561:, there is a 'personal basis for expecting a proposal to be listened to,' while bribery is conceived of as a relationship linked only by material interest and characterized direct and immediate payment. In the Chinese cultural discourse, there is on the one hand often a fine line between the art of
161:
and housing in a ministerial apartment block were in extremely short supply, and mere membership in the eligible group was not enough to secure the prize. To get privileges, needed contacts with somebody higher up; in short, needed a patron."
703:
VelezāCalle, A.; RobledoāArdila, C.; RodriguezāRios, J. D. (2015). "On the influence of interpersonal relations on business practices in Latin
America: A comparison with the Chinese guanxi and the Arab Wasta".
276:
itself means "professional criminal". The term originally meant "one possessing the correct paperwork", which, in the corrupt officialdom of
Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union, indicated that the
149:
While certain official privileges would be provided to citizens depending on status (as a party official, member of the intelligentsia, factory worker, or toiling peasant (
738:
816:
1336:
778:
284:
or special status, in the
Russian criminal underworld. The word is used to indicate association with the criminal underworld (e.g. "blatnoy language"/
731:
783:
179:
was not able to calculate efficient or even feasible plans, so enterprises often had to rely on people with connections, who could then use
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criminal slang in the early 20th century, where it signified relatively minor criminal activity such as petty theft.
1321:
1285:
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508:
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401:
369:
949:
100:, employees whose explicit role was to exploit their networks to secure positive outcomes for their employers.
643:
793:
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675:
1341:
272:(Š±Š»Š°ŃŠ½Š¾Š¹) has an explicitly criminal meaning in Russian. It usually refers to a member of a thief gang ā
944:
259:, literally means "protection", but with more emphasis on patronage. Another semantically related term,
20:
198:
was primarily used to describe networks in which people made favors in exchange for other favors. Its
1235:
999:
964:
356:
1230:
1064:
1039:
183:
to help fulfill quotas. Eventually most enterprises came to have a dedicated supply specialist ā a
112:
1087:
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548:
1295:
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1049:
1029:
969:
929:
884:
822:
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679:
622:
582:
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479:
405:
389:
248:, a noun signifying "someone who provides an umbrella" or a "cover". The word became part of
1178:
1173:
1034:
1024:
1004:
994:
974:
954:
889:
876:
839:
827:
150:
75:
44:
34:
234:, meaning a "blank note" or a "list". However, according to both Vasmer and N. M. Shansky,
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1110:
1054:
1044:
989:
924:
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made it easier for the general public to gain access to much-coveted goods and services.
1153:
1143:
1009:
914:
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157:)), access was by no means guaranteed even for the upper echelon, as "commodities like
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124:
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83:
1315:
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1138:
1019:
984:
909:
116:
672:
Everyday
Stalinism: ordinary life in extraordinary times; Soviet Russia in the 1930s
579:
Everyday
Stalinism: ordinary life in extraordinary times; Soviet Russia in the 1930s
1225:
1168:
1122:
1092:
1082:
939:
532:
60:
280:
was well connected. It later came to indicate career criminals because they had a
1300:
1014:
959:
762:
366:ā "criminals' song", Russian musical genre influenced by the criminal underworld
297:
55:
comprising a system of informal agreements, exchanges of services, connections,
1183:
1102:
309:
220:
52:
1106:
899:
716:
1128:
337:
332:
315:
265:, is derived from the criminal environment and literally means "a roof".
242:
1133:
427:"Analysis of Blat Relations During the Late Soviet Period in Lithuania"
228:
175:
96:
552:
1163:
1148:
1118:
1114:
303:
261:
199:
133:
318:ā a more or less similar concept of informality from European French
450:
Russia's
Economy of Favours: Blat, Networking and Informal Exchange
1188:
1097:
285:
158:
138:
27:
82:
and services. This was due to the price of consumer goods being
720:
535:(January 1989). "The Gift Economy and State Power in China".
94:
also took place at the enterprise-level in the form of
617:. Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies.
507:. Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies.
474:. Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies.
400:. Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies.
1206:
1073:
875:
868:
754:
360:ā a Soviet 1976 film, which illustrates the concept
352:ā a Soviet 1984 film, which illustrates the concept
1215:The Oligarchs: Wealth and Power in the New Russia
86:rather than set by the free market. Networks of
732:
324:ā generalized concept used by anthropologists
207:
187:(literally "pusher") ā to perform this task.
8:
604:
602:
600:
598:
312:ā a similar phenomenon in Communist-run Cuba
115:(especially "good ol' boy" networks) in the
644:"The Russian prison caste system EXPLAINED"
872:
779:Economic history of the Russian Federation
739:
725:
717:
537:Comparative Studies in Society and History
288:, "blatnoy behavior", "blatnoy outlook").
238:may also have entered into Russian as the
706:Thunderbird International Business Review
16:Form of corruption in the USSR and Russia
581:. Oxford University Press. p. 109.
452:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
381:
300:ā a similar phenomenon in Latin America
63:deals to achieve results or get ahead.
7:
461:
459:
1337:Second economy of the Soviet Union
1291:Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center
850:1996 Russian presidential election
642:Shevchenko, Nikolay (2021-12-17).
615:, Networking and Informal Exchange
505:, Networking and Informal Exchange
472:, Networking and Informal Exchange
398:, Networking and Informal Exchange
14:
784:History of Russia (1991āpresent)
1276:RussiaāUnited Kingdom relations
774:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
306:ā a similar phenomenon in China
107:can be seen as an example of a
1271:RussiaāUnited States relations
169:system was the institution of
74:was widespread because of the
68:corruption in the Soviet Union
1:
855:1998 Russian financial crisis
431:Sociology. Thought and Action
165:Another notable operation of
1296:Killing of Vladimir Petukhov
1221:List of Russian billionaires
845:Petroleum industry in Russia
611:Russia's Economy of Favors:
577:Fitzpatrick, Sheila (2000).
501:Russia's Economy of Favors:
468:Russia's Economy of Favors:
394:Russia's Economy of Favors:
349:The Blonde Around the Corner
1347:Organized crime terminology
1327:Society of the Soviet Union
1251:AzerbaijanāRussia relations
860:Russia under Vladimir Putin
789:Presidency of Boris Yeltsin
769:Economy of the Soviet Union
609:Ledeneva, Alena V. (1998).
499:Ledeneva, Alena V. (1998).
466:Ledeneva, Alena V. (1998).
448:Ledeneva, Alena V. (1998).
173:. In the Soviet Union, the
1363:
1286:Genesis Philanthropy Group
619:Cambridge University Press
545:Cambridge University Press
509:Cambridge University Press
476:Cambridge University Press
402:Cambridge University Press
370:Sistema (Russian politics)
111:with some similarities to
25:
18:
425:ŽiliukaitÄ, RÅ«ta (2014).
223:, the origin of the word
208:
154:
48:
1266:RussiaāUkraine relations
950:Viatcheslav Moshe Kantor
26:Not to be confused with
1261:IsraelāRussia relations
1256:CyprusāRussia relations
794:Loans for shares scheme
748:Privatization in Russia
676:Oxford University Press
697:Prison casts of Russia
565:and bribery (xinghui).
212:), meaning "by or via
945:Konstantin Kagalovsky
670:Fitzpatrick, Sheila.
533:Yang, Mayfair Mei-Hui
155:ŃŃŃŠ“ŃŃŠøŠ¹ŃŃ ŠŗŃŠµŃŃŃŃŠ½ŠøŠ½
84:dictated by the state
21:Blat (disambiguation)
1332:Corruption in Russia
1236:Liberalism in Russia
1000:Mikhael Mirilashvili
965:Mikhail Khodorkovsky
357:You to Me, Me to You
19:For other uses, see
1231:Ukrainian oligarchs
1065:Vladimir Vinogradov
1040:Alexander Smolensky
980:Iskander Makhmudov
935:Mikhail Gutseriyev
817:Goskomimushchestvo
390:Ledeneva, Alena V.
76:permanent shortage
66:In the context of
1322:Society of Russia
1309:
1308:
1202:
1201:
1194:Access Industries
1159:Novolipetsk Steel
1060:Viktor Vekselberg
1050:Gennady Timchenko
1030:Mikhail Prokhorov
970:Alexander Knaster
930:Vladimir Gusinsky
885:Alexander Abramov
823:Banking in Russia
1354:
1174:Rossiysky Kredit
1035:Arkady Rotenberg
1025:Vladimir Potanin
1005:Vadim Moshkovich
995:Leonid Mikhelson
975:Alexey Kuzmichev
955:Suleyman Kerimov
905:Boris Berezovsky
890:Roman Abramovich
873:
840:Energy in Russia
828:Semibankirschina
810:Finance Minister
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255:A similar term,
250:Imperial Russian
211:
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121:old boy networks
50:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1241:Crime in Russia
1198:
1111:X5 Retail Group
1075:
1069:
1055:Alisher Usmanov
1045:Eugene Shvidler
990:Alexander Mamut
925:Arcadi Gaydamak
920:Mikhail Fridman
895:Vagit Alekperov
864:
835:Media in Russia
806:Anatoly Chubais
750:
745:
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667:
665:Further reading
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364:Blatnaya pesnya
343:Old boy network
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127:and the former
51:) is a form of
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1154:Surgutneftegas
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1144:Norilsk Nickel
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1010:Leonid Nevzlin
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915:Oleg Deripaska
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621:. p. 12.
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588:978-0195050011
587:
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511:. p. 52.
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478:. p. 25.
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129:British Empire
125:United Kingdom
109:social network
103:The system of
80:consumer goods
15:
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10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
1359:
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1342:Russian slang
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1281:Genesis Prize
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1246:Russian mafia
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1020:Stan Polovets
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985:Vitaly Malkin
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712:(4): 281ā293.
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648:Russia Beyond
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219:According to
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117:United States
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59:contacts, or
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42:
41:
36:
29:
22:
1226:New Russians
1213:
1169:Renova Group
1123:Rosvodokanal
1093:Bank Menatep
1076:& groups
940:Zarakh Iliev
826:
815:
799:
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761:
709:
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699:, prison.org
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651:. Retrieved
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61:black market
39:
38:
32:
1301:Open Russia
1015:God Nisanov
960:German Khan
763:Perestroika
322:Reciprocity
298:Compadrazgo
257:protektsiya
145:In practice
1316:Categories
1184:SUAL Group
1103:Alfa Group
755:Background
684:0195050010
653:2022-03-18
437:: 252ā270.
376:References
310:Sociolismo
221:Max Vasmer
113:networking
53:corruption
1107:Alfa-Bank
1074:Companies
900:Petr Aven
869:Oligarchs
547:: 47ā48.
268:The noun
202:usage is
200:adverbial
1207:See also
1129:Interros
392:(1998).
338:Nepotism
333:Cronyism
316:System D
292:See also
282:blatnoy,
243:loanword
209:ŠæŠ¾ Š±Š»Š°ŃŃ
204:po blatu
171:tolkachs
97:tolkachs
1134:Novatek
1083:Sibneft
278:blatnoy
274:blatnoy
270:blatnoy
229:Yiddish
227:is the
185:tolkach
176:Gosplan
151:Russian
123:in the
45:Russian
35:Russian
1179:Polyus
1164:Mechel
1149:Lukoil
1119:TNK-BP
1115:Altimo
877:People
690:
682:
678:2000.
625:
585:
563:guanxi
553:178793
551:
515:
482:
408:
304:Guanxi
262:krysha
240:Polish
159:dachas
134:guanxi
131:, and
1189:Rusal
1098:Yukos
549:JSTOR
543:(1).
286:Fenya
232:blatt
191:Usage
139:China
57:Party
28:blyat
800:Blat
688:ISBN
680:ISBN
623:ISBN
613:Blat
583:ISBN
559:blat
513:ISBN
503:Blat
480:ISBN
470:Blat
406:ISBN
396:Blat
246:blat
236:blat
225:blat
214:blat
196:Blat
181:blat
167:blat
105:blat
92:Blat
88:blat
72:blat
49:Š±Š»Š°Ń
40:blat
1088:ORT
557:In
216:".
137:in
78:of
33:In
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1121:Ā·
1117:Ā·
1113:Ā·
1109:Ā·
710:57
708:.
686:;
674:.
646:.
597:^
555:.
541:31
539:.
458:^
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433:.
429:.
153::
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1105:(
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825:(
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808:(
740:e
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656:.
631:.
591:.
521:.
488:.
414:.
206:(
43:(
30:.
23:.
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