401:. Prior to this transition, cleavage occurs with only the synthesis and mitosis phases of the cell cycle. The addition of the two growth phases into the cell cycle allows for the cells to increase in size, as up to this point the blastomeres undergo reductive divisions in which the overall size of the embryo does not increase, but more cells are created. This transition begins the growth in size of the organism.
108:
524:, maintenance of cell polarity and the creation of a permeability seal to regulate blastocoel formation. These tight junctions arise after the polarity of epithelial cells is established which sets the foundation for further development and specification. Within the blastula, inner blastomeres are generally non-polar while epithelial cells demonstrate polarity.
31:
582:
successfully produce preimplantation mouse embryos. In the mice, ninety percent of the females were induced by mechanical stimulation to undergo pregnancy and implant at least one embryo. These results prove to be encouraging because they provide a basis for potential implantation in other mammalian
556:
membrane polarity is established with the first cell cleavage. Amphibian EP-cadherin and XB/U cadherin perform a similar role as E-cadherin in mammals establishing blastomere polarity and solidifying cell-cell interactions which are crucial for further development.
591:
Blastula-stage cells can behave as pluripotent stem cells in many species. Pluripotent stem cells are the starting point to produce organ specific cells that can potentially aid in repair and prevention of injury and degeneration. Combining the expression of
367:
In many organisms the development of the embryo up to this point and for the early part of the blastula stage is controlled by maternal mRNA, so called because it was produced in the egg prior to fertilization and is therefore exclusively from the mother.
388:
usually occurs after a particular number of cell divisions for a given species, and is defined by the ending of the synchronous cell division cycles of the early blastula development, and the lengthening of the
520:
Tight junctions are very important in embryo development. In the blastula, these cadherin mediated cell interactions are essential to development of epithelium which are most important to
542:
are expressed. This process makes a ball of embryonic cells which are capable of interacting, rather than a group of diffuse and undifferentiated cells. E-cadherin adhesion defines the
494:. In the mouse embryo, blastocoel formation begins at the 32-cell stage. During this process, water enters the embryo, aided by an osmotic gradient which is the result of
1191:
Fleming, Tom P.; Papenbrock, Tom; Fesenko, Irina; Hausen, Peter; Sheth, Bhavwanti (1 August 2000). "Assembly of tight junctions during early vertebrate development".
1088:
408:
of new, non-maternal mRNA transcribed from the genome of the organism. Large amounts of the maternal mRNA are destroyed at this point, either by proteins such as
608:, and by inducing several mis-expressions of transcription factors, the cells were committed to the retinal lineage and could guide vision based behavior in the
1728:
1380:
1357:
1334:
1064:
731:
702:
467:
embryos, the blastula is composed of three different regions. The animal cap forms the roof of the blastocoel and goes on primarily to form
1411:
575:
596:
and locational positioning of the blastula cells can lead to the development of induced functional organs and tissues. Pluripotent
301:
281:
is degraded and control over development is passed to the embryo. Many of the interactions between blastomeres are dependent on
348:
The blastula stage of early embryo development begins with the appearance of the blastocoel. The origin of the blastocoel in
498:
that produce a high sodium gradient on the basolateral side of the trophectoderm. This movement of water is facilitated by
207:. Only when the blastocoel is formed does the early embryo become a blastula. The blastula precedes the formation of the
1696:
1641:
1420:
471:
derivatives. The equatorial or marginal zone, which compose the walls of the blastocoel differentiate primarily into
914:
blastula cells can be directed to uniform muscle gene expression by gradient interpretation and a community effect"
158:
1001:"Setting the stage for development: mRNA translation and stability during oocyte maturation and egg activation in
865:"Setting the stage for development: mRNA translation and stability during oocyte maturation and egg activation in
495:
621:
337:
1701:
1613:
1498:
1404:
453:
405:
1465:
579:
361:
250:
1686:
1585:
521:
385:
325:
254:
90:
1691:
1681:
1525:
321:
137:
124:
1389:
593:
482:
In the mammalian blastocyst there are three lineages that give rise to later tissue development. The
1435:
1397:
650:
571:
546:
in the developing embryo and turns the embryo from an indistinct ball of cells to a more polarized
543:
1047:
Etkin LD (1988) . "Regulation of the Mid-Blastula
Transition in Amphibians". In Browder LW (ed.).
245:
During blastulation, a significant amount of activity occurs within the early embryo to establish
1082:
1664:
1450:
1440:
1376:
1353:
1345:
1330:
1300:
1249:
1208:
1166:
1125:
1070:
1060:
1026:
981:
944:
925:
890:
845:
797:
727:
719:
698:
200:
1368:
1322:
747:
1733:
1603:
1566:
1547:
1290:
1280:
1239:
1200:
1156:
1115:
1052:
1016:
880:
837:
787:
779:
420:. These two processes shift the control of the embryo from the maternal mRNA to the nuclei.
317:
668:
1480:
409:
357:
353:
329:
278:
258:
149:
475:
tissue. The vegetal mass is composed of the blastocoel floor and primarily develops into
234:(or inner cell mass) that will eventually give rise to the definitive structures of the
1659:
1557:
1295:
1268:
1267:
Viczian, Andrea S.; Solessio, Eduardo C.; Lyou, Yung; Zuber, Michael E. (August 2009).
968:
966:
Kalt, MR (August 1971). "The relationship between cleavage and blastocoel formation in
792:
767:
313:
173:
1722:
1608:
1552:
821:
532:
515:
449:
316:. By manipulating the cell signals during the blastula stage of development, various
246:
153:
909:
1623:
1578:
1573:
631:
605:
536:
457:
309:
1285:
1120:
1103:
1618:
1543:
1485:
1056:
626:
528:
286:
274:
239:
231:
188:
1244:
1227:
1161:
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692:
486:
gives rise to the fetus itself while the trophoblast develops into part of the
1674:
1561:
1535:
1475:
1470:
1455:
503:
441:
437:
429:
390:
296:
The study of the blastula, and of cell specification has many implications in
263:
223:
219:
212:
181:
177:
145:
120:
116:
78:
66:
550:
which sets the stage for further development into a fully formed blastocyst.
1507:
841:
547:
499:
297:
290:
107:
96:
1304:
1212:
1204:
1170:
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929:
894:
801:
600:
cells, when used in an in vivo strategy, were able to form into functional
1074:
985:
849:
404:
The mid-blastula transition is also characterized by a marked increase in
30:
1651:
1633:
1595:
1512:
1253:
491:
487:
483:
476:
472:
468:
417:
398:
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282:
208:
192:
83:
1021:
1000:
885:
864:
539:
456:. The blastocoel also allows blastomeres to move during the process of
445:
269:
1669:
1460:
1445:
783:
601:
436:), is a sphere of cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity called the
433:
333:
227:
222:
blastula is that it consists of a layer of blastomeres, known as the
204:
196:
163:
134:
112:
71:
40:
1049:
The
Molecular Biology of Cell Determination and Cell Differentiation
16:
Sphere of cells formed during early embryonic development in animals
527:
Mammalian embryos undergo compaction around the 8-cell stage where
945:"Treatment: Addressing the Causes of Infertility in Men and Women"
918:
The
International Journal of Developmental Biology (Cambridge, UK)
235:
185:
106:
1051:. Developmental Biology. Vol. 5. New York. pp. 209–25.
312:
stem cells which can migrate down several pathways, depending on
1393:
694:
Developmental
Biology 9th Ed + Devbio Labortatory Vade Mecum3
452:, sugars, ions and other components which are necessary for
144:. In mammalian development, the blastula develops into the
1228:"Collection and Transfer of Preimplantation Mouse Embryos"
908:
Gourdon, John B.; Standley, Henrietta J. (December 2002).
277:(MBT) is a crucial step in development during which the
1269:"Generation of Functional Eyes from Pluripotent Cells"
320:
can be formed. This potential can be instrumental in
180:
surrounding an inner fluid-filled cavity called the
1650:
1632:
1594:
1534:
1521:
1494:
1428:
1102:Tadros, W; Westwood, JT; Lipshitz, HD (June 2007).
242:which goes on to form the extra-embryonic tissues.
77:
65:
57:
52:
23:
863:Tadros, Wael; Lipshitz, Howard D. (1 March 2004).
115:and B. cross section of a blastula displaying the
974:Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology
697:. Sinauer Associates Inc. pp. 243–247, 161.
766:Cockburn, Katie; Rossant, Janet (1 April 2010).
604:. By transplanting them to the eye field on the
570:Experiments with implantation in mice show that
768:"Making the blastocyst: lessons from the mouse"
502:. A seal is created by tight junctions of the
1405:
8:
1321:Forgács, G. & Newman, Stuart A. (2005).
1193:Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
1327:Biological physics of the developing embryo
1531:
1412:
1398:
1390:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1145:"A tiny helper lightens the maternal load"
1143:Weigel, D; Izaurralde, E (24 March 2006).
1087:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
761:
759:
757:
755:
29:
1346:"embryology and early animal development"
1294:
1284:
1243:
1160:
1119:
1020:
884:
815:
813:
811:
791:
686:
684:
682:
203:to develop into a ball of cells called a
1042:
1040:
642:
490:and the primitive endoderm becomes the
1350:Encyclopedia of life science, Volume 2
1080:
999:Tadros, W; Lipshitz, HD (March 2005).
972:. I. Light microscopic observations".
184:. Embryonic development begins with a
94:
20:
226:, which surrounds the blastocoel. In
7:
352:has been shown to be from the first
724:Comparative vertebrate reproduction
356:, which is widened and sealed with
14:
1323:"Cleavage and blastula formation"
772:Journal of Clinical Investigation
1367:McGeady, Thomas A., ed. (2006).
1104:"The mother-to-child transition"
302:assisted reproductive technology
1329:. Cambridge University Press.
324:for disease and injury cases.
289:in mammals and EP-cadherin in
1:
1226:Watson, J.G. (October 1977).
230:, the blastocyst contains an
1729:Animal developmental biology
1286:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000174
1121:10.1016/j.devcel.2007.05.009
820:Heasman, J (November 1997).
746:Forgács & Newman, 2005:
376:In many organisms including
164:
1697:Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme
1642:Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme
1421:Human embryonic development
1057:10.1007/978-1-4615-6817-9_7
261:. In many animals, such as
156:. The blastula (from Greek
1750:
1245:10.1095/biolreprod17.3.453
1162:10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.005
566:Fertilization technologies
513:
506:that line the blastocoel.
440:. The blastocoel contains
726:. Springer. p. 226.
718:Lombardi, Julian (1998).
622:Polarity in embryogenesis
583:species, such as humans.
285:expression, particularly
172:)) is a hollow sphere of
89:
28:
1702:Somatopleuric mesenchyme
1614:Somatopleuric mesenchyme
1423:in the first three weeks
454:cellular differentiation
308:, blastomeres behave as
1232:Biology of Reproduction
842:10.1242/dev.124.21.4179
691:Gilbert, Scott (2010).
673:Encyclopædia Britannica
580:artificial insemination
393:by the addition of the
275:mid blastula transition
199:, which undergoes many
1586:Regional specification
1205:10.1006/scdb.2000.0179
1009:Developmental Dynamics
873:Developmental Dynamics
522:paracellular transport
496:sodium–potassium pumps
386:midblastula transition
372:Midblastula transition
326:In vitro fertilisation
218:A common feature of a
148:with a differentiated
133:is the stage in early
127:
91:Anatomical terminology
1692:Intraembryonic coelom
1373:Veterinary embryology
1344:Cullen, K.E. (2009).
594:transcription factors
561:Clinical implications
330:transfer of an embryo
322:regenerative medicine
138:embryonic development
125:embryonic development
110:
947:. Macleod Laboratory
215:of the embryo form.
1375:. Wiley-Blackwell.
35:Blastulation: from
1108:Developmental Cell
1022:10.1002/dvdy.20297
886:10.1002/dvdy.20297
572:hormonal induction
298:stem cell research
257:, and to regulate
251:cell specification
140:that produces the
128:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1441:Oocyte activation
1382:978-1-4051-1147-8
1359:978-0-8160-7008-4
1336:978-0-521-78337-8
1066:978-1-4615-6819-3
733:978-0-7923-8336-9
704:978-0-87893-558-1
510:Cellular adhesion
105:
104:
100:
1741:
1604:Surface ectoderm
1567:Primitive groove
1548:Primitive streak
1532:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1391:
1386:
1363:
1340:
1309:
1308:
1298:
1288:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1247:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1188:
1175:
1174:
1164:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1078:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1024:
996:
990:
989:
963:
957:
956:
954:
952:
940:
934:
933:
905:
899:
898:
888:
860:
854:
853:
822:"Patterning the
817:
806:
805:
795:
784:10.1172/JCI41229
763:
750:
744:
738:
737:
715:
709:
708:
688:
677:
676:
665:
659:
658:
647:
544:apico-basal axis
504:epithelial cells
167:
123:of early animal
97:edit on Wikidata
33:
21:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1708:
1646:
1628:
1590:
1523:
1517:
1496:
1490:
1481:Inner cell mass
1424:
1418:
1383:
1366:
1360:
1343:
1337:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1279:(8): e1000174.
1266:
1265:
1261:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1190:
1189:
1178:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1079:
1067:
1046:
1045:
1038:
998:
997:
993:
965:
964:
960:
950:
948:
942:
941:
937:
907:
906:
902:
862:
861:
857:
836:(21): 4179–91.
819:
818:
809:
778:(4): 995–1003.
765:
764:
753:
745:
741:
734:
720:"Embryogenesis"
717:
716:
712:
705:
690:
689:
680:
667:
666:
662:
649:
648:
644:
640:
618:
589:
568:
563:
518:
512:
426:
374:
362:create a cavity
358:tight junctions
354:cleavage furrow
346:
259:gene expression
150:inner cell mass
101:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1747:
1745:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1662:
1660:Axial mesoderm
1656:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1558:Primitive node
1555:
1540:
1538:
1529:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1369:"Gastrulation"
1364:
1358:
1341:
1335:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1259:
1218:
1199:(4): 291–299.
1176:
1135:
1094:
1065:
1036:
1015:(3): 593–608.
991:
969:Xenopus laevis
958:
943:Toth, Attila.
935:
900:
879:(3): 593–608.
855:
807:
751:
739:
732:
710:
703:
678:
660:
651:"Blastulation"
641:
639:
636:
635:
634:
629:
624:
617:
614:
588:
585:
576:superovulation
567:
564:
562:
559:
514:Main article:
511:
508:
450:growth factors
425:
422:
373:
370:
345:
342:
314:cell signaling
255:axis formation
103:
102:
93:
87:
86:
81:
75:
74:
69:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
50:
49:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1746:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1687:Lateral plate
1685:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:Neuroectoderm
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:Primitive pit
1551:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1436:Fertilization
1434:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1155:(6): 1117–8.
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1004:
995:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
970:
962:
959:
946:
939:
936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
913:
910:"Uncommitted
904:
901:
896:
892:
887:
882:
878:
874:
870:
868:
859:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
825:
816:
814:
812:
808:
803:
799:
794:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
762:
760:
758:
756:
752:
749:
743:
740:
735:
729:
725:
721:
714:
711:
706:
700:
696:
695:
687:
685:
683:
679:
674:
670:
664:
661:
656:
655:web-books.com
652:
646:
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633:
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625:
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611:
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584:
581:
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573:
565:
560:
558:
555:
551:
549:
545:
541:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
517:
516:Cell adhesion
509:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
423:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
406:transcription
402:
400:
396:
392:
387:
383:
379:
371:
369:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
343:
341:
339:
335:
331:
328:involves the
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:maternal mRNA
276:
272:
271:
266:
265:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:cell polarity
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
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216:
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1682:Intermediate
1624:Neural crest
1579:Gastrulation
1372:
1352:. Infobase.
1349:
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1315:Bibliography
1276:
1273:PLOS Biology
1272:
1262:
1238:(3): 453–8.
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428:A blastula (
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195:to become a
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131:Blastulation
130:
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24:Blastulation
18:
1619:Neurulation
1544:Archenteron
1536:Germ layers
1486:Trophoblast
830:Development
627:Diploblasty
531:as well as
529:E-cadherins
442:amino acids
391:cell cycles
344:Development
310:pluripotent
240:trophoblast
232:embryoblast
213:germ layers
189:fertilizing
178:blastomeres
1723:Categories
1675:Somitomere
1562:Blastopore
1526:Trilaminar
1476:Blastocyst
1471:Blastocoel
1466:Cavitation
1456:Blastomere
1003:Drosophila
867:Drosophila
669:"Blastula"
638:References
587:Stem cells
500:aquaporins
477:endodermal
473:mesodermal
469:ectodermal
438:blastocoel
430:blastocyst
414:Drosophila
382:Drosophila
291:amphibians
287:E-cadherin
264:Drosophila
224:blastoderm
220:vertebrate
182:blastocoel
146:blastocyst
121:blastoderm
117:blastocoel
47:. blastula
1508:Hypoblast
1499:Bilaminar
1083:cite book
826:blastula"
548:phenotype
424:Structure
399:G2 phases
201:cleavages
176:known as
67:Precursor
1665:Paraxial
1652:Mesoderm
1634:Endoderm
1596:Ectoderm
1574:Gastrula
1513:Epiblast
1451:Cleavage
1305:19688031
1213:10966863
1171:16564001
1130:17543857
1031:15704150
951:22 March
930:12533022
895:15704150
802:20364097
616:See also
540:catenins
492:yolk sac
488:placenta
484:epiblast
479:tissue.
446:proteins
418:microRNA
283:cadherin
238:, and a
209:gastrula
193:egg cell
168:meaning
142:blastula
84:Gastrula
1734:Cloning
1522:Week 3
1495:Week 2
1296:2716519
1075:3077975
986:5565077
912:Xenopus
850:9334267
824:Xenopus
793:2846056
675:. 2013.
610:Xenopus
602:retinas
598:Xenopus
554:Xenopus
465:Xenopus
434:mammals
378:Xenopus
350:Xenopus
332:into a
318:tissues
306:Xenopus
270:Xenopus
228:mammals
165:blastos
159:βλαστός
53:Details
1670:Somite
1461:Morula
1446:Zygote
1429:Week 1
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416:or by
384:, the
334:uterus
300:, and
273:, the
205:morula
197:zygote
170:sprout
135:animal
113:Morula
72:Morula
41:morula
748:p. 27
533:alpha
410:SMAUG
304:. In
236:fetus
186:sperm
174:cells
95:[
1377:ISBN
1354:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1301:PMID
1250:PMID
1209:PMID
1167:PMID
1149:Cell
1126:PMID
1089:link
1071:PMID
1061:ISBN
1027:PMID
982:PMID
953:2013
926:PMID
891:PMID
846:PMID
798:PMID
728:ISBN
699:ISBN
578:and
537:beta
535:and
397:and
380:and
336:for
267:and
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58:Days
1291:PMC
1281:doi
1240:doi
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