562:
469:(FSC) is a religious body that rules on whether any particular law is repugnant to the injunctions of Islam. If a law is repugnant to Islam, "the President in the case of a law with respect to a matter in the Federal Legislative List or the Concurrent Legislative List, or the Governor in the case of a law with respect to a matter not enumerated in either of those lists, shall take steps to amend the law so as to bring such law or provision into conformity with the Injunctions of Islam" (Constitution, Article 203D). In October 1990, the FSC ruled that § 295-C was repugnant to Islam by permitting life imprisonment as an alternative to a death sentence. The Court said "the penalty for contempt of the Holy Prophet ... is death". The FSC ruled that, if the President did not take action to amend the law before 30 April 1991, then § 295-C would stand amended by its ruling.
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forestall mob violence. It is common for those accused of blasphemy to be put in solitary confinement for their protection from other inmates and guards. Like those who have served a sentence for blasphemy, those who are acquitted of blasphemy usually go into hiding or leave
Pakistan. Pakistan's blasphemy laws are known to be widely abused by those seeking personal gain from those accused, as evidenced by the Imran Ghafur Masih case study. Masih was accused and sentenced to life in prison under Section 295B of the blasphemy laws after his neighbor manipulated and tricked him into unknowingly throwing away a copy of the Quran, because the neighbor wanted to gain Masih's storefront real estate.
125:
305:). Between 1987 and 2017 at least 1,500 people were charged with blasphemy and at least 75 people involved in accusations of blasphemy were killed in Pakistan according to the Center for Social Justice. According to another source, between 2011 and 2015, "the latest period for which consolidated data is available" as of 2020, there were "more than 1,296 blasphemy cases filed" in Pakistan.
473:
the federal government, said that the
Shariat Appellate Bench dismissed the appeal because the appellant did not pursue it. The appellant did not present any argument on the appeal because, according to reports, he was no longer alive. Consequently, it appears to be the law in Pakistan that persons convicted under § 295-C must be sentenced to death with or without a fine.
309:
the
Assembly unanimously approved the Criminal Laws (Amendment) Bill. This legislation increased the penalty for disrespecting the Prophet Mohammed’s companions, wives, and family members from three years of imprisonment to 10 years, in addition to a fine of 1 million Pakistani rupees, equivalent to roughly GBP £3,500. Blasphemy is a capital offence in Pakistan.
208:, while in previous decades it was "Islamist hardliners" who lodged blasphemy charges, by around 2022 an environment had developed where "judges, police and private citizens" were "likely to see rewards rather than repercussions for making blasphemy accusations" and it was state court judges, not Islamists, who "increasingly raising the issue".
228:. By the constitution's Article 31, it is the country's duty to foster the Islamic way of life. By Article 33, it is the country's duty to discourage parochial, racial, tribal, sectarian, and provincial prejudices among its citizens. Under Article 10A of the constitution, it is also the state's duty to provide for the right of fair trial.
164:
blasphemy commonly exposes the accused, police, lawyers, and judges to harassment, threats, attacks, and rioting. (In
October 1997, for example, a high court justice in Lahore was murdered in his chambers for acquitting two Christians accused of blasphemy, but the killer was "acquitted due to lack of witness testimony".)
454:
residence, language, caste or community or any other ground whatsoever, disharmony or feelings of enmity, hatred or ill-will between different religious, racial, language or regional groups or castes or communities" shall be fined and punished with imprisonment for a term that may extend to five years.
481:
Those who are accused of blasphemy may be subject to harassment, threats, and attacks. Police, lawyers, and judges may also be subject to harassment, threats, and attacks when blasphemy is an issue. Those accused of blasphemy are subject to immediate incarceration, and most accused are denied bail to
472:
Promptly after the FSC's ruling in 1990, Bishop Dani L. Tasleem filed an appeal in the
Supreme Court of Pakistan, which has the power to overrule the FSC. In April 2009, the Shariat Appellate Bench of the Supreme Court considered the appeal. Deputy Attorney-General Agha Tariq Mehmood, who represented
308:
In
January 2023, Pakistan's National Assembly passed a vote to tighten the country's blasphemy laws, a move that incited concern among minority groups. These communities feared the enhanced laws could lead to more human rights violations and further persecution of religious minorities. On January 17,
300:
minority. Before 1986, only 14 cases of blasphemy were reported. Parliament through the Second
Amendment to the Constitution on 7 September 1974, under Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, declared Ahmadi Muslims as non-Muslims. In 1986, it was supplemented by a new blasphemy provision also applied to
552:
In
January 2021, an Anti-Terrorism Court (ATC) convicted and sentenced three men to death for sharing blasphemous content on social media. A fourth accused in the same case, one Anwaar Ahmed, professor of Urdu language, was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment, along with a fine of Rs 100,000. He had
449:
Between 1986 and 2007, Pakistani authorities charged 647 people with blasphemy offences. with one source saying 50% of these were non-Muslims, who represent only 3% of the national population. No judicial execution for blasphemy has ever occurred in
Pakistan, but 20 of those charged were murdered.
167:
Critics complain that those accused of blaspheming have seldom actually said or done anything blasphemous; (one lawyer who defends those accused of blasphemy, Anneqa Maria, states that: “In my entire career of 14 years as a criminal lawyer, none of the blasphemy victims I represented have actually
172:
the “offences” committed by those accused of blasphemy have been as absurd as throwing a business card into the rubbish (the man’s name was
Muhammad), a rural water dispute, spelling errors, the naming of a child, the design of a place of worship, burning a (non-religious) talisman or sharing a
453:
The only law that may be useful in countering misuse of the blasphemy law is PPC 153 A (a), whoever "by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representations or otherwise, promotes or incites, or attempts to promote or incite, on grounds of religion, race, place of birth,
186:
in Pakistan have been lynched and imprisoned over unsubstantiated allegations of blasphemy. The state began a rigorous crackdown on atheism starting in 2017, causing conditions to deteriorate significantly. Secular bloggers started facing kidnappings, and the government-initiated advertising
163:
Many people accused of blasphemy have been murdered before their trials were over, and renowned figures who opposed the blasphemy law have been assassinated. Since 1990, 62 people have been murdered following blasphemy accusations. According to one religious minority source, an accusation of
444:
Anyone who, with the purposeful intent to offend the religious sentiments of another individual, either speaks a word or makes a noise within earshot of that person, or performs a gesture or displays an object within their line of sight, is liable to be penalized. The punishment may include
591:... the Islamic parties are most successful in galvanising street power when the goal is narrowly linked to obstructing reforms to discriminatory religious laws that often provoke sectarian violence and conflict and undermine the rule of law and constitutionalism.
762:
595:
Pakistani human rights activists say that charges of blasphemy are being used to harass minorities and settle personal conflicts. Harshil Mehta, South Asia's political observer, has commented that it is "an urgent need to replace these laws" in his article in
490:
Pakistan's support of blasphemy regulation has caused it to be active in the international arena in promoting global limitations on freedom of religion or belief and limitations on freedom of expression. In March 2009, Pakistan presented a resolution to the
177:
They also complain that Pakistan's blasphemy laws are "overwhelmingly being used to persecute religious minorities and settle personal vendettas", but calls for change in blasphemy laws have been strongly resisted by Islamic parties - most prominently the
83:
Although death sentences for blasphemy have been issued on numerous occasions, no one has yet been executed by the order of the courts or government of Pakistan. However, those accused of blasphemy are frequently targeted and killed by angry
273:, in 1927, under pressure from the Muslim community, as a part of the Criminal Law Amendment Act XXV. This made it a criminal offence to insult the founders or leaders of any religious community. After the creation of Pakistan in 1947, many
1158:
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been accused of disseminating controversial, blasphemous views during a lecture at the Islamabad Model College. During the trial, the court did not admit witnesses for the defense because they were blood relatives of the accused.
187:
campaigns encouraging citizens to identify potential blasphemers in their midst. Further exacerbating the situation, the nation's highest judicial authorities classified such individuals as terrorists.
1162:
2046:
110:
91:
At least 89 Pakistanis were extrajudicially killed over blasphemy accusations from 1947 to 2021. Among the victims of such killings have been high profile Pakistanis such as Punjab Governor
1357:
1925:
561:
912:
Matt Hoffman, Modern Blasphemy Laws in Pakistan and the Rimsha Masih Case: What Effect—if Any—the Case Will Have on Their Future Reform, 13 WASH. U. GLOBALSTUD. L. REV. 371 (2014),
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Uttering of any word or making any sound or making any gesture or placing of any object in the sight with the deliberate intention of wounding the religious feelings of any person.
2316:
2341:
1362:
194:
377:: f a Muslim, or preaching or propagating his faith, or "in any manner whatsoever" outraging the religious feelings of Muslims, or posing himself as a Muslim. 26 April 1984
2642:
2280:
224:, Pakistan has the strictest anti-blasphemy laws. The first purpose of those laws is to protect Islamic authority. According to the constitution (Article 2), Islam is the
1323:
In an extraordinary turn of events, Section 295-A was used to register a blasphemy case against Muslim men for damaging a Hindu temple during riots on Ishq-e-Rasool Day.
2125:
2657:
2596:
811:
1628:
646:
2533:
2311:
Ashraf, Sana. Finding the Enemy Within: Blasphemy Accusations and Subsequent Violence in Pakistan. Australia, Australian National University Press, 2021.
839:
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seventeen websites for hosting content that the authorities considered offensive to Muslims. At the same time, Pakistan began to monitor the content of
2652:
2563:
2098:
1211:
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1111:
1813:
2637:
2407:
925:
980:
2231:
1948:"Petition To: United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention - in the Matter of Ayub Masih, Citizen of Pakistan v. Government of Pakistan"
1921:
2364:
80:
constituting most of those accused. Between 1987 and February 2021, at least 1,855 individuals were charged under Pakistan’s blasphemy laws.
2538:
897:
136:
1141:
661:
457:
On 12 January 2011, Prime Minister of Pakistan Yousuf Raza Gilani once again said that there would be no amendments to the blasphemy law.
2320:
2568:
2338:
492:
433:
Except for § 295-C, the provisions of § 295 require that an offence be a consequence of the intent of the accused. (See below
31:
2076:
602:. If the Islamic Republic, he wrote, "wants to prove itself as a haven for religious freedom, then it must ban these regressive laws".
399:
Deliberate and malicious acts intended to outrage religious feelings of any class by insulting its religion or religious beliefs. 1927
2617:
2573:
1006:
789:
2662:
1763:
671:
466:
221:
96:
2258:
865:"89 citizens killed over blasphemy allegations since 1947: report [by the Centre for Research and Security Studies (CRSS)]"
1385:
583:
polled its readers and later reported that 68% of Pakistanis believe the blasphemy law should be repealed. On the other hand, the
2503:
1336:
70:
2335:
Smith, A. (2007). Colonial Origins of Blasphemy Laws in South Asia: Protecting Religious Sentiments. Cambridge University Press.
706:
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Use of derogatory remarks, spoken, written, directly or indirectly, etc. defiles the name of Muhammad or other Prophet(s). 1986
2647:
2102:
1770:... following the judicial amendment of the Federal Shariat Court in February 1990, carried with it a mandatory death penalty.
1283:
631:
526:
508:
2035:
113:, as of early 2021, around 80 people are known to be incarcerated in Pakistan on blasphemy charges, with half of those facing
2622:
2379:
Abbas, Shemeem Burney. Pakistan's Blasphemy Laws: From Islamic Empires to the Taliban. N.p., University of Texas Press, 2013.
1713:
1683:
676:
666:
220:
is the "Islamic Republic of Pakistan" as of 1956. More than 96% of Pakistan's 220 million citizens (2022) are Muslims. Among
62:
1977:
1260:
1060:
357:(Ahmadi blasphemy law) Misuse of epithets, descriptions and titles etc., reserved for certain holy personages or places, by
2548:
2543:
2369:
1464:
1159:"Muslim Cleric Accused to Framing Christian Girl of Blasphemy is Freed By Pakistan Court Amid Witness Death Threat Rumors"
2627:
2558:
2508:
2428:
2136:
1318:
2443:
2400:
2188:
2002:
1947:
1304:
1237:
518:
1625:
2632:
2528:
2468:
2438:
584:
205:
124:
73:
and settle personal rivalries, frequently against other Muslims, rather than to safeguard religious sensibilities.
2498:
597:
434:
270:
2513:
2458:
2453:
2433:
641:
621:
616:
293:
66:
1734:
This law was amended further in 1982 as 295-B, defiling the Holy Qur'an, was added by Presidential Ordinance 1
235:
in 1860, and were expanded in 1927. Pakistan inherited that legislation when it gained independence after the
2518:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2463:
1646:
1605:
1582:
1528:
Nair, Neeti (May 2009). "Bhagat Singh as 'Satyagrahi': The Limits to Non-violence in Late Colonial India".
1088:
2578:
2553:
2448:
2393:
1127:
In Pakistan, 17 people are on death row for blasphemy, and dozens more have been extrajudicially murdered.
302:
281:
262:
133:
2473:
626:
578:
514:
1895:
1489:
190:
Cases under the blasphemy law have also been registered against Muslims who have harassed non-Muslims.
1530:
656:
546:
58:
2308:
Hussain, Adeel. Revenge, Politics and Blasphemy in Pakistan. United Kingdom, Hurst Publishers, 2022.
1602:
1432:
913:
651:
40:
1510:
2354:
1555:
1547:
236:
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in Geneva that called upon the world to formulate laws against the defamation of religion. See
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imprisonment of any type for a period that could last up to one year, a monetary fine, or both.
292:) to make them more severe, with a number of clauses being added by the government in order to
1759:
1755:
933:
893:
636:
611:
289:
103:
77:
2359:
2210:
1539:
1411:
2036:"Annual Report of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom May 2009"
1671:
1433:"Chapter 1: "Fundamental Rights" of Part II: "Fundamental Rights and Principles of Policy""
2345:
1868:
1632:
17:
388:
Injuring or defiling places of worship, with intent to insult the religion of any class.
231:
Religion-related offences on the territory of modern Pakistan were first codified by the
1358:"Pak authorities should urgently reform 'draconian' blasphemy laws: European think tank"
225:
144:
114:
99:
2611:
2416:
2161:
1748:
1559:
714:
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modified the existing blasphemy laws (which had been inherited from the colonial-era
253:
240:
118:
92:
48:
1035:"Islamabad ATC sentences 3 to death for sharing blasphemous content on social media"
2050:
816:
374:
199:
Guilty until proven innocent: The sacrilegious nature of blasphemy laws in Pakistan
2339:
Court accepts petition not to change Islamic blasphemy law, Aftab Alexander Mughal
2075:
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (8 October 2008).
1839:
1782:
1721:
1691:
1609:
887:
2003:"Pak SC rejects petition-challenging death as the only punishment for blasphemy"
1386:"Committee on Elimination of Racial Discrimination considers report of Pakistan"
266:
232:
85:
1456:
840:"Increasing Violence in Pakistan Surrounding Blasphemy Cases Deters Opposition"
2350:
1543:
958:
542:
285:
140:
2099:"Christian Cleared of Blasphemy Charges Fired from Job, Facing Death Threats"
1212:"Pakistan: Christian nurse beaten and accused of blasphemy by her colleagues"
1187:
981:"Killing of Pakistan Minister Highlights Peril of Questioning Blasphemy Laws"
937:
2591:
2319:. Center for Research and Security Studies (CRSS), Islamabad. Archived from
496:
358:
139:
too are accused of blasphemy for their beliefs. Since 2001, more than 2,600
129:
44:
2385:
2006:
1951:
812:"Woman sentenced to death in Pakistan over 'blasphemous' WhatsApp activity"
426:
Trial must take place in a Court of Session with a Muslim judge presiding.
2360:
Pakistan: Religious freedom in the shadow of extremism, CSW briefing, 2011
1922:"Prime Minister of Pakistan rejects Pope's call on Islamic blasphemy laws"
926:"Salmaan Taseer murder case harks back to 1929 killing of Hindu publisher"
1572:
The Book on Trial: Fundamentalism and Censorship in India By Girja Kumar.
566:
522:
251:
During the 1920s, after the assassination of a publisher of a book named
217:
201:, recommended wide-ranging changes to Pakistan's laws and legal systems.
147:
2374:
1551:
1189:
A New Era of Sectarian Violence in Pakistan | International Crisis Group
790:"Pakistan's blasphemy laws to require death sentence for false accusers"
143:
have been killed in violent attacks in Pakistan. Many are buried in the
570:
538:
183:
179:
151:
2281:"Pakistan's Blasphemy Law A Weapon of Revenge Used Against Minorities"
1840:"Swearing by reforms: Time to put Pakistan's blasphemy laws on trial"
1137:
1135:
1007:"1990 blasphemy acquittal: Judge's murder case put in 'hibernation'""
530:
297:
258:
76:
From 1967 to 2014, over 1,300 people were accused of blasphemy, with
69:
organizations, Pakistan's blasphemy laws have been used to persecute
1647:"Hindu Veterinarian Is Latest to Face Blasphemy Charges in Pakistan"
1034:
864:
737:
345:
Use of derogatory remarks etc., in respect of holy personages. 1980
2382:
Pakistan: The Mullahs and the Military. Belgium, ICG, 2003. Page 22
1337:"Blasphemy case against six for 'desecrating' Sikh youth's turban"
560:
534:
168:
committed blasphemy"); Asad Hashim writes that from 2010 to 2020,
123:
1846:. South Asian Human Rights Documentation Centre. 15 February 2002
1142:"Bad-mouthing: Pakistan's blasphemy laws legitimise intolerance".
1714:"Pakistan Blasphemy Laws ending the Abuse of the Blasphemy Laws"
1684:"Pakistan Blasphemy Laws ending the Abuse of the Blasphemy Laws"
239:
in 1947. Several sections of Pakistan's Penal Code comprise its
2389:
810:
Baloch, Shah Meer; Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (19 January 2022).
2047:
United States Commission on International Religious Freedom
959:"Pakistani Christian minister shot dead amid blasphemy row"
2259:"Activists Worry Pakistan's Blasphemy Law Is Being Abused"
2239:. International Crisis Group. 12 December 2011. p. 26
2233:
Islamic Parties in Pakistan Crisis Group Asia Report N°216
1814:"Christians often victims under Pakistan's blasphemy law"
1061:"Wadi-e-Hussain: A graveyard for Pakistan's Shia victims"
2375:
Pakistan: Murderer Revered for Defending Blasphemy Law
2162:"Pakistan to monitor Google and Yahoo for 'blasphemy'"
1182:
1180:
277:
and clauses were introduced in Pakistan's Penal Code.
1787:
Report on the Situation of Ahmadi Muslims in Pakistan
525:
prevented access to the page. In June 2010, Pakistan
2126:"The Voiceless Victims of Pakistan's Blasphemy Laws"
1672:
Christian Solidarity Worldwide, Retrieved 2023-04-23
889:
Sharia and the State in Pakistan: Blasphemy Politics
1363:
European Foundation for South Asian Studies (EFSAS)
1305:
Attack on Hindus prompts blasphemy case in Pakistan
195:
European Foundation for South Asian Studies (EFSAS)
2317:"Blasphemy Laws in Pakistan A Historical Overview"
1747:
1319:"Attackers of Hindu temple charged with blasphemy"
2189:"An Assessment of Pakistan's Human Rights Record"
2005:. PakistanNews.net. 22 April 2009. Archived from
1610:Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 1986 (III of 1986)
1284:"Pakistan's forced conversions shame Imran Khan"
1083:
1081:
111:US Commission on International Religious Freedom
1112:"Living in fear under Pakistan's blasphemy law"
589:
170:
30:For a list of blasphemy cases in Pakistan, see
1863:
1861:
1238:"Explained: Pakistan's emotive blasphemy laws"
1231:
1229:
701:
699:
697:
402:Up to 10 years imprisonment, or fine, or both
61:, with punishments ranging from a fine to the
2597:Defamation of religion and the United Nations
2401:
1950:. Freedom Now. 8 October 2001. Archived from
1033:Asad, Tahir Naseer | Malik (8 January 2021).
1000:
998:
8:
391:Up to 2 years imprisonment or fine, or both
1920:Mughal, Aftab Alexander (12 January 2011).
1896:"Timeline: Accused under the Blasphemy Law"
1869:"Pakistan: Use and abuse of blasphemy laws"
1583:"CONSTITUTION (SECOND AMENDMENT) ACT, 1974"
1089:"Timeline: Accused under the Blasphemy Law"
647:Pakistan National Commission for Minorities
2408:
2394:
2386:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
1538:(3). Cambridge University Press: 649–681.
216:By its constitution, the official name of
53:
27:Pakistani penal code on insulting religion
2643:People convicted of blasphemy in Pakistan
1978:"Pakistan's Blasphemy Law: Words Fail Me"
788:Ehrlich, Richard S. (24 September 2013).
517:because the website hosted a page called
1971:
1969:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1282:Shahid, Kunwar Khuldune (11 June 2020).
565:Anti-Pakistani blasphemy law protest in
316:
1490:"Pakistan Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860)"
1484:
1482:
693:
348:3 years imprisonment, or fine, or both
337:1 years imprisonment, or fine, or both
247:Development of Pakistani blasphemy laws
1894:Siddiqi, Tabinda (19 September 2012).
1451:
1449:
2370:Once a blasphemer always a blasphemer
2274:
2272:
2187:Ahmer Jamil Khan (21 February 2013).
1875:. Amnesty International. 27 July 1994
1511:"Insult to religion - Indian Express"
1467:from the original on 26 February 2024
1457:"What are Pakistan's blasphemy laws?"
1261:"How to commit blasphemy in Pakistan"
1028:
1026:
1024:
707:"What are Pakistan's blasphemy laws?"
424:Mandatory Death and fine (Feb. 1990)
296:and deny the Muslim character of the
7:
2658:Religious discrimination in Pakistan
2211:"ePaper & Archives - The Nation"
1259:Hanif, Mohammed (5 September 2012).
662:Religious discrimination in Pakistan
493:United Nations Human Rights Council
52:
32:List of blasphemy cases in Pakistan
1789:. Persecution.org. 4 November 1994
1783:"Section 295C Pakistan Penal Code"
1754:. NY: St.Martin's Press. pp.
1392:. United Nations. 20 February 2009
1236:Hashim, Asad (21 September 2020).
521:. Pakistan lifted the block after
323:Types and description of offences
313:Religious offences and punishments
25:
2279:Mehta, Harshil (13 August 2020).
1307:| AP| 30 September 2012| dawn.com
838:Symington, Annabel (9 May 2014).
713:. 6 November 2014. Archived from
672:Superstitions in Muslim Societies
106:, who was slain in his chambers.
2653:Political repression in Pakistan
1005:Yasif, Rana (28 November 2012).
222:countries with a Muslim majority
2103:International Christian Concern
1976:Ahmed, Akbar S. (19 May 2002).
1928:from the original on 5 May 2016
1317:Rabia Ali (30 September 2012).
1192:. 2022. pp. Page 8–Page 14
632:Freedom of religion in Pakistan
509:Internet censorship in Pakistan
410:Defiling, etc., of Quran. 1982
2638:Law about religion in Pakistan
1645:Masood, Salman (30 May 2019).
1157:Lee, Morgan (20 August 2013).
736:Editorial (27 November 2021).
677:Women related laws in Pakistan
667:Sectarian violence in Pakistan
380:3 years imprisonment and fine
364:3 years imprisonment and fine
271:Hate Speech Law Section 295(A)
1:
320:Pakistan Penal Code sections
1622:Khurshid Ahmad vs. The State
1214:. France 24. 2 November 2021
1110:Hashim, Asad (17 May 2014).
924:Boone, Jon (12 March 2015).
417:
406:
395:
384:
368:
352:
341:
330:
265:, the administration of the
88:before any trial can begin.
1820:. FIDES/CWNews. 13 May 2005
1335:Butt, Shafiq (2 May 2016).
886:Haq, Farhat (10 May 2019).
519:Everybody Draw Muhammad Day
373:(Ahmadi blasphemy law) Aka
280:Between 1980 and 1986, the
2679:
2365:Blasphemy Laws in Pakistan
2351:On Pakistani Blasphemy law
2049:. May 2009. Archived from
1818:The Evangelization Station
1750:Pakistan, a Modern History
1200:– via www.jstor.org.
1161:. CP World. Archived from
1091:. Dawn.com. 18 August 2013
585:International Crisis Group
515:blocked access to Facebook
506:
206:International Crisis Group
29:
18:Blasphemy laws in Pakistan
2618:Blasphemy law in Pakistan
2587:
2424:
1873:AI Index: ASA 33/008/1994
1544:10.1017/S0026749X08003491
1515:archive.indianexpress.com
763:"Pakistan Events of 2022"
274:
102:, and high court justice
57:) against any recognized
2663:Blasphemy law by country
1718:pakistanblasphemylaw.com
1688:pakistanblasphemylaw.com
1412:"Part I: "Introductory""
983:. PBS News. 3 March 2011
853:– via www.wsj.com.
642:Islamization in Pakistan
622:Court system of Pakistan
617:Asia Bibi blasphemy case
2344:16 January 2012 at the
2124:Stark, William (2020).
1321:. The Express Tribune.
867:. Dawn. 26 January 2022
128:Besides non-Muslim and
97:Minister for Minorities
65:. According to various
2648:Persecution by Muslims
961:. EuroNews. March 2011
593:
574:
513:In May 2010, Pakistan
413:Imprisonment for life
303:Persecution of Ahmadis
197:in a report entitled,
182:school of Islam. Many
175:
155:
2623:Blasphemy law in Asia
1631:14 March 2013 at the
1009:. The Express Tribune
627:Criticism of Pakistan
564:
467:Federal Shariat Court
294:"Islamicise" the laws
127:
2564:United Arab Emirates
1954:on 28 September 2009
1924:. Continental News.
1746:Talbot, Ian (1998).
1653:. The New York Times
1531:Modern Asian Studies
1059:Batool, Syeda Sana.
657:Religion in Pakistan
301:Ahmadi Muslims (See
173:picture on Facebook.
71:religious minorities
2628:Censorship in Islam
1982:The Washington Post
1724:on 13 December 2014
1694:on 13 December 2014
1165:on 29 November 2014
1147:, 29 November 2014.
844:Wall Street Journal
652:Pakistan Penal Code
503:Internet censorship
440:§ 298 states:
282:military government
275:anti blasphemy laws
134:Pakistan's minority
41:Pakistan Penal Code
2355:Masood Ashraf Raja
2315:Muhammad, Nafees.
2191:. Ahmer Jamil Khan
2105:. 22 February 2008
1651:The New York Times
767:Human Rights Watch
577:On 19 March 2014,
575:
237:partition of India
156:
2633:Islamic extremism
2605:
2604:
1626:PLD 1992 Lahore 1
1065:www.aljazeera.com
899:978-0-429-61999-1
769:. 12 January 2023
637:Islam in Pakistan
612:Apostasy in Islam
431:
430:
290:Indian Penal Code
204:According to the
109:According to the
104:Arif Iqbal Bhatti
54:قانون ناموس رسالت
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2009:on 24 July 2011
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2168:. 25 June 2010
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2142:on 5 June 2020
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1463:. 8 May 2019.
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1366:. 7 April 2020
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1263:. The Guardian
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241:blasphemy laws
226:state religion
213:
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145:Wadi-e-Hussain
115:life in prison
100:Shahbaz Bhatti
26:
24:
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2285:Outlook India
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2056:on 8 May 2009
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1068:. Retrieved
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1038:
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985:. Retrieved
975:
963:. Retrieved
953:
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2195:28 February
1728:13 December
1698:13 December
1290:4 September
1267:10 December
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1169:21 November
1121:21 November
1095:10 December
747:30 November
721:21 November
477:Vigilantism
385:§ 295
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353:§ 298B
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267:British Raj
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1932:12 January
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1879:1 November
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