Blackfoot Confederacy

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moss to use if their mother chased after them. He remained at the house and put a web over his front door. The wife tried to get in but became stuck and had her leg cut off. She then put her head through and he cut that off also. While the body followed the husband to the creek, the head followed the children. The oldest boy saw the head behind them and threw the stick. The stick turned into a great forest. The head made it through, so the younger brother instructed the elder to throw the stone. He did so, and where the stone landed a huge mountain popped up. It spanned from big water (ocean) to big water and the head was forced to go through it, not around. The head met a group of rams and said to them she would marry their chief if they butted their way through the mountain. The chief agreed and they butted until their horns were worn down, but this still was not through. She then asked the ants if they could burrow through the mountain with the same stipulations, it was agreed and they get her the rest of the way through. The children were far ahead, but eventually saw the head rolling behind them. The boys wet the moss and wrung it out behind themselves. They were then in a different land surrounded by an expanse of water (the 'new land' is commonly interpreted as

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he was told by the dream to get a large spider web and put it on the trail where the animals roamed, and they would get caught up and could be easily killed with the stone axe he had. The man had done so and saw that it was true. One day, he came home from bringing in some fresh meat from the trail and discovered his wife to be applying perfume on herself. He thought that she must have another lover since she never did this before. He then told his wife that he was going to move a web and asked if she could bring in the meat and wood he had left outside from a previous hunt. She had reluctantly gone out and passed over a hill. The wife looked back three times and saw her husband in the same place she had left him, so she continued on to retrieve the meat. The father then asked his children if they went with their mother to find wood, but they never had. However they knew the location in which she retrieved it from.

1677: 1601: 1751: 451:, varying from about 10 to 30 lodges, about 80 to 241 people. This size group was large enough to defend against attack and to undertake communal hunts, but was also small enough for flexibility. Each band consisted of a respected leader , possibly his brothers and parents, and others who were not related. Since the band was defined by place of residence, rather than by kinship, a person was free to leave one band and join another, which tended to ameliorate leadership disputes. As well, should a band fall upon hard times, its members could split up and join other bands. In practice, bands were constantly forming and breaking up. The system maximized flexibility and was an ideal organization for a hunting people on the northwestern 1513:, where they were forbidden to speak their native language, practise customs, or wear traditional clothing. In 1907, the United States government adopted a policy of allotment of reservation land to individual heads of families to encourage family farming and break up the communal tribal lands. Each household received a 160-acre (65 ha) farm, and the government declared the remainder "surplus" to the tribe's needs. It put it up for sale for development. The allotments were too small to support farming on the arid plains. A 1919 drought destroyed crops and increased the cost of beef. Many Indians were forced to sell their allotted land and pay taxes which the government said they owed. 748: 649: 1093:, a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, returned to Blackfoot country soon after, he barely escaped with his life. In 1809, Colter and his companion were trapping on the Jefferson River by canoe when they were surrounded by hundreds of Blackfoot warriors on horseback on both sides of the river bank. Colter's companion, John Potts, did not surrender and was killed. Colter was stripped of his clothes and forced to run for his life, after being given a head start (famously known in the annals of the West as "Colter's Run.") He eventually escaped by reaching a river five miles away and diving under either an island of 2232: 1739: 1552: 1105: 1580: 2326:

Indian Days. Lasting four days, it is held during the second week of July in Browning. Lastly, the Sun Dance, which was illegal from the 1890s–1934, has been practiced again for years. While it was illegal, the Blackfoot held it in secret. Since 1934, they have practised it every summer. The event lasts eight days – time filled with prayers, dancing, singing, and offerings to honor the Creator. It provides an opportunity for the Blackfoot to get together and share views and ideas with each other, while celebrating their culture's most sacred ceremonies.

1228: 1396: 808: 690:. This processed it to last a long time without spoiling, and they depended on bison meat to get through the winters. The winters were long, harsh, and cold due to the lack of trees in the Plains, so people stockpiled meat in summer. As a ritual, hunters often ate the bison heart minutes after the kill. The women tanned and prepared the skins to cover the tepees. These were made of log poles, with the skins draped over it. The tepee remained warm in the winter and cool in the summer, and was a great shield against the wind. 823: 703: 1019:

the situation changed. By 1787 David Thompson reports that the Blackfoot had completely conquered most of Shoshone territory, and frequently captured Shoshone women and children and forcibly assimilated them into Blackfoot society, further increasing their advantages over the Shoshone. Thompson reports that Blackfoot territory in 1787 was from the North Saskatchewan River in the north to the Missouri River in the South, and from Rocky Mountains in the west out to a distance of 300 miles (480 km) to the east.

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two and reshaped as slimmer versions of a full-sized bison horn, and polished. The horns were attached to a beaded, rimmed felt hat. Furs from weasels (taken when carrying heavy winter coats) were attached to the top of the headdress, and dangled from the sides. The side furs were often finished with bead work where attached to the headdress. A similar headdress, called the antelope horn headdress, was made in a similar fashion using the horn or horns from a

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Clarke had also raped Owl Child's wife. But, Clarke was long married to Coth-co-co-na, a Piegan woman who was Owl Child's cousin. The raped woman gave birth to a child as a result of the rape, which oral history said was stillborn or killed by band elders. Two years after the beating, in 1869 Owl Child and some associates killed Clarke at his ranch after dinner, and severely wounded his son Horace. Public outcry from news of the event led to General

1369: 727: 1936: 518:, to last them through winter and other times when hunting was poor. At the end of the fall, the Blackfoot would move to their winter camps. The women worked the buffalo and other game skins for clothing, as well as to reinforce their dwellings; other elements were used to make warm fur robes, leggings, cords and other needed items. Animal sinews were used to tie arrow points and lances to throwing sticks, or for bridles for horses. 1133: 4470: 1702: 842:, in order to move up in social rank. The coups in order of importance were: taking a gun from a living enemy and or touching him directly; capturing lances, and bows; scalping an enemy; killing an enemy; freeing a tied horse from in front of an enemy lodge; leading a war party; scouting for a war party; stealing headdresses, shields, pipes (sacred ceremonial pipes); and driving a herd of stolen horses back to camp. 1890: 4680: 4737: 2306: 1996: 1985: 1947: 1806: 1243: 4286: 2007: 1613: 1693:

fashioned with typical tribal clothing and designs and also taught the young women how to care for a child. As they grew older, more responsibilities were placed upon their shoulders. The girls were then taught to cook, prepare hides for leather, and gather wild plants and berries. The boys were held accountable for going out with their father to prepare food by means of hunting.

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gifts of horses and clothing and were considered married. The married couple would reside in their own tipi or with the husband's family. Although the man was permitted more than one wife, typically he only chose one. In cases of more than one wife, quite often the male would choose a sister of the wife, believing that sisters would not argue as much as total strangers.

4690: 499:). This was the only time of year when the four nations would assemble. The gathering reinforced the bonds among the various groups and linked individuals with the nations. Communal buffalo hunts provided food for the people, as well as offerings of the bulls' tongues (a delicacy) for the ceremonies. These ceremonies are sacred to the people. After the 1415:

Runner was alerted to soldiers on the snowy bluffs above the encampment. He walked toward them, carrying his safe-conduct paper. Heavy Runner and his band of Piegans shared peace between American settlers and troops at the time of the event. Heavy Runner was shot and killed by army scout Joe Cobell, whose wife was part of the camp of the hostile

2346: 1306:. Crowfoot considered the Lakota then to be refugees and was sympathetic to their strife, but retained his anti-war stance. Sitting Bull and Crowfoot fostered peace between the two nations by a ceremonial offering of tobacco, ending hostilities between them. Sitting Bull was so impressed by Crowfoot that he named one of his sons after him. 2325:

The people have revived the Black Lodge Society, responsible for protecting songs and dances of the Blackfoot. They continue to announce the coming of spring by opening five medicine bundles, one at every sound of thunder during the spring. One of the biggest celebrations is called the North American

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is part of the oral history of the Blackfoot nation. It was said that in the beginning, Napio floated on a log with four animals. The animals were: Mameo (fish), Matcekups (frog), Maniskeo (lizard), and Sopeo (turtle). Napio sent all of them into the deep water, one after another. The first three had

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The man set out and found the timber along with a den of rattlesnakes, one of which was his wife's lover. He set the timber on fire and killed the snakes. He knew by doing this that his wife would become enraged, so the man returned home. He told the children to flee and gave them a stick, stone, and

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In 1860, very few buffalo were left, and the Niitsitapi became completely dependent on government supplies. Often the food was spoiled by the time they received it, or supplies failed to arrive at all. Hungry and desperate, Blackfoot raided white settlements for food and supplies, and outlaws on both

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entered the Upper Missouri region from the south for the first time, without Niitsitapiksi permission. This led to tensions and conflict until 1830, when peaceful trade was established. This was followed by the opening of Fort Piegan as the first American trading post in Niitsitapi territory in 1831,

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that they were not far from much larger groups of warriors. Lewis explained to them that the United States government wanted peace with all Indian nations, and that the US leaders had successfully formed alliances with other Indian nations. The group camped together that night, and at dawn there was

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The women also made clothing from the skins, such as robes and moccasins, and made soap from the fat. Both men and women made utensils, sewing needles and tools from the bones, using tendon for fastening and binding. The stomach and bladder were cleaned and prepared for use for storing liquids. Dried

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to the west. Adopting the use of the horse, the Niitsitapi established themselves as one of the most powerful Indian tribes on the Plains in the late 18th century, earning themselves the name "The Lords of the Plains." Niitsitapi stories trace their residence and possession of their plains territory

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Unemployment is a challenging problem on the Blackfeet Reservation and on Canadian Blackfoot reserves, because of their isolation from major urban areas. Many people work as farmers, but there are not enough other jobs nearby. To find work, many Blackfoot have relocated from the reservation to towns

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He took the mud and rolled it in his hand and created the earth. He let it roll out of his hand and over time, it has grown to what it is today. After he created the earth, he created women first, followed by men. He had them living separately from one another. The men were shy and afraid, but Napio

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One brother was simple and went north to discover what he could and make people. The other was smart and went south to make white people. He taught them how to forge and make advanced weapons, which is how the Blackfoot people believe the whites became so technologically advanced. The simple brother

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One of the most famous traditions held by the Blackfoot is their story of sun and the moon. It starts with a family of a man, wife, and two sons, who live off berries and other food they can gather, as they have no bows and arrows, or other tools (albeit a stone axe). One night, the man had a dream:

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Typically clothing was made primarily of softened and tanned antelope and deer hides. The women would make and decorate the clothes for everyone in the tribe. Men wore moccasins, long leggings that went up to their hips, a loincloth, and a belt. Occasionally they would wear shirts but generally they

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Members of the religious society protected sacred Blackfoot items and conducted religious ceremonies. They blessed the warriors before battle. Their major ceremony was the Sun Dance, or Medicine Lodge Ceremony. By engaging in the Sun Dance, their prayers would be carried up to the Creator, who would

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The United States passed laws that adversely affected the Niitsitapi. In 1874, the US Congress voted to change the Niitsitapi reservation borders without discussing it with the Niitsitapi. They received no other land or compensation for the land lost, and in response, the Kainai, Siksika, and Piegan

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antelopes in the same way). Afterwards the hunters would go to the bottom and take as much meat as they could carry back to camp. They also used camouflage for hunting. The hunters would take buffalo skins from previous hunting trips and drape them over their bodies to blend in and mask their scent.

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believe the Niitsitapi did not originate in the Great Plains of the Midwest North America, but migrated from the upper Northeastern part of the country. They coalesced as a group while living in the forests of what is now the Northeastern United States. They were mostly located around the modern-day

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and red willow plants. The smoke from the pipe is said to carry the users prayers up to the creator with the rising smoke. Large medicine bags often decorated with ornate beaded designs were used by medicine men to carry sage, sweet grass, and other important plants. Blackfoot also used sweet grass

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Women's societies also had important responsibilities for the communal tribe. They designed refined quillwork on clothing and ceremonial shields, helped prepare for battle, prepared skins and cloth to make clothing, cared for the children and taught them tribal ways, skinned and tanned the leathers

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Following the death of Heavy Runner, the soldiers attacked the camp. According to their count, they killed 173 Piegan and suffered just one U.S. Army soldier casualty, who fell off his horse and broke his leg, dying of complications. Most of the victims were women, children and the elderly, as most

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The Niitsitapi, also known as the Blackfoot or Blackfeet Indians, reside in the Great Plains of Montana and the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Originally, only one of the Niitsitapi tribes was called Blackfoot or Siksika. The name is said to have come from the color of the peoples'

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The split-horn headdress was very popular among Northern Plains Indians, particularly those nations of the Blackfoot Confederacy. Many warrior societies, including the Horn Society of the Blackfoot, wore the split-horn headdress. The split-horn headdress was made from a single bison horn, split in

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Boys dressed much like the older males, wearing leggings, loincloths, moccasins, and occasionally an undecorated shirt. They kept warm by wearing a buffalo robe over their shoulders or over their heads if it became cold. Women and girls wore dresses made from two or three deerskins. The women wore

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In a typical Blackfoot family, the father would go out and hunt and bring back supplies that the family might need. The mother would stay close to home and watch over the children while the father was out. The children were taught basic survival skills and culture as they grew up. It was generally

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In the Blackfoot culture, men were responsible for choosing their marriage partners, but women had the choice to accept them or not. The male had to show the woman's father his skills as a hunter or warrior. If the father was impressed and approved of the marriage, the man and woman would exchange

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On 23 January 1870, a camp of Piegan Indians were spotted by army scouts and reported to the dispatched cavalry, but it was mistakenly identified as a hostile band. Around 200 soldiers surrounded the camp the following morning and prepared for an ambush. Before the command to fire, the chief Heavy

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Events were catalyzed by Owl Child, a young Piegan warrior who stole a herd of horses in 1867 from an American trader named Malcolm Clarke. Clarke retaliated by tracking Owl Child down and severely beating him in full view of Owl Child's camp, and humiliating him. According to Piegan oral history,

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During the mid-1800s, the Niitsitapi faced a dwindling food supply, as European-American hunters were hired by the U.S. government to kill bison so the Blackfeet would remain in their reservation. Settlers were also encroaching on their territory. Without the buffalo, the Niitsitapi were forced to

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Like many other Great Plains Indian nations, the Niitsitapi often had hostile relationships with white settlers. Despite the hostilities, the Blackfoot stayed largely out of the Great Plains Indian Wars, neither fighting against nor scouting for the United States army. One of their friendly bands,

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The Shoshone acquired horses much sooner than the Blackfoot and soon occupied much of present-day Alberta, most of Montana, and parts of Wyoming, and raided the Blackfoot frequently. Once the Piegan gained access to horses of their own and guns, obtained from the HBC via the Cree and Assiniboine,

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were paid for cures and healing with horses. Those who designed shields or war bonnets were also paid in horses. The men gave horses to those who were owed gifts as well as to the needy. An individual's wealth rose with the number of horses accumulated, but a man did not keep an abundance of them.

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Today, many of the Blackfoot live on reserves in Canada. About 8,500 live on the Montana reservation of 1,500,000 acres (6,100 km). In 1896, the Blackfoot sold a large portion of their land to the United States government, which hoped to find gold or copper deposits. No such mineral deposits

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are both used by Blackfoot and other Plains tribes for ceremonial purposes and are considered sacred plants. Sage and sweet grass are burned with the user inhaling and covering themselves in the smoke in a process known widely as smudging. Sage is said to rid the body of negative emotions such as

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When these peoples were forced to end their nomadic traditions, their social structures changed. Tribal nations, which had formerly been mostly ethnic associations, were institutionalized as governments (referred to as "tribes" in the United States and "bands" or "First Nations" in Canada). The

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helped the Blackfoot record their language. During the 1950s and 1960s, few Blackfoot spoke the Pikuni language. In order to save their language, the Blackfoot Council asked elders who still knew the language to teach it. The elders had agreed and succeeded in reviving the language, so today the

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Within the Blackfoot nation, there were different societies to which people belonged, each of which had functions for the tribe. Young people were invited into societies after proving themselves by recognized passages and rituals. For instance, young men had to perform a vision quest, begun by a

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Eventually, they established a viable economy based on farming, ranching, and light industry. Their population has increased to about 16,000 in Canada and 15,000 in the U.S. today. With their new economic stability, the Niitsitapi have been free to adapt their culture and traditions to their new

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was made from eagle feathers, because the bird was considered powerful. It was worn by prestigious warriors and chiefs (including war-chiefs) of the Blackfoot. The straight-up headdress is a uniquely Blackfoot headdress that, like the war bonnet, is made with eagle feathers. The feathers on the

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They would also play a popular game called shinny, which later became known as ice hockey. They used a long curved wooden stick to knock a ball, made of baked clay covered with buckskin, over a goal line. Girls were given a doll to play with, which also doubled as a learning tool because it was

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For almost half the year in the long northern winter, the Niitsitapi lived in their winter camps along a wooded river valley. They were located perhaps a day's march apart, not moving camp unless food for the people and horses, or firewood became depleted. Where there was adequate wood and game

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who would run their settlements wisely. During times of peace, the people would elect a peace chief, meaning someone who could lead the people and improve relations with other tribes. The title of war chief could not be gained through election and needed to be earned by successfully performing

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and several passengers contracted smallpox on the way. They continued to send a smaller vessel with supplies farther up the river to posts among the Niitsitapi. The Niitsitapi contracted the disease and eventually 6,000 died, marking an end to their dominance among tribes over the Plains. The

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from the Northwestern Plains, the Niitsitapi began in 1800 a long phase of keen competition in the fur trade with their former Cree allies, which often escalated militarily. In addition both groups had adapted to using horses about 1730, so by mid-century an adequate supply of horses became a

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The four Blackfoot nations come together to make up what is known as the Blackfoot Confederacy, meaning that they have banded together to help one another. The nations have their own separate governments ruled by a head chief, but regularly come together for religious and social celebrations.

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were at the height of their power; they could successfully defend their territories against the Sioux (Lakota, Nakota and Dakota) and the Niitsitapi Confederacy. During the so-called Buffalo Wars (about 1850 – 1870), they penetrated further and further into the territory from the Niitsitapi

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also wintered in wooded areas, where they were partially sheltered from storms and snow. They were easier prey as their movements were hampered. In spring the buffalo moved out onto the grasslands to forage on new spring growth. The Blackfoot did not follow immediately, for fear of late

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depend on the United States government for food supplies. In 1855, the Niitsitapi chief Lame Bull made a peace treaty with the United States government. The Lame Bull Treaty promised the Niitsitapi $ 20,000 annually in goods and services in exchange for their moving onto a reservation.

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Blackfoot war parties would ride hundreds of miles on raids. A boy on his first war party was given a silly or derogatory name. But after he had stolen his first horse or killed an enemy, he was given a name to honor him. Warriors would strive to perform various acts of bravery called

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created the Blackfoot nation and was unable to teach them anything. He became known as Left Hand, and later by the Blackfoot as Old Man (or Napiw, the Creator). The woman still chases the man: she is the moon and he is the sun, and if she ever catches him, it will always be night.

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The Confederacy occupied a large territory where they hunted and foraged; in the 19th century it was divided by the current Canada–US international border. But during the late nineteenth century, both governments forced the peoples to end their nomadic traditions and settle on

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anger. Sweet grass is said to draw in positive energy. Both are used for purification purposes. The pleasant and natural odor of the burning grass is said to attract spirits. Sweet grass is prepared for ceremony by braiding the stems together then drying them before burning.

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By the late 1820s, the Niitsitapiksi, and in particular the Piikani, whose territory was rich in beaver, temporarily put aside cultural prohibitions and environmental constraints to trap enormous numbers of these animals and, in turn, receive greater quantities of trade

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decorative earrings and bracelets made from sea shells, obtained through trade with distant tribes, or different types of metal. They would sometimes wear beads in their hair or paint the part in their hair red, which signified that they were old enough to bear children.

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In a warrior society, the men had to be prepared for battle. Again, the warriors would prepare by spiritual cleansing, then paint themselves symbolically; they often painted their horses for war as well. Leaders of the warrior society carried spears or lances called a

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The Blackfoot continue many cultural traditions of the past and hope to extend their ancestors' traditions to their children. They want to teach their children the Pikuni language as well as other traditional knowledge. In the early 20th century, a white woman named

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Buffalo scalps, often with horns still attached and often with a beaded rim, were also worn. Fur "turbans" made from soft animal fur (most often otter) were also popular. Buffalo scalps and fur turbans were worn in the winter to protect the head from the cold.

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in his decision not to allow the Army to take over the Bureau of Indian Affairs, as it had been suggesting to combat corruption among Indian agents. Grant chose to appoint numerous Quakers to those positions as he pursued a peace policy with Native Americans.

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The Blackfoot have continued to wear traditional headdresses at special ceremonies. They are worn mostly by elected chiefs, members of various traditional societies (including the Horn, Crazy Dog and Motokik societies), powwow dancers and spiritual leaders.

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Similar to other Indigenous Peoples of the Great Plains, the Blackfoot developed a variety of different headdresses that incorporated elements of creatures important to them; these served different purposes and symbolized different associations. The typical

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This began a period of great struggle and economic hardship; the Niitsitapi had to try to adapt to a completely new way of life. They suffered a high rate of fatalities when exposed to Eurasian diseases, for which they had no natural immunity.

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In the fall, the people would gradually shift to their wintering areas. The men would prepare the buffalo jumps and pounds for capturing or driving the bison for hunting. Several groups of people might join at particularly good sites, such as

1321:. Louis Riel and his men added to the already unsettled conditions facing the Blackfoot by camping near them. They tried to spread discontent with the government and gain a powerful ally. The North-West Rebellion was made up mostly of Métis, 1419:, further along the river, from whom he wanted to divert attention. Fellow scout Joe Kipp had realized the error and tried to signal the troops. He was threatened by the cavalry for reporting that the people they attacked were friendly. 1082:

a scuffle as it was discovered that the Blackfoot were trying to steal guns and run off with their horses while the Americans slept. In the ensuing struggle, one warrior was fatally stabbed and another shot by Lewis and presumed killed.

578:, made of leather. They had typically dyed or painted the soles of their moccasins black. One legendary story claimed that the Siksika walked through ashes of prairie fires, which in turn colored the bottoms of their moccasins black. 714:

Up until around 1730, the Blackfoot traveled by foot and used dogs to carry and pull some of their goods. They had not seen horses in their previous lands, but were introduced to them on the Plains, as other tribes, such as the

346:" (US terminology). The South Peigan are the only group who chose to settle in Montana. The other three Blackfoot-speaking peoples and the Sarcee are located in Alberta. Together, the Blackfoot-speakers call themselves the 1564:. They went out from the camp alone for four days of fasting and praying. Their main goal was to see a vision that would explain their future. After having the vision, a youth returned to the village ready to join society. 738:

Horses revolutionised life on the Great Plains and soon came to be regarded as a measure of wealth. Warriors regularly raided other tribes for their best horses. Horses were generally used as universal standards of barter.

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in 1833. The Americans offered better terms of trade and were more interested in buffalo skins than the HBC, which brought them more trade from the Niitsitapi. The HBC responded by building Bow Fort (Peigan Post) on the

2255:, a pen and pencil factory, which opened in 1972, but it closed in the late 1990s. In Canada, the Northern Piegan make traditional craft clothing and moccasins, and the Kainai operate a shopping center and factory. 1282:, one of the most influential Blackfoot chiefs, dismissed the Lakota messengers. He threatened to ally with the NWMP to fight them if they came north into Blackfoot country again. News of Crowfoot's loyalty reached 6750: 470:

During the summer, the people assembled for nation gatherings. In these large assemblies, warrior societies played an important role for the men. Membership into these societies was based on brave acts and deeds.

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reported that most of the killed were warriors under Mountain Chief. An official investigation never occurred, and no official monument marks the spot of the massacre. Compared to events such as the massacres at

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of the younger men were out hunting. The Army took 140 Piegan prisoner and then released them. With their camp and belongings destroyed, they suffered terribly from exposure, making their way as refugees to

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Nation, who inhabited the Missouri Plains and moved west to Colorado and Wyoming. They were allied with the Confederacy from circa 1793 to 1861, but came to disagreement and were enemies of it thereafter.

1333:, an influential Cree chief and great peacemaker, as his son. Although he refused to fight, Crowfoot had sympathy for those with the rebellion, especially the Cree led by such notable chiefs as Poundmaker, 1537:

Family was highly valued by the Blackfoot Indians. For traveling, they also split into bands of 20–30 people, but would come together for times of celebration. They valued leadership skills and chose the

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the Native Americans to European-American ways, in 1898, the government dismantled tribal governments and outlawed the practice of traditional Indian religions. They required Blackfoot children to go to

2568:(2013) is a Franco-American film exploring the psychoanalysis of a Blackfoot, Jimmy Picard, in the post-World War II period at a veterans' hospital by a Hungarian-French ethnologist and psychoanalyst, 1329:, who all fought against European encroachment and destruction of Bison herds. The Plains Cree were one of the Blackfoot's most hated enemies; however, the two nations made peace when Crowfoot adopted 2333:

feathers. Within the ring is an outline map of the Blackfoot Reservation. Within the map is depicted a warrior's headdress and the words "Blackfeet Nation" and "Pikuni" (the name of the tribe in the

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The individual's prestige and status was judged by the number of horses that he could give away. For the Indians who lived on the Plains, the principal value of property was to share it with others.

436:– "Our Land." They had adopted the use of the horse from other Plains tribes, probably by the early eighteenth century, which gave them expanded range and mobility, as well as advantages in hunting. 2113:) in Montana, United States. A once large and mighty division of the Piegan were the Inuk'sik ("the humans") of southwestern Montana. Today they survive only as a clan or band of the South Peigan. 1043:. Around 1870, the alliance between the Blackfoot and the Gros Ventre broke, and the latter began to look to their former enemies, the Southern Assiniboine (or Plains Assiniboine), for protection. 1651:, applying an infusion of the roots and leaves to sore and swollen joints, giving an infusion of the leaves and roots to asthmatic children, and using the plant to dye their arrows blue. They put 760:

question of survival. Horse theft was at this stage not only a proof of courage, but often a desperate contribution to survival, for many ethnic groups competed for hunting in the grasslands.

4043: 2266:. The school is also the location of the tribal headquarters. As of 1979, the Montana state government requires all public school teachers on or near the reservation to have a background in 1830:). The head rolled into the water and drowned. The children decided to build a raft and head back. Once they returned to their land, however, they discovered that it was now occupied by the 1520:, passed by the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, ended allotments and allowed the tribes to choose their own government. They were also allowed to practise their cultures. In 1935, the 2477:– "Bear Child"), was a Canadian-American plainsman, buffalo hunter, horse trader, interpreter, and scout of Kainai-Scottish descent. He identified as Piegan and became a minor Kainai chief. 2205:("fat bellies"), misinterpreting a physical sign for waterfall; and the English called them the Fall Indians, related to waterfalls in the mountains. The Blackfoot referred to them as the 2251:

and cities. Some companies pay the Blackfoot governments to lease use of lands for extracting oil, natural gas, and other resources. The nations have operated such businesses such as the

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said to them to not fear and take one as their wife. They had done as he asked, and Napio continued to create the buffalo and bows and arrows for the people so that they could hunt them.

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The Cree and Assiniboine also suffered from the dwindling herds of the buffalo. By 1850 herds were found almost exclusively on the territory of the Blackfoot. Therefore, in 1870 various

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The Blackfeet Nation in Montana have a blue tribal flag. The flag shows a ceremonial lance or coup stick with 29 feathers. The center of the flag contains a ring of 32 white and black

4071: 1494:– "where we slaughtered the Cree") and lost over 300 warriors. The next winter the hunger compelled them to negotiate with the Niitsitapi, with whom they made a final lasting peace. 1151:

was the HBC's busiest post. It was primarily used by the Piikani. Other Niitsitapiksi nations traded more in pemmican and buffalo skins than beaver, and visited other posts such as

1770:

straight-up headdress point directly straight upwards from the rim (hence the name). Often a red plume is attached to the front of the headdress; it also points straight upward.

4749: 2592: 1600: 511:. As the buffalo were naturally driven into the area by the gradual late summer drying off of the open grasslands, the Blackfoot would carry out great communal buffalo kills. 2186:

people, who migrated south onto the plains sometime in the early eighteenth century. They later joined the Confederacy and essentially merged with the Pikuni ("Once had").

4726: 1501:

The winter of 1883–1884 became known as "Starvation Winter" because no government supplies came in, and the buffalo were gone. That winter, 600 Niitsitapi died of hunger.

1349: 1077:

On their return trip from the Pacific Coast, Lewis and three of his men encountered a group of young Blackfoot warriors with a large herd of horses, and it was clear to

3908: 4382: 2715: 4602: 2423:), since about 1820 Chief of the Old Feathers' band, his personal following was known as the Bad Guns band, consisted of about 400 persons, along with Old Sun and 1119:

In the context of shifting tribal politics due to the spread of horses and guns, the Niitsitapi initially tried to increase their trade with the HBC traders in

908:) in the mountain country to their west and southwest. Their most mighty and most dangerous enemy, however, were the political/military/trading alliance of the 4294: 3436: 674:

feet (2.0 m) tall and weighing up to 2,000 pounds (910 kg). Before the introduction of horses, the Niitsitapi needed other ways to get in range. The

594:

border between Canada and the state of Maine. By 1200, the Niitsitapi were moving in search of more land. They moved west and settled for a while north of the

1689:

said that both boys and girls learned to ride horses early. Boys would usually play with toy bows and arrows until they were old enough to learn how to hunt.

1147:, on the northern boundary of their territory. In the 1830s the Rocky Mountain region and the wider Saskatchewan District were the HBC's most profitable, and 4111: 4254: 6730: 4332: 3761:

Gordon C. Baldwin, Games of the American Indian (Toronto, Ontario, Canada and the New York, United States of America: George J. McLeod Limited, 1969), 115.

1474:

bands began a final effort to get hold of their prey, by beginning a war. They hoped to defeat the Blackfoot weakened by smallpox and attacked a camp near

6745: 6740: 1238:

1912. The painting shows a North-West Mounted Police officer attempting to arrest a defiant warrior at a Blood camp, probably in Alberta or Saskatchewan.

612:; they did not acquire horses until the 18th century. From the Great Lakes area, they continued to move west and eventually settled in the Great Plains. 1750: 5602: 5174: 2564: 1505: 4469: 4312: 1123:

whilst blocking access to the HBC by neighboring peoples to the West. But the HBC trade eventually reached into what is now inland British Columbia.

683:

By subtle moves, the hunters could get close to the herd. When close enough, the hunters would attack with arrows or spears to kill wounded animals.

533:. Nearly three decades later, they were given a distinct reservation in the Sweetgrass Hills Treaty of 1887. In 1877, the Canadian Niitsitapi signed 6725: 4040: 3648: 3293: 1524:

of Montana began a Tribal Business Council. After that, they wrote and passed their own Constitution, with an elected representative government.

4161: 4091: 5635: 4719: 2391:, a splinter band of the Biters band), Head Chief of the South Siksika, by 1870 one of three Head Chiefs of the Siksika or the Blackfoot proper 4241: 5024: 4263: 4211: 4121: 4101: 3098: 2760: 2693: 526: 5951: 4765: 1263:

and learning of the brutality of the Marias Massacre discouraged the Blackfoot from engaging in wars against Canada and the United States.

4327: 1543:

various acts of bravery including touching a living enemy. Blackfoot bands often had minor chiefs in addition to an appointed head chief.

723:(elk dogs). The horses could carry much more weight than dogs and moved at a greater speed. They could be ridden for hunting and travel. 229:

ecological region. They followed the bison herds as they migrated between what are now the United States and Canada, as far north as the

4757: 4607: 4375: 3942: 5611: 5564: 4052: 3649:"Sweetgrass: Like DEET, Traditional Native American Herbal Remedy Acts As Mosquito Repellent," American Council onf Science and Health 2267: 648: 678:

was one of the most common ways. The hunters would round up the buffalo into V-shaped pens, and drive them over a cliff (they hunted

6735: 6424: 4712: 4191: 4171: 4142: 3121: 2132:, meaning "stained with blood" (i.e. "the bloodthirsty, cruel"). The common English name for the tribe is Blood or the Blood tribe. 1726:

would wrap buffalo robes around their shoulders. The distinguished men of bravery would wear a necklace made of grizzly bear claws.

1176: 2312:

is sacred to the Blackfoot. The mountain marks the boundary between the Blackfoot reservation in Montana and Glacier National Park.

792: 686:

The people used virtually all parts of the body and skin. The women prepared the meat for food: by boiling, roasting or drying for

598:

in present-day Canada, but had to compete for resources with existing tribes. They left the Great Lakes area and kept moving west.

159:

real people"), is a historic collective name for linguistically related groups that make up the Blackfoot or Blackfeet people: the

5259: 2231: 1592:

used for clothing and other purposes, prepared fresh and dried foods, and performed ceremonies to help hunters in their journeys.

5406: 5044: 4959: 1789:

hair. The hairs of the porcupine are most often dyed red. Eagle and other bird feathers were occasionally attached to the roach.

1510: 3996: 1027:

Confederacy in search for the buffalo, so that the Piegan were forced to give way in the region of the Missouri River (in Cree:

5505: 4502: 1738: 1104: 779:(the confluence of North and South Saskatchewan River). They had to withstand attacks of enemies with guns. In retaliation for 747: 1643:

to swellings, to "diarrhea rash", to rashes, to the sore gums of nursing infants and to sore eyes. They also chew the root of

6710: 6684: 5204: 5129: 4964: 4683: 4368: 3619: 1338: 1294:

praised Crowfoot and the Blackfoot for their loyalty. Despite his threats, Crowfoot later met those Lakota who had fled with

503:, the people again separated to follow the buffalo. They used the buffalo hides to make their dwellings and temporary tipis. 3785: 1183:

spent months with the Niitsitapi to get a sense of their culture. Bodmer portrayed their society in paintings and drawings.

3214: 2285:. In 1989, the Siksika tribe in Canada completed the construction of a high school to go along with its elementary school. 6301: 5595: 4621: 4612: 4201: 3915: 2166:, "the stubborn ones", in their language. The Sarcee are from an entirely different language family; they are part of the 799:(the name derives from the war fought between these two tribal groups) was the limit of the now warring tribal alliances. 530: 2727: 2322:

children can learn Pikuni at school or at home. In 1994, the Blackfoot Council accepted Pikuni as the official language.

1278:

allies, were fighting the United States Army, they sent runners into Blackfoot territory, urging them to join the fight.

1062:. The Blackfoot had established dealings with traders connected to the Canadian and English fur trade before meeting the 1015:

and in particular the arch enemy of the Blackfoot, the Crow, or Indian trading partners like the Nez Perce and Flathead.

5625: 5481: 5244: 4496: 2244: 1521: 1407: 1207: 566: 514:

The women processed the buffalo, preparing dried meat, and combining it for nutrition and flavor with dried fruits into

508: 2367:, banker and activist who led the 20th-century lawsuit that forced the US Government to reform individual Indian trusts 1551: 283:

Originally the Blackfoot/Plains Confederacy consisted of three peoples ("nation", "tribes", "tribal nations") based on

6715: 5351: 5154: 4181: 4132: 2772: 2467:(Cold Wind or Changing Home), Blackfoot tribal chairman from 1964 to 2008 and honorary lifetime chief of the Blackfoot 4272: 3453: 1352:, the governor general, expressed his thanks to Crowfoot again on behalf of the Queen back in London. The cabinet of 3433: 1259:

on 23 January 1870, undertaken as an action to suppress violence against settlers. A friendly relationship with the

719:, had already adopted their use. They saw the advantages of horses and wanted some. The Blackfoot called the horses 5469: 5453: 5274: 5249: 5219: 5164: 4974: 4659: 2434: 2278: 1108: 1063: 889: 350:(the "Original People"). After leaving the Confederacy, the Gros Ventres also settled on a reservation in Montana. 31: 1867:

gone down and returned with nothing. The turtle went down and retrieved mud from the bottom and gave it to Napio.

1395: 1227: 6178: 5386: 5376: 5239: 5194: 4979: 4627: 4251: 2252: 1517: 1483: 1303: 1260: 1579: 807: 5809: 5588: 5448: 4944: 4740: 1450: 1357: 1144: 1071: 776: 407: 371: 5411: 5366: 5099: 969: 822: 4664: 6657: 6163: 5830: 5630: 5371: 5336: 5326: 5321: 5311: 5306: 5209: 5109: 5079: 5074: 5054: 5049: 4969: 4350: 1632: 1299: 1212: 1055: 788: 780: 694:

bison dung was fuel for the fires. The Niitsitapi considered the animal sacred and integral to their lives.

260: 245: 4278: 4266:

Photographs of the Blackfoot, their homelands, material culture, and ceremonies from the collection of the

3743:

Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 22

767:– "Rapids People" – "People of the Rapids"), allies of the Niitsitapi. The Gros Ventres were also known as 702: 6720: 6608: 6134: 5946: 5493: 5401: 5331: 5189: 5069: 5064: 5039: 4299: 1446: 1392:

to dispatch a band of cavalry, led by Major Eugene Baker, to find Owl Child and his camp and punish them.

1235: 853: 845: 815: 415: 6645: 5669: 4704: 6689: 6512: 6291: 6259: 6211: 6124: 6116: 5510: 5474: 5416: 5279: 5199: 5119: 4317: 3297: 1644: 1640: 1455: 4693: 4569: 2401:) of the Siksika, signed Treaty No.7 in 1877, along with Crowfoot, Old Sun, Red Crow, and other leaders 1647:

for sore throats, and use the plant to spice soups, and use the fresh roots for food. They make use of

795:

in Montana and allied themselves with the Blackfoot. The area between the North Saskatchewan River and

4736: 2213:("like a Cree"), because of years of enmity. Early scholars thought the A'aninin were related to the 46: 6679: 6553: 6507: 6466: 6398: 6231: 6221: 6196: 6168: 6066: 6007: 5997: 5987: 5835: 5432: 5284: 5094: 4793: 4564: 2659: 2516: 2458: 2437:("Buffalo Bull's Back Fat"), Head Chief of the Kainai, had his portrait painted at Fort Union in 1832 2334: 2125: 1620: 1424: 1310: 1199: 1159: 1148: 917: 296: 525:

of the bison by 1881 forced them to adapt their ways of life in response to the encroachment of the

271:

in the United States and the Tsuutʼina Nation is a First Nation band government in Alberta, Canada.

58: 6492: 6444: 6439: 6408: 6362: 6249: 6206: 6186: 6151: 6101: 6096: 6079: 6002: 5982: 5972: 5967: 5926: 5916: 5738: 5569: 5391: 5356: 5341: 5296: 5289: 5264: 5234: 5224: 5179: 5084: 4847: 4455: 4236: 2452: 1857: 1459: 1187: 608:

The travois was designed for transport over dry land. The Blackfoot had relied on dogs to pull the

343: 334:, or about 80 to 240 persons. The band was the basic unit of organization for hunting and defence. 200: 1718:

Three Piegan Blackfoot men in traditional clothing including straight-up and standard war bonnets.

6671: 6613: 6527: 6517: 6497: 6482: 6456: 6347: 6332: 6286: 6281: 6254: 6191: 6146: 6086: 5992: 5941: 5931: 5895: 5856: 5851: 5814: 5791: 5779: 5774: 5764: 5733: 5686: 5654: 5114: 4778: 4579: 4559: 4486: 4407: 3963: 3882: 3836: 3030: 3022: 2954: 2889: 2881: 2811: 2587: 2497: 2491: 2282: 2190: 2060: 2040: 2028: 1851: 1624: 1605: 1330: 1322: 1066:

in 1806. Lewis and Clark and their men had embarked on mapping the Louisiana Territory and upper

996: 941: 784: 616: 484:. As dried food or game became depleted, the bands would split up and begin to hunt the buffalo. 292: 226: 156: 127: 5647: 1712: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6586: 6581: 6558: 6548: 6543: 6522: 6487: 6461: 6449: 6434: 6403: 6377: 6318: 6313: 6306: 6296: 6201: 6156: 6106: 6074: 5977: 5936: 5900: 5681: 5676: 5159: 5149: 5134: 5059: 4994: 4896: 4539: 4207: 4187: 4167: 4138: 4117: 4097: 3117: 3111: 3094: 2756: 2748: 2556: 2485: 2449:, Heavyweight boxer, the first Native American to compete for the WBA World Heavyweight Title. 2404: 2358: 2293: 2263: 2175: 2158:

meaning "a great number of people." During early years of conflict, the Blackfoot called them

1782: 1353: 624: 521:

The Niitsitapi maintained this traditional way of life based on hunting bison, until the near

387: 223: 72: 1101:, where he remained concealed until after nightfall. He trekked another 300 miles to a fort. 6640: 6630: 6563: 6429: 6372: 6367: 6357: 6274: 6269: 6091: 6041: 6036: 5866: 5786: 5769: 5759: 5743: 5659: 5486: 5089: 4886: 4855: 4431: 3939: 3874: 3828: 3014: 2871: 2523: 2440: 2370: 2318: 2183: 2106: 2024: 1962: 1957: 1896: 1743: 1463: 1399: 1120: 1078: 909: 901: 731: 726: 522: 256: 238: 184: 172: 102: 1368: 241:. The Blackfoot used these to expand their territory at the expense of neighboring tribes. 211:) who spoke quite different languages but allied with or joined the Blackfoot Confederacy. 6625: 6618: 6502: 6382: 6352: 6264: 6244: 6139: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6021: 5921: 5718: 5703: 5691: 5144: 4935: 4860: 4774: 4633: 4574: 4258: 4047: 3946: 3440: 2723: 2617: 2597: 2582: 2569: 2464: 2394: 2235: 2179: 1758: 1389: 1271: 1256: 1132: 949: 628: 590: 529:

and their descendants. In the United States, they were restricted to land assigned in the

463: 399: 339: 248: 4000: 3479: 2397:("Running Rabbit", * about 1833 – d. January 1911), since 1871 Chief of the Biters band ( 3979: 2124:, meaning "Many Chief people". These were historically also called the "Blood," from a 1572:

stick, which was decorated with feathers, skin, and other tokens. They won prestige by "

783:(HBC) supplying their enemies with weapons, the Gros Ventre attacked and burned in 1793 6652: 6239: 6216: 6129: 5861: 5708: 5698: 5536: 5029: 5014: 5009: 4753: 4514: 4426: 4421: 4073:

Relations between the Blackfoot-speaking peoples and fur trade companies (c. 1830–1840)

2535: 2364: 2309: 2259: 2136: 2090: 1701: 1416: 1403: 1373: 1291: 1164: 1067: 1051: 1040: 988: 756: 657: 615:

The Plains had covered approximately 780,000 square miles (2,000,000 km) with the

538: 476: 327: 267:, United States. Additionally, the Gros Ventre are members of the federally recognized 176: 112: 107: 3116:. Skookumchuck, British Columbia: The Good Medicine Cultural Foundation. p. 233. 2247:. Some Blackfoot work there and occasional Native American ceremonies are held there. 1889: 1636:

smoke, or sachets of sweet grass in their clothing, as an effective insect repellent.

6704: 5580: 5004: 4949: 4840: 4800: 4416: 3144: 3034: 2503: 2274: 2151: 2117: 1976: 1970: 1863: 1835: 1827: 1810: 1573: 1475: 1267: 1216: 1152: 1112: 965: 839: 395: 215: 167: 97: 2893: 5498: 4341: 4308: 2480: 2305: 2102: 2048: 1940: 1935: 1648: 1539: 1295: 1086: 796: 763:

The Cree and Assiniboine continued horse raiding against the Gros Ventre (in Cree:

740: 675: 601:

When they moved, they usually packed their belongings on an A-shaped sled called a

452: 448: 440: 359: 355: 234: 219: 82: 3627: 1805: 1242: 3793: 3188:– both mean 'Beaver People', so they were formerly often referred in English as 2572:. The screenplay was adapted from his book about this process, published in 1951. 1003:– "Gut People" or "like a Cree"), in their local groups. Loosely allied with the 5544: 4534: 4529: 4449: 4246: 3218: 2622: 2510: 2470: 1831: 1631:

Sweet grass is also often present and burned in pipe-smoking mixtures alongside

1561: 1180: 1090: 1036: 861: 707: 595: 488: 423: 233:. In the first half of the 18th century, they acquired horses and firearms from 208: 3080:

Vol. Octopus Books, Limited (Hong Kong: Mandarin Publishers Limited, 1974), 77.

2776: 1612: 5528: 4816: 4644: 4285: 3909:"The Humans of Blackfeet: Ethnogenesis by Social and Religious Transformation" 2627: 2529: 2424: 2167: 1766: 1487: 1445:

As reports of the massacre gradually were learned in the east, members of the

1318: 1219:

had developed a technique 41 years before but its use was not yet widespread.

1098: 833:, depicting a battle between a Blackfoot and Plains Cree warrior on horseback. 620: 557: 458: 432: 315:("Sarcee"), who became merged into the Confederacy and, (for a time) with the 251:(the Siksika, Kainai, and Piikani Nations) reside in the Canadian province of 3434:

Joe Upham (descendant of Heavy Runner) tells the story of the Bakers Massacre

3359:(1st ed.). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Collins Publishers. pp. 50–52. 5104: 4833: 4809: 4783: 4524: 2860:"Blackfoot Indian Utilization of the Flora of the Northwestern Great Plains" 2539: 2345: 2044: 1786: 1775: 1656: 1437: 1255:

however, was attacked by mistake and nearly destroyed by the US Army in the

1169: 1094: 1032: 1012: 984: 961: 830: 679: 640: 581: 575: 496: 230: 4041:"Blackfeet Actress Misty Upham On Filming 'Jimmy P.' with Benicio Del Toro" 1462:, the Marias Massacre remains largely unknown. But, it confirmed President 1215:

did not require or help their employees get vaccinated; the English doctor

2909:

David Murdoch, "North American Indian", eds. Marion Dent and others, Vol.

303:(historically called "Piegan Blackfeet" in English-language sources), the 17: 6635: 5664: 4920: 4912: 4904: 4873: 4826: 4653: 4640: 4596: 4022: 2753:

First Nations, First Thoughts: The Impact of Indigenous Thought in Canada

2551: 2446: 2376: 2350: 1742:

Head Carry, a Piegan man wearing a split horn headdress. Photographed by

1342: 1334: 1314: 1279: 1195: 980: 881: 865: 775:("They Live in Holes People"), because their tribal lands were along the 716: 534: 515: 481: 475:

resources, some bands would camp together. During this part of the year,

379: 4360: 4275:, project of Red Crow Community College and the University of Lethbridge 4267: 2913:(Dorling Kindersley Limited, London: Alfred A.Knopf, Inc., 1937), 28–29. 269:

Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana

3967: 3862: 3816: 3279: 3026: 3002: 2958: 2942: 2885: 2876: 2859: 2799: 2298: 2214: 2171: 2000: 1995: 1989: 1984: 1951: 1946: 1275: 1191: 1059: 1008: 893: 787:

of the HBC on the South Saskatchewan River near the present village of

603: 427: 288: 284: 264: 252: 161: 3940:

Informational Sites on the Blackfoot Confederacy and Lewis & Clark

3886: 3840: 3457: 2815: 3536: 3534: 3174: 1927: 1921: 1823: 1287: 1283: 1143:

The HBC encouraged Niitsitapiksi to trade by setting up posts on the

1089:

trapping in Blackfoot country generally encountered hostility. When

562: 383: 1031:– "Muddy River", "Muddy, turbid River"), the Kainai withdrew to the 4093:

Blackfoot war art: pictographs of the reservation period, 1880–2000

3878: 3832: 3018: 979:

to the north, west and southwest, they integrated larger groups of

218:

and trout fishermen, who ranged across large areas of the northern

5642: 2344: 2330: 2304: 2292: 2230: 2011: 2006: 1804: 1749: 1737: 1681: 1675: 1652: 1611: 1599: 1578: 1550: 1394: 1367: 1241: 1226: 1131: 1103: 995:– 'The real (prototypical) people'), Ktunaxa, Flathead, and later 873: 844: 821: 806: 746: 725: 701: 687: 647: 639: 580: 556: 457: 326:

Each of these highly decentralized peoples were divided into many

549:

circumstances, renewing their connection to their ancient roots.

214:

Historically, the member peoples of the Confederacy were nomadic

4820: 4788: 1326: 1007:, but politically independent, were neighboring tribes like the 933: 331: 5584: 4708: 4364: 3091:

Indian Wars of Canada, Mexico, and the United States 1812–1900.

660:(buffalo), the largest mammal in North America, standing about 1659:

to protect the feet during winter horse stealing expeditions.

4268:

Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University

1888: 1348:

When news of continued Blackfoot neutrality reached Ottawa,

730:

Three mounted Piegan chiefs on the prairie. Photographed by

491:

ripened, the people regrouped for their major ceremony, the

6751:

Tribal Confederacies of indigenous peoples of North America

3997:"Film & Media – National Museum of the American Indian" 3394: 3392: 2810:(2). American Anthropological Association, Wiley: 153–164. 2143:

meaning "Those of like". The Siksika also call themselves

1039:; only the Siksika could hold their tribal lands along the 422:(ᖹᐟᒧᐧᐨᑯᐧ ᓴᐦᖾᐟ)- "Original People s Land." To the east, the 2174:

language family, most of whose members are located in the

1431:

The greatest slaughter of Indians ever made by U.S. Troops

932:– 'Sioux, i.e. Assiniboine') – named after the dominating 3373:(1st ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, P. 88-89 1058:(HBC) met a large Blackfoot group in 1754 in what is now 656:

The Niitsitapi main source of food on the plains was the

1482:– "Many Dead"). But they were defeated in the so-called 706:

Mounted Blackfoot warrior on horse painted from life by

370:

The Confederacy had a territory that stretched from the

2775:. Blackfootcrossing.ca. 29 January 2008. Archived from 1781:

Blackfoot men, particularly warriors, sometimes wore a

4618:

War against the Crow and Gros Ventre (circa 1861–1867)

4180:

Kehoe, Alice Beck; D. C. Duvall; Darrell Kipp (2007),

2686:"10 Things You Should Know about the Blackfeet Nation" 1576:", tapping the enemy with the stick and getting away. 1498:

moved to Canada; only the Pikuni remained in Montana.

652:

Depiction of Bison being driven over a "buffalo jump".

3443:, Blackfoot Digital Library, accessed 6 February 2011 2905: 2903: 1588:

bless them with well-being and abundance of buffalo.

2593:

List of Native American peoples in the United States

2532:, author, attorney, musician and political activist. 2383:– "Crow Indian's Big Foot", also known in French as 311:("Blackfoot"). They later allied with the unrelated 6670: 6574: 6536: 6475: 6417: 6391: 6340: 6331: 6230: 6177: 6115: 6065: 6029: 6020: 5960: 5909: 5888: 5881: 5844: 5823: 5802: 5752: 5726: 5717: 5618: 5521: 5462: 5441: 5425: 5385: 5350: 5305: 5258: 5218: 5173: 5128: 5023: 4988: 4943: 4932: 4895: 4871: 4764: 4588: 4552: 4512: 4484: 4477: 4440: 4405: 4398: 4166:, The Blackfeet Heritage Center & Art Gallery, 2182:. Specifically, the Sarcee are an offshoot of the 2073:The largest ethnic group in the Confederacy is the 2054: 2034: 2018: 1913: 1903: 410:to the present Alberta-Saskatchewan border (called 195:). Broader definitions include groups such as the 121: 88: 78: 68: 1250:), a Blackfoot scout and interpreter for the NWMP. 4247:Blackfoot Language and the Blackfoot Indian Tribe 4639:Peace with the Cree, circa 1871, (symbolized by 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3524: 3522: 3265: 3263: 3217:. University of Nebraska Lincoln. Archived from 1895:Bear Bull, Blackfoot translator photographed by 1757:Blackfoot (Native American), late 19th century, 1364:Further encroachment by Canada and United States 1360:at the time) gave Crowfoot a round of applause. 30:"Blackfoot" redirects here. For other uses, see 2243:were found. In 1910, the land was set aside as 1583:Women of the Blood Nation in battle dress, 1907 1429: 63:Six chiefs of the Blackfoot Confederacy in 1859 4650:US land annexation, migration to Canada (1874) 4056:. 30 September 2013. Accessed 1 February 2014. 2387:), Chief of the Big Pipes band (later renamed 2085:. Their name derives from the Blackfoot term 1186:Contact with the Europeans caused a spread of 1047:First contact with Europeans and the fur trade 5596: 4720: 4376: 4155:, National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series. 4153:Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. 3873:(22). University of Illinois Press: 165–172. 3078:The Colorful Story of North American Indians, 3007:International Journal of American Linguistics 1883:Blackfoot, Niitsítapi, Siksikaitsitapi ᖹᐟᒧᐧᒣᑯ 1809:A Siksika Blackfeet Medicine Man, painted by 8: 2258:In 1974, the Blackfoot Community College, a 1882: 1616:Blackfoot man with braided sweet grass ropes 1309:The Blackfoot also chose to stay out of the 880:– "East Cree") on the Great Plains; and the 39: 4113:The Blackfeet: People of the Dark Moccasins 3827:(20). University of Illinois Press: 44–47. 3771: 3769: 3767: 3587: 3585: 3454:"Welcome – Oki – Blackfoot Digital Library" 3215:"Beyond Borderlands: Discussion: Aftermath" 2526:, judge of the Provincial Court of Alberta. 222:of western North America, specifically the 27:A name used for a group of Native Americans 6337: 6026: 5885: 5723: 5603: 5589: 5581: 4940: 4727: 4713: 4705: 4603:1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic 4481: 4402: 4383: 4369: 4361: 3238: 3236: 2837:The Blackfeet People of the Dark Moccasins 1881: 291:, but all speaking the common language of 45: 38: 5175:Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council 4432:Amskapi Pikuni, South Piegan or Blackfeet 4222:What do we Know about the Plains Indians? 4220:Taylor, Colin (1993). Jayne Booth (ed.). 2875: 2519:(1940–2003), Blackfoot-Gros Ventre author 2443:, Kainai sculptor and installation artist 2431:) one of three Head Chiefs of the Siksika 2120:is named for the Blackfoot-language term 791:. Then, the tribe moved southward to the 171:("Many Chiefs"), and two sections of the 5260:Stoney Nakoda - Tsuut'ina Tribal Council 3962:6, no. 146 (20 November 1885), 456–458, 3202:The Western Cree (Pakisimotan Wi Iniwak) 2947:Montana: The Magazine of Western History 2755:, University of British Columbia, 2010, 751:Blackfoot warriors at Fort MacLeod, 1907 3731: 3719: 3707: 3695: 3683: 3671: 3659: 2650: 2609: 948:– "Original Cree"). These included the 827:The Death of Omoxesisixany or Big Snake 755:After driving the hostile Shoshone and 644:Bison hunters with wolf skin disguises. 589:Due to language and cultural patterns, 4264:Walter McClintock Glass Lantern Slides 4116:. Mankato, Minnesota: Capstone Press. 2858:Johnston, Alex (July–September 1970). 1826:, with the expanse of water being the 1639:They apply a poultice of chewed roots 5025:Confederacy of Treaty 6 First Nations 4422:Piikani, Northern Peigan or Blackfoot 2538:, actress, who is part Blackfoot and 2419:– "Feathers", since he took the name 2097:("the companion up there") or simply 876:(Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota) (called 418:. They called their tribal territory 330:, which ranged in size from 10 to 30 7: 4689: 2197:("white clay people"), also spelled 1914:Regions with significant populations 1555:Scalp dance, Blackfoot Indians, 1907 1111:, Head Chief, of the Blood Tribe by 850:Blackfeet Burning Crow Buffalo Range 3001:Baldwin, Stuart J. (January 1994). 1172:in 1832, but it was not a success. 860:The Niitsitapi were enemies of the 6731:Native American history of Montana 5612:Ethnic origins of people in Canada 5565:List of Indian reserves in Alberta 4183:Mythology of the Blackfoot Indians 4053:Indian Country Today Media Network 3790:Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park 3624:Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park 2238:, honorary chief of the Blackfoot. 2101:) in present-day Alberta, and the 972:to the north, east and southeast. 585:Kainai (Blood) women with travois. 25: 6746:Native American tribes in Wyoming 6741:Native American tribes in Montana 4346:Ethnology of the Blackfoot Tribes 3371:Crowfoot, Chief of the Blackfoot, 3296:. Lewis-Clark.org. Archived from 2560:(1932) featured Blackfoot people. 2337:native tongue of the Blackfoot). 1449:and press were outraged. General 1177:Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied 51:Flag of the Blackfoot Confederacy 4735: 4688: 4679: 4678: 4468: 4284: 4224:. New York: Peter Bedrick Books. 4186:, University of Nebraska Press, 4096:, University of Oklahoma Press, 3867:The Journal of American Folklore 3821:The Journal of American Folklore 2005: 1994: 1983: 1969: 1956: 1945: 1934: 1920: 1711: 1700: 239:Cree and Assiniboine go-betweens 57: 6726:First Nations history in Canada 4503:Fort Belknap Indian Reservation 4279:Blackfoot Anthropological Notes 3980:"Blackfoot Culture and History" 3817:"A Blackfoot Sun and Moon Myth" 3280:"Both versions of Colter's Run" 2361:, actor, stuntman, and activist 1838:, so they decided to split up. 5130:Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council 4131:Grinnell, George Bird (1913), 3815:Bird Grinnell, George (1893). 2941:West, Helen B. (Autumn 1960). 1372:Colorized photograph of chief 1198:. In one instance in 1837, an 1085:In subsequent years, American 1: 4660:Starvation winter (1883–1884) 4622:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) 4613:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851) 4252:Map of Blackfeet tribal lands 4090:Dempsey, Lloyd James (2007), 2798:Grinnel, George Bird (1892). 2726:. 22 May 2012. Archived from 2684:McNeel, Jack (6 April 2017). 2546:Representation in other media 2373:, performer and choreographer 2089:. They are divided into the 1672:Responsibilities and clothing 812:When Blackfoot and Sioux Meet 354:Piegan were divided into the 342:" (Canadian terminology) or " 5463:Not headquartered in Alberta 4497:Blackfeet Indian Reservation 4281:at Dartmouth College Library 3093:Taylor & Francis, 2005, 2773:"Nitawahsin-nanni- Our Land" 2720:Head Smashed In Buffalo Jump 2690:Indian Country Media Network 2507:and many other films and TV. 2473:(1840–1896), (also known as 1408:Bureau of American Ethnology 1402:plays a recording for chief 1298:into Canada after defeating 1139:, Blackfoot chief (c. 1840). 698:Discovery and uses of horses 636:Importance and uses of bison 509:Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump 5352:Western Cree Tribal Council 4608:1837–1838 smallpox epidemic 4160:Hungry-Wolf, Adolf (2006), 4110:Gibson, Karen Bush (2000). 3986:. Retrieved 26 August 2011. 1022:Between 1790 and 1850, the 960:– ″Sarcee trying to cut″), 803:Enemies and warrior culture 531:Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 307:(called "Bloods"), and the 299:family. The three were the 155:, meaning "the people" or " 6767: 5952:Trinidadian and Tobagonian 5454:Lubicon Lake Indian Nation 5220:North Peace Tribal Council 3907:Linda Matt Juneau (2002). 3145:"Names for Peoples/Tribes" 3110:Hungrywolf, Adolf (2006). 2279:Red Crow Community College 1855: 1849: 1384:sides stirred up trouble. 1190:to the Niitsitapi, mostly 1064:Lewis and Clark Expedition 975:With the expansion of the 259:is a federally recognized 32:Blackfoot (disambiguation) 29: 5961:Central and South America 5560: 5387:Yellowhead Tribal Council 5160:Whitefish Lake (Atikameg) 5075:Whitefish Lake (Goodfish) 4747: 4674: 4628:Battle of the Belly River 4466: 4273:Blackfoot Digital Library 4151:Hellson, John C. (1974), 3294:"Colter the Mountain Man" 2800:"Early Blackfoot History" 2664:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2253:Blackfoot Writing Company 2147:meaning "Plains People". 2059: 2039: 2023: 1918: 1908: 1887: 1560:spiritual cleansing in a 1518:Indian Reorganization Act 1484:Battle of the Belly River 1304:Battle of Little Big Horn 1302:and his battalion at the 1261:North-West Mounted Police 1175:In 1833, German explorer 56: 44: 6736:First Nations in Alberta 5442:Not federally recognized 4945:Athabasca Tribal Council 4741:First Nations in Alberta 4630:(against the Cree, 1870) 4137:, Kessinger Publishing, 4134:Blackfeet Indian Stories 3958:"The Blackfoot Tribes", 3949:, Blackfeet Nation Store 2989:Early Blackfoot History, 2483:, actor who appeared in 2341:Notable Blackfoot people 1846:Blackfoot creation story 1608:medicine for a ceremony. 1451:William Tecumseh Sherman 1440:, commander of F Company 1358:Prime Minister of Canada 1158:Meanwhile, in 1822, the 1145:North Saskatchewan River 1072:United States government 777:Saskatchewan River Forks 408:South Saskatchewan River 372:North Saskatchewan River 175:("Splotchy Robe") – the 6425:Nordic and Scandinavian 4665:Sweetgrass Hills Treaty 4351:Popular Science Monthly 4333:Encyclopædia Britannica 4200:Peat, F. David (2005), 4046:15 October 2014 at the 3439:21 October 2014 at the 3369:Dempsey, H. A. (1972). 2804:American Anthropologist 2660:"Blackfoot Confederacy" 2201:The French called them 1300:George Armstrong Custer 1109:Buffalo Bull's Back Fat 872:– ″Pinto People″), and 789:St. Louis, Saskatchewan 487:In midsummer, when the 430:called their territory 263:of Southern Piikani in 244:Today, three Blackfoot 5307:Tribal Chiefs Ventures 4766:Ethnolinguistic groups 4336:(11th ed.). 1911. 4300:Encyclopedia Americana 3945:3 January 2011 at the 3861:Maclean, John (1893). 3542:North American Indian, 3505:North American Indian, 3056:North American Indian, 3003:"Blackfoot Neologisms" 2354: 2313: 2302: 2239: 1893: 1814: 1761: 1747: 1685: 1617: 1609: 1584: 1556: 1447:United States Congress 1443: 1411: 1376: 1270:, together with their 1251: 1239: 1236:Charles Marion Russell 1140: 1130: 1116: 857: 854:Charles Marion Russell 834: 819: 816:Charles Marion Russell 752: 735: 711: 653: 645: 632:to "time immemorial." 586: 570: 467: 6711:Blackfoot Confederacy 5245:Little Red River Cree 4990:Blackfoot Confederacy 4882:Blackfoot Confederacy 4450:Gros Ventre or Atsina 4392:Blackfoot Confederacy 4318:Catholic Encyclopedia 4289:Texts on Wikisource: 4257:22 April 2021 at the 4242:Blackfoot Confederacy 3863:"Blackfoot Mythology" 3480:"The Marias Massacre" 3413:North American Indian 3355:Frazier, Ian (1989). 3165:the Cree called them 2348: 2308: 2297:Blackfoot gathering, 2296: 2245:Glacier National Park 2234: 2139:'s name derives from 2128:name for the Kainai: 2055:Related ethnic groups 1892: 1808: 1753: 1741: 1679: 1645:Asclepias viridiflora 1641:Asclepias viridiflora 1615: 1603: 1582: 1554: 1398: 1371: 1245: 1230: 1135: 1125: 1107: 848: 825: 810: 750: 729: 705: 651: 643: 627:to the east, and the 584: 567:Glacier National Park 560: 541:in southern Alberta. 461: 447:above the family was 261:Native American tribe 137:Blackfoot Confederacy 40:Blackfoot Confederacy 4768:(by language family) 4565:Gros Ventre language 4427:Siksika or Blackfoot 4163:The Blackfoot papers 4003:on 11 September 2013 3300:on 25 September 2012 3113:The Blackfoot Papers 2513:(1982–2014), actress 2459:Stephen Graham Jones 2227:Economy and services 2193:call themselves the 2154:call themselves the 1313:, led by the famous 1311:North-West Rebellion 1213:Hudson's Bay Company 1200:American Fur Company 1160:American Fur Company 1149:Rocky Mountain House 1056:Hudson's Bay Company 781:Hudson's Bay Company 420:Niitsitpiis-stahkoii 394:) of Montana in the 378:) along what is now 358:in Alberta, and the 297:Algonquian languages 4960:Athabasca Chipewyan 4933:Tribal councils and 4656:(with Canada, 1877) 4599:(circa 1730s-1800s) 4456:Tsuutʼina or Sarcee 3921:on 19 December 2014 3076:Royal B. Hassrick, 2943:"Blackfoot Country" 2730:on 3 September 2012 2716:"Blackfoot History" 2453:Beverly Hungry Wolf 2289:Traditional culture 2041:Traditional beliefs 1884: 1858:Blackfoot mythology 1680:Horned bonnet with 1188:infectious diseases 344:Indian reservations 165:("Blackfoot"), the 41: 6716:Algonquian peoples 5655:Canadian ethnicity 5449:Aseniwuche Winewak 4636:(by US Army, 1870) 4580:Blackfoot religion 4570:Tsuutʼina language 4560:Blackfoot language 4408:Blackfoot-speaking 4237:Blackfoot homepage 4070:Brown, Alison K., 4027:The New York Times 3786:"Sammi-Headresses" 3243:Ambrose, Stephen. 3221:on 1 November 2013 3200:Joachim Fromhold: 3089:Bruce Vandervort: 2877:10.1007/bf02860666 2696:on 5 February 2018 2588:Blackfoot language 2498:Last of the Dogmen 2492:Dances with Wolves 2355: 2314: 2303: 2283:Stand Off, Alberta 2240: 2222:Modern communities 2191:Gros Ventre people 2061:Algonquian peoples 1894: 1852:Blackfoot religion 1815: 1762: 1748: 1686: 1618: 1610: 1585: 1557: 1412: 1377: 1252: 1240: 1179:and Swiss painter 1141: 1117: 858: 835: 820: 814:by western artist 785:South Branch House 765:Pawistiko Iyiniwak 753: 736: 712: 654: 646: 623:to the south, the 619:to the north, the 617:Saskatchewan River 587: 571: 468: 227:shortgrass prairie 157:Blackfoot-speaking 128:Blackfoot language 123:Official language 6698: 6697: 6666: 6665: 6327: 6326: 6016: 6015: 5877: 5876: 5578: 5577: 5556: 5555: 5549: 5541: 5533: 5514: 5502: 5490: 5478: 5395: 5360: 5315: 5268: 5228: 5183: 5150:Lubicon Lake Band 5138: 5033: 4998: 4965:Chipewyan Prairie 4953: 4925: 4917: 4909: 4897:Numbered Treaties 4702: 4701: 4548: 4547: 4464: 4463: 4452:(circa 1793–1861) 4399:Tribes or Nations 4313:Blackfoot Indians 4295:Blackfeet Indians 4213:978-1-57863-371-5 4203:Blackfoot Physics 4123:978-0-7368-4824-4 4103:978-0-8061-3804-6 3484:Legend of America 3245:Undaunted Courage 3099:978-0-415-22472-7 2761:978-0-7748-1552-9 2749:Annis May Timpson 2658:Dempsey, Hugh A. 2557:Tintin in America 2405:A-ca-oo-mah-ca-ye 2359:Eugene Brave Rock 2264:Browning, Montana 2207:Piik-siik-sii-naa 2066: 2065: 1604:Blackfoot making 1533:Electing a leader 1354:John A. Macdonald 954:Saahsáísso'kitaki 625:Mississippi River 527:European settlers 414:), east past the 388:Yellowstone River 173:Peigan or Piikani 133: 132: 73:Military alliance 16:(Redirected from 6758: 6476:Southeast Europe 6338: 6027: 5886: 5724: 5660:French Canadians 5605: 5598: 5591: 5582: 5570:Métis in Alberta 5547: 5539: 5531: 5508: 5496: 5484: 5472: 5389: 5354: 5322:Beaver Lake Cree 5312:Beaver Lake Cree 5309: 5262: 5222: 5177: 5132: 5050:Beaver Lake Cree 5027: 4992: 4947: 4941: 4936:band governments 4923: 4915: 4907: 4887:Iron Confederacy 4739: 4729: 4722: 4715: 4706: 4692: 4691: 4682: 4681: 4667:(with USA, 1887) 4482: 4472: 4403: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4362: 4355: 4337: 4322: 4304: 4288: 4225: 4216: 4206:, Weiser Books, 4196: 4176: 4156: 4147: 4127: 4106: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4078: 4057: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3999:. Archived from 3993: 3987: 3984:Native Languages 3977: 3971: 3956: 3950: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3920: 3914:. Archived from 3913: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3792:. Archived from 3782: 3776: 3773: 3762: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3646: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3626:. Archived from 3616: 3610: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3592: 3589: 3580: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3545: 3538: 3529: 3526: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3456:. Archived from 3450: 3444: 3431: 3425: 3422: 3416: 3409: 3403: 3398:Dempsey (1972), 3396: 3387: 3382:Dempsey (1972). 3380: 3374: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3258: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3240: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3107: 3101: 3087: 3081: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 2998: 2992: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2938: 2932: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2911:Eyewitness Books 2907: 2898: 2897: 2879: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2779:on 7 August 2013 2769: 2763: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2692:. Archived from 2681: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2655: 2634: 2614: 2524:Eugene Creighton 2441:Faye HeavyShield 2435:Stu-mick-o-súcks 2399:Ai-sik'-stuk-iks 2371:Byron Chief-Moon 2319:Frances Densmore 2184:Beaver (Danezaa) 2111:Aamsskáápipikani 2107:Piegan Blackfeet 2069:Ethnic divisions 2010: 2009: 1999: 1998: 1988: 1987: 1974: 1973: 1963:British Columbia 1961: 1960: 1950: 1949: 1939: 1938: 1925: 1924: 1904:Total population 1897:Edward S. Curtis 1885: 1801:Sun and the Moon 1744:Edward S. Curtis 1715: 1704: 1522:Blackfeet Nation 1511:boarding schools 1464:Ulysses S. Grant 1441: 1400:Frances Densmore 1339:Wandering Spirit 1206:, was headed to 1137:Mehkskeme-Sukahs 1079:Meriwether Lewis 910:Iron Confederacy 906:komonóítapiikoan 870:kiihtsipimiitapi 732:Edward S. Curtis 673: 672: 668: 665: 406:) and along the 257:Blackfeet Nation 249:band governments 185:Southern Piikani 177:Northern Piikani 103:Piegan Blackfeet 61: 49: 42: 21: 6766: 6765: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6662: 6570: 6537:Southern Europe 6532: 6471: 6418:Northern Europe 6413: 6387: 6323: 6226: 6173: 6111: 6061: 6012: 5956: 5905: 5873: 5840: 5824:Southern Africa 5819: 5798: 5748: 5713: 5704:Irish Canadians 5614: 5609: 5579: 5574: 5552: 5517: 5506:Smith's Landing 5458: 5437: 5421: 5381: 5346: 5301: 5254: 5214: 5169: 5145:Loon River Cree 5124: 5065:Ermineskin Cree 5019: 4984: 4934: 4928: 4891: 4867: 4760: 4743: 4733: 4703: 4698: 4670: 4643:'s adoption of 4634:Marias Massacre 4584: 4575:Blackfeet music 4544: 4508: 4499:(South Piegans) 4473: 4460: 4436: 4394: 4389: 4354:. Vol. 29. 4340: 4325: 4307: 4292: 4259:Wayback Machine 4233: 4228: 4219: 4214: 4199: 4194: 4179: 4174: 4159: 4150: 4145: 4130: 4124: 4109: 4104: 4089: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4048:Wayback Machine 4038: 4034: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4006: 4004: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3978: 3974: 3957: 3953: 3947:Wayback Machine 3938: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3845: 3843: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3799: 3797: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3670: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3643: 3633: 3631: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3548: 3539: 3532: 3527: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3463: 3461: 3460:on 21 June 2011 3452: 3451: 3447: 3441:Wayback Machine 3432: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3410: 3406: 3397: 3390: 3381: 3377: 3368: 3364: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3241: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3171:Amisk Wiyiniwak 3164: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3147:. Angelfire.com 3143: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3088: 3084: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3053: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2908: 2901: 2864:Economic Botany 2857: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2797: 2796: 2792: 2782: 2780: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2747: 2743: 2733: 2731: 2724:Alberta Culture 2714: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2637: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2598:Palliser Region 2583:Blackfeet music 2579: 2570:George Devereux 2548: 2522:The Honourable 2465:Earl Old Person 2395:Aatsista-Mahkan 2385:Pied de Corbeau 2343: 2291: 2268:American Indian 2236:Earl Old Person 2229: 2224: 2180:Northern Canada 2145:Sao-kitapiiksi, 2095:Aapátohsipikáni 2077:, also spelled 2071: 2004: 1993: 1982: 1980: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1955: 1944: 1933: 1931: 1919: 1880: 1877: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1803: 1759:Brooklyn Museum 1755:Headdress Case, 1736: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1674: 1665: 1598: 1549: 1535: 1530: 1492:Assini-etomochi 1442: 1435: 1390:Philip Sheridan 1366: 1286:and from there 1257:Marias Massacre 1225: 1202:steamboat, the 1049: 805: 700: 670: 666: 663: 661: 638: 629:Rocky Mountains 591:anthropologists 555: 537:and settled on 464:Aatsista-Mahkan 400:Rocky Mountains 398:, and from the 392:Otahkoiitahtayi 376:Ponoká'sisaahta 368: 340:Indian reserves 277: 189:Amskapi Piikani 181:Aapátohsipikáni 168:Kainai or Blood 148:Siksikaitsitapi 124: 117: 91: 64: 52: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6764: 6762: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6703: 6702: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6676: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6628: 6623: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6578: 6576: 6575:Western Europe 6572: 6571: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6421: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6395: 6393: 6392:Eastern Europe 6389: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6344: 6342: 6341:Central Europe 6335: 6329: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6236: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6183: 6181: 6179:Southeast Asia 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6149: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6127: 6121: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6071: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6033: 6031: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5964: 5962: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5892: 5890: 5883: 5879: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5854: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5810:South Sudanese 5806: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5730: 5728: 5727:Horn of Africa 5721: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5709:Black Loyalist 5706: 5701: 5699:Newfoundlander 5696: 5695: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5657: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5639: 5638: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5585: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5542: 5534: 5525: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5515: 5503: 5491: 5479: 5466: 5464: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5398: 5396: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5363: 5361: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5318: 5316: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5271: 5269: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5231: 5229: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5186: 5184: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5155:Peerless Trout 5152: 5147: 5141: 5139: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5036: 5034: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5001: 4999: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4938: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4918: 4910: 4901: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4878: 4876: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4863: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4844: 4837: 4830: 4814: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4798: 4786: 4771: 4769: 4762: 4761: 4750:Cultural areas 4748: 4745: 4744: 4734: 4732: 4731: 4724: 4717: 4709: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4696: 4686: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4668: 4662: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4616: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4540:Tsuu T'ina 145 4537: 4532: 4527: 4521: 4519: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4505:(Gros Ventres) 4500: 4493: 4491: 4479: 4475: 4474: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4446: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4417:Kanai or Blood 4413: 4411: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4388: 4387: 4380: 4373: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4344:(June 1886). " 4338: 4323: 4305: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4261: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4232: 4231:External links 4229: 4227: 4226: 4217: 4212: 4197: 4192: 4177: 4172: 4157: 4148: 4143: 4128: 4122: 4107: 4102: 4087: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4058: 4039:Schmidt, Rob. 4032: 4014: 3988: 3972: 3951: 3932: 3899: 3879:10.2307/533004 3853: 3833:10.2307/534278 3807: 3777: 3763: 3754: 3745: 3736: 3734:, p. 123. 3724: 3712: 3700: 3698:, p. 101. 3688: 3676: 3664: 3652: 3641: 3611: 3602: 3593: 3581: 3572: 3546: 3530: 3518: 3509: 3496: 3471: 3445: 3426: 3417: 3404: 3388: 3375: 3362: 3347: 3338: 3329: 3320: 3311: 3285: 3271: 3259: 3250: 3247:. p. 389. 3232: 3205: 3193: 3158: 3136: 3122: 3102: 3082: 3069: 3060: 3047: 3019:10.1086/466218 2993: 2980: 2971: 2933: 2924: 2915: 2899: 2870:(3): 301–324. 2850: 2841: 2828: 2790: 2764: 2741: 2707: 2676: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2561: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2536:Lily Gladstone 2533: 2527: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2478: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2402: 2392: 2374: 2368: 2365:Elouise Cobell 2362: 2342: 2339: 2310:Chief Mountain 2290: 2287: 2260:tribal college 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2209:("snakes") or 2137:Siksika Nation 2091:Piikani Nation 2070: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2051: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2021: 2020: 2016: 2015: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1847: 1844: 1802: 1799: 1735: 1732: 1717: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1673: 1670: 1664: 1661: 1597: 1594: 1548: 1545: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1504:In efforts to 1433: 1417:Mountain Chief 1404:Mountain Chief 1374:Mountain Chief 1365: 1362: 1350:Lord Lansdowne 1292:Queen Victoria 1224: 1221: 1165:Fort MacKenzie 1068:Missouri River 1052:Anthony Henday 1048: 1045: 1041:Red Deer River 958:Sahsi-sokitaki 804: 801: 769:Niya Wati Inew 699: 696: 658:American bison 637: 634: 554: 551: 412:Kaayihkimikoyi 382:, Alberta, in 367: 364: 276: 273: 131: 130: 125: 122: 119: 118: 116: 115: 113:Siksika Nation 110: 108:Piikani Nation 105: 100: 94: 92: 89: 86: 85: 80: 76: 75: 70: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6763: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6721:Plains tribes 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6691: 6690:New Zealander 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6535: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6114: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6081: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889:North America 5887: 5884: 5880: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5831:South African 5829: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5631:First Nations 5629: 5628: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5606: 5601: 5599: 5594: 5592: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5559: 5546: 5543: 5538: 5535: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5512: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5471: 5470:Acho Dene Koe 5468: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5424: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5377:Sturgeon Lake 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5349: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5275:Stoney Nakoda 5273: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5165:Woodland Cree 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4975:Fort McMurray 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4950:Fort McMurray 4946: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4931: 4922: 4919: 4914: 4911: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4870: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4730: 4725: 4723: 4718: 4716: 4711: 4710: 4707: 4695: 4687: 4685: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4442:Later members 4439: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4386: 4381: 4379: 4374: 4372: 4367: 4366: 4363: 4353: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4342:Hale, Horatio 4339: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4309:Mooney, James 4306: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4218: 4215: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4198: 4195: 4193:9780803260238 4189: 4185: 4184: 4178: 4175: 4173:0-920698-80-8 4169: 4165: 4164: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4146: 4144:9781557092014 4140: 4136: 4135: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4108: 4105: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4088: 4075: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4055: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4015: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3936: 3933: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3900: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3854: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3811: 3808: 3796:on 7 May 2013 3795: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3778: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3752:Taylor, 14–15 3749: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3725: 3722:, p. 74. 3721: 3716: 3713: 3710:, p. 79. 3709: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3689: 3686:, p. 71. 3685: 3680: 3677: 3674:, p. 80. 3673: 3668: 3665: 3662:, p. 75. 3661: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3645: 3642: 3630:on 6 May 2013 3629: 3625: 3621: 3615: 3612: 3609:Gibson, 19–21 3606: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3570:Gibson, 35–42 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3528:Gibson, 31–42 3525: 3523: 3519: 3516:Gibson, 27–28 3513: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3497: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3472: 3459: 3455: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3430: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3402:, pp. 188–192 3401: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3358: 3351: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3324: 3321: 3315: 3312: 3299: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3269:Gibson, 23–29 3266: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3251: 3246: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3220: 3216: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3167:Amiskiwiyiniw 3162: 3159: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3125: 3123:0-920698-80-8 3119: 3115: 3114: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2934: 2928: 2925: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2794: 2791: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2742: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2677: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2651: 2645: 2640: 2633: 2632:Eansketambawg 2629: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2504:Comanche Moon 2500: 2499: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2487: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2413:Ak ko mock ki 2410: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2389:Moccasin band 2386: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2311: 2307: 2300: 2295: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2275:Kainai Nation 2273:In 1986, the 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2248: 2246: 2237: 2233: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2118:Kainai Nation 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2002: 1997: 1991: 1986: 1979: 1978: 1977:United States 1972: 1964: 1959: 1953: 1948: 1942: 1937: 1930: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1891: 1886: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1864:creation myth 1859: 1853: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1828:Bering Strait 1825: 1819: 1812: 1811:George Catlin 1807: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1771: 1768: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1745: 1740: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1714: 1703: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1678: 1671: 1669: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1634: 1629: 1626: 1622: 1614: 1607: 1602: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1574:counting coup 1571: 1565: 1563: 1553: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1476:Fort Whoop-Up 1473: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1439: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1420: 1418: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1391: 1385: 1381: 1375: 1370: 1363: 1361: 1359: 1356:(the current 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1325:(Nakota) and 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1249: 1248:Winnipeg Jack 1244: 1237: 1233: 1232:Single-Handed 1229: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1217:Edward Jenner 1214: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1153:Fort Edmonton 1150: 1146: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1121:Rupert's Land 1114: 1113:George Catlin 1110: 1106: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 973: 971: 967: 966:Plains Ojibwe 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 924:– 'Cree' and 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 855: 851: 847: 843: 841: 840:counting coup 832: 828: 824: 817: 813: 809: 802: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 761: 758: 749: 745: 742: 733: 728: 724: 722: 718: 709: 704: 697: 695: 691: 689: 684: 681: 677: 659: 650: 642: 635: 633: 630: 626: 622: 618: 613: 611: 607: 605: 599: 597: 592: 583: 579: 577: 568: 564: 559: 553:Early history 552: 550: 546: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 519: 517: 512: 510: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 489:chokecherries 485: 483: 478: 472: 465: 460: 456: 454: 450: 446: 442: 437: 435: 434: 429: 425: 421: 417: 416:Cypress Hills 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 396:United States 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 365: 363: 361: 357: 351: 349: 345: 341: 335: 333: 329: 324: 322: 319:or A'aninin ( 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 295:, one of the 294: 290: 286: 281: 274: 272: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 247: 242: 240: 236: 235:white traders 232: 228: 225: 221: 217: 216:bison hunters 212: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 169: 164: 163: 158: 154: 150: 149: 144: 143: 138: 129: 126: 120: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 98:Kainai Nation 96: 95: 93: 87: 84: 81: 77: 74: 71: 67: 60: 55: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 6658:Luxembourger 6609:Scotch-Irish 6135:Anglo-Indian 6030:Central Asia 5947:Puerto Rican 5753:North Africa 5426:Unaffiliated 5342:Kehewin Cree 5205:Sucker Creek 5085:Kehewin Cree 4989: 4980:Mikisew Cree 4881: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4825: 4801: 4794: 4513: 4487:Reservations 4485: 4441: 4406: 4391: 4349: 4331: 4316: 4298: 4221: 4202: 4182: 4162: 4152: 4133: 4112: 4092: 4080:, retrieved 4072: 4051: 4035: 4026: 4017: 4005:. 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Retrieved 2663: 2653: 2631: 2623:Anishinaabeg 2621: 2612: 2563: 2555: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2481:Steve Reevis 2474: 2428: 2420: 2417:A'kow-muk-ai 2416: 2412: 2409:Ac ko mok ki 2408: 2398: 2388: 2384: 2381:ISAPO-MUXIKA 2380: 2328: 2324: 2315: 2272: 2262:, opened in 2257: 2249: 2241: 2210: 2206: 2203:Gros Ventres 2202: 2198: 2194: 2188: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2129: 2121: 2115: 2110: 2103:South Peigan 2098: 2094: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2072: 2049:Christianity 1975: 1941:Saskatchewan 1926: 1879:Ethnic group 1869: 1861: 1840: 1836:Snake people 1820: 1816: 1795: 1791: 1780: 1772: 1763: 1754: 1728: 1724: 1691: 1687: 1666: 1649:Viola adunca 1638: 1630: 1619: 1590: 1586: 1569: 1566: 1558: 1536: 1516:In 1934 the 1515: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1479: 1472:Nehiyaw-Pwat 1471: 1469: 1456:Wounded Knee 1444: 1430: 1421: 1413: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1347: 1308: 1296:Sitting Bull 1265: 1253: 1247: 1231: 1203: 1185: 1174: 1157: 1142: 1136: 1126: 1118: 1087:mountain men 1084: 1076: 1050: 1028: 1024:Nehiyaw-Pwat 1023: 1021: 1017: 1005:Nehiyaw-Pwat 1004: 1000: 992: 977:Nehiyaw-Pwat 976: 974: 957: 953: 945: 937: 929: 925: 921: 914:Nehiyaw-Pwat 913: 905: 897: 878:pinaapisinaa 877: 869: 859: 849: 836: 826: 811: 797:Battle River 772: 768: 764: 762: 754: 741:Medicine men 737: 720: 713: 692: 685: 676:buffalo jump 655: 614: 609: 602: 600: 588: 572: 547: 543: 520: 513: 505: 500: 492: 486: 473: 469: 453:Great Plains 444: 438: 431: 419: 411: 404:Miistakistsi 403: 391: 375: 369: 362:in Montana. 360:South Peigan 356:North Peigan 352: 347: 336: 325: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 282: 278: 255:, while the 246:First Nation 243: 220:Great Plains 213: 204: 196: 192: 188: 180: 166: 160: 152: 147: 146: 141: 140: 136: 134: 90:Membership 83:Great Plains 36: 6513:Montenegrin 6292:Azerbaijani 6260:Palestinian 6212:Singaporean 6125:Bangladeshi 5845:West Africa 5803:East Africa 5115:Samson Cree 5110:Saddle Lake 4872:Historical 4834:Dënesųłı̨ne 4535:Siksika 146 4530:Piikani 147 4478:Communities 3925:16 December 3304:24 December 3225:16 December 3151:16 December 2991:pp. 153–164 2783:16 December 2734:11 December 2616:Compare to 2517:James Welch 2511:Misty Upham 2471:Jerry Potts 2429:No-okskatos 2277:opened the 2126:Plains Cree 2116:The modern 1832:Crow people 1734:Headdresses 1625:sweet grass 1606:sweet grass 1596:Ethnobotany 1562:sweat lodge 1436:Lieutenant 1425:Fort Benton 1327:Plains Cree 1323:Assiniboine 1246:Dog Child ( 1223:Indian Wars 1204:St. Peter's 1181:Karl Bodmer 1091:John Colter 1037:Belly River 1029:Pikano Sipi 997:Gros Ventre 946:Niitsísinaa 942:Assiniboine 934:Plains Cree 918:Plains Cree 773:Naywattamee 708:Karl Bodmer 596:Great Lakes 523:extirpation 441:social unit 321:Gros Ventre 209:Gros Ventre 6705:Categories 6680:Australian 6554:Portuguese 6508:Macedonian 6467:Lithuanian 6399:Belarusian 6222:Vietnamese 6197:Indonesian 6169:Sri Lankan 6117:South Asia 6008:Venezuelan 5998:Salvadoran 5988:Guatemalan 5836:Zimbabwean 5626:Indigenous 5529:Papaschase 5522:Terminated 5494:Onion Lake 5482:Kelly Lake 5392:Morinville 5372:Horse Lake 5357:Valleyview 5337:Heart Lake 5225:High Level 5210:Swan River 5180:Slave Lake 5090:Louis Bull 5080:Heart Lake 5060:Enoch Cree 4970:Fort McKay 4817:Athapascan 4779:Algonquian 4645:Poundmaker 4624:(with USA) 4615:(with USA) 3775:Taylor, 14 3600:Gibson, 19 3591:Gibson, 17 3579:Taylor, 11 3464:9 December 3424:Gibson, 26 3345:Taylor, 43 3336:Brown, 4–5 3257:Gibson, 23 3213:A. Hodge. 2987:Grinnell, 2978:Gibson, 15 2922:Gibson, 14 2848:Taylor, 9. 2641:References 2628:Quinnipiac 2530:Gyasi Ross 2475:Ky-yo-kosi 2425:Three Suns 2335:Algonquian 2168:Athabascan 2156:Tsu T'ina, 2141:Siksikáwa, 1856:See also: 1850:See also: 1785:made from 1778:antelope. 1767:war bonnet 1506:assimilate 1488:Lethbridge 1480:Akaisakoyi 1460:Sand Creek 1331:Poundmaker 1319:Louis Riel 1208:Fort Union 1163:joined by 1099:beaver dam 898:kotonáá'wa 793:Milk River 721:ponokamita 621:Rio Grande 561:Blackfoot 445:Niitsitapi 439:The basic 433:Nitassinan 348:Niitsítapi 313:Tsuu T'ina 275:Government 237:and their 183:) and the 142:Niitsitapi 18:Niitsitapi 6646:Québécois 6493:Bulgarian 6445:Norwegian 6440:Icelandic 6409:Ukrainian 6378:Slovenian 6363:Hungarian 6250:Jordanian 6232:West Asia 6207:Malaysian 6187:Cambodian 6152:Pakistani 6102:Taiwanese 6097:Mongolian 6080:Hong Kong 6067:East Asia 6003:Uruguayan 5983:Colombian 5973:Brazilian 5968:Argentine 5927:Dominican 5917:Barbadian 5910:Caribbean 5739:Ethiopian 5670:Québécois 5537:Sharphead 5402:Alexander 5332:Frog Lake 5327:Cold Lake 5297:Tsuut'ina 5265:Tsuut'ina 5240:Dene Tha' 5195:Kapawe'no 5190:Driftpile 5070:Frog Lake 5055:Cold Lake 5040:Alexander 4848:Tsuut'ina 4841:Dene Tha' 4810:Saulteaux 4784:Blackfoot 4758:Subarctic 4595:War with 4525:Blood 148 4328:Blackfoot 4311:(1913). " 3540:Murdoch, 3503:Murdoch, 3411:Murdoch, 3186:Tza Tinne 3067:Taylor, 4 3054:Murdoch, 3035:224808614 2931:Taylor, 2 2646:Citations 2540:Nez Perce 2270:studies. 2199:A'aninin. 2176:Subarctic 2045:Sun Dance 2029:Blackfoot 2019:Languages 1787:porcupine 1776:pronghorn 1657:moccasins 1633:bearberry 1547:Societies 1490:, called 1438:Gus Doane 1266:When the 1170:Bow River 1095:driftwood 1033:Bow River 1013:Secwepemc 985:Chipewyan 962:Saulteaux 902:Nez Perce 831:Paul Kane 680:pronghorn 576:moccasins 497:Sun Dance 482:blizzards 466:, c.1905. 386:, to the 309:Siksikáwa 293:Blackfoot 231:Bow River 224:semi-arid 6685:Hawaiian 6636:Acadians 6614:Scottish 6528:Yugoslav 6518:Romanian 6498:Croatian 6483:Albanian 6457:Estonian 6348:Austrian 6287:Assyrian 6282:Armenian 6255:Lebanese 6192:Filipino 6087:Japanese 5993:Peruvian 5942:Jamaican 5932:Guyanese 5896:American 5882:Americas 5857:Nigerian 5852:Ghanaian 5815:Sudanese 5792:Egyptian 5780:Tunisian 5775:Moroccan 5765:Algerian 5734:Eritrean 5687:Scottish 5665:Acadians 5433:Bigstone 5417:Sunchild 5412:O'Chiese 5367:Duncan's 5280:Bearspaw 5250:Tallcree 5200:Sawridge 5135:Atikameg 5120:Sunchild 5100:O'Chiese 4995:Standoff 4921:Treaty 8 4913:Treaty 7 4905:Treaty 6 4874:polities 4802:Woodland 4684:Category 4654:Treaty 7 4647:in 1873) 4641:Crowfoot 4597:Shoshone 4518:(Canada) 4515:Reserves 4255:Archived 4044:Archived 4023:"Movies" 3943:Archived 3437:Archived 3400:Crowfoot 3384:Crowfoot 3327:Brown, 3 3318:Brown, 2 3182:Tsattine 3173:and the 2894:19795696 2835:Gibson, 2577:See also 2461:, author 2455:, author 2447:Joe Hipp 2421:Old Swan 2377:Crowfoot 2351:Crowfoot 2195:Haaninin 2035:Religion 1834:and the 1663:Marriage 1478:(called 1434:— 1410:in 1916. 1406:for the 1343:Fine-Day 1335:Big Bear 1280:Crowfoot 1272:Cheyenne 1196:smallpox 1070:for the 999:(called 981:Iroquois 952:(called 944:(called 936:(called 930:Pwat-sak 904:(called 896:(called 894:Kootenai 890:Kalispel 886:Flathead 882:Shoshone 866:Cheyenne 717:Shoshone 539:reserves 535:Treaty 7 516:pemmican 449:the band 402:(called 390:(called 380:Edmonton 374:(called 205:A'aninin 197:Tsúùtínà 6672:Oceania 6604:English 6599:Cornish 6594:British 6587:Flemish 6582:Belgian 6559:Spanish 6549:Maltese 6544:Italian 6523:Serbian 6488:Bosnian 6462:Latvian 6450:Swedish 6435:Finnish 6404:Russian 6319:Turkish 6314:Kurdish 6307:Israeli 6297:Iranian 6202:Laotian 6157:Punjabi 6107:Tibetan 6075:Chinese 5978:Chilean 5937:Haitian 5901:Mexican 5682:English 5677:British 5636:by band 5285:Chiniki 5095:Montana 5015:Siksika 5010:Piikani 4827:Daneẕaa 4694:Commons 4589:History 4553:Culture 4303:. 1920. 4082:27 July 4063:Sources 3968:1760272 3960:Science 3892:30 July 3846:30 July 3386:, p. 91 3178:Tsat'en 3129:6 March 3040:30 July 3027:1265481 2964:30 July 2959:4516437 2886:4253161 2821:30 July 2700:22 July 2669:22 July 2565:Jimmy P 2299:Alberta 2215:Arapaho 2130:Miko-Ew 2099:Piikáni 2087:Piikáni 2025:English 2003:(part) 2001:Wyoming 1990:Montana 1965:(part)) 1952:Alberta 1746:, 1900. 1528:Culture 1317:leader 1276:Arapaho 1192:cholera 1060:Alberta 1054:of the 1009:Ktunaxa 1001:atsíína 993:Dunneza 989:Danezaa 968:), and 922:Nehiyaw 757:Arapaho 669:⁄ 610:travois 604:travois 563:teepees 477:buffalo 443:of the 428:Naskapi 366:History 317:Atsina, 301:Piikáni 289:dialect 285:kinship 265:Montana 253:Alberta 162:Siksika 79:Origins 6641:Breton 6631:French 6564:Basque 6430:Danish 6373:Slovak 6368:Polish 6358:German 6333:Europe 6302:Jewish 6275:Yemeni 6270:Syrian 6164:Romani 6147:Nepali 6130:Indian 6092:Korean 6042:Kazakh 6037:Afghan 5867:Yoruba 5787:Coptic 5770:Libyan 5760:Berber 5744:Somali 5719:Africa 5619:Canada 5548:(1958) 5545:Michel 5540:(1897) 5532:(1891) 5407:Alexis 5290:Wesley 5235:Beaver 5045:Alexis 5005:Kainai 4924:(1899) 4916:(1877) 4908:(1876) 4861:Nakoda 4856:Siouan 4795:Plains 4754:Plains 4210: 4190: 4170: 4141: 4120: 4100: 4007:29 May 3966: 3887:533004 3885: 3841:534278 3839: 3800:12 May 3634:26 May 3489:21 May 3190:Beaver 3175:Dakelh 3120: 3097: 3033: 3025: 2957: 2892: 2884: 2816:658663 2814: 2759: 2618:Ojibwe 2349:Chief 2301:. 1973 2211:Atsina 2160:Saahsi 2152:Sarcee 2122:Káínaa 2083:Pikuni 2079:Peigan 2075:Piegan 1928:Canada 1909:32,000 1899:(1926) 1875:People 1824:Russia 1682:ermine 1540:chiefs 1486:(near 1288:London 1284:Ottawa 1268:Lakota 1128:items. 950:Stoney 940:) and 938:Asinaa 900:) and 569:, 1933 462:Chief 384:Canada 332:lodges 305:Káínaa 203:) and 201:Sarcee 193:Pikuni 153:ᖹᐟᒧᐧᒣᑯ 6653:Irish 6626:Dutch 6619:Welsh 6503:Greek 6383:Swiss 6353:Czech 6265:Saudi 6245:Iraqi 6140:Tamil 6057:Uzbek 6052:Tatar 6047:Tajik 5922:Cuban 5692:Welsh 5648:Métis 5643:Inuit 5030:Enoch 4775:Algic 4077:(PDF) 3964:JSTOR 3919:(PDF) 3912:(PDF) 3883:JSTOR 3837:JSTOR 3507:28–29 3058:p. 28 3031:S2CID 3023:JSTOR 2955:JSTOR 2890:S2CID 2882:JSTOR 2812:JSTOR 2604:Notes 2552:Hergé 2486:Fargo 2331:eagle 2164:Sarsi 2012:Idaho 1783:roach 1684:skin. 1653:Carex 1315:Métis 1097:or a 970:Métis 874:Sioux 688:jerky 328:bands 145:, or 6240:Arab 6217:Thai 6022:Asia 5862:Igbo 5105:Paul 4821:Dene 4789:Cree 4490:(US) 4208:ISBN 4188:ISBN 4168:ISBN 4139:ISBN 4118:ISBN 4098:ISBN 4084:2011 4009:2013 3927:2013 3894:2020 3848:2020 3802:2016 3636:2013 3491:2013 3466:2010 3415:, 34 3306:2012 3227:2013 3153:2013 3131:2013 3118:ISBN 3095:ISBN 3042:2020 2966:2020 2823:2020 2785:2013 2757:ISBN 2736:2012 2702:2017 2671:2017 2626:and 2189:The 2172:Dené 2150:The 2135:The 1862:The 1623:and 1621:Sage 1570:coup 1458:and 1341:and 1274:and 1194:and 1035:and 964:(or 926:Pwat 916:(in 862:Crow 501:Okan 493:Okan 426:and 424:Innu 287:and 135:The 69:Type 4348:". 4330:". 4315:". 4297:". 3875:doi 3829:doi 3184:or 3169:or 3015:doi 2872:doi 2839:, 1 2554:'s 2281:in 2178:of 2170:or 2162:or 2105:or 2081:or 1655:in 956:or 928:or 912:or 852:by 829:by 323:). 191:or 6707:: 5511:NT 5499:SK 5487:BC 5475:NT 4819:/ 4777:/ 4756:, 4752:: 4050:, 4025:. 3982:. 3881:. 3869:. 3865:. 3835:. 3823:. 3819:. 3788:. 3766:^ 3622:. 3584:^ 3549:^ 3544:29 3533:^ 3521:^ 3482:. 3391:^ 3262:^ 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