of their territory. In the 1830s the Rocky Mountain region and the wider Saskatchewan District were the HBC's most profitable, and
4111:
4254:
6730:
4332:
3761:
Gordon C. Baldwin, Games of the American Indian (Toronto, Ontario, Canada and the New York, United States of America: George J. McLeod Limited, 1969), 115.
1474:
bands began a final effort to get hold of their prey, by beginning a war. They hoped to defeat the Blackfoot weakened by smallpox and attacked a camp near
6745:
6740:
1238:
1912. The painting shows a North-West Mounted Police officer attempting to arrest a defiant warrior at a Blood camp, probably in Alberta or Saskatchewan.
612:; they did not acquire horses until the 18th century. From the Great Lakes area, they continued to move west and eventually settled in the Great Plains.
1750:
5602:
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2564:
1505:
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whilst blocking access to the HBC by neighboring peoples to the West. But the HBC trade eventually reached into what is now inland British Columbia.
683:
By subtle moves, the hunters could get close to the herd. When close enough, the hunters would attack with arrows or spears to kill wounded animals.
533:. Nearly three decades later, they were given a distinct reservation in the Sweetgrass Hills Treaty of 1887. In 1877, the Canadian Niitsitapi signed
6725:
4040:
3648:
3293:
1524:
of Montana began a Tribal Business Council. After that, they wrote and passed their own Constitution, with an elected representative government.
4161:
4091:
5635:
4719:
2391:, a splinter band of the Biters band), Head Chief of the South Siksika, by 1870 one of three Head Chiefs of the Siksika or the Blackfoot proper
4241:
5024:
4263:
4211:
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526:
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and learning of the brutality of the Marias Massacre discouraged the Blackfoot from engaging in wars against Canada and the United States.
4327:
1543:
various acts of bravery including touching a living enemy. Blackfoot bands often had minor chiefs in addition to an appointed head chief.
723:(elk dogs). The horses could carry much more weight than dogs and moved at a greater speed. They could be ridden for hunting and travel.
229:
ecological region. They followed the bison herds as they migrated between what are now the United States and Canada, as far north as the
4757:
4607:
4375:
3942:
5611:
5564:
4052:
3649:"Sweetgrass: Like DEET, Traditional Native American Herbal Remedy Acts As Mosquito Repellent," American Council onf Science and Health
2267:
648:
678:
was one of the most common ways. The hunters would round up the buffalo into V-shaped pens, and drive them over a cliff (they hunted
6735:
6424:
4712:
4191:
4171:
4142:
3121:
2132:, meaning "stained with blood" (i.e. "the bloodthirsty, cruel"). The common English name for the tribe is Blood or the Blood tribe.
1726:
would wrap buffalo robes around their shoulders. The distinguished men of bravery would wear a necklace made of grizzly bear claws.
1176:
2312:
is sacred to the Blackfoot. The mountain marks the boundary between the Blackfoot reservation in Montana and Glacier National Park.
792:
686:
The people used virtually all parts of the body and skin. The women prepared the meat for food: by boiling, roasting or drying for
598:
in present-day Canada, but had to compete for resources with existing tribes. They left the Great Lakes area and kept moving west.
159:
real people"), is a historic collective name for linguistically related groups that make up the Blackfoot or Blackfeet people: the
5259:
2231:
1592:
used for clothing and other purposes, prepared fresh and dried foods, and performed ceremonies to help hunters in their journeys.
5406:
5044:
4959:
1789:
hair. The hairs of the porcupine are most often dyed red. Eagle and other bird feathers were occasionally attached to the roach.
1510:
3996:
1027:
Confederacy in search for the buffalo, so that the Piegan were forced to give way in the region of the Missouri River (in Cree:
5505:
4502:
1738:
1104:
779:(the confluence of North and South Saskatchewan River). They had to withstand attacks of enemies with guns. In retaliation for
747:
1643:
to swellings, to "diarrhea rash", to rashes, to the sore gums of nursing infants and to sore eyes. They also chew the root of
6710:
6684:
5204:
5129:
4964:
4683:
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praised Crowfoot and the Blackfoot for their loyalty. Despite his threats, Crowfoot later met those Lakota who had fled with
503:, the people again separated to follow the buffalo. They used the buffalo hides to make their dwellings and temporary tipis.
3785:
1183:
spent months with the Niitsitapi to get a sense of their culture. Bodmer portrayed their society in paintings and drawings.
3214:
2285:. In 1989, the Siksika tribe in Canada completed the construction of a high school to go along with its elementary school.
6301:
5595:
4621:
4612:
4201:
3915:
2166:, "the stubborn ones", in their language. The Sarcee are from an entirely different language family; they are part of the
799:(the name derives from the war fought between these two tribal groups) was the limit of the now warring tribal alliances.
530:
2727:
2322:
children can learn Pikuni at school or at home. In 1994, the Blackfoot Council accepted Pikuni as the official language.
1278:
allies, were fighting the United States Army, they sent runners into Blackfoot territory, urging them to join the fight.
1062:. The Blackfoot had established dealings with traders connected to the Canadian and English fur trade before meeting the
1015:
and in particular the arch enemy of the Blackfoot, the Crow, or Indian trading partners like the Nez Perce and Flathead.
5625:
5481:
5244:
4496:
2244:
1521:
1407:
1207:
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The women processed the buffalo, preparing dried meat, and combining it for nutrition and flavor with dried fruits into
508:
2367:, banker and activist who led the 20th-century lawsuit that forced the US Government to reform individual Indian trusts
1551:
283:
Originally the Blackfoot/Plains Confederacy consisted of three peoples ("nation", "tribes", "tribal nations") based on
6715:
5351:
5154:
4181:
4132:
2772:
2467:(Cold Wind or Changing Home), Blackfoot tribal chairman from 1964 to 2008 and honorary lifetime chief of the Blackfoot
4272:
3453:
1352:, the governor general, expressed his thanks to Crowfoot again on behalf of the Queen back in London. The cabinet of
3433:
1259:
on 23 January 1870, undertaken as an action to suppress violence against settlers. A friendly relationship with the
719:, had already adopted their use. They saw the advantages of horses and wanted some. The Blackfoot called the horses
5469:
5453:
5274:
5249:
5219:
5164:
4974:
4659:
2434:
2278:
1108:
1063:
889:
350:(the "Original People"). After leaving the Confederacy, the Gros Ventres also settled on a reservation in Montana.
31:
1867:
gone down and returned with nothing. The turtle went down and retrieved mud from the bottom and gave it to Napio.
1395:
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bison dung was fuel for the fires. The Niitsitapi considered the animal sacred and integral to their lives.
260:
245:
4278:
4266:
Photographs of the Blackfoot, their homelands, material culture, and ceremonies from the collection of the
3743:
Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 22
767:â "Rapids People" â "People of the Rapids"), allies of the Niitsitapi. The Gros Ventres were also known as
702:
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5493:
5401:
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to dispatch a band of cavalry, led by Major Eugene Baker, to find Owl Child and his camp and punish them.
1235:
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1644:
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2401:) of the Siksika, signed Treaty No.7 in 1877, along with Crowfoot, Old Sun, Red Crow, and other leaders
1647:
for sore throats, and use the plant to spice soups, and use the fresh roots for food. They make use of
795:
in Montana and allied themselves with the Blackfoot. The area between the North Saskatchewan River and
4736:
2213:("like a Cree"), because of years of enmity. Early scholars thought the A'aninin were related to the
46:
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2437:("Buffalo Bull's Back Fat"), Head Chief of the Kainai, had his portrait painted at Fort Union in 1832
2334:
2125:
1620:
1424:
1310:
1199:
1159:
1148:
917:
296:
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of the bison by 1881 forced them to adapt their ways of life in response to the encroachment of the
271:
in the United States and the TsuutÊŒina Nation is a First Nation band government in Alberta, Canada.
58:
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The travois was designed for transport over dry land. The Blackfoot had relied on dogs to pull the
343:
334:, or about 80 to 240 persons. The band was the basic unit of organization for hunting and defence.
200:
1718:
Three Piegan Blackfoot men in traditional clothing including straight-up and standard war bonnets.
6671:
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1322:
1066:
in 1806. Lewis and Clark and their men had embarked on mapping the Louisiana Territory and upper
996:
941:
784:
616:
484:. As dried food or game became depleted, the bands would split up and begin to hunt the buffalo.
292:
226:
156:
127:
5647:
1712:
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3117:
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2485:
2449:, Heavyweight boxer, the first Native American to compete for the WBA World Heavyweight Title.
2404:
2358:
2293:
2263:
2175:
2158:
meaning "a great number of people." During early years of conflict, the Blackfoot called them
1782:
1353:
624:
521:
The Niitsitapi maintained this traditional way of life based on hunting bison, until the near
387:
223:
72:
1101:, where he remained concealed until after nightfall. He trekked another 300 miles to a fort.
6640:
6630:
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6372:
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3014:
2871:
2523:
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2318:
2183:
2106:
2024:
1962:
1957:
1896:
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1463:
1399:
1120:
1078:
909:
901:
731:
726:
522:
256:
238:
184:
172:
102:
1368:
241:. The Blackfoot used these to expand their territory at the expense of neighboring tribes.
211:) who spoke quite different languages but allied with or joined the Blackfoot Confederacy.
6625:
6618:
6502:
6382:
6352:
6264:
6244:
6139:
6056:
6051:
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6021:
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5703:
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2179:
1758:
1389:
1271:
1256:
1132:
949:
628:
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and their descendants. In the United States, they were restricted to land assigned in the
463:
399:
339:
248:
4000:
3479:
2397:("Running Rabbit", * about 1833 â d. January 1911), since 1871 Chief of the Biters band (
3979:
2124:, meaning "Many Chief people". These were historically also called the "Blood," from a
1572:
stick, which was decorated with feathers, skin, and other tokens. They won prestige by "
783:(HBC) supplying their enemies with weapons, the Gros Ventre attacked and burned in 1793
6652:
6239:
6216:
6129:
5861:
5708:
5698:
5536:
5029:
5014:
5009:
4753:
4514:
4426:
4421:
4073:
Relations between the Blackfoot-speaking peoples and fur trade companies (c. 1830â1840)
2535:
2364:
2309:
2259:
2136:
2090:
1701:
1416:
1403:
1373:
1291:
1164:
1067:
1051:
1040:
988:
756:
657:
615:
The Plains had covered approximately 780,000 square miles (2,000,000 km) with the
538:
476:
327:
267:, United States. Additionally, the Gros Ventre are members of the federally recognized
176:
112:
107:
3116:. Skookumchuck, British Columbia: The Good Medicine Cultural Foundation. p. 233.
2247:. Some Blackfoot work there and occasional Native American ceremonies are held there.
1889:
1636:
smoke, or sachets of sweet grass in their clothing, as an effective insect repellent.
6704:
5580:
5004:
4949:
4840:
4800:
4416:
3144:
3034:
2503:
2274:
2151:
2117:
1976:
1970:
1863:
1835:
1827:
1810:
1573:
1475:
1267:
1216:
1152:
1112:
965:
839:
395:
215:
167:
97:
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2480:
2305:
2102:
2048:
1940:
1935:
1648:
1539:
1295:
1086:
796:
763:
The Cree and Assiniboine continued horse raiding against the Gros Ventre (in Cree:
740:
675:
601:
When they moved, they usually packed their belongings on an A-shaped sled called a
452:
448:
440:
359:
355:
234:
219:
82:
3627:
1805:
1242:
3793:
3188:â both mean 'Beaver People', so they were formerly often referred in English as
2572:. The screenplay was adapted from his book about this process, published in 1951.
1003:â "Gut People" or "like a Cree"), in their local groups. Loosely allied with the
5544:
4534:
4529:
4449:
4246:
3218:
2622:
2510:
2470:
1831:
1631:
Sweet grass is also often present and burned in pipe-smoking mixtures alongside
1561:
1180:
1090:
1036:
861:
707:
595:
488:
423:
233:. In the first half of the 18th century, they acquired horses and firearms from
208:
17:
3080:
Vol. Octopus Books, Limited (Hong Kong: Mandarin Publishers Limited, 1974), 77.
2776:
1612:
5528:
4816:
4644:
4285:
3909:"The Humans of Blackfeet: Ethnogenesis by Social and Religious Transformation"
2627:
2529:
2424:
2167:
1766:
1487:
1445:
As reports of the massacre gradually were learned in the east, members of the
1318:
1219:
had developed a technique 41 years before but its use was not yet widespread.
1098:
833:, depicting a battle between a Blackfoot and Plains Cree warrior on horseback.
620:
557:
458:
432:
315:("Sarcee"), who became merged into the Confederacy and, (for a time) with the
251:(the Siksika, Kainai, and Piikani Nations) reside in the Canadian province of
3434:
Joe Upham (descendant of Heavy Runner) tells the story of the Bakers Massacre
3359:(1st ed.). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Collins Publishers. pp. 50â52.
5104:
4833:
4809:
4783:
4524:
2860:"Blackfoot Indian Utilization of the Flora of the Northwestern Great Plains"
2539:
2345:
2044:
1786:
1775:
1656:
1437:
1255:
however, was attacked by mistake and nearly destroyed by the US Army in the
1169:
1094:
1032:
1012:
984:
961:
830:
679:
640:
581:
575:
496:
230:
4041:"Blackfeet Actress Misty Upham On Filming 'Jimmy P.' with Benicio Del Toro"
1462:, the Marias Massacre remains largely unknown. But, it confirmed President
1215:
did not require or help their employees get vaccinated; the English doctor
2909:
David Murdoch, "North American Indian", eds. Marion Dent and others, Vol.
303:(historically called "Piegan Blackfeet" in English-language sources), the
6635:
5664:
4920:
4912:
4904:
4873:
4826:
4653:
4640:
4596:
4022:
2753:
First Nations, First Thoughts: The Impact of Indigenous Thought in Canada
2551:
2446:
2376:
2350:
1742:
Head Carry, a Piegan man wearing a split horn headdress. Photographed by
1342:
1334:
1314:
1279:
1195:
980:
881:
865:
775:("They Live in Holes People"), because their tribal lands were along the
716:
534:
515:
481:
475:
resources, some bands would camp together. During this part of the year,
379:
4360:
4275:, project of Red Crow Community College and the University of Lethbridge
4267:
2913:(Dorling Kindersley Limited, London: Alfred A.Knopf, Inc., 1937), 28â29.
269:
Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana
3967:
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3816:
3279:
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3002:
2958:
2942:
2885:
2876:
2859:
2799:
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2214:
2171:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1984:
1951:
1946:
1275:
1191:
1059:
1008:
893:
787:
of the HBC on the South Saskatchewan River near the present village of
603:
427:
288:
284:
264:
252:
161:
3940:
Informational Sites on the Blackfoot Confederacy and Lewis & Clark
3886:
3840:
3457:
2815:
3536:
3534:
3174:
1927:
1921:
1823:
1287:
1283:
1143:
The HBC encouraged Niitsitapiksi to trade by setting up posts on the
1089:
trapping in Blackfoot country generally encountered hostility. When
562:
383:
1031:â "Muddy River", "Muddy, turbid River"), the Kainai withdrew to the
4093:
Blackfoot war art: pictographs of the reservation period, 1880â2000
3878:
3832:
3018:
979:
to the north, west and southwest, they integrated larger groups of
218:
and trout fishermen, who ranged across large areas of the northern
5642:
2344:
2330:
2304:
2292:
2230:
2011:
2006:
1804:
1749:
1737:
1681:
1675:
1652:
1611:
1599:
1578:
1550:
1394:
1367:
1241:
1226:
1131:
1103:
995:â 'The real (prototypical) people'), Ktunaxa, Flathead, and later
873:
844:
821:
806:
746:
725:
701:
687:
647:
639:
580:
556:
457:
326:
Each of these highly decentralized peoples were divided into many
549:
circumstances, renewing their connection to their ancient roots.
214:
Historically, the member peoples of the Confederacy were nomadic
4820:
4788:
1326:
1007:, but politically independent, were neighboring tribes like the
933:
331:
5584:
4708:
4364:
3091:
Indian Wars of Canada, Mexico, and the United States 1812â1900.
660:(buffalo), the largest mammal in North America, standing about
1659:
to protect the feet during winter horse stealing expeditions.
4268:
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University
1888:
1348:
When news of continued Blackfoot neutrality reached Ottawa,
730:
Three mounted Piegan chiefs on the prairie. Photographed by
491:
ripened, the people regrouped for their major ceremony, the
6751:
Tribal Confederacies of indigenous peoples of North America
3997:"Film & Media â National Museum of the American Indian"
3394:
3392:
2810:(2). American Anthropological Association, Wiley: 153â164.
2143:
meaning "Those of like". The Siksika also call themselves
1039:; only the Siksika could hold their tribal lands along the
422:(áčáá§á§ášáŻá§ áŽáŠáŸá)- "Original People s Land." To the east, the
2174:
language family, most of whose members are located in the
1431:
The greatest slaughter of Indians ever made by U.S. Troops
932:â 'Sioux, i.e. Assiniboine') â named after the dominating
3373:(1st ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, P. 88-89
1058:(HBC) met a large Blackfoot group in 1754 in what is now
656:
The Niitsitapi main source of food on the plains was the
1482:â "Many Dead"). But they were defeated in the so-called
706:
Mounted Blackfoot warrior on horse painted from life by
370:
The Confederacy had a territory that stretched from the
2775:. Blackfootcrossing.ca. 29 January 2008. Archived from
1781:
Blackfoot men, particularly warriors, sometimes wore a
4618:
War against the Crow and Gros Ventre (circa 1861â1867)
4180:
Kehoe, Alice Beck; D. C. Duvall; Darrell Kipp (2007),
2686:"10 Things You Should Know about the Blackfeet Nation"
1576:", tapping the enemy with the stick and getting away.
1498:
moved to Canada; only the Pikuni remained in Montana.
652:
Depiction of Bison being driven over a "buffalo jump".
3443:, Blackfoot Digital Library, accessed 6 February 2011
2905:
2903:
1588:
bless them with well-being and abundance of buffalo.
2593:
List of Native American peoples in the United States
2532:, author, attorney, musician and political activist.
2383:â "Crow Indian's Big Foot", also known in French as
311:("Blackfoot"). They later allied with the unrelated
6670:
6574:
6536:
6475:
6417:
6391:
6340:
6331:
6230:
6177:
6115:
6065:
6029:
6020:
5960:
5909:
5888:
5881:
5844:
5823:
5802:
5752:
5726:
5717:
5618:
5521:
5462:
5441:
5425:
5385:
5350:
5305:
5258:
5218:
5173:
5128:
5023:
4988:
4943:
4932:
4895:
4871:
4764:
4588:
4552:
4512:
4484:
4477:
4440:
4405:
4398:
4166:, The Blackfeet Heritage Center & Art Gallery,
2182:. Specifically, the Sarcee are an offshoot of the
2073:The largest ethnic group in the Confederacy is the
2054:
2034:
2018:
1913:
1903:
410:to the present Alberta-Saskatchewan border (called
195:). Broader definitions include groups such as the
121:
88:
78:
68:
1250:), a Blackfoot scout and interpreter for the NWMP.
4247:Blackfoot Language and the Blackfoot Indian Tribe
4639:Peace with the Cree, circa 1871, (symbolized by
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3524:
3522:
3265:
3263:
3217:. University of Nebraska Lincoln. Archived from
1895:Bear Bull, Blackfoot translator photographed by
1757:Blackfoot (Native American), late 19th century,
1364:Further encroachment by Canada and United States
1360:at the time) gave Crowfoot a round of applause.
30:"Blackfoot" redirects here. For other uses, see
2243:were found. In 1910, the land was set aside as
1583:Women of the Blood Nation in battle dress, 1907
1429:
63:Six chiefs of the Blackfoot Confederacy in 1859
4650:US land annexation, migration to Canada (1874)
4056:. 30 September 2013. Accessed 1 February 2014.
2387:), Chief of the Big Pipes band (later renamed
2085:. Their name derives from the Blackfoot term
1186:Contact with the Europeans caused a spread of
1047:First contact with Europeans and the fur trade
5596:
4720:
4376:
4155:, National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series.
4153:Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa.
3873:(22). University of Illinois Press: 165â172.
3078:The Colorful Story of North American Indians,
3007:International Journal of American Linguistics
1883:Blackfoot, NiitsĂtapi, Siksikaitsitapi áčáá§á§áŁáŻ
1809:A Siksika Blackfeet Medicine Man, painted by
8:
2258:In 1974, the Blackfoot Community College, a
1882:
1616:Blackfoot man with braided sweet grass ropes
1309:The Blackfoot also chose to stay out of the
880:â "East Cree") on the Great Plains; and the
39:
4113:The Blackfeet: People of the Dark Moccasins
3827:(20). University of Illinois Press: 44â47.
3771:
3769:
3767:
3587:
3585:
3454:"Welcome â Oki â Blackfoot Digital Library"
3215:"Beyond Borderlands: Discussion: Aftermath"
2526:, judge of the Provincial Court of Alberta.
222:of western North America, specifically the
27:A name used for a group of Native Americans
6337:
6026:
5885:
5723:
5603:
5589:
5581:
4940:
4727:
4713:
4705:
4603:1775â1782 North American smallpox epidemic
4481:
4402:
4383:
4369:
4361:
3238:
3236:
2837:The Blackfeet People of the Dark Moccasins
1881:
291:, but all speaking the common language of
45:
38:
5175:Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council
4432:Amskapi Pikuni, South Piegan or Blackfeet
4222:What do we Know about the Plains Indians?
4220:Taylor, Colin (1993). Jayne Booth (ed.).
2875:
2519:(1940â2003), Blackfoot-Gros Ventre author
2443:, Kainai sculptor and installation artist
2431:) one of three Head Chiefs of the Siksika
2120:is named for the Blackfoot-language term
791:. Then, the tribe moved southward to the
171:("Many Chiefs"), and two sections of the
5260:Stoney Nakoda - Tsuut'ina Tribal Council
3962:6, no. 146 (20 November 1885), 456â458,
3202:The Western Cree (Pakisimotan Wi Iniwak)
2947:Montana: The Magazine of Western History
2755:, University of British Columbia, 2010,
751:Blackfoot warriors at Fort MacLeod, 1907
3731:
3719:
3707:
3695:
3683:
3671:
3659:
2650:
2609:
948:â "Original Cree"). These included the
827:The Death of Omoxesisixany or Big Snake
755:After driving the hostile Shoshone and
644:Bison hunters with wolf skin disguises.
589:Due to language and cultural patterns,
4264:Walter McClintock Glass Lantern Slides
4116:. Mankato, Minnesota: Capstone Press.
2858:Johnston, Alex (JulyâSeptember 1970).
1826:, with the expanse of water being the
1639:They apply a poultice of chewed roots
5025:Confederacy of Treaty 6 First Nations
4422:Piikani, Northern Peigan or Blackfoot
2538:, actress, who is part Blackfoot and
2419:â "Feathers", since he took the name
2097:("the companion up there") or simply
876:(Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota) (called
418:. They called their tribal territory
330:, which ranged in size from 10 to 30
7:
4689:
2197:("white clay people"), also spelled
1914:Regions with significant populations
1555:Scalp dance, Blackfoot Indians, 1907
1111:, Head Chief, of the Blood Tribe by
850:Blackfeet Burning Crow Buffalo Range
3001:Baldwin, Stuart J. (January 1994).
1172:in 1832, but it was not a success.
860:The Niitsitapi were enemies of the
6731:Native American history of Montana
5612:Ethnic origins of people in Canada
5565:List of Indian reserves in Alberta
4183:Mythology of the Blackfoot Indians
4053:Indian Country Today Media Network
3790:Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park
3624:Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park
2238:, honorary chief of the Blackfoot.
2101:) in present-day Alberta, and the
972:to the north, east and southeast.
585:Kainai (Blood) women with travois.
25:
6746:Native American tribes in Wyoming
6741:Native American tribes in Montana
4346:Ethnology of the Blackfoot Tribes
3371:Crowfoot, Chief of the Blackfoot,
3296:. Lewis-Clark.org. Archived from
2560:(1932) featured Blackfoot people.
2337:native tongue of the Blackfoot).
1449:and press were outraged. General
1177:Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied
51:Flag of the Blackfoot Confederacy
4735:
4688:
4679:
4678:
4468:
4284:
4224:. New York: Peter Bedrick Books.
4186:, University of Nebraska Press,
4096:, University of Oklahoma Press,
3867:The Journal of American Folklore
3821:The Journal of American Folklore
2005:
1994:
1983:
1969:
1956:
1945:
1934:
1920:
1711:
1700:
239:Cree and Assiniboine go-betweens
57:
6726:First Nations history in Canada
4503:Fort Belknap Indian Reservation
4279:Blackfoot Anthropological Notes
3980:"Blackfoot Culture and History"
3817:"A Blackfoot Sun and Moon Myth"
3280:"Both versions of Colter's Run"
2361:, actor, stuntman, and activist
1838:, so they decided to split up.
5130:Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council
4131:Grinnell, George Bird (1913),
3815:Bird Grinnell, George (1893).
2941:West, Helen B. (Autumn 1960).
1372:Colorized photograph of chief
1198:. In one instance in 1837, an
1085:In subsequent years, American
1:
4660:Starvation winter (1883â1884)
4622:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)
4613:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)
4252:Map of Blackfeet tribal lands
4090:Dempsey, Lloyd James (2007),
2798:Grinnel, George Bird (1892).
2726:. 22 May 2012. Archived from
2684:McNeel, Jack (6 April 2017).
2546:Representation in other media
2373:, performer and choreographer
2089:. They are divided into the
1672:Responsibilities and clothing
812:When Blackfoot and Sioux Meet
354:Piegan were divided into the
342:" (Canadian terminology) or "
5463:Not headquartered in Alberta
4497:Blackfeet Indian Reservation
4281:at Dartmouth College Library
3093:Taylor & Francis, 2005,
2773:"Nitawahsin-nanni- Our Land"
2720:Head Smashed In Buffalo Jump
2690:Indian Country Media Network
2507:and many other films and TV.
2473:(1840â1896), (also known as
1408:Bureau of American Ethnology
1402:plays a recording for chief
1298:into Canada after defeating
1139:, Blackfoot chief (c. 1840).
698:Discovery and uses of horses
636:Importance and uses of bison
509:Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump
5352:Western Cree Tribal Council
4608:1837â1838 smallpox epidemic
4160:Hungry-Wolf, Adolf (2006),
4110:Gibson, Karen Bush (2000).
3986:. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
1022:Between 1790 and 1850, the
960:â âłSarcee trying to cutâł),
803:Enemies and warrior culture
531:Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851
307:(called "Bloods"), and the
299:family. The three were the
155:, meaning "the people" or "
6767:
5952:Trinidadian and Tobagonian
5454:Lubicon Lake Indian Nation
5220:North Peace Tribal Council
3907:Linda Matt Juneau (2002).
3145:"Names for Peoples/Tribes"
3110:Hungrywolf, Adolf (2006).
2279:Red Crow Community College
1855:
1849:
1384:sides stirred up trouble.
1190:to the Niitsitapi, mostly
1064:Lewis and Clark Expedition
975:With the expansion of the
259:is a federally recognized
32:Blackfoot (disambiguation)
29:
5961:Central and South America
5560:
5387:Yellowhead Tribal Council
5160:Whitefish Lake (Atikameg)
5075:Whitefish Lake (Goodfish)
4747:
4674:
4628:Battle of the Belly River
4466:
4273:Blackfoot Digital Library
4151:Hellson, John C. (1974),
3294:"Colter the Mountain Man"
2800:"Early Blackfoot History"
2664:The Canadian Encyclopedia
2253:Blackfoot Writing Company
2147:meaning "Plains People".
2059:
2039:
2023:
1918:
1908:
1887:
1560:spiritual cleansing in a
1518:Indian Reorganization Act
1484:Battle of the Belly River
1304:Battle of Little Big Horn
1302:and his battalion at the
1261:North-West Mounted Police
1175:In 1833, German explorer
56:
44:
6736:First Nations in Alberta
5442:Not federally recognized
4945:Athabasca Tribal Council
4741:First Nations in Alberta
4630:(against the Cree, 1870)
4137:, Kessinger Publishing,
4134:Blackfeet Indian Stories
3958:"The Blackfoot Tribes",
3949:, Blackfeet Nation Store
2989:Early Blackfoot History,
2483:, actor who appeared in
2341:Notable Blackfoot people
1846:Blackfoot creation story
1608:medicine for a ceremony.
1451:William Tecumseh Sherman
1440:, commander of F Company
1358:Prime Minister of Canada
1158:Meanwhile, in 1822, the
1145:North Saskatchewan River
1072:United States government
777:Saskatchewan River Forks
408:South Saskatchewan River
372:North Saskatchewan River
175:("Splotchy Robe") â the
6425:Nordic and Scandinavian
4665:Sweetgrass Hills Treaty
4351:Popular Science Monthly
4333:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4200:Peat, F. David (2005),
4046:15 October 2014 at the
3439:21 October 2014 at the
3369:Dempsey, H. A. (1972).
2804:American Anthropologist
2660:"Blackfoot Confederacy"
2201:The French called them
1300:George Armstrong Custer
1109:Buffalo Bull's Back Fat
872:â âłPinto Peopleâł), and
789:St. Louis, Saskatchewan
487:In midsummer, when the
430:called their territory
263:of Southern Piikani in
244:Today, three Blackfoot
5307:Tribal Chiefs Ventures
4766:Ethnolinguistic groups
4336:(11th ed.). 1911.
4300:Encyclopedia Americana
3945:3 January 2011 at the
3861:Maclean, John (1893).
3542:North American Indian,
3505:North American Indian,
3056:North American Indian,
3003:"Blackfoot Neologisms"
2354:
2313:
2302:
2239:
1893:
1814:
1761:
1747:
1685:
1617:
1609:
1584:
1556:
1447:United States Congress
1443:
1411:
1376:
1270:, together with their
1251:
1239:
1236:Charles Marion Russell
1140:
1130:
1116:
857:
854:Charles Marion Russell
834:
819:
816:Charles Marion Russell
752:
735:
711:
653:
645:
632:to "time immemorial."
586:
570:
467:
6711:Blackfoot Confederacy
5245:Little Red River Cree
4990:Blackfoot Confederacy
4882:Blackfoot Confederacy
4450:Gros Ventre or Atsina
4392:Blackfoot Confederacy
4318:Catholic Encyclopedia
4289:Texts on Wikisource:
4257:22 April 2021 at the
4242:Blackfoot Confederacy
3863:"Blackfoot Mythology"
3480:"The Marias Massacre"
3413:North American Indian
3355:Frazier, Ian (1989).
3165:the Cree called them
2348:
2308:
2297:Blackfoot gathering,
2296:
2245:Glacier National Park
2234:
2139:'s name derives from
2128:name for the Kainai:
2055:Related ethnic groups
1892:
1808:
1753:
1741:
1679:
1645:Asclepias viridiflora
1641:Asclepias viridiflora
1615:
1603:
1582:
1554:
1398:
1371:
1245:
1230:
1135:
1125:
1107:
848:
825:
810:
750:
729:
705:
651:
643:
627:to the east, and the
584:
567:Glacier National Park
560:
541:in southern Alberta.
461:
447:above the family was
261:Native American tribe
137:Blackfoot Confederacy
40:Blackfoot Confederacy
4768:(by language family)
4565:Gros Ventre language
4427:Siksika or Blackfoot
4163:The Blackfoot papers
4003:on 11 September 2013
3300:on 25 September 2012
3113:The Blackfoot Papers
2513:(1982â2014), actress
2459:Stephen Graham Jones
2227:Economy and services
2193:call themselves the
2154:call themselves the
1313:, led by the famous
1311:North-West Rebellion
1213:Hudson's Bay Company
1200:American Fur Company
1160:American Fur Company
1149:Rocky Mountain House
1056:Hudson's Bay Company
781:Hudson's Bay Company
420:Niitsitpiis-stahkoii
394:) of Montana in the
378:) along what is now
358:in Alberta, and the
297:Algonquian languages
4960:Athabasca Chipewyan
4933:Tribal councils and
4656:(with Canada, 1877)
4599:(circa 1730s-1800s)
4456:TsuutÊŒina or Sarcee
3921:on 19 December 2014
3076:Royal B. Hassrick,
2943:"Blackfoot Country"
2730:on 3 September 2012
2716:"Blackfoot History"
2453:Beverly Hungry Wolf
2289:Traditional culture
2041:Traditional beliefs
1884:
1858:Blackfoot mythology
1680:Horned bonnet with
1188:infectious diseases
344:Indian reservations
165:("Blackfoot"), the
41:
6716:Algonquian peoples
5655:Canadian ethnicity
5449:Aseniwuche Winewak
4636:(by US Army, 1870)
4580:Blackfoot religion
4570:TsuutÊŒina language
4560:Blackfoot language
4408:Blackfoot-speaking
4237:Blackfoot homepage
4070:Brown, Alison K.,
4027:The New York Times
3786:"Sammi-Headresses"
3243:Ambrose, Stephen.
3221:on 1 November 2013
3200:Joachim Fromhold:
3089:Bruce Vandervort:
2877:10.1007/bf02860666
2696:on 5 February 2018
2588:Blackfoot language
2498:Last of the Dogmen
2492:Dances with Wolves
2355:
2314:
2303:
2283:Stand Off, Alberta
2240:
2222:Modern communities
2191:Gros Ventre people
2061:Algonquian peoples
1894:
1852:Blackfoot religion
1815:
1762:
1748:
1686:
1618:
1610:
1585:
1557:
1412:
1377:
1252:
1240:
1179:and Swiss painter
1141:
1117:
858:
835:
820:
814:by western artist
785:South Branch House
765:Pawistiko Iyiniwak
753:
736:
712:
654:
646:
623:to the south, the
619:to the north, the
617:Saskatchewan River
587:
571:
468:
227:shortgrass prairie
157:Blackfoot-speaking
128:Blackfoot language
123:Official language
6698:
6697:
6666:
6665:
6327:
6326:
6016:
6015:
5877:
5876:
5578:
5577:
5556:
5555:
5549:
5541:
5533:
5514:
5502:
5490:
5478:
5395:
5360:
5315:
5268:
5228:
5183:
5150:Lubicon Lake Band
5138:
5033:
4998:
4965:Chipewyan Prairie
4953:
4925:
4917:
4909:
4897:Numbered Treaties
4702:
4701:
4548:
4547:
4464:
4463:
4452:(circa 1793â1861)
4399:Tribes or Nations
4313:Blackfoot Indians
4295:Blackfeet Indians
4213:978-1-57863-371-5
4203:Blackfoot Physics
4123:978-0-7368-4824-4
4103:978-0-8061-3804-6
3484:Legend of America
3245:Undaunted Courage
3099:978-0-415-22472-7
2761:978-0-7748-1552-9
2749:Annis May Timpson
2658:Dempsey, Hugh A.
2557:Tintin in America
2405:A-ca-oo-mah-ca-ye
2359:Eugene Brave Rock
2264:Browning, Montana
2207:Piik-siik-sii-naa
2066:
2065:
1604:Blackfoot making
1533:Electing a leader
1354:John A. Macdonald
954:SaahsĂĄĂsso'kitaki
625:Mississippi River
527:European settlers
414:), east past the
388:Yellowstone River
173:Peigan or Piikani
133:
132:
73:Military alliance
16:(Redirected from
6758:
6476:Southeast Europe
6338:
6027:
5886:
5724:
5660:French Canadians
5605:
5598:
5591:
5582:
5570:MĂ©tis in Alberta
5547:
5539:
5531:
5508:
5496:
5484:
5472:
5389:
5354:
5322:Beaver Lake Cree
5312:Beaver Lake Cree
5309:
5262:
5222:
5177:
5132:
5050:Beaver Lake Cree
5027:
4992:
4947:
4941:
4936:band governments
4923:
4915:
4907:
4887:Iron Confederacy
4739:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4706:
4692:
4691:
4682:
4681:
4667:(with USA, 1887)
4482:
4472:
4403:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4362:
4355:
4337:
4322:
4304:
4288:
4225:
4216:
4206:, Weiser Books,
4196:
4176:
4156:
4147:
4127:
4106:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4078:
4057:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
3999:. Archived from
3993:
3987:
3984:Native Languages
3977:
3971:
3956:
3950:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3920:
3914:. Archived from
3913:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3792:. Archived from
3782:
3776:
3773:
3762:
3759:
3753:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3735:
3729:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3705:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3626:. Archived from
3616:
3610:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3580:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3545:
3538:
3529:
3526:
3517:
3514:
3508:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3456:. Archived from
3450:
3444:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3416:
3409:
3403:
3398:Dempsey (1972),
3396:
3387:
3382:Dempsey (1972).
3380:
3374:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3258:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3240:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3107:
3101:
3087:
3081:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3059:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
2998:
2992:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2914:
2911:Eyewitness Books
2907:
2898:
2897:
2879:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2840:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2779:on 7 August 2013
2769:
2763:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2692:. Archived from
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2655:
2634:
2614:
2524:Eugene Creighton
2441:Faye HeavyShield
2435:Stu-mick-o-sĂșcks
2399:Ai-sik'-stuk-iks
2371:Byron Chief-Moon
2319:Frances Densmore
2184:Beaver (Danezaa)
2111:AamsskĂĄĂĄpipikani
2107:Piegan Blackfeet
2069:Ethnic divisions
2010:
2009:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1987:
1974:
1973:
1963:British Columbia
1961:
1960:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1938:
1925:
1924:
1904:Total population
1897:Edward S. Curtis
1885:
1801:Sun and the Moon
1744:Edward S. Curtis
1715:
1704:
1522:Blackfeet Nation
1511:boarding schools
1464:Ulysses S. Grant
1441:
1400:Frances Densmore
1339:Wandering Spirit
1206:, was headed to
1137:Mehkskeme-Sukahs
1079:Meriwether Lewis
910:Iron Confederacy
906:komonĂłĂtapiikoan
870:kiihtsipimiitapi
732:Edward S. Curtis
673:
672:
668:
665:
406:) and along the
257:Blackfeet Nation
249:band governments
185:Southern Piikani
177:Northern Piikani
103:Piegan Blackfeet
61:
49:
42:
21:
18:Blackfoot indian
6766:
6765:
6761:
6760:
6759:
6757:
6756:
6755:
6701:
6700:
6699:
6694:
6662:
6570:
6537:Southern Europe
6532:
6471:
6418:Northern Europe
6413:
6387:
6323:
6226:
6173:
6111:
6061:
6012:
5956:
5905:
5873:
5840:
5824:Southern Africa
5819:
5798:
5748:
5713:
5704:Irish Canadians
5614:
5609:
5579:
5574:
5552:
5517:
5506:Smith's Landing
5458:
5437:
5421:
5381:
5346:
5301:
5254:
5214:
5169:
5145:Loon River Cree
5124:
5065:Ermineskin Cree
5019:
4984:
4934:
4928:
4891:
4867:
4760:
4743:
4733:
4703:
4698:
4670:
4643:'s adoption of
4634:Marias Massacre
4584:
4575:Blackfeet music
4544:
4508:
4499:(South Piegans)
4473:
4460:
4436:
4394:
4389:
4354:. Vol. 29.
4340:
4325:
4307:
4292:
4259:Wayback Machine
4233:
4228:
4219:
4214:
4199:
4194:
4179:
4174:
4159:
4150:
4145:
4130:
4124:
4109:
4104:
4089:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4048:Wayback Machine
4038:
4034:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4006:
4004:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3978:
3974:
3957:
3953:
3947:Wayback Machine
3938:
3934:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3891:
3889:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3845:
3843:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3799:
3797:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3730:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3706:
3702:
3694:
3690:
3682:
3678:
3670:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3643:
3633:
3631:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3548:
3539:
3532:
3527:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3463:
3461:
3460:on 21 June 2011
3452:
3451:
3447:
3441:Wayback Machine
3432:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3410:
3406:
3397:
3390:
3381:
3377:
3368:
3364:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3303:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3268:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3241:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3171:Amisk Wiyiniwak
3164:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3147:. Angelfire.com
3143:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3088:
3084:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3053:
3049:
3039:
3037:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2908:
2901:
2864:Economic Botany
2857:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2818:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2724:Alberta Culture
2714:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2697:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2598:Palliser Region
2583:Blackfeet music
2579:
2570:George Devereux
2548:
2522:The Honourable
2465:Earl Old Person
2395:Aatsista-Mahkan
2385:Pied de Corbeau
2343:
2291:
2268:American Indian
2236:Earl Old Person
2229:
2224:
2180:Northern Canada
2145:Sao-kitapiiksi,
2095:AapĂĄtohsipikĂĄni
2077:, also spelled
2071:
2004:
1993:
1982:
1980:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1955:
1944:
1933:
1931:
1919:
1880:
1877:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1803:
1759:Brooklyn Museum
1755:Headdress Case,
1736:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1674:
1665:
1598:
1549:
1535:
1530:
1492:Assini-etomochi
1442:
1435:
1390:Philip Sheridan
1366:
1286:and from there
1257:Marias Massacre
1225:
1202:steamboat, the
1049:
805:
700:
670:
666:
663:
661:
638:
629:Rocky Mountains
591:anthropologists
555:
537:and settled on
464:Aatsista-Mahkan
400:Rocky Mountains
398:, and from the
392:Otahkoiitahtayi
376:PonokĂĄ'sisaahta
368:
340:Indian reserves
277:
189:Amskapi Piikani
181:AapĂĄtohsipikĂĄni
168:Kainai or Blood
148:Siksikaitsitapi
124:
117:
91:
64:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6764:
6762:
6754:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6703:
6702:
6696:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6676:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6628:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6578:
6576:
6575:Western Europe
6572:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6566:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6540:
6538:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6479:
6477:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6421:
6419:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6395:
6393:
6392:Eastern Europe
6389:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6344:
6342:
6341:Central Europe
6335:
6329:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6236:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6183:
6181:
6179:Southeast Asia
6175:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6149:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6137:
6127:
6121:
6119:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6071:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6033:
6031:
6024:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5913:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5892:
5890:
5883:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5854:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5812:
5810:South Sudanese
5806:
5804:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5730:
5728:
5727:Horn of Africa
5721:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5709:Black Loyalist
5706:
5701:
5699:Newfoundlander
5696:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5657:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5600:
5593:
5585:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5542:
5534:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5503:
5491:
5479:
5466:
5464:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5398:
5396:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5363:
5361:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5318:
5316:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5271:
5269:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5231:
5229:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5186:
5184:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5155:Peerless Trout
5152:
5147:
5141:
5139:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5036:
5034:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5001:
4999:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4956:
4954:
4938:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4918:
4910:
4901:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4798:
4786:
4771:
4769:
4762:
4761:
4750:Cultural areas
4748:
4745:
4744:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4709:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4686:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4616:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4540:Tsuu T'ina 145
4537:
4532:
4527:
4521:
4519:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4505:(Gros Ventres)
4500:
4493:
4491:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4446:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4417:Kanai or Blood
4413:
4411:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4344:(June 1886). "
4338:
4323:
4305:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4261:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4232:
4231:External links
4229:
4227:
4226:
4217:
4212:
4197:
4192:
4177:
4172:
4157:
4148:
4143:
4128:
4122:
4107:
4102:
4087:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4039:Schmidt, Rob.
4032:
4014:
3988:
3972:
3951:
3932:
3899:
3879:10.2307/533004
3853:
3833:10.2307/534278
3807:
3777:
3763:
3754:
3745:
3736:
3734:, p. 123.
3724:
3712:
3700:
3698:, p. 101.
3688:
3676:
3664:
3652:
3641:
3611:
3602:
3593:
3581:
3572:
3546:
3530:
3518:
3509:
3496:
3471:
3445:
3426:
3417:
3404:
3388:
3375:
3362:
3347:
3338:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3285:
3271:
3259:
3250:
3247:. p. 389.
3232:
3205:
3193:
3158:
3136:
3122:
3102:
3082:
3069:
3060:
3047:
3019:10.1086/466218
2993:
2980:
2971:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2899:
2870:(3): 301â324.
2850:
2841:
2828:
2790:
2764:
2741:
2707:
2676:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2561:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2536:Lily Gladstone
2533:
2527:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2478:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2402:
2392:
2374:
2368:
2365:Elouise Cobell
2362:
2342:
2339:
2310:Chief Mountain
2290:
2287:
2260:tribal college
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2209:("snakes") or
2137:Siksika Nation
2091:Piikani Nation
2070:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2015:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1847:
1844:
1802:
1799:
1735:
1732:
1717:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1597:
1594:
1548:
1545:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1504:In efforts to
1433:
1417:Mountain Chief
1404:Mountain Chief
1374:Mountain Chief
1365:
1362:
1350:Lord Lansdowne
1292:Queen Victoria
1224:
1221:
1165:Fort MacKenzie
1068:Missouri River
1052:Anthony Henday
1048:
1045:
1041:Red Deer River
958:Sahsi-sokitaki
804:
801:
769:Niya Wati Inew
699:
696:
658:American bison
637:
634:
554:
551:
412:Kaayihkimikoyi
382:, Alberta, in
367:
364:
276:
273:
131:
130:
125:
122:
119:
118:
116:
115:
113:Siksika Nation
110:
108:Piikani Nation
105:
100:
94:
92:
89:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6763:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6721:Plains tribes
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6691:
6690:New Zealander
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6669:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6592:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6573:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6535:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6416:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6019:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5959:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5908:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5889:North America
5887:
5884:
5880:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5831:South African
5829:
5828:
5826:
5822:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5788:
5785:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5751:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5631:First Nations
5629:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5606:
5601:
5599:
5594:
5592:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5559:
5546:
5543:
5538:
5535:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5520:
5512:
5507:
5504:
5500:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5483:
5480:
5476:
5471:
5470:Acho Dene Koe
5468:
5467:
5465:
5461:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5377:Sturgeon Lake
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5349:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5308:
5304:
5298:
5295:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5275:Stoney Nakoda
5273:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5221:
5217:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5176:
5172:
5166:
5165:Woodland Cree
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5131:
5127:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5026:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4975:Fort McMurray
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4950:Fort McMurray
4946:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4931:
4922:
4919:
4914:
4911:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4870:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4730:
4725:
4723:
4718:
4716:
4711:
4710:
4707:
4695:
4687:
4685:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4442:Later members
4439:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4386:
4381:
4379:
4374:
4372:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4342:Hale, Horatio
4339:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4309:Mooney, James
4306:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4218:
4215:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4193:9780803260238
4189:
4185:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4173:0-920698-80-8
4169:
4165:
4164:
4158:
4154:
4149:
4146:
4144:9781557092014
4140:
4136:
4135:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4088:
4075:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3936:
3933:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3900:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3854:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3811:
3808:
3796:on 7 May 2013
3795:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3752:Taylor, 14â15
3749:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3725:
3722:, p. 74.
3721:
3716:
3713:
3710:, p. 79.
3709:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3689:
3686:, p. 71.
3685:
3680:
3677:
3674:, p. 80.
3673:
3668:
3665:
3662:, p. 75.
3661:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3645:
3642:
3630:on 6 May 2013
3629:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3609:Gibson, 19â21
3606:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3570:Gibson, 35â42
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3528:Gibson, 31â42
3525:
3523:
3519:
3516:Gibson, 27â28
3513:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3402:, pp. 188â192
3401:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3358:
3351:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3269:Gibson, 23â29
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3246:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3167:Amiskiwiyiniw
3162:
3159:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3125:
3123:0-920698-80-8
3119:
3115:
3114:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2791:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2677:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2651:
2645:
2640:
2633:
2632:Eansketambawg
2629:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:Comanche Moon
2500:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2413:Ak ko mock ki
2410:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2389:Moccasin band
2386:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2275:Kainai Nation
2273:In 1986, the
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2118:Kainai Nation
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1978:
1977:United States
1972:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1937:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1886:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1864:creation myth
1859:
1853:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:Bering Strait
1825:
1819:
1812:
1811:George Catlin
1807:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1714:
1703:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1574:counting coup
1571:
1565:
1563:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1476:Fort Whoop-Up
1473:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1439:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1356:(the current
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1325:(Nakota) and
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1248:Winnipeg Jack
1244:
1237:
1233:
1232:Single-Handed
1229:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1217:Edward Jenner
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1153:Fort Edmonton
1150:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1121:Rupert's Land
1114:
1113:George Catlin
1110:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
971:
967:
966:Plains Ojibwe
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
924:â 'Cree' and
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
855:
851:
847:
843:
841:
840:counting coup
832:
828:
824:
817:
813:
809:
802:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
758:
749:
745:
742:
733:
728:
724:
722:
718:
709:
704:
697:
695:
691:
689:
684:
681:
677:
659:
650:
642:
635:
633:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
607:
605:
599:
597:
592:
583:
579:
577:
568:
564:
559:
553:Early history
552:
550:
546:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
517:
512:
510:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:chokecherries
485:
483:
478:
472:
465:
460:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
434:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:Cypress Hills
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:United States
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
365:
363:
361:
357:
351:
349:
345:
341:
335:
333:
329:
324:
322:
319:or A'aninin (
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
295:, one of the
294:
290:
286:
281:
274:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
247:
242:
240:
236:
235:white traders
232:
228:
225:
221:
217:
216:bison hunters
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:
164:
163:
158:
154:
150:
149:
144:
143:
138:
129:
126:
120:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
98:Kainai Nation
96:
95:
93:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
60:
55:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
6658:Luxembourger
6609:Scotch-Irish
6135:Anglo-Indian
6030:Central Asia
5947:Puerto Rican
5753:North Africa
5426:Unaffiliated
5342:Kehewin Cree
5205:Sucker Creek
5085:Kehewin Cree
4989:
4980:Mikisew Cree
4881:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4801:
4794:
4513:
4487:Reservations
4485:
4441:
4406:
4391:
4349:
4331:
4316:
4298:
4221:
4202:
4182:
4162:
4152:
4133:
4112:
4092:
4080:, retrieved
4072:
4051:
4035:
4026:
4017:
4005:. Retrieved
4001:the original
3991:
3983:
3975:
3959:
3954:
3935:
3923:. Retrieved
3916:the original
3902:
3890:. Retrieved
3870:
3866:
3856:
3844:. Retrieved
3824:
3820:
3810:
3798:. Retrieved
3794:the original
3789:
3780:
3757:
3748:
3739:
3732:Hellson 1974
3727:
3720:Hellson 1974
3715:
3708:Hellson 1974
3703:
3696:Hellson 1974
3691:
3684:Hellson 1974
3679:
3672:Hellson 1974
3667:
3660:Hellson 1974
3655:
3644:
3632:. Retrieved
3628:the original
3623:
3620:"Ceremonies"
3614:
3605:
3596:
3575:
3541:
3512:
3504:
3499:
3487:. Retrieved
3483:
3474:
3462:. Retrieved
3458:the original
3448:
3429:
3420:
3412:
3407:
3399:
3383:
3378:
3370:
3365:
3357:Great Plains
3356:
3350:
3341:
3332:
3323:
3314:
3302:. Retrieved
3298:the original
3288:
3274:
3253:
3244:
3223:. Retrieved
3219:the original
3208:
3201:
3196:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3149:. Retrieved
3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3112:
3105:
3090:
3085:
3077:
3072:
3063:
3055:
3050:
3038:. Retrieved
3013:(1): 69â72.
3010:
3006:
2996:
2988:
2983:
2974:
2962:. Retrieved
2953:(4): 34â44.
2950:
2946:
2936:
2927:
2918:
2910:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2844:
2836:
2831:
2819:. Retrieved
2807:
2803:
2793:
2781:. Retrieved
2777:the original
2767:
2752:
2744:
2732:. Retrieved
2728:the original
2719:
2710:
2698:. Retrieved
2694:the original
2689:
2679:
2667:. Retrieved
2663:
2653:
2631:
2623:Anishinaabeg
2621:
2612:
2563:
2555:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2481:Steve Reevis
2474:
2428:
2420:
2417:A'kow-muk-ai
2416:
2412:
2409:Ac ko mok ki
2408:
2398:
2388:
2384:
2381:ISAPO-MUXIKA
2380:
2328:
2324:
2315:
2272:
2262:, opened in
2257:
2249:
2241:
2210:
2206:
2203:Gros Ventres
2202:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2129:
2121:
2115:
2110:
2103:South Peigan
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2049:Christianity
1975:
1941:Saskatchewan
1926:
1879:Ethnic group
1869:
1861:
1840:
1836:Snake people
1820:
1816:
1795:
1791:
1780:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1728:
1724:
1691:
1687:
1666:
1649:Viola adunca
1638:
1630:
1619:
1590:
1586:
1569:
1566:
1558:
1536:
1516:In 1934 the
1515:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1479:
1472:Nehiyaw-Pwat
1471:
1469:
1456:Wounded Knee
1444:
1430:
1421:
1413:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1347:
1308:
1296:Sitting Bull
1265:
1253:
1247:
1231:
1203:
1185:
1174:
1157:
1142:
1136:
1126:
1118:
1087:mountain men
1084:
1076:
1050:
1028:
1024:Nehiyaw-Pwat
1023:
1021:
1017:
1005:Nehiyaw-Pwat
1004:
1000:
992:
977:Nehiyaw-Pwat
976:
974:
957:
953:
945:
937:
929:
925:
921:
914:Nehiyaw-Pwat
913:
905:
897:
878:pinaapisinaa
877:
869:
859:
849:
836:
826:
811:
797:Battle River
772:
768:
764:
762:
754:
741:Medicine men
737:
720:
713:
692:
685:
676:buffalo jump
655:
614:
609:
602:
600:
588:
572:
547:
543:
520:
513:
505:
500:
492:
486:
473:
469:
453:Great Plains
444:
438:
431:
419:
411:
404:Miistakistsi
403:
391:
375:
369:
362:in Montana.
360:South Peigan
356:North Peigan
352:
347:
336:
325:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
282:
278:
255:, while the
246:First Nation
243:
220:Great Plains
213:
204:
196:
192:
188:
180:
166:
160:
152:
147:
146:
141:
140:
136:
134:
90:Membership
83:Great Plains
36:
6513:Montenegrin
6292:Azerbaijani
6260:Palestinian
6212:Singaporean
6125:Bangladeshi
5845:West Africa
5803:East Africa
5115:Samson Cree
5110:Saddle Lake
4872:Historical
4834:DĂ«nesĆłĆı̚ne
4535:Siksika 146
4530:Piikani 147
4478:Communities
3925:16 December
3304:24 December
3225:16 December
3151:16 December
2991:pp. 153â164
2783:16 December
2734:11 December
2616:Compare to
2517:James Welch
2511:Misty Upham
2471:Jerry Potts
2429:No-okskatos
2277:opened the
2126:Plains Cree
2116:The modern
1832:Crow people
1734:Headdresses
1625:sweet grass
1606:sweet grass
1596:Ethnobotany
1562:sweat lodge
1436:Lieutenant
1425:Fort Benton
1327:Plains Cree
1323:Assiniboine
1246:Dog Child (
1223:Indian Wars
1204:St. Peter's
1181:Karl Bodmer
1091:John Colter
1037:Belly River
1029:Pikano Sipi
997:Gros Ventre
946:NiitsĂsinaa
942:Assiniboine
934:Plains Cree
918:Plains Cree
773:Naywattamee
708:Karl Bodmer
596:Great Lakes
523:extirpation
441:social unit
321:Gros Ventre
209:Gros Ventre
6705:Categories
6680:Australian
6554:Portuguese
6508:Macedonian
6467:Lithuanian
6399:Belarusian
6222:Vietnamese
6197:Indonesian
6169:Sri Lankan
6117:South Asia
6008:Venezuelan
5998:Salvadoran
5988:Guatemalan
5836:Zimbabwean
5626:Indigenous
5529:Papaschase
5522:Terminated
5494:Onion Lake
5482:Kelly Lake
5392:Morinville
5372:Horse Lake
5357:Valleyview
5337:Heart Lake
5225:High Level
5210:Swan River
5180:Slave Lake
5090:Louis Bull
5080:Heart Lake
5060:Enoch Cree
4970:Fort McKay
4817:Athapascan
4779:Algonquian
4645:Poundmaker
4624:(with USA)
4615:(with USA)
3775:Taylor, 14
3600:Gibson, 19
3591:Gibson, 17
3579:Taylor, 11
3464:9 December
3424:Gibson, 26
3345:Taylor, 43
3336:Brown, 4â5
3257:Gibson, 23
3213:A. Hodge.
2987:Grinnell,
2978:Gibson, 15
2922:Gibson, 14
2848:Taylor, 9.
2641:References
2628:Quinnipiac
2530:Gyasi Ross
2475:Ky-yo-kosi
2425:Three Suns
2335:Algonquian
2168:Athabascan
2156:Tsu T'ina,
2141:SiksikĂĄwa,
1856:See also:
1850:See also:
1785:made from
1778:antelope.
1767:war bonnet
1506:assimilate
1488:Lethbridge
1480:Akaisakoyi
1460:Sand Creek
1331:Poundmaker
1319:Louis Riel
1208:Fort Union
1163:joined by
1099:beaver dam
898:kotonĂĄĂĄ'wa
793:Milk River
721:ponokamita
621:Rio Grande
561:Blackfoot
445:Niitsitapi
439:The basic
433:Nitassinan
348:NiitsĂtapi
313:Tsuu T'ina
275:Government
237:and their
183:) and the
142:Niitsitapi
6646:Québécois
6493:Bulgarian
6445:Norwegian
6440:Icelandic
6409:Ukrainian
6378:Slovenian
6363:Hungarian
6250:Jordanian
6232:West Asia
6207:Malaysian
6187:Cambodian
6152:Pakistani
6102:Taiwanese
6097:Mongolian
6080:Hong Kong
6067:East Asia
6003:Uruguayan
5983:Colombian
5973:Brazilian
5968:Argentine
5927:Dominican
5917:Barbadian
5910:Caribbean
5739:Ethiopian
5670:Québécois
5537:Sharphead
5402:Alexander
5332:Frog Lake
5327:Cold Lake
5297:Tsuut'ina
5265:Tsuut'ina
5240:Dene Tha'
5195:Kapawe'no
5190:Driftpile
5070:Frog Lake
5055:Cold Lake
5040:Alexander
4848:Tsuut'ina
4841:Dene Tha'
4810:Saulteaux
4784:Blackfoot
4758:Subarctic
4595:War with
4525:Blood 148
4328:Blackfoot
4311:(1913). "
3540:Murdoch,
3503:Murdoch,
3411:Murdoch,
3186:Tza Tinne
3067:Taylor, 4
3054:Murdoch,
3035:224808614
2931:Taylor, 2
2646:Citations
2540:Nez Perce
2270:studies.
2199:A'aninin.
2176:Subarctic
2045:Sun Dance
2029:Blackfoot
2019:Languages
1787:porcupine
1776:pronghorn
1657:moccasins
1633:bearberry
1547:Societies
1490:, called
1438:Gus Doane
1266:When the
1170:Bow River
1095:driftwood
1033:Bow River
1013:Secwepemc
985:Chipewyan
962:Saulteaux
902:Nez Perce
831:Paul Kane
680:pronghorn
576:moccasins
497:Sun Dance
482:blizzards
466:, c.1905.
386:, to the
309:SiksikĂĄwa
293:Blackfoot
231:Bow River
224:semi-arid
6685:Hawaiian
6636:Acadians
6614:Scottish
6528:Yugoslav
6518:Romanian
6498:Croatian
6483:Albanian
6457:Estonian
6348:Austrian
6287:Assyrian
6282:Armenian
6255:Lebanese
6192:Filipino
6087:Japanese
5993:Peruvian
5942:Jamaican
5932:Guyanese
5896:American
5882:Americas
5857:Nigerian
5852:Ghanaian
5815:Sudanese
5792:Egyptian
5780:Tunisian
5775:Moroccan
5765:Algerian
5734:Eritrean
5687:Scottish
5665:Acadians
5433:Bigstone
5417:Sunchild
5412:O'Chiese
5367:Duncan's
5280:Bearspaw
5250:Tallcree
5200:Sawridge
5135:Atikameg
5120:Sunchild
5100:O'Chiese
4995:Standoff
4921:Treaty 8
4913:Treaty 7
4905:Treaty 6
4874:polities
4802:Woodland
4684:Category
4654:Treaty 7
4647:in 1873)
4641:Crowfoot
4597:Shoshone
4518:(Canada)
4515:Reserves
4255:Archived
4044:Archived
4023:"Movies"
3943:Archived
3437:Archived
3400:Crowfoot
3384:Crowfoot
3327:Brown, 3
3318:Brown, 2
3182:Tsattine
3173:and the
2894:19795696
2835:Gibson,
2577:See also
2461:, author
2455:, author
2447:Joe Hipp
2421:Old Swan
2377:Crowfoot
2351:Crowfoot
2195:Haaninin
2035:Religion
1834:and the
1663:Marriage
1478:(called
1434:â
1410:in 1916.
1406:for the
1343:Fine-Day
1335:Big Bear
1280:Crowfoot
1272:Cheyenne
1196:smallpox
1070:for the
999:(called
981:Iroquois
952:(called
944:(called
936:(called
930:Pwat-sak
904:(called
896:(called
894:Kootenai
890:Kalispel
886:Flathead
882:Shoshone
866:Cheyenne
717:Shoshone
539:reserves
535:Treaty 7
516:pemmican
449:the band
402:(called
390:(called
380:Edmonton
374:(called
205:A'aninin
197:TsĂșĂčtĂnĂ
6672:Oceania
6604:English
6599:Cornish
6594:British
6587:Flemish
6582:Belgian
6559:Spanish
6549:Maltese
6544:Italian
6523:Serbian
6488:Bosnian
6462:Latvian
6450:Swedish
6435:Finnish
6404:Russian
6319:Turkish
6314:Kurdish
6307:Israeli
6297:Iranian
6202:Laotian
6157:Punjabi
6107:Tibetan
6075:Chinese
5978:Chilean
5937:Haitian
5901:Mexican
5682:English
5677:British
5636:by band
5285:Chiniki
5095:Montana
5015:Siksika
5010:Piikani
4827:Daneáșaa
4694:Commons
4589:History
4553:Culture
4303:. 1920.
4082:27 July
4063:Sources
3968:1760272
3960:Science
3892:30 July
3846:30 July
3386:, p. 91
3178:Tsat'en
3129:6 March
3040:30 July
3027:1265481
2964:30 July
2959:4516437
2886:4253161
2821:30 July
2700:22 July
2669:22 July
2565:Jimmy P
2299:Alberta
2215:Arapaho
2130:Miko-Ew
2099:PiikĂĄni
2087:PiikĂĄni
2025:English
2003:(part)
2001:Wyoming
1990:Montana
1965:(part))
1952:Alberta
1746:, 1900.
1528:Culture
1317:leader
1276:Arapaho
1192:cholera
1060:Alberta
1054:of the
1009:Ktunaxa
1001:atsĂĂna
993:Dunneza
989:Danezaa
968:), and
922:Nehiyaw
757:Arapaho
669:⁄
610:travois
604:travois
563:teepees
477:buffalo
443:of the
428:Naskapi
366:History
317:Atsina,
301:PiikĂĄni
289:dialect
285:kinship
265:Montana
253:Alberta
162:Siksika
79:Origins
6641:Breton
6631:French
6564:Basque
6430:Danish
6373:Slovak
6368:Polish
6358:German
6333:Europe
6302:Jewish
6275:Yemeni
6270:Syrian
6164:Romani
6147:Nepali
6130:Indian
6092:Korean
6042:Kazakh
6037:Afghan
5867:Yoruba
5787:Coptic
5770:Libyan
5760:Berber
5744:Somali
5719:Africa
5619:Canada
5548:(1958)
5545:Michel
5540:(1897)
5532:(1891)
5407:Alexis
5290:Wesley
5235:Beaver
5045:Alexis
5005:Kainai
4924:(1899)
4916:(1877)
4908:(1876)
4861:Nakoda
4856:Siouan
4795:Plains
4754:Plains
4210:
4190:
4170:
4141:
4120:
4100:
4007:29 May
3966:
3887:533004
3885:
3841:534278
3839:
3800:12 May
3634:26 May
3489:21 May
3190:Beaver
3175:Dakelh
3120:
3097:
3033:
3025:
2957:
2892:
2884:
2816:658663
2814:
2759:
2618:Ojibwe
2349:Chief
2301:. 1973
2211:Atsina
2160:Saahsi
2152:Sarcee
2122:KĂĄĂnaa
2083:Pikuni
2079:Peigan
2075:Piegan
1928:Canada
1909:32,000
1899:(1926)
1875:People
1824:Russia
1682:ermine
1540:chiefs
1486:(near
1288:London
1284:Ottawa
1268:Lakota
1128:items.
950:Stoney
940:) and
938:Asinaa
900:) and
569:, 1933
462:Chief
384:Canada
332:lodges
305:KĂĄĂnaa
203:) and
201:Sarcee
193:Pikuni
153:áčáá§á§áŁáŻ
6653:Irish
6626:Dutch
6619:Welsh
6503:Greek
6383:Swiss
6353:Czech
6265:Saudi
6245:Iraqi
6140:Tamil
6057:Uzbek
6052:Tatar
6047:Tajik
5922:Cuban
5692:Welsh
5648:MĂ©tis
5643:Inuit
5030:Enoch
4775:Algic
4077:(PDF)
3964:JSTOR
3919:(PDF)
3912:(PDF)
3883:JSTOR
3837:JSTOR
3507:28â29
3058:p. 28
3031:S2CID
3023:JSTOR
2955:JSTOR
2890:S2CID
2882:JSTOR
2812:JSTOR
2604:Notes
2552:Hergé
2486:Fargo
2331:eagle
2164:Sarsi
2012:Idaho
1783:roach
1684:skin.
1653:Carex
1315:MĂ©tis
1097:or a
970:MĂ©tis
874:Sioux
688:jerky
328:bands
145:, or
6240:Arab
6217:Thai
6022:Asia
5862:Igbo
5105:Paul
4821:Dene
4789:Cree
4490:(US)
4208:ISBN
4188:ISBN
4168:ISBN
4139:ISBN
4118:ISBN
4098:ISBN
4084:2011
4009:2013
3927:2013
3894:2020
3848:2020
3802:2016
3636:2013
3491:2013
3466:2010
3415:, 34
3306:2012
3227:2013
3153:2013
3131:2013
3118:ISBN
3095:ISBN
3042:2020
2966:2020
2823:2020
2785:2013
2757:ISBN
2736:2012
2702:2017
2671:2017
2626:and
2189:The
2172:Dené
2150:The
2135:The
1862:The
1623:and
1621:Sage
1570:coup
1458:and
1341:and
1274:and
1194:and
1035:and
964:(or
926:Pwat
916:(in
862:Crow
501:Okan
493:Okan
426:and
424:Innu
287:and
135:The
69:Type
4348:".
4330:".
4315:".
4297:".
3875:doi
3829:doi
3184:or
3169:or
3015:doi
2872:doi
2839:, 1
2554:'s
2281:in
2178:of
2170:or
2162:or
2105:or
2081:or
1655:in
956:or
928:or
912:or
852:by
829:by
323:).
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