204:
636:
42:
249:
Depending on the thickness of the iron bars, the pots were then heated from below for a week or more. Bars were regularly examined and when the correct condition was reached the heat was withdrawn and the pots were left until cool—usually around fourteen days. The iron had gained a little over 1%
234:, each pot was 14 feet by 4 feet and 3.5 feet deep. Iron bars and charcoal are packed in alternating layers, with a top layer of charcoal and then refractory matter to make the pot or "coffin" airtight. Some manufacturers used a mixture of powdered charcoal,
265:. It would be cut and re welded multiple times, with each new weld producing a more homogeneous, higher quality steel. This would be done at most 3-4 times, as more is unnecessary and could potentially cause carbon loss from the steel.
438:
Dorian
Gerhold, "The steel industry in England, 1614-1740", in R.W. Hoyle (ed.), "Histories of people and landscape: essays on the Sheffield region in memory of David Hey" (2021), 65-86
478:
112:
by
William Ellyot and Mathias Meysey in 1614. At that date, the "invention" could consist merely of the introduction of a new industry or product, or even a mere
246:. In larger works, up to 16 tons of iron were treated in each cycle, though it can be done on a small scale, such as in a small furnace or blacksmith's forge.
984:
448:
R. J. MacKenzie and J. A Whiteman, "Why pay more? An archaeometallurgical examination of 19th century
Swedish Wrought iron and Sheffield blister steel",
471:
946:
396:
464:
376:
P. Belford and R. A. Ross, 'English steelmaking in the seventeenth century: excavation of two cementation furnaces at
Coalbrookdale'
151:
By 1631, it was recognised that
Swedish iron was the best raw material and then or later particularly certain marks (brands) such as
404:
1010:
964:
1015:
85:
168:
974:
954:
746:
907:
117:
783:
979:
831:
363:
P. W. King, 'The Cartel in
Oregrounds Iron: trading in the raw material for steel during the eighteenth century'
81:
922:
720:
31:
84:, built in 1720, is the earliest surviving example of a cementation furnace. Another example in the UK is the
969:
959:
846:
508:
191:, north of Stockholm, in whose hinterland most of the ironworks lay. The ore used came ultimately from the
861:
793:
778:
770:
736:
603:
600:
125:
1005:
932:
896:
851:
741:
715:
124:
was found to be undesirable because he could not supply as much good steel as was needed. Brooke's
901:
891:
887:
836:
826:
710:
576:
543:
129:
203:
606:
503:
324:
120:, but he was forced to surrender it in 1619. A clause in the patent prohibiting the import of
620:
400:
287:
273:
192:
137:
705:
684:
390:
239:
912:
665:
635:
569:
184:
176:
41:
816:
798:
674:
670:
616:
328:
278:
269:
156:
145:
999:
760:
549:
164:
133:
65:
874:
869:
596:
592:
219:
180:
54:
917:
821:
678:
644:
261:
The bars were then shortened, bound, heated and forge welded together to become
188:
73:
35:
806:
649:
559:
57:
17:
927:
841:
612:
564:
521:
456:
231:
208:
105:
101:
148:, where he was a partner in farming the King's ironworks in two periods.
811:
553:
539:
531:
223:
141:
113:
140:) where two cementation furnaces have been excavated. He probably used
268:
Alternatively they could be broken up and melted in a crucible using a
212:
109:
320:
312:
251:
172:
97:
77:
80:
in the iron. It was apparently developed before the 17th century.
491:
319:, was usually produced by a cementation process in which metallic
308:
304:
202:
121:
61:
487:
426:
Steel before
Bessemer I: Blister Steel: The Birth of an Industry
349:
Steel before
Bessemer: I Blister Steel: the birth of an industry
316:
235:
69:
460:
167:), whose mark consisted of an L in a circle, both belonging to
171:
and his descendants. These were among the first ironworks in
431:
K. C. Barraclough, "Swedish Iron and
Sheffield Steel",
254:
in the charcoal, and had become heterogeneous bars of
108:(with partners) in 1601. The process was patented in
116:. They evidently soon transferred the patent to Sir
96:
The process was described in a treatise published in
945:
860:
792:
769:
759:
729:
698:
658:
643:
585:
530:
517:
86:cementation furnace in Doncaster Street, Sheffield
100:in 1574. It was invented by Johann Nussbaum of
472:
441:P. W. King, "The Cartel in Oregrounds Iron",
187:. It was so called from the Swedish port of
183:iron, producing what was known in England as
8:
378:Historical Metallurgy 41(2) (2007), 105-123.
207:The Doncaster Street cementation furnace in
766:
655:
527:
479:
465:
457:
351:(The Metals Society, London, 1984), 48-52.
40:
340:
359:
357:
7:
136:(which certainly existed before the
226:. It uses one or more long stone
155:(so called from the mark OO) from
25:
230:inside a furnace. Typically, in
634:
392:Swedish iron and Sheffield steel
399:. Vol. 12. pp. 1–39.
128:were probably in his manor of
1:
504:History of ferrous metallurgy
443:Journal of Industrial History
365:Journal of Industrial History
76:, it increased the amount of
27:Obsolete steel-making process
747:Argon oxygen decarburization
303:In the early modern period,
908:Differential heat treatment
389:Barraclough, K. C. (1990).
290:in Sheffield in the 1740s.
1032:
104:, who began operations at
82:Derwentcote Steel Furnace
29:
883:
832:Ferritic nitrocarburizing
632:
499:
282:(at the time also called
923:Post weld heat treatment
286:), a process devised by
218:The process begins with
32:Cementation (metallurgy)
30:Not to be confused with
1011:Metallurgical processes
509:List of steel producers
737:Electro-slag remelting
327:, a zinc ore, to make
215:
46:
1016:Obsolete technologies
947:Production by country
452:40(2) (2006), 138–49.
450:Historical Metallurgy
433:History of Technology
397:History of Technology
206:
44:
933:Superplastic forming
852:Quench polish quench
742:Vacuum arc remelting
721:Basic oxygen process
716:Electric arc furnace
888:Cryogenic treatment
711:Open hearth furnace
699:Primary (Post-1850)
690:Cementation process
577:Direct reduced iron
424:K. C. Barraclough,
367:6(1) (2003), 25-49.
347:K. C. Barraclough,
51:cementation process
45:Cementation furnace
659:Primary (Pre-1850)
216:
163:from Leufsta (now
47:
993:
992:
941:
940:
755:
754:
630:
629:
621:Induction furnace
294:Similar processes
288:Benjamin Huntsman
250:in mass from the
138:English Civil War
72:. Unlike modern
16:(Redirected from
1023:
767:
706:Bessemer process
656:
638:
528:
481:
474:
467:
458:
445:6 (2003), 25–48.
435:12 (1990), 1–39.
411:
410:
386:
380:
374:
368:
361:
352:
345:
323:was heated with
299:Brass production
270:crucible furnace
21:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1020:
996:
995:
994:
989:
937:
913:Decarburization
879:
856:
797:
788:
751:
725:
694:
666:Pattern welding
647:
639:
626:
581:
570:Anthracite iron
519:
518:Iron production
513:
495:
485:
455:
420:
415:
414:
407:
388:
387:
383:
375:
371:
362:
355:
346:
342:
337:
301:
296:
201:
185:oregrounds iron
177:Walloon process
94:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1029:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1008:
998:
997:
991:
990:
988:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
951:
949:
943:
942:
939:
938:
936:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
899:
894:
884:
881:
880:
878:
877:
872:
866:
864:
858:
857:
855:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
817:Carbonitriding
814:
809:
803:
801:
799:Case-hardening
790:
789:
787:
786:
781:
775:
773:
764:
761:Heat treatment
757:
756:
753:
752:
750:
749:
744:
739:
733:
731:
727:
726:
724:
723:
718:
713:
708:
702:
700:
696:
695:
693:
692:
687:
685:Tatara furnace
682:
675:Damascus steel
671:Crucible steel
668:
662:
660:
653:
641:
640:
633:
631:
628:
627:
625:
624:
617:Cupola furnace
610:
589:
587:
583:
582:
580:
579:
574:
573:
572:
567:
562:
547:
536:
534:
525:
515:
514:
512:
511:
506:
500:
497:
496:
486:
484:
483:
476:
469:
461:
454:
453:
446:
439:
436:
429:
421:
419:
416:
413:
412:
405:
381:
369:
353:
339:
338:
336:
333:
329:calamine brass
300:
297:
295:
292:
279:crucible steel
200:
197:
146:Forest of Dean
93:
90:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1028:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1001:
986:
985:United States
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
952:
950:
948:
944:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
889:
886:
885:
882:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
865:
863:
859:
853:
850:
848:
847:Precipitation
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
802:
800:
795:
791:
785:
784:Short circuit
782:
780:
777:
776:
774:
772:
768:
765:
762:
758:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
734:
732:
728:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
701:
697:
691:
688:
686:
683:
680:
676:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
661:
657:
654:
651:
646:
642:
637:
622:
618:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
601:Reverberatory
598:
594:
591:
590:
588:
584:
578:
575:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
555:
551:
550:Blast furnace
548:
545:
541:
538:
537:
535:
533:
529:
526:
523:
516:
510:
507:
505:
502:
501:
498:
493:
489:
482:
477:
475:
470:
468:
463:
462:
459:
451:
447:
444:
440:
437:
434:
430:
427:
423:
422:
417:
408:
406:0-7201-2075-6
402:
398:
394:
393:
385:
382:
379:
373:
370:
366:
360:
358:
354:
350:
344:
341:
334:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
298:
293:
291:
289:
285:
281:
280:
275:
271:
266:
264:
259:
257:
256:blister steel
253:
247:
245:
244:cement powder
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
214:
210:
205:
198:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:Louis De Geer
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:double bullet
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:Coalbrookdale
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
91:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:carburization
63:
59:
56:
52:
43:
37:
33:
19:
18:Blister steel
875:Martempering
870:Austempering
779:Low hydrogen
689:
597:Finery forge
593:Wrought iron
449:
442:
432:
425:
391:
384:
377:
372:
364:
348:
343:
302:
283:
277:
267:
262:
260:
255:
248:
243:
238:and mineral
227:
220:wrought iron
217:
160:
152:
150:
118:Basil Brooke
95:
50:
48:
1006:Steelmaking
918:Forming gas
822:Carburizing
679:Wootz steel
645:Steelmaking
544:sponge iron
263:shear steel
175:to use the
74:steelmaking
60:for making
36:Carburizing
1000:Categories
975:Luxembourg
955:Bangladesh
897:Deflashing
807:Ausforming
650:Steel mill
560:Cold blast
552:(produces
542:(produces
494:production
418:References
284:cast steel
276:to become
58:technology
928:Quenching
902:Hardening
892:Deburring
862:Tempering
842:Nitriding
837:Induction
827:Cryogenic
794:Hardening
771:Annealing
730:Secondary
613:Cast iron
586:Secondary
565:Hot blast
522:Ironworks
242:, called
232:Sheffield
209:Sheffield
193:Dannemora
144:from the
106:Nuremberg
102:Magdeburg
812:Boriding
604:Puddling
554:pig iron
540:Bloomery
532:Smelting
325:calamine
224:charcoal
189:Ă–regrund
142:bar iron
126:furnaces
114:monopoly
55:obsolete
980:Nigeria
763:methods
607:Furnace
428:(1985).
272:with a
213:England
199:Process
157:Ă–sterby
130:Madeley
110:England
92:Origins
403:
321:copper
313:copper
252:carbon
195:mine.
181:fining
173:Sweden
165:Lövsta
161:hoop L
98:Prague
78:carbon
53:is an
970:Italy
965:India
960:China
615:(via
595:(via
492:steel
335:Notes
309:alloy
307:, an
305:brass
240:salts
122:steel
62:steel
599:or
490:and
488:Iron
401:ISBN
317:zinc
315:and
274:flux
236:soot
228:pots
222:and
159:and
70:iron
49:The
619:or
311:of
179:of
132:at
68:of
64:by
34:or
1002::
796:/
677:,
556:)
395:.
356:^
331:.
258:.
211:,
88:.
904:)
890:(
681:)
673:(
652:)
648:(
623:)
609:)
546:)
524:)
520:(
480:e
473:t
466:v
409:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
