243:. In the US, blister packs are mainly used for packing physician samples of drug products or for over-the-counter (OTC) products in the pharmacy. In other parts of the world, blister packs are the main packaging type since pharmacy dispensing and re-packaging are not common. A series of blister cavities is sometimes called a blister card or blister strip as well as blister pack. The difference between a strip pack and blister pack is that a strip pack does not have thermo-formed or cold formed cavities; the strip pack is formed around the tablet at a time when it is dropped to the sealing area between sealing moulds. In some parts of the world the pharmaceutical blister pack is known as a push-through pack (PTP), an accurate description of two key properties (i) the lidding foil is brittle, making it possible to press the product out while breaking the lidding foil and (ii) a semi-rigid formed cavity being sufficiently collapsible to be able to dispense the tablet or capsule by means of pressing it out with the thumb. Breaking the lidding foil with a fingernail for the appropriate tablet will make the pressing out easier.
480:
economical method of adding water barrier and oxygen barrier properties to a PVC film. PVDC blister films are available in 2 or 3 layer specifications, referred to as duplex or triplex. Since the PVDC is applied by a coating process, the coating weight is expressed in grams per square meter (gsm). Duplex structures are typically PVC/PVDC films, ranging from 250μ PVC/40gsm PVDC to 250μ PVC/120gsm PVDC; with WVTR from 0.65 to 0.25 g/m/d and OTR from 1 to 0.1 cc/m/d. For very deep draw thermoformed cavities, the triplex specifications are used: PVC/PE/PVDC, where the PE (polyethylene) layer assists when forming deeper cavities. The PE forms a soft intermediate layer between the rigid PVC and PVDC layers. Triplex specifications exist in similar coating weights to duplex specifications: 250μ PVC/25μ PE/40gsm PVDC up to 250μ PVC/25μ PE/120gsm PVDC. In order to obtain high barrier properties, PVDC is always applied using an emulsion coating process using a PVDC resin dispersed in water. The film producer applies the coating in several steps, drying off the water between each coating station.
465:(OTR) is around 20 mL/m/day. In order to overcome the lack of barrier properties of PVC film, it can be coated with PVDC or laminated to PCTFE or COC to increase the protective properties. Multi-layer blister films based on PVC are often used for pharmaceutical blister packaging, whereby the PVC serves as the thermoformable backbone of the structure. Also, the PVC layer can be colored with pigments and/or UV filters. The European Pharmacopoeia (Ph Eur) references the requirements for PVC blister packs for pharmaceutical primary packaging in the monograph EP 3.1.11 "MATERIALS BASED ON NON-PLASTICISED POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) FOR CONTAINERS FOR DRY DOSAGE FORMS FOR ORAL ADMINISTRATION". In order to be suitable for pharmaceutical blister packs, the PVC formulation also needs to comply with the US Pharmacopoeia <661>; EU food legislation; US 21.CFR and Japanese food contact requirements.
541:(PETg). Cyclic olefin resins are generally amorphous and are noted for good thermoforming characteristics even in deep cavities, leading some to use COC in blister packaging as a thermoforming enhancer, particularly in combination with semicrystalline resins such as PP or PE. Films can be manufactured via coextrusion or lamination. WVTR values of commercial cyclic olefin-based pharmaceutical blister films typically range from 0.20 to 0.35 g/m/day at 38 °C/90% RH. Unlike PVC and other common pharmaceutical barrier resins, cyclic olefin resins do not contain chlorine or other halogens in their molecular structure, being composed solely of carbon and hydrogen. Cyclic olefin resins are available which comply with pharmaceutical packaging guidelines in the US, Europe, and Japan.
348:, a plastic film or sheet is unwound from the reel and guided though a pre-heating station on the blister line which will cause the plastic to soften and become pliable. The warm plastic will then arrive in a forming station where a large pressure (4 to 8 bar) will form the blister cavity into a negative mold. The mold is cooled such that the plastic becomes rigid again and maintains its shape when removed from the mold. In case of difficult shapes, the warm film will be physically pushed down partially into the cavity by a "plug-assist" feature. Plug-assist results in a blister cavity with more uniform wall distribution, and is typically used
220:
681:
addition, the indicator or barrier must be "distinctive by design", which means the tamper-evident feature is designed from material not readily available to the public. Therefore, it cannot be easily duplicated. The labeling must also include a description of the safety feature. For blister packaging, each tablet or capsule is individually sealed, so any form of tampering is immediately visible. The product label needs to include a statement similar to the following: "Do not use if blister is cut or broken".
513:
be formed by using the triplex structures with PE. Typical WVTR values are 0.06–0.40 g/m/day. PCTFE films have the lowest water vapor permeation compared to all other plastic films used in blister packaging and have thermoforming properties similar to plain PVC though it is also the most expensive. Despite narrow thermoforming temperatures and required cooling steps PP is increasingly popular. This popularity is due in part to it not suffering the environmental liability that PVC suffers in discharging
135:
553:
2660:
580:
38:
260:
143:
211:. In recent years, improvements in cold forming—specifically allowing steeper depth/angles during forming, which minimizes the amount of material used for each cavity—have helped this technology increase. The main advantages of the plastic-based blister pack are its more compact size compared to cold formed aluminum and its transparency to see the product.
390:
457:
too hard to collapse when pressed upon; for this reason the PVC sheet thickness is typically chosen between 200μ to 300μ depending on the cavity size and shape. Most PVC sheets for pharmaceutical blisters are 250μ or 0.250 mm in thickness. Typical values for the Water Vapor
Transmission Rate (WVTR or
680:
A tamper-evident package, according to the regulations of the Food and Drug
Administration (21 CFR § 211.132), "is one having one or more indicators or barriers to entry which, if breached or missing, can reasonably be expected to provide visible evidence to consumers that tampering has occurred". In
654:
There is a wide range of colors and finishes that blister packaging can be constructed to feature. Manufacturers can use that to help make their products stand out on shelves. Blister packaging allows either the manufacturer or retailer to include promotional materials or advertisements to help build
246:
The main advantages of unit-dose blister packs over other methods of packing pharmaceutical products are the assurance of product/packaging integrity (including shelf-life) of each individual dose and the ability to create a compliance pack or calendar pack by printing the days of the week above each
645:
Blister packaging is a cost-effective way of showcasing a product. Due to the nature of the material and design, it makes it more cost-effective than other types of packages that are on the market. There are several different types of blister packaging – Face Seal, Trap, Mock, Slide and
Interactive.
517:
during incineration. Unplasticised PVC has good thermoforming properties but may not provide good moisture protection for some products. After the forming process a 250 μm film will have a final thickness of 50 to 100 μm in some deep drawn pockets. The reduction in thickness will result
359:
In the case of cold forming, an aluminum-based laminate film is simply pressed into a mold by means of a stamp. The aluminum will be elongated and maintain the formed shape. In the industry these blisters are called cold form foil (CFF) blisters. The principal advantage of cold form foil blisters is
512:
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) can be laminated to PVC to obtain very high moisture barrier. Typical constructions used for pharmaceutical products are 250μ PVC film laminated to 15μ-150μ PCTFE film. Duplex structures are PVC/PCTFE and triplex laminates are PVC/PE/PCTFE. Deeper cavities can
456:
and is sometimes referred to as Rigid PVC or RPVC. In the absence of plasticizers, PVC blisters offer structural rigidity and physical protection for the pharmaceutical dosage form. On the other hand, the blister cavity must remain accessible by the push-through effect and the formed web may not be
565:
Pharmaceutical blister packs are mostly closed by a push-through or peel-open lidding foil. The most common lidding foil with push-through features is 20μ hard tamper aluminum, which can be supplied pinhole-free from the producers. The lidding foil is coated with a heat-seal lacquer on the inside
479:
Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) can be coated onto a PVC film to obtain very high moisture and oxygen barrier properties depending on the coating weight. PVDC coated blister films are the most common and prevailing barrier films used for pharmaceutical blister packs. PVDC coatings are also the most
494:
The SBC grade has over twice the barrier to moisture and oxygen per gram coating weight compared to the historic grades. The most common structures using the super barrier PVDC are triplex configurations 250μ PVC/25μ PE/120gsm PVDC up to 250μ PVC/25μ PE/180gsm PVDC, with WVTR of 0.11 down to 0.06
330:
Medical blister trays differ from pharmaceutical blister packs in that these are not push-through packs. The thermoformed base web is made of a thicker plastic sheet, generally between 500 and 1000 μg and can not be collapsed, thus forming a solid tray. The lidding film provides a peel-open
286:
so it can contain the item snugly. The card is colored and designed depending on the item inside, and the PVC is affixed to the card using heat and pressure to activate an adhesive (heat seal coating) on the blister card. The adhesive is strong enough so that the pack may hang on a peg, but weak
671:
To prevent retail theft, packages are specifically designed so that the customer cannot "touch and feel" the product. Clear, protective, and durable thermoformed plastic packaging enables the customer to fully view the product while maintaining the security of the product. Blister packaging can
250:
Blister packs are created by means of a form-fill-seal process at the pharmaceutical company or designated contract packer. A form-fill-seal process means that the blister pack is created from rolls of flat sheet or film, filled with the pharmaceutical product and closed (sealed) on the same
360:
that the use of aluminum offers a near complete barrier for water and oxygen, allowing an extended product expiry date. The principal disadvantages of cold form foil blisters are: the slower speed of production compared to thermoforming; the lack of transparency of the package
317:
are also effective at opening packaging of this type. Care must be used to safely open some of these packages, as opening it without care can result in injury; 6,000 Americans are sent to the emergency room each year by injuries suffered in opening such packages.
452:(PVC). The principal advantages of PVC are the low cost and the ease of thermoforming. The main disadvantages are the poor barrier against moisture ingress and oxygen ingress. In the case of blister packaging the PVC sheet does not contain any
207:
Blister packs are used to package products such as toys, hardware, medication, etc. Many blister packaging machines use heat and pressure via a die to form the cavity or pocket from a roll or sheet of
331:
feature and is generally porous to allow sterilization (such as the Dupont medical Tyvek material). Such medical blister packs are used for sterile medical devices, used in hospitals.
663:
Blister packaging helps shoppers see product, further aiding in their purchase decision. More than half of shoppers believe it is important to see a product through its packaging.
995:
251:
equipment. Such equipment is called a blisterline. There are two types of blister machine' design: rotary and flat-plate, depending on the mechanism for sealing the lidding foil.
309:. It consists of one sheet folded over onto itself and sometimes fused at the edges. They can be securely heat sealed, making them difficult to open by hand to deter
1114:
549:
Cold form foil film (or cold-formed foil) is made of a 3-layer laminate: PVC/Aluminum/Polyamide. The PVC side is on the inside in contact with the product.
2248:
287:
enough so that the package can be easily opened (in theory). Sometimes, with large items, the card (cold seal card) has a perforated window for access.
2158:
813:
1028:
2688:
1560:
1069:
985:
929:
2544:
2514:
1362:
1042:
627:
430:
121:
2484:
282:. The consumer can visually examine the product through the transparent plastic. The plastic shell is vacuum-formed around a
2218:
2072:
1917:
412:
376:
process, the first packing is done by thermoforming technique, after which the product is repacked with a cold-formed package.
2323:
959:
605:
59:
102:
2434:
1387:
601:
313:. A pair of scissors or a sharp knife is often required to open them (although these are often sold in similar packages).
55:
74:
1590:
301:
A hinged blister is known as a clamshell, used for a variety of products. It can be used as a security package to deter
2479:
2363:
1595:
1377:
823:
507:
81:
2122:
538:
529:(COC) or polymers (COP) can provide moisture barrier to blister packs, typically in multilayered combinations with
219:
2577:
2539:
2469:
2459:
1397:
1257:
1184:
1099:
408:
404:
2464:
2333:
1932:
1352:
1322:
1212:
590:
462:
88:
872:
2494:
2117:
2037:
1897:
1425:
1062:
609:
594:
526:
474:
48:
2213:
1922:
1625:
1357:
1337:
373:
70:
2642:
2592:
2572:
2519:
1852:
1802:
1525:
1520:
1179:
1169:
1144:
296:
177:
2612:
2474:
2002:
1317:
1149:
306:
2499:
2308:
2107:
1947:
1827:
1287:
827:
818:
703:
228:
164:
The primary component of a blister pack is a cavity or pocket made from a formable web, usually a
2683:
2664:
2627:
2587:
2439:
2348:
2313:
2263:
2148:
1857:
1727:
1697:
1635:
1372:
1272:
1252:
1247:
1154:
1055:
990:
713:
449:
364:
and the larger size of the blister card (aluminum can not be formed with near 90-degree angles).
279:
399:
may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience
274:
where goods such as toys, hardware, and electrical items are contained between a specially made
134:
552:
2632:
2617:
2489:
2409:
2404:
2318:
2293:
2278:
2258:
2228:
2208:
2087:
2057:
1892:
1465:
1347:
1307:
1189:
1174:
1129:
1104:
1038:
1024:
514:
498:
Note: The symbol μ above, means microns, or micrometres, for which the usual SI symbol is μm.
310:
302:
283:
240:
2647:
2637:
2454:
2283:
2238:
2198:
2188:
2052:
1967:
1747:
1645:
1540:
1515:
1430:
1382:
1327:
1159:
1124:
1109:
1094:
937:
192:
898:
2607:
2602:
2582:
2504:
2424:
2379:
2343:
2298:
2233:
2203:
1957:
1942:
1847:
1742:
1640:
1237:
1134:
95:
2567:
2562:
2534:
2384:
2358:
2353:
2243:
2163:
2153:
2067:
2042:
2012:
1972:
1787:
1722:
1665:
1570:
1555:
1535:
1445:
1297:
1292:
1217:
264:
2677:
2524:
2419:
2389:
2338:
2328:
2273:
2253:
2062:
2032:
1977:
1702:
1565:
1312:
1139:
1119:
784:
530:
345:
314:
188:
173:
2168:
2097:
2027:
2017:
2007:
1992:
1927:
1832:
1712:
1692:
1685:
1675:
1670:
1575:
1500:
1435:
1402:
1302:
1277:
738:
534:
232:
183:
Blister packs are useful for protecting products against external factors, such as
165:
646:
Each one has its unique qualities and price points, from entry level to high end.
461:) of a 250μ PVC film are around 3.0 g/m/day measured at 38 °C/90% RH and the
235:
tablets, capsules or lozenges. Blister packs can provide barrier protection for
2449:
2414:
2288:
2077:
1952:
1937:
1902:
1882:
1872:
1842:
1812:
1792:
1737:
1660:
1475:
1407:
1392:
1342:
1227:
698:
579:
453:
37:
2529:
2509:
2399:
2268:
2193:
2082:
1997:
1862:
1822:
1797:
1762:
1732:
1655:
1630:
1580:
1450:
1282:
1267:
1242:
1222:
1164:
755:
275:
259:
236:
169:
17:
2622:
2429:
2223:
2112:
2102:
2092:
2047:
2022:
1867:
1752:
1707:
1650:
1417:
1262:
1194:
1078:
718:
708:
411:
any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against
319:
271:
158:
849:
142:
2444:
2394:
2303:
2173:
2132:
1962:
1887:
1877:
1782:
1717:
1620:
1605:
1550:
1490:
1367:
1332:
1232:
350:
when the cavity size and shape is larger than a small tablets and cables.
184:
2183:
2178:
2127:
1837:
1585:
1440:
208:
196:
155:
689:
Medication placed in blister packs has reduced intentional overdoses.
2597:
1982:
1680:
1545:
1510:
1505:
1480:
1460:
756:"Pharmaceutical Blister Packaging, Part 1, Rationale and Materials"
487:
the historic grades offering medium to high barrier properties, and
1987:
1907:
1807:
1530:
960:"How To Minimize Blister Packaging Water Vapor Transmission Rates"
785:"Pharmaceutical Blister Packaging, Part 2, Machinery and Assembly"
551:
258:
218:
141:
133:
1817:
1757:
1495:
936:. Vol. 42, no. 10. UBM. Better barrier. Archived from
458:
176:
or plastic. A blister that folds onto itself is often called a
1051:
161:
used for small consumer goods, foods, and for pharmaceuticals.
1912:
1615:
1610:
1600:
1485:
1455:
899:"Ho ho woes: Wrap rage results in lacerations and bad tempers"
573:
383:
31:
1047:
490:
a super barrier coating grade offering the highest barrier.
743:(Second ed.). Institute of Packaging Professionals.
195:
blisters also protect light-sensitive products against
1035:
2553:
2372:
2141:
1771:
1416:
1203:
1085:
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
483:PVDC grades are available in 2 types of polymer:
263:A typical blister-packaged consumer good made by
1115:Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging
672:easily be sealed using heat sealing machinery.
448:The most basic material for the forming web is
270:Other types of blister packs consist of carded
495:g/m/day and available from various suppliers.
1063:
740:Illustrated Glossary of Packaging Terminology
8:
2249:Hazard analysis and critical control points
608:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1070:
1056:
1048:
278:card and clear pre-formed plastic such as
2159:Automatic identification and data capture
628:Learn how and when to remove this message
431:Learn how and when to remove this message
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:plastic. This usually has a backing of
873:"Packages You Won't Need a Saw to Open"
729:
655:a brand and increase customer loyalty.
215:Unit dose packaging of pharmaceuticals
154:is any of several types of pre-formed
814:"Clamshell packaging is being tossed"
7:
1561:Flexible intermediate bulk container
1021:Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology
998:from the original on 25 October 2022
923:
921:
919:
606:adding citations to reliable sources
362:(a therapy compliance disadvantage);
305:for small high-value items, such as
60:adding citations to reliable sources
984:Emanuel, Ezekiel J. (2 June 2013).
928:Forcinio, Hallie (2 October 2018).
812:Clifford, Stephanie (2 June 2011).
566:and a print primer on the outside.
227:Blister packs are commonly used as
2545:Vertical form fill sealing machine
930:"Protecting Solid-Dose Shelf Life"
25:
2515:Rotary wheel blow molding systems
1363:Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags
986:"A Simple Way to Reduce Suicides"
2659:
2658:
2485:Mechanical brake stretch wrapper
897:Elliot, V S (22 December 2008).
871:Stone, Brad (14 November 2008).
578:
388:
36:
2219:Electronic article surveillance
2073:Shock and vibration data logger
1918:Linear low-density polyethylene
1033:Lockhart, H., and Paine, F.A.,
1023:, John Wiley & Sons, 2009,
47:needs additional citations for
2324:Radio-frequency identification
239:requirements, and a degree of
191:for extended periods of time.
1:
2435:Extended core stretch wrapper
1388:Single-serve coffee container
1591:Insulated shipping container
783:Pilchik, R (December 2000),
754:Pilchik, R (November 2000),
413:Knowledge's inclusion policy
2689:Medicine storage containers
2480:Material-handling equipment
2364:Verification and validation
1596:Intermediate bulk container
1378:Self-heating food packaging
852:. Cool Tools. 11 March 2013
824:New York Times News Service
556:Cold Form Foil blister pack
508:Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
138:Pharmaceutical blister pack
2705:
2123:Time temperature indicator
539:polyethylene terephthalate
505:
472:
294:
2656:
2578:Environmental engineering
2540:Turntable stretch wrapper
2470:Lineshaft roller conveyor
2460:Injection molding machine
1398:Toothpaste pump dispenser
1258:Disposable food packaging
1100:Child-resistant packaging
934:Pharmaceutical Technology
792:Pharmaceutical Technology
763:Pharmaceutical Technology
667:Theft deterrent packaging
537:(PE), or glycol-modified
322:is sometimes the result.
2465:Label printer applicator
2334:Shearing (manufacturing)
1933:Low-density polyethylene
1353:Pharmaceutical packaging
1323:Low plastic water bottle
1213:Alternative wine closure
527:Cyclic olefin copolymers
463:Oxygen Transmission Rate
2495:Orbital stretch wrapper
2118:Temperature data logger
2038:Pressure-sensitive tape
1898:Humidity indicator card
1426:Aerosol spray dispenser
518:in an increase in WVT.
475:Polyvinylidene chloride
2214:Die forming (plastics)
1923:Liquid packaging board
1626:Multilayered packaging
1358:Plastic milk container
1338:Optical disc packaging
557:
267:
224:
147:
139:
2643:Sustainable packaging
2593:Life-cycle assessment
2573:Closed-loop box reuse
2520:Seed-counting machine
1853:Corrugated fiberboard
1803:Biodegradable plastic
1526:Corrugated box design
1180:Sustainable packaging
1170:Shelf-ready packaging
1145:Packaging engineering
903:American Medical News
659:Clear product display
555:
326:Medical blister trays
297:Clamshell (container)
262:
222:
172:or a lidding seal of
145:
137:
2613:PET bottle recycling
2475:Logistics automation
2003:Plastic-coated paper
1150:Resealable packaging
602:improve this section
307:consumer electronics
223:Tablets in a blister
56:improve this article
2665:Category: Packaging
2500:Packaging machinery
2309:Product development
2108:Tamper-evident band
1948:Modified atmosphere
1288:Foam food container
940:on 16 November 2018
704:Pharmacy automation
374:thermo cold forming
368:Thermo cold forming
229:unit-dose packaging
2628:Reusable packaging
2588:Industrial ecology
2349:Ultrasonic welding
2314:Production control
2264:Injection moulding
2149:Aseptic processing
1858:Corrugated plastic
1728:Steel and tin cans
1698:Shipping container
1636:Packet (container)
1373:Seasonal packaging
1273:Evidence packaging
1253:Currency packaging
1248:Cosmetic packaging
1155:Reusable packaging
991:The New York Times
877:The New York Times
714:Ultrasonic welding
685:Suicide prevention
558:
450:polyvinyl chloride
268:
225:
148:
146:Empty blister pack
140:
2671:
2670:
2633:Reverse logistics
2618:Plastic recycling
2490:Multihead weigher
2410:Cartoning machine
2405:Cap torque tester
2319:Quality assurance
2294:Plastic extrusion
2259:Induction sealing
2229:Extrusion coating
2088:Staple (fastener)
2058:Security printing
1893:Hot-melt adhesive
1466:Biodegradable bag
1308:Glass milk bottle
1190:Tamper resistance
1130:Package pilferage
1105:Contract packager
1037:, 2006, Blackie,
1029:978-0-470-08704-6
830:on 5 October 2013
650:Advertising space
638:
637:
630:
515:hydrochloric acid
441:
440:
433:
303:package pilferage
241:tamper resistance
132:
131:
124:
106:
27:Type of packaging
16:(Redirected from
2696:
2662:
2661:
2648:Waste management
2638:Source reduction
2455:Industrial robot
2359:Vacuum packaging
2284:Package tracking
2239:Glass production
2199:Corona treatment
2189:Containerization
2053:Screw cap (wine)
1968:Oxygen scavenger
1431:Aluminium bottle
1383:Screw cap (wine)
1328:Luxury packaging
1160:Reuse of bottles
1125:Package delivery
1110:Edible packaging
1095:Active packaging
1072:
1065:
1058:
1049:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
981:
975:
974:
972:
970:
956:
950:
949:
947:
945:
925:
914:
913:
911:
909:
894:
888:
887:
885:
883:
868:
862:
861:
859:
857:
846:
840:
839:
837:
835:
826:. Archived from
809:
803:
802:
801:
799:
789:
780:
774:
773:
772:
770:
760:
751:
745:
744:
734:
633:
626:
622:
619:
613:
582:
574:
436:
429:
425:
422:
416:
392:
391:
384:
363:
351:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2652:
2608:Paper recycling
2603:Packaging waste
2583:Glass recycling
2555:
2549:
2505:Pallet inverter
2425:Conveyor system
2380:Barcode printer
2368:
2344:Track and trace
2299:Plastic welding
2234:Flame treatment
2204:Curtain coating
2137:
1958:Nonwoven fabric
1943:Metallised film
1848:Container glass
1775:
1773:
1767:
1743:Tub (container)
1641:Padded envelope
1412:
1238:Case-ready meat
1205:
1199:
1135:Package testing
1087:
1081:
1076:
1016:
1014:Further reading
1011:
1001:
999:
983:
982:
978:
968:
966:
958:
957:
953:
943:
941:
927:
926:
917:
907:
905:
896:
895:
891:
881:
879:
870:
869:
865:
855:
853:
850:"Trauma shears"
848:
847:
843:
833:
831:
811:
810:
806:
797:
795:
787:
782:
781:
777:
768:
766:
758:
753:
752:
748:
736:
735:
731:
727:
695:
687:
678:
669:
661:
652:
643:
634:
623:
617:
614:
599:
583:
572:
563:
547:
524:
510:
504:
477:
471:
446:
437:
426:
420:
417:
403:Please help by
402:
393:
389:
382:
370:
361:
357:
349:
344:In the case of
342:
337:
328:
299:
293:
257:
217:
205:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2702:
2700:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2676:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2568:Can collecting
2565:
2563:Biodegradation
2559:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2535:Tape dispenser
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2385:Barcode reader
2382:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2354:Vacuum forming
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2244:Graphic design
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2164:Blow fill seal
2161:
2156:
2154:Authentication
2151:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2068:Shock detector
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2043:Pump dispenser
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2013:Plastic pallet
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1973:Package handle
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1788:Aluminium foil
1785:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1723:Stand-up pouch
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1666:Plastic bottle
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1571:Folding carton
1568:
1563:
1558:
1556:Euro container
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1536:Disposable cup
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1446:Antistatic bag
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1298:Fuel container
1295:
1293:Food packaging
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1218:Ammunition box
1215:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1185:Tamper-evident
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1031:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1009:
976:
951:
915:
889:
863:
841:
804:
775:
746:
728:
726:
723:
722:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
694:
691:
686:
683:
677:
676:Tamper evident
674:
668:
665:
660:
657:
651:
648:
642:
639:
636:
635:
586:
584:
577:
571:
568:
562:
559:
546:
545:Cold form foil
543:
523:
520:
506:Main article:
503:
500:
492:
491:
488:
473:Main article:
470:
467:
445:
442:
439:
438:
396:
394:
387:
381:
378:
369:
366:
356:
353:
341:
338:
336:
333:
327:
324:
295:Main article:
292:
289:
265:vacuum forming
256:
255:Consumer goods
253:
233:pharmaceutical
216:
213:
204:
201:
130:
129:
71:"Blister pack"
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2701:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2666:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2525:Shrink tunnel
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:Check weigher
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:Bottling line
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:Thermoforming
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:Roll slitting
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:Laser cutting
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2254:Hermetic seal
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2063:Security tape
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2033:Polypropylene
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1978:Packaging gas
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:Shipping tube
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1566:Flexible tank
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1140:Package theft
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1120:Overpackaging
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1043:0-7514-0167-6
1040:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1013:
997:
993:
992:
987:
980:
977:
965:
961:
955:
952:
939:
935:
931:
924:
922:
920:
916:
904:
900:
893:
890:
878:
874:
867:
864:
851:
845:
842:
829:
825:
821:
820:
815:
808:
805:
793:
786:
779:
776:
764:
757:
750:
747:
742:
741:
733:
730:
724:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
692:
690:
684:
682:
675:
673:
666:
664:
658:
656:
649:
647:
640:
632:
629:
621:
618:December 2022
611:
607:
603:
597:
596:
592:
587:This section
585:
581:
576:
575:
569:
567:
561:Lidding foils
560:
554:
550:
544:
542:
540:
536:
532:
531:polypropylene
528:
521:
519:
516:
509:
501:
499:
496:
489:
486:
485:
484:
481:
476:
468:
466:
464:
460:
455:
451:
443:
435:
432:
424:
414:
410:
406:
400:
397:This article
395:
386:
385:
379:
377:
375:
367:
365:
354:
352:
347:
346:thermoforming
340:Thermoforming
339:
334:
332:
325:
323:
321:
316:
315:Trauma shears
312:
308:
304:
298:
290:
288:
285:
281:
277:
273:
266:
261:
254:
252:
248:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
221:
214:
212:
210:
202:
200:
198:
194:
190:
189:contamination
186:
181:
179:
175:
174:aluminum foil
171:
167:
162:
160:
157:
153:
144:
136:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
18:Blister packs
2554:Environment,
2169:Blow molding
2098:Stretch wrap
2028:Polyethylene
2018:Plastic wrap
2008:Plastic film
1993:Paper pallet
1928:Living hinge
1833:Coated paper
1713:Spray bottle
1693:Security bag
1686:Water sachet
1676:Salvage drum
1671:Retort pouch
1576:Glass bottle
1471:Blister pack
1470:
1436:Aluminum can
1403:Water bottle
1303:Gas cylinder
1278:Field ration
1175:Shelf-stable
1034:
1020:
1019:Yam, K. L.,
1000:. Retrieved
989:
979:
969:27 September
967:. Retrieved
963:
954:
942:. Retrieved
938:the original
933:
906:. Retrieved
902:
892:
880:. Retrieved
876:
866:
854:. Retrieved
844:
832:. Retrieved
828:the original
822:. Bend, OR.
819:The Bulletin
817:
807:
796:, retrieved
791:
778:
767:, retrieved
762:
749:
739:
732:
688:
679:
670:
662:
653:
644:
641:Cost savings
624:
615:
600:Please help
588:
564:
548:
535:polyethylene
525:
511:
497:
493:
482:
478:
447:
427:
418:
405:spinning off
398:
371:
358:
355:Cold forming
343:
329:
300:
269:
249:
245:
226:
206:
182:
166:thermoformed
163:
152:blister pack
151:
149:
118:
112:October 2017
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
2450:Heat sealer
2415:Case sealer
2289:Papermaking
2209:Die cutting
2174:Calendering
2078:Shrink wrap
1953:Molded pulp
1938:Meat diaper
1903:Kraft paper
1883:Foam peanut
1873:Double seam
1843:Coextrusion
1813:Bubble wrap
1793:Bail handle
1738:Thermal bag
1661:Plastic bag
1476:Boil-in-bag
1408:Wine bottle
1393:Spray paint
1348:Popcorn bag
1343:Oyster pail
1228:Beer bottle
882:21 November
737:Soroka, W.
699:Heat sealer
454:plasticizer
2678:Categories
2530:Staple gun
2510:Palletizer
2400:Can seamer
2269:Lamination
2194:Converting
2083:Slip sheet
1998:Paperboard
1863:Cushioning
1823:Cellophane
1798:Bioplastic
1776:components
1763:Wooden box
1733:Tetra Brik
1656:Paper sack
1631:Multi-pack
1581:Gunny sack
1451:Bag-in-box
1418:Containers
1283:Flour sack
1268:Egg carton
1243:Coffee bag
1223:Banana box
1165:Shelf life
1002:8 February
944:8 November
725:References
409:relocating
276:paperboard
237:shelf life
170:paperboard
82:newspapers
2684:Packaging
2623:Recycling
2430:Drum pump
2373:Machinery
2224:Extrusion
2142:Processes
2113:Tear tape
2103:Susceptor
2093:Strapping
2048:Screw cap
2023:Polyester
1868:Desiccant
1772:Materials
1753:Unit load
1708:Skin pack
1651:Paper bag
1521:Clamshell
1263:Drink can
1195:Wrap rage
1079:Packaging
964:PharmaCMC
908:4 January
719:Wrap rage
709:Skin pack
589:does not
421:July 2017
380:Materials
320:Wrap rage
311:tampering
291:Clamshell
272:packaging
178:clamshell
159:packaging
2556:post-use
2445:Heat gun
2395:Calender
2304:Printing
2133:Velostat
2128:Tinplate
1963:Overwrap
1888:Gel pack
1878:Flip-top
1783:Adhesive
1718:Squround
1621:Mesh bag
1606:Jerrycan
1551:Envelope
1491:Bulk box
1368:Sand bag
1333:Milk bag
1318:Juicebox
1233:Box wine
1206:packages
996:Archived
693:See also
570:Benefits
185:humidity
2279:Molding
2184:Coating
2179:Canning
1838:Coating
1828:Closure
1586:Inhaler
1441:Ampoule
1313:Growler
1204:Product
1086:General
856:9 March
798:26 June
794:: 56–60
769:26 June
765:: 68–77
610:removed
595:sources
335:Methods
209:plastic
197:UV rays
156:plastic
96:scholar
2663:
2598:Litter
2440:Filler
1983:Pallet
1681:Sachet
1546:Endcap
1511:Carton
1506:Carboy
1481:Bottle
1461:Barrel
1088:topics
1041:
1027:
834:6 June
533:(PP),
247:dose.
193:Opaque
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
1988:Paper
1908:Label
1808:BoPET
1531:Crate
788:(PDF)
759:(PDF)
502:PCTFE
372:In a
103:JSTOR
89:books
1818:Bung
1758:Vial
1748:Tube
1646:Pail
1541:Drum
1516:Chub
1501:Case
1496:Cage
1039:ISBN
1025:ISBN
1004:2023
971:2016
946:2018
910:2010
884:2012
858:2019
836:2011
800:2017
771:2017
593:any
591:cite
469:PVDC
459:MVTR
284:mold
231:for
203:Uses
187:and
75:news
1913:Lid
1774:and
1616:Keg
1611:Jug
1601:Jar
1486:Box
1456:Bag
604:by
522:COC
444:PVC
407:or
280:PVC
58:by
2680::
994:.
988:.
962:.
932:.
918:^
901:.
875:.
816:.
790:,
761:,
199:.
180:.
150:A
1071:e
1064:t
1057:v
1006:.
973:.
948:.
912:.
886:.
860:.
838:.
631:)
625:(
620:)
616:(
612:.
598:.
434:)
428:(
423:)
419:(
415:.
401:.
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
