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355:. The cytotrophoblast is a layer of mono-nucleated cells that resides underneath the syncytiotrophoblast. The syncytiotrophoblast is composed of fused cytotrophoblasts which then form a layer that covers the placental surface. The syncytiotrophoblast is in direct contact with the maternal blood that reaches the placental surface. It then facilitates the exchange of nutrients, wastes and gases between the maternal and fetal systems.
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362:. Extravillous trophoblasts grow out from the placenta and penetrate into the decidualized uterus. This process is essential not only for physically attaching the placenta to the mother, but also for altering the vasculature in the uterus. This alteration allows an adequate blood supply to the growing fetus as pregnancy progresses. Some of these trophoblasts even replace the
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Tang, Jiaqi; Liu, Bailin; Li, Na; Zhang, Mengshu; Li, Xiang; Gao, Qinqin; Zhou, Xiuwen; Sun, Miao; Xu, Zhice; Lu, Xiyuan (2020). "Development of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone and Nitric Oxide System in the Fetus and
Neonate".
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374:. This ensures that the fetus receives a steady supply of blood, and the placenta is not subjected to fluctuations in oxygen that could cause it damage.
343:. The core of placental villi contain mesenchymal cells and placental blood vessels that are directly connected to the fetus’ circulation via the
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Latos, P.A.; Hemberger, M. (February 2014). "Review: The transcriptional and signalling networks of mouse trophoblast stem cells".
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of the embryo and is referred to as the trophectoderm. After the first differentiation, the cells in the human embryo lose their
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The trophoblast proliferates and differentiates into two cell layers at approximately six days after fertilization for humans.
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Imakawa, K.; Nakagawa, S. (2017). "The
Phylogeny of Placental Evolution Through Dynamic Integrations of Retrotransposons".
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Douglas, Gordon C.; VandeVoort, Catherine A.; Kumar, Priyadarsini; Chang, Tien-Cheng; Golos, Thaddeus G. (2009-03-18).
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In addition, cytotrophoblasts in the tips of villi can differentiate into another type of trophoblast called the
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is a pregnancy-associated concept, forming from the villous and extravillous trophoblast cells in the placenta.
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Baines, K.J.; Renaud, S.J. (2017). "Transcription
Factors That Regulate Trophoblast Development and Function".
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687:"Trophoblast Stem Cells: Models for Investigating Trophectoderm Differentiation and Placental Development"
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429:, these stem cells are able to differentiate into any trophoblast cell because they are pluripotent.
390:. Failure of the trophoblast to invade sufficiently is important in the development of some cases of
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Lunghi, Laura; Ferretti, Maria E; Medici, Silvia; Biondi, Carla; Vesce, Fortunato (December 2007).
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The invasion of a specific type of trophoblast (extravillous trophoblast) into the maternal
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746:. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science. Vol. 145. pp. 89–109.
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to become extraembryonic structures that do not directly contribute to the embryo. After
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as they remodel these vessels into wide bore conduits that are independent of maternal
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Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) are cells that can regenerate and they are similar to
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Ning, Fen; Hou, Houmei; Morse, Abraham N.; Lash, Gendie E. (10 April 2019).
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394:. Invasion of the trophoblast too deeply may cause conditions such as
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are trophoblastic tumors that form in the uterus from villous cells.
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860:"Understanding and management of gestational trophoblastic disease"
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Image showing trophoblast differentiated into the two layers of
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Soares, Michael J.; Varberg, Kaela M. (2018). "Trophoblast".
347:. This core is surrounded by two layers of trophoblasts, the
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A thick layer that lacks cell boundaries and grows into the
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because they can no longer form a trophoblast. They become
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529:, with labeled cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts.
27:
Early embryonic structure that gives rise to the placenta
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Progress in
Molecular Biology and Translational Science
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Molecular
Biology of Placental Development and Disease
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171:: germinator) is the outer layer of cells of the
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175:. Trophoblasts are present four days after
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327:Trophoblasts are specialized cells of the
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568:Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Endocrinology
482:Transverse section of a chorionic villus.
386:is a vital stage in the establishment of
206:, the trophoblast is contiguous with the
179:in humans. They provide nutrients to the
243:
806:"Control of human trophoblast function"
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93:trophoblastus; massa cellularis externa
810:Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
331:that play an important role in embryo
187:. They form during the first stage of
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697:(3). The Endocrine Society: 228–240.
183:and develop into a large part of the
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294:secretion and sustain a pregnancy.
617:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.64664-0
576:10.1016/b978-0-12-814823-5.00038-6
466:Section through embryonic disk of
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1333:Membranes of the fetus and embryo
410:Gestational trophoblastic disease
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494:Scheme of placental circulation.
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234:and syncytiotrophoblast during
926:10.1016/j.placenta.2013.10.013
877:10.12688/f1000research.14953.1
309:, villi (dependent on subtype)
1:
1521:Animal developmental biology
752:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.12.004
654:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.12.003
609:Encyclopedia of Reproduction
167:
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1281:Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme
1226:Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme
1005:Human embryonic development
191:and are the first cells to
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335:and interaction with the
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1363:Intermediate trophoblast
1286:Somatopleuric mesenchyme
1198:Somatopleuric mesenchyme
1007:in the first three weeks
360:extravillous trophoblast
316:(implantation site IT).
300:Intermediate trophoblast
968:iperiodembry/carnegie02
305:The implantation site,
1170:Regional specification
506:The initial stages of
238:
136:Anatomical terminology
1276:Intraembryonic coelom
823:10.1186/1477-7827-5-6
378:Clinical significance
290:in order to maintain
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793:on 15 December 2007.
703:10.1210/er.2009-0001
611:. pp. 417–423.
570:. pp. 643–662.
521:Histopathology of a
423:embryonic stem cells
1490:Reichert's membrane
1358:Syncytiotrophoblast
541:Syncytiotrophoblast
508:human embryogenesis
468:Vespertilio murinus
452:Vespertilio murinus
353:syncytiotrophoblast
272:Syncytiotrophoblast
1391:Intervillous space
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1485:Heuser's membrane
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1025:Oocyte activation
787:"The trophoblast"
761:978-0-12-809327-6
691:Endocrine Reviews
663:978-0-12-809327-6
626:978-0-12-815145-7
585:978-0-12-814823-5
546:Hydatidiform mole
433:Additional images
404:placenta percreta
364:endothelial cells
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16:(Redirected from
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142:edit on Wikidata
117:E6.0.1.1.2.0.2
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1208:Neural crest
1163:Gastrulation
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253:Description
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218:stem cells.
204:blastulation
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1452:Circulatory
1348:Trophoblast
1203:Neurulation
1128:Archenteron
1120:Germ layers
1070:Trophoblast
920:: S81–S85.
281:endometrial
216:pluripotent
212:totipotency
154:trophoblast
82:Identifiers
33:Trophoblast
1515:Categories
1480:Blastocoel
1259:Somitomere
1146:Blastopore
1110:Trilaminar
1060:Blastocyst
1055:Blastocoel
1050:Cavitation
1040:Blastomere
552:References
312:An anchor
197:fertilized
173:blastocyst
45:Blastocyst
1370:Allantois
1092:Hypoblast
1083:Bilaminar
711:0163-769X
648:: 39–88.
594:208378249
388:pregnancy
339:maternal
222:Structure
195:from the
189:pregnancy
1459:Placenta
1249:Paraxial
1236:Mesoderm
1218:Endoderm
1180:Ectoderm
1158:Gastrula
1097:Epiblast
1035:Cleavage
934:24220516
914:Placenta
896:31001418
842:17288592
816:(1): 6.
770:28110755
729:19299251
672:28110754
535:See also
427:placenta
351:and the
329:placenta
323:Function
314:placenta
250:Location
208:ectoderm
185:placenta
162:trephein
47:with an
1464:Chorion
1375:Decidua
1106:Week 3
1079:Week 2
887:6464061
870:: 428.
833:1800852
720:2726840
525:, in a
448:vesicle
307:chorion
168:blastos
105:D014327
57:Details
1406:cavity
1396:Amnion
1340:Embryo
1254:Somite
1045:Morula
1030:Zygote
1013:Week 1
961:, and
953:(from
932:
894:
884:
840:
830:
768:
758:
727:
717:
709:
670:
660:
623:
592:
582:
384:uterus
341:uterus
284:stroma
181:embryo
156:(from
1473:Other
1418:Fetus
590:S2CID
402:, or
247:Layer
158:Greek
140:[
129:83029
88:Latin
930:PMID
892:PMID
838:PMID
766:PMID
756:ISBN
725:PMID
707:ISSN
668:PMID
658:ISBN
621:ISBN
580:ISBN
302:(IT)
152:The
100:MeSH
76:Caul
62:Days
1401:sac
922:doi
882:PMC
872:doi
828:PMC
818:doi
748:doi
715:PMC
699:doi
650:doi
646:145
613:doi
572:doi
450:of
288:hCG
200:egg
124:FMA
1517::
965:)
963:UF
959:UB
957:,
955:UL
928:.
918:35
916:.
904:^
890:.
880:.
866:.
862:.
850:^
836:.
826:.
812:.
808:.
778:^
764:.
754:.
723:.
713:.
705:.
695:30
693:.
689:.
666:.
656:.
644:.
619:.
588:.
578:.
406:.
398:,
112:TE
1389:/
1326:e
1319:t
1312:v
1144:/
1130:/
1112:)
1108:(
1085:)
1081:(
997:e
990:t
983:v
936:.
924::
898:.
874::
868:8
844:.
820::
814:5
772:.
750::
731:.
701::
674:.
652::
629:.
615::
596:.
574::
470:.
454:.
144:]
65:6
20:)
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