Joel Brand - Knowledge (XXG)

1675: 1780:, 20 July 1944: "It has long been clear that, faced with the certainty of defeat, the German authorities would intensify all their efforts to blackmail, deceive and split the allies. In their latest effort, made known in London yesterday, they have reached a new level of fantasy and self-deception. They have put forward, or sponsored, an offer to exchange the remaining Hungarian Jews for munitions of war—which, they said, would not be used on the Western front."The whole story is one of the most loathsome of the war. It begins with a process of deliberate extirpation and ends, to date, with attempted blackmail. ... The British Government know what value to set on any German or German-sponsored offer ... they know, as well as the Germans, what happens when one begins paying blackmail. The blackmailer increases his price. Such considerations provided their own answer to the proposed bargain." 716: 559: 740:. He was told he would be travelling with Bandi Grosz (real name, Andor Gross), a Hungarian who had worked for Hungarian and German military intelligence; Grosz would travel to Istanbul as the director of a Hungarian transport company. The SS drove the men from Budapest to Vienna on 17 May, where they stayed the night in a hotel reserved for the SS. Grosz later testified that Brand's mission had been a cover for his own. He said he had been told by Clages to arrange a meeting in a neutral country between senior German and American officers, or British if necessary, to broker peace between the German 1464: 404:. Because of the situation in Austria, Czechoslovakia and Poland, 15,000–35,000 Jews had fled to Hungary, registering with the National Central Alien Control Office. The Hungarian government expelled 18,000 of this group to German-occupied Ukraine, where on 27–28 August 1941, the SS and Ukrainian collaborators shot 14,000–16,000 of them. About 2,000 survived. Brand paid a Hungarian counter-espionage officer to bring his wife's relatives back safely. The Hungarian Interior Minister was reportedly shocked when he learned about the massacre, and the deportations were halted. 1271:, later the first president of Israel. In fact the man who had arranged to meet him was Chaim Barlas, head of the Istanbul group of Zionist emissaries. Furthermore, not only was Barlas not there, but there was no entry visa waiting for Brand, and he was threatened with arrest and deportation. Brand saw this as the first betrayal by the Jewish Agency. Bauer argues that Brand, then and later, failed to grasp that the Jewish Agency was powerless. That his passport was in the name of Eugen Band would have been enough to cause the confusion. 1283:) and demanded that the gas chambers, crematoria and railway lines be bombed. The discussions left him discouraged and depressed. He wrote that the delegates lacked any sense of urgency and were focused more on internal politics and Jewish emigration to Palestine, rather than the slaughter in Europe: " were undoubtedly worthy men ... But they lacked any awareness of how critical was the period of history in which they were living. They had not looked death in the face day after day, as we had in Budapest ..." 492: 281: 59: 1652:. Gruenwald was a Hungarian Holocaust survivor who had moved to Israel after the war. In a self-published pamphlet in 1952 he accused Kasztner, by then an Israeli civil servant, of having collaborated with the Nazis by dealing with Eichmann. Brand testified for Kasztner, but instead of defending him took the opportunity to accuse the Jewish Agency, whose officials became the first Israeli government, of having helped the British scupper the blood-for-goods proposal. 1360: 1555:"). During his trial in Jerusalem in 1961, Eichmann denied having said this to Kasztner. He told the court that he did not have the authority to stop or start what was happening in Auschwitz, or to change the deal. The order from Berlin had said: "Deportations will continue in the meanwhile and will not be stopped until Joel Brand returns with a statement to the effect that these matters have been accepted by the Jewish organizations abroad." Hansi Brand told 631: 1295:

Jewish emigrants to Palestine, one million Swiss francs per 10,000 Jewish emigrants to neutral countries such as Spain, and 10,000 Swiss francs a month if the deportations were to stop. If the SS would allow the Allies to supply food, clothes and medicine to the Jews in concentration camps, the Nazis would be supplied with the same. Rose writes that the agreement was intended only to give Brand something to take back to Budapest.

658:, was also at the meeting. Brand wrote that Eichmann wore a "well-cut" uniform and had eyes he would never forget: "Steely blue, hard and sharp, they seemed to bore through you. ... It was only later that I noticed his small face with its thin lips and sharp nose." In a tone that Brand compared to the "clatter of a machine gun", Eichmann offered to sell him one million Jews, not for money, but for goods from overseas: 1563: 1377: 1412:

minimum. He told the American government that the British would allow Brand to return to Budapest with a message for Eichmann suggesting that 1,500 Jewish children be given safe passage to Switzerland; 5,000 from Bulgaria and Romania be allowed to leave for Palestine; and that Germany guarantee safe conduct for ships carrying Jewish refugees. He did not say what he would offer in return.

542:, the Hungarian Parliament passed 22 antisemitic laws between May 1938 and March 1944. The Jewish leadership in Hungary was aware of the mass murder of Jews in occupied Europe, but the rest of the Jewish community was not, in Braham's view; he writes that the leadership's failure to inform the community and to plan for Hungary's occupation is "one of the great tragedies of the era". 782: 690:(security service) in Budapest. Clages' presence meant that three of Himmler's senior officers – Eichmann, Becher and Clages – had involved themselves with the Brand proposal. Clages handed Brand $ 50,000 and 270,000 Swiss francs that the Germans had intercepted, sent to the Aid and Rescue Committee by rescue workers in Switzerland via the Swedish Embassy in Budapest. 550:. Jews were forbidden from using telephones, owning cars or radios, travelling or moving home, and had to declare the value of their property. Jewish civil servants, journalists and lawyers were sacked, and non-Jews could not work in Jewish households. Books by Jews or Christians with Jewish heritage were removed from libraries, and Jewish authors could no longer be published. 728:

children had to remain in Budapest, effectively as hostages. Brand and Eichmann met again, for the last time on 15 May, the day the mass deportations to Auschwitz began. Between then and 9 July 1944, around 437,000 Jews, almost the entire Jewish population of the Hungarian countryside, were deported to Auschwitz on 147 trains. Most were gassed on arrival.

1312: 622:) be allowed to leave. Wisliceny accepted the $ 200,000, but indicated that $ 2 million might not be enough. He said there would be no deportations and no harm to the Jewish community while negotiations continued, and arranged for Aid and Rescue Committee exemptions from anti-Jewish laws to allow its members to travel and use cars and telephones. 1813:, the Reich plenipotentiary in Hungary, 11 July 1944: "Supplement to telegram 1838 dated June 30.I. The concentration and transporting of Jews in Zone V, including the Budapest-suburb raid on July 9 and involving 55,741 Jews, has been completed as planned. The aggregate result of Zones I–V and the suburban raid has now risen to 437,402." 1346:

Sharett wrote in a report of 27 June: "I must have looked a little incredulous, for he said: 'Please believe me: they have killed six million Jews; there are only two million left alive.'" At the end of the meeting, Sharett broke the news that the British were insisting Brand not return to Budapest. Brand became hysterical.

1455:, who on 7 July 1944 ordered an end to the deportations. The British released Brand on 5 October 1944. Brand said they would not allow him to return to Hungary and forced him to travel to Palestine. Bauer disputes this; in his view, Brand was simply afraid of returning to Budapest, convinced the Germans would murder him. 1408:

of Jews had been released in central Europe, Allied airborne and possibly land-based military operations might have had to stop. Bauer believes the British feared this was Himmler's motive—to turn the Jews into human shields—because it would have allowed the Germans to devote their forces to fighting the Red Army.

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We ... between fear and despair and hope. And that formed itself into such a heap of stuff, that I can't really describe it – how it was and what it was. Every evening, we went to pieces and during the night, we tried to build ourselves up again, so we could go into the street ... and

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put an end to the idea when he told Eden that the murder of the Jews was "probably the greatest and most horrible crime ever committed", and that there should be "no negotiations of any kind on this subject". Of Brand's mission he wrote: "The project which has been put forward through a very doubtful

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In fact, the deportations had been halted for other reasons: Slovakian officials had been bribed; many Jews were protected by government documents showing they were, for example, essential workers; and there had been an intervention from the Vatican in June 1942. Encouraged by their apparent success,

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writes that the SS had become an economic force in its own right by 1944, as a result its plundering of Jewish businesses and its ownership of factories relying on slave labour from concentration camps. Jewish rescue workers had made several attempts to exploit SS corruption. In Bratislava, Slovakia,

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Bauer argues that the Aid and Rescue committee made the mistake of almost adopting the antisemitic belief in unlimited Jewish power, that Jewish leaders could move around freely and persuade the Allies to act, and that American Jews had easy access to money and goods. The committee had similar trust

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The British drove him to a villa, where for four days they tried to stop Moshe Sharett from meeting him. Sharett "fought a battle of telephones and cables," Bauer writes, and on 11 June he and the Jewish Agency intelligence group were finally introduced to Brand. The discussion lasted several hours.

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in Soviet territories ... and the assembly-line murders in the German concentration camps of Jews deported from all over Europe were known to them. ... Nevertheless, and this is one of the great tragedies of the era, they neither kept the Jewish masses fully informed nor did they take any

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Bauer concludes that Brand was a courageous man who had passionately wanted to help the Jewish people, but his life was plagued after the mission by suspicion, including from other members of the Aid and Rescue Committee, because of his failure to return to Budapest. After the British released him,

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on 20 July 1944. Himmler knew that attempts might be made on Hitler's life, although not where and when. He may have wanted to broker for peace in case Hitler did not survive, using low-level agents for plausible deniability; in the event that Hitler did survive, Bauer argues, Himmler would be able

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wrote a memo on 26 June outlining the options. The British were convinced they were dealing with a Himmler trick, that Grosz was a double agent, and that Brand's mission was a "smokescreen" for the Germans to broker a peace deal without the Soviet Union. If the deal had gone ahead and large numbers

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In Istanbul, Brand was told that Moshe Sharett was unable to obtain a visa for Turkey. The Jewish Agency asked Brand to meet Sharett instead in Aleppo on the Syrian-Turkish border. He was reluctant; the area was under British control and he was afraid they would want to question him, but the Agency

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I have already made investigations about you and your people and I have verified your ability to make a deal. Now then, I am prepared to sell you one million Jews ... Goods for blood – blood for goods. You can take them from any country you like, wherever you can find them – Hungary,

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that served as the equivalent of the Aid and Rescue Committee), had paid Dieter Wisliceny c. $ 50,000 in 1942 to suspend the deportation to Poland of Jews from Slovakia. According to Bauer, only two transports left for Poland after Wisliceny was paid, and the Working Group believed their bribe

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department IV B4 (Jewish affairs), who had arrived in Budapest to organize the deportations. Eichmann proposed that Brand broker a deal between the SS and the United States or Britain, in which the Nazis would exchange one million Jews for 10,000 trucks for the Eastern front and large quantities of

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The Americans were more open to negotiating. A rift developed between them and the British who, Bauer writes, were worried about large-scale Jewish immigration to Palestine, then under British control. Eden did suggest a counter-proposal on 1 July, but it was reduced, Bauer writes, to a ridiculous

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Eichmann said he would discuss the proposal with Berlin, and that in the meantime Brand should decide what kinds of goods he was in a position to offer. When Brand asked how the committee was supposed to obtain these goods, Eichmann suggested that Brand open negotiations with the Allies overseas;

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The Aid and Rescue Committee decided to ask Wisliceny whether the SS were, as Kasztner wrote in a later report, "prepared to negotiate with the illegal Jewish rescue committee on an economic basis about the moderation of the anti-Jewish measures". Brand and Kasztner met Wisliceny on 5 April 1944.

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Brand died of a heart attack, aged 58, during a visit to Germany in July 1964. He told an interviewer shortly before his death: "An accident of life placed the fate of one million human beings on my shoulders. I eat and sleep and think only of them." Over 800 mourners attended his funeral in Tel

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writes that proposals and counter-proposals flew between Istanbul, London and Washington. The Jewish Agency and Brand wanted the Allies to string the Germans along in the hope of slowing the deportations. The Agency gave Brand a document, dated 29 May 1944, that offered $ 400,000 for every 1,000

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It remains unclear whether Eichmann told Brand to return to Budapest by a particular date. According to Bauer, Brand said at various points that he was given one, two or three weeks or was advised that he could "take time". Hansi Brand testified during Eichmann's trial in 1961 that she and her

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According to Bauer, the "clumsiness of the approach has been a wonderment to all observers". Bauer argues that Eichmann wanted to murder Jews, not sell them, but was forced instead to act as Himmler's reluctant messenger. On the day Brand left Germany for Istanbul in May 1944, Eichmann was in

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On the day of the invasion, Kasztner and Szilágyi hid in the apartment of Andreas Biss, a chemical engineer, in Semsey Street, Budapest. They were later joined by Komoly and his wife, and the Brands and their two children. Wanting to establish contact with the Germans, the committee offered a

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raised money, forged documents, maintained contacts with intelligence agencies, and ran safe houses. Brand testified during Adolf Eichmann's trial that, between 1941 and the German invasion of Hungary in March 1944, he and the committee had helped 22,000–25,000 Jews reach Hungary.

1490:, head of the SS. Eichmann himself said during interrogation after the war that the order had come from Himmler, as did SS officer Kurt Becher: "Himmler said to me: 'Take whatever you can from the Jews. Promise them whatever you want. What we will keep is another matter.'" 1501:, said it would be difficult to process such large numbers, whereupon Eichmann ordered that new arrivals be gassed immediately rather than going through "selection". This does not suggest that he was going to halt the killing until Brand returned from Istanbul. 1510:

to offer him a peace deal with the West that excluded the Soviet Union. Brand himself came to believe that the proposal had been designed to drive a wedge between the Allies. Two months before his death in 1964, at the trial in Germany of Eichmann's deputies

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The family moved to Erfurt in Germany when Brand was four. When he was 19 he went to stay with an uncle in New York, then worked his way across the United States, washing dishes and working on roads and in mines. He joined the Communist Party, worked for the

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magazine called Brand "a man who lives in the shadows with a broken heart". He told an interviewer shortly before his death in 1964: "An accident of life placed the fate of one million human beings on my shoulders. I eat and sleep and think only of them."

1451:, which described in detail the use of gas chambers inside Auschwitz, the Jewish Agency in Geneva had cabled London asking that Hungarian ministers be held personally responsible for the killings. The cable was intercepted and passed to Hungarian regent 1274:

The visa situation was sorted out by Bandi Grosz and the men were taken to a hotel, where they met the Jewish Agency delegates. Brand was furious that no one sufficiently senior was available to negotiate a deal. The Jewish Agency agreed to arrange for

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and other materials. If Brand returned from Istanbul with confirmation that the Allies had accepted the proposal, Eichmann said he would release 10 percent of the one million. The deal would proceed with 100,000 Jews released for every 1,000 trucks.

610:, the aim was to bribe the SS with money from Jews overseas, primarily the United States, to stop the deportation of all Jews to Poland. Nothing came of the proposal, reportedly because Heinrich Himmler intervened to stop it in August 1943. 527:. Following Hungary's annexation in 1941 of parts of Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, there were 725,000 Jews in the country, as well as over 60,000 Jewish converts to Christianity and others the Nazis counted as Jews, according to 641:

Following the contact with Wisliceny, Brand received a message on 25 April that Eichmann wanted to see him. Brand was told to wait in the Opera Café and from there was driven by the SS to Eichmann's headquarters at the Hotel Majestic. SS

1440:(dateline London, 18 July) reported that two Hungarian government emissaries in Turkey had proposed that Hungarian Jews be given safe passage in exchange for British and American pharmaceuticals and transport for the Germans. On 20 July 537:

writes that Jews were viewed with suspicion in Hungary as advocates for democracy, liberalism, socialism and communism. Restrictions had been in place before the invasion, including a prohibition on marrying Christians; according to the

1532:, he said he had "made a terrible mistake in passing this on to the British. It is now clear to me that Himmler sought to sow suspicion among the Allies as a preparation for his much desired Nazi-Western coalition against Moscow." 1728:

magazine called Brand "a man who lives in the shadows with a broken heart". In May 1964 he testified in Frankfurt against two of Eichmann's assistants, SS-Obersturmbannführer Hermann Krumey and SS-Hauptsturmführer Otto Hunsche.

1342:"("the British are not our allies in this matter"). As soon as he arrived at the Aleppo train station on 7 June, he was stopped by a British man in plain clothes and pushed into a Jeep that was waiting with its engine running. 259:

The failure of the proposal, and the wider issue of why the Allies were unable to save the 437,000 Hungarian Jews deported to Auschwitz between May and July 1944, became the subject of bitter debate for many years. In 1961

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Brand cabled his wife on 29 and 31 May to tell her (and thereby Eichmann) about the agreement, but there was no response. Rezső Kasztner and Hansi Brand had been held in Budapest between 27 May and 1 June by the Hungarian

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The judge said that Kasztner's failure to do more to warn the community that they were being sent to the gas chambers, not resettled, had helped Eichmann maintain order, and that the Kasztner train had been a payoff.

1546:

Brand's failure to return to Budapest was a disaster for the Aid and Rescue Committee. On 27 May Hansi Brand, who at some point during this period had become Kasztner's lover, was arrested and beaten by the Hungarian

1674: 1607:

in his home town. Kasztner's relationship with these passengers led to the criticism that his negotiations with Becher had focused on saving people he knew, an allegation that led to his assassination in 1957.

1603:, the passengers arrived in Switzerland in two batches in August and December that year. Joel Brand's mother, sister and niece were on the train, as were 10 members of Kasztner's family and 388 people from the 1420:

channel seems itself also to be of the most nondescript character. I would not take it seriously." The Cabinet Committee on Refugees decided on 13 July to "totally ignore the combined Brandt–Gestapo approach".

1504:

Gerhard Clages of the SS was present at one of the meetings; in Bauer's view, this signals that Himmler was interested in secret peace talks. Brand and Grosz arrived in Istanbul just two months before the

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After the invasion, the Hungarian government began isolating Jews from the rest of the community. From 5 April 1944 Jews over the age of six had to wear a 10-by-10-centimetre (4 in × 4 in)

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They told him they were in a position to continue Fleischmann's negotiations and could offer $ 2 million, with a down payment of $ 200,000. They asked that there be no deportations, mass executions or

1659:, and writing an affidavit after the war for Kurt Becher, Kasztner had "sold his soul to the devil". It was because of Kasztner's support for Becher that the Americans decided not to prosecute Becher 1591:

Despite the setbacks, Kasztner, Hansi Brand and the rest of the committee secured the release of around 1,684 Jews, including 273 children, who were allowed to leave Budapest for Switzerland

1588:, which began on 6 June 1944. "At that crucial moment," writes Bauer, "to antagonize the Soviets because of some hare-brained Gestapo plan to ransom Jews was totally out of the question." 752:

In Vienna, Brand was given a German passport in the name of Eugen Band. He cabled the Jewish Agency in Istanbul to say he was on his way, and arrived by German diplomatic plane on 19 May.

1432:, the BBC was the first to report it, which means, he writes, "it seems that the PWE (and hence the Foreign Office) released the information". On 19 July 1944—the day before the 4461: 1815:"In his report dated July 9, Lieutenant Colonel of the Hungarian gendarmerie Laszlo Ferenczy, acting as liaison officer between the Hungarian Ministry of the Interior and the 4411: 1691:

overturned most of the verdict in January 1958, ruling that the lower court had "erred seriously", but Kasztner was assassinated in 1957 as a result of the earlier judgment.

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on their behalf. During a visit by Schindler to Budapest in November 1943, they learned that Schindler had been bribing Nazi officers to let him bring Jewish refugees into

1599:$ 1000 per person in foreign currency, shares, jewellery and gold, raised from the wealthier passengers to cover the cost of the rest. After an unexplained detour to the 1279:, head of its political department and later second prime minister of Israel, to travel to Istanbul to meet him. Brand passed them a plan of Auschwitz (probably from the 3691: 3678: 3665: 3114: 3094: 387:

and together they opened a knitwear and glove factory on Rozsa Street, Budapest, which after a few years had a staff of over 100. The couple had met as members of a

4406: 1819:, talks about 434,351 'individuals of the Jewish race' deported on 147 trains between May 14 – July 9." Apparently 15,000 were sent to a camp other than Auschwitz. 1444:

called it "one of the most loathsome" stories of the war, an attempt to "blackmail, deceive and split" the Allies, and a "new level of fantasy and self-deception".

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Brand had been told by the Jewish Agency by return cable that "Chaim" would meet him in Istanbul. Convinced of the importance of his mission, he believed this was

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In or around 1930 Brand returned to Erfurt, where he worked for another telephone company his father had founded and became a functionary with the Thuringian KPD (

4147: 3134: 2121: 1793:, 2016): "The Hungarian Jewish leaders were aware of what the Nazis had wrought in the Jewish communities under their control. The mass exterminations by the 4456: 1198: 2171: 715: 311:). His father was the founder of the Budapest telephone company, and his paternal grandfather, also Joel Brand, had owned the post office in Munkács (now 1644:

Brand offered testimony about the blood-for-goods proposal during several trials. In 1954 he testified at the controversial libel trial in Jerusalem of

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Brand's involvement in smuggling Jews into Hungary began in July 1941, when Hansi Brand's sister and brother-in-law, Lajos Stern, were caught up in the

637:, c. 1942. "Eichmann, resplendent in his SS uniform, stood in front of his desk and started barking at Brand: 'You ... do you know who I am?" 4421: 3648: 1400:; Hirschmann wrote a positive report about Brand, but his influence was limited. Brand went on hunger strike for 17 days in protest at his detention. 1250: 1551:. Kasztner wrote that on 9 June Eichmann told him: "If I do not receive a positive reply within three days, I shall operate the mill at Auschwitz" (" 684:

Eichmann sent for Brand again a few days later. Eichmann was accompanied this time by Gerhard Clages, also known as Otto Klages, chief of Himmler's

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gatehouse from inside the camp. The tracks were completed in 1944 to take the Hungarian Jews straight to the gas chambers in crematoria II and III.

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Churchill, minute to Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden, 11 July 1944, in FO 371/42809/115, and in Prem 4/51/10, National Archives, London, cited in

1626:, who were fighting to remove the British from Palestine. He and Hansi Brand lived for the rest of their lives in Israel, at first moving to the 697:

to use on the Eastern front or for civilian purposes, as well as 200 tons of tea, 800 tons of coffee, 2,000,000 cases of soap, and a quantity of

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After a trial that lasted 18 months, the judge concluded that, by negotiating with Eichmann, failing to warn the many to save the few on the

435:, with Komoly as chair. Other members included Andreas Biss (Brand's cousin), Samuel Springmann (a Polish jeweller whose family were in the 3946: 941: 461: 244:, intended the negotiations as cover for peace talks with the Western Allies that would have excluded the Soviet Union and perhaps even 4339: 4318: 4294: 4262: 4112: 3997: 3956: 3911: 3887: 3822: 3773: 3596: 3577: 1447:

The mass deportation of Hungarian Jews had already stopped by the time of the leak. Following publication in mid-June of parts of the

464:, which he ran as a safe haven. This further encouraged the committee, after the invasion of Hungary, to try negotiating with the SS. 4451: 4090: 4071: 3558: 3539: 3517: 3495: 3476: 3453: 3407: 558: 4441: 1861: 1600: 1570: 1486:

of the SS on 20 July 1944 to ask about it, and was told on 22 July that Brand and Grosz had been sent to Turkey on the orders of

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Braham, Randolph L. (2002). "The Holocaust in Hungary: A Retrospective Analysis". In Braham, Randolph L.; Miller, Scott (eds.).

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of London called one of the most loathsome stories of the war. Historians have suggested that the SS, including its commander,

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tea and other goods. It was the most ambitious of a series of proposals between the SS and Jewish leaders. Eichmann called it "

4371: 3699: 3682: 3669: 3111: 3091: 676:, so Brand suggested he would travel there. He testified years later that on leaving the hotel he felt like a "stark madman". 879: 292: 1243: 1212: 352:, a Marxist-Zionist party, became a vice-president of the Budapest Palestine Office, which organized Jewish emigration to 3058: 2117: 4277: 3619: 862: 523:

department IV B4 (Jewish affairs). Eichmann's arrival in Budapest signalled the Germans' intention to "solve" Hungary's

401: 397:, but Brand's plans changed when his mother and three sisters fled to Budapest from Germany and he had to support them. 196: 1722:, pp. 101–102 Eichmann said he had chosen Brand because he had seemed like an "honest, idealistic man". That year 1463: 3853: 1429: 618:

in Hungary, no ghettos or camps, and that Jews who held immigration certificates for Palestine (issued by the British

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meaningful precautionary measures to forestall or minimize the catastrophe in the event of an occupation of Hungary."

531:. Most were liberal Jews and fully assimilated, nearly 30 percent were Orthodox, and a small minority were Zionists. 1494:

Auschwitz checking that it was ready for the trainloads of Jews about to arrive from Hungary. The camp's commander,

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Brand was taken to Cairo, where he was questioned by the British for weeks. On 22 June 1944 he was interviewed by

520: 346:. Released in 1934, he moved to Budapest, Hungary, where he worked again for his father's company. He joined the 216: 4401: 1236: 1193: 1159: 1107: 798: 598: 478: 424: 164: 3921:

Halász, Dorottya Sziszkoszné (Fall 2000). "The United States and the Joel Brand Mission: Help or Hindrance?".

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called the ruling "one of the most heartless in the history of Israel, perhaps the most heartless ever". The

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The British, Americans and Soviets discussed the proposal. British Foreign Secretary (later Prime Minister)

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Fleischmann and Weissmandl devised a more ambitious proposal in November 1942. Known as the Europa Plan or

4446: 4436: 4022:(December 1991). "Joel Brand's 'Interim Agreement' and the Course of Nazi-Jewish Negotiations 1944–1945". 3189: 1474: 1169: 982: 763: 590: 512: 284: 208: 184: 3815:

Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story behind the List

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in March 1944, Brand became known for his efforts to save the Jewish community from deportation to the

4351: 4345: 3377: 1303:. They received the telegrams when they were released, but Eichmann refused to halt the deportations. 491: 4396: 4391: 4310:

Arrows in the Dark: David Ben-Gurion, the Yishuv Leadership, and Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust

1585: 1335: 486: 439:), Sandor Offenbach, Dr. Miklos Schweiziger, Moshe Krausz, Eugen Frankel, and Ernő Szilágyi from the 357: 1511: 436: 248:. Whatever its purpose, the proposal was thwarted by the British government. They arrested Brand in 4100: 1604: 1448: 1280: 867: 619: 571: 368: 353: 1522: 756:

writes that Brand had no idea at this point that the deportations to Auschwitz had already begun.

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on 30 January 1933, and on 27 February that year he was arrested, as a communist, just before the

4308: 4227: 4047: 4039: 4019: 3930: 3735: 3727: 3710:; Aronson, Shlomo (1992). "The End of the 'Final Solution'?: Nazi Plans to Ransom Jews in 1944". 1810: 1645: 1483: 1009: 958: 914: 753: 156: 1203: 651: 237: 280: 4335: 4314: 4290: 4258: 4241: 4213: 4108: 4086: 4083:

Trading in Lives?: Operations of the Jewish Relief and Rescue Committee in Budapest, 1944–1945

4067: 3993: 3971: 3952: 3907: 3883: 3861: 3818: 3796: 3779: 3769: 3755: 3627: 3592: 3573: 3554: 3535: 3513: 3505: 3491: 3472: 3449: 3359: 1880: 1649: 1548: 1416: 1397: 1382: 1127: 813: 686: 562: 412: 3613:. New York: Steven Spielberg Film and Video Archive, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 3445: 3329:

Brand, Joel (13 April 1958). "Advocate for the Dead 4: 'You Are Falling Into British Trap'".

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look like human beings again ... And was like being in a windmill; it turned and moved.

1318:, head of the Jewish Agency's political department; second prime minister of Israel 1954–1955 4031: 3985: 3841: 3719: 3707: 1718:

Joel and Hansi Brand both testified in 1961 during the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem.

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Self-Financing Genocide: The Gold Train, the Becher Case and the Wealth of Hungarian Jews

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Orthodox religious party. They told him the British were going to arrest him in Aleppo: "

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Bauer, Yehuda (1999). "Gisi Fleischmann". In Ofer, Dalia; Weitzman, Lenore J. (eds.).

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When the Germans invaded Hungary on Sunday, 19 March 1944, they were accompanied by a

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as a sailor, and sailed to Hawaii, the Philippines, South America, China, and Japan.

253: 204: 106: 41: 33: 630: 4363: 3942: 3437: 1743: 1623: 1506: 1433: 1404: 1365: 1053: 994: 968: 936: 720: 668:

Eichmann said he would arrange a travel permit. Another member of the Va'ada had a

547: 528: 495: 339: 335: 296: 252:(then under British control), where he had gone to propose Eichmann's offer to the 245: 110: 4332:

The Kasztner Report: The Report of the Budapest Jewish Rescue Committee, 1942–1945

3314:

Brand, Joel (30 March 1958). "Advocate for the Dead 2: The German Army Steps In".

3299:

Brand, Joel (23 March 1958). "Advocate for the Dead 1: I Bid for a Million Jews".

1376: 781: 736:

Brand secured a letter of recommendation for the Jewish Agency from the Hungarian

416: 304: 87: 1527: 4007: 3606: 3141:

interview with Hansi Brand, Steven Spielberg Film and Video Archive, p. 22.

1747: 1596: 1300: 1176: 1036: 1026: 948: 830: 803: 646: 384: 376: 143: 1746:, director-general of the prime minister's office, on behalf of Prime Minister 17: 4193: 4179: 4165: 4035: 3875: 3723: 3344:

Brand, Joel (20 April 1958). "Advocate for the Dead 5: The End of a Mission".

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The British leaked details of Eichmann's proposal to the media. According to

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became one of the committee's contacts, smuggling letters and money into the

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Poland, the Ostmark, from Theresienstadt, from Auschwitz, wherever you like.

324: 312: 188: 4194:"Testifying Before Men, Testifying Before a Woman: The Case of Hansi Brand" 3631: 723:

from Hungary, c. May 1944. Most were sent straight to the gas chamber.

4217: 3845: 1323:

told him it would be safe and he left by train with two of its delegates.

411:

party, the Brands joined other Zionists engaged in rescue work, including

4245: 3990:

Rezso Kasztner. The Daring Rescue of Hungarian Jews: A Survivor's Account

1331: 698: 673: 180: 121: 4231: 3934: 3408:"Joel Brand Buried in Israel; Shazar and Eshkol Represented at Ceremony" 4270:"Trial of Adolf Eichmann. Testimony of Adolf Eichmann, sessions 75–107" 4043: 3731: 393: 316: 308: 176: 3440:(1989). "The Mission of Joel Brand". In Marrus, Michael Robert (ed.). 1711:

by Alex Weissberg, and was serialized in March and April that year by

4240:("A Mission on Behalf of the Sentenced to Death"). Tel Aviv: Ayanot. 4210:

Der Stopp des Endlösung: Kampf gegen Himmler und Eichmann in Budapest

615: 249: 2552: 2550: 1678:

Eichmann in his prison yard in Israel. He was hanged on 31 May 1962.

1311: 4222:

Biss, Andreas (March 1979). "Andreas Biss antwortet Yehuda Bauer".

3666:"The Trial of Adolf Eichmann. Testimony of Hansi Brand, session 58" 2172:"Museum Condemns Attempts to Rehabilitate Hungarian Fascist Leader" 1326:

While on the train, Brand was approached by two representatives of

4348:, courtesy of the Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. 3508:(2002). "Foreword". In Braham, Randolph L.; Miller, Scott (eds.). 3110:

Testimony of Adolf Eichmann, Trial of Adolf Eichmann, session 86,

1738:

Aviv, including Colonel Arieh Baz on behalf of Israel's President

1673: 1561: 1462: 1310: 714: 629: 557: 490: 367: 279: 4196:. Akko: The Holocaust Studies Program of Western Galilee College. 1715:, which called it "the strangest story to come out of the war". 3090:

State Attorney Bach, Trial of Adolf Eichmann, session 59, part

3692:"Trial of Adolf Eichmann. Testimony of Joel Brand, session 57" 3679:"Trial of Adolf Eichmann. Testimony of Joel Brand, session 56" 3611:"Claude Lanzmann Shoah Collection, Interview with Hansi Brand" 2513: 1862:"Joel Brand, 58, Hungarian Jew In Eichmann's Truck Deal, Dies" 391:, a group of Jews preparing to move to Palestine to work on a 4287:

Emissary of the Doomed: Bargaining for Lives in the Holocaust

4276:. Nizkor Project. 20 June – 24 July 1961. Archived from 3880:

Facing the Glass Booth: The Jerusalem Trial of Adolf Eichmann

3534:(condensed ed.). Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 2758: 2592: 2525: 2032: 1988: 1477:, had apparently known nothing about the proposal. He cabled 693:

Eichmann told Brand that he wanted 10,000 new trucks for the

163:; 25 April 1906 – 13 July 1964) was a member of the Budapest 4085:. Budapest and New York: Central European University Press. 3970:. Budapest and New York: Central European University Press. 3951:. Vol. 3. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 3190:"Hansi Brand; Worked to Help Jews Escape From the Holocaust" 4313:. Vol. 1. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. 1340:

Die Engländer sind in dieser Frage nicht unsere Verbündeten

3553:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 27–43. 3512:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 9–15. 256:, and put an end to it by leaking details to the media. 3860:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 3490:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 253–264. 1754:, the attorney general who prosecuted Adolf Eichmann. 1648:, who was sued by the Israeli government on behalf of 3858:

Auschwitz, the Allies and Censorship of the Holocaust

3778:. Vol. 6. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1584:

in the Allies, but the latter were preparing for the

3591:. Vol. 2. New York: Columbia University Press. 3572:. Vol. 1. New York: Columbia University Press. 3442:

The Nazi Holocaust. Part 9: The End of the Holocaust

3289:, pp. 260–261, 279–281 (for the Supreme Court). 423:, an engineer. In January 1943 the group set up the 999:

Jews for Sale?: Nazi-Jewish Negotiations, 1933–1945

139: 128: 117: 95: 68: 49: 3655:. 11 April 1961 – 29 May 1962. Archived from 3589:The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary 3570:The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary 3532:The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary 3467:Jews for Sale: Nazi–Jewish Negotiations, 1933–1945 3464: 1908: 1906: 1791:The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary 1436:, the attempted assassination of Adolf Hitler—the 963:The Politics of Genocide: The Holocaust in Hungary 3923:Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies 3832:Fatran, Gila (Fall 1994). "The 'Working Group'". 3551:The Nazis' Last Victims: The Holocaust in Hungary 3510:The Nazis' Last Victims: The Holocaust in Hungary 1984: 1982: 1773: 1771: 1663:. Kasztner also wrote affidavits for SS officers 569:go-between $ 20,000 to arrange a meeting with SS 3840:(2). Translated by Greenwood, Naftali: 164–201. 3059:"Allied Rift Called Aim of '44 Nazi Ransom Plan" 2853: 2851: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2458: 2456: 1699:Brand's book was published in Israel in 1956 as 1630:kibbutz, then to Tel Aviv, with their two sons. 1569:passengers on their way to Switzerland from the 3054: 3052: 2617: 2387: 2385: 1912: 199:in occupied Poland and the gas chambers there. 3624:Advocate for the Dead: The Story of Joel Brand 2838: 2826: 2802: 2786: 2770: 2694: 2682: 2670: 2658: 2486: 2443: 2427: 2415: 2391: 2376: 2348: 2296: 2236: 2092: 2000: 1965: 1961: 1959: 1843: 1709:Advocate for the Dead: The Story of Joel Brand 187:to the relative safety of Hungary, during the 3698:. Nizkor Project. p. 1/6. Archived from 3681:. Nizkor Project. p. 1/4. Archived from 3668:. Nizkor Project. p. 1/5. Archived from 2509: 2507: 1244: 8: 4462:People who rescued Jews during the Holocaust 3362:(20 April 1958). "The Jews and the Allies". 1939: 1937: 1839: 1837: 1835: 4146:. Steven Spielberg Film and Video Archive. 3130: 2934: 291:One of seven children, Brand was born to a 4412:Hungarian emigrants to Mandatory Palestine 2446:, pp. 86–87; for "stark madman", see 2095:, pp. 41–42; Crowe 2007, p. 295. 1251: 1237: 780: 758: 57: 46: 4105:Britain and the Jews of Europe: 1939–1945 3882:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. 3775:The Second World War: Triumph and Tragedy 2938: 2568: 2556: 2537: 1856: 1854: 1852: 169:Va'adat ha-Ezra ve-ha-Hatzala be-Budapest 2364: 4014:. New York: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd. 2994:. Issue 49913, 20 July 1944, p. 2. 2966: 2937:, p. 259; also cited, in part, in 2814: 2774: 2541: 2490: 2431: 2212: 2200: 2188: 2176:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2158: 2044: 2016: 1924: 1831: 1767: 1507:attempted assassination of Adolf Hitler 774: 540:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 356:, and sat on the governing body of the 334:). He was still living in Germany when 202:In April 1944 Brand was approached by 4407:Communist Party of Germany politicians 4107:. London: Leicester University Press. 2498: 2352: 2264: 2134: 2080: 2068: 1883:[Jewish rescuers in 1944/45]. 4374:from the original on 30 October 2018. 4344:Kasztner, Rezső (13 September 1945). 3642:Desperate Mission: Joel Brand's Story 3394: 3274: 3214: 3162: 3150: 3074: 3043: 3031: 3019: 3003: 2978: 2954: 2942: 2921: 2909: 2897: 2885: 2881: 2869: 2857: 2842: 2798: 2746: 2634: 2613: 2580: 2494: 2474: 2462: 2447: 2403: 2324: 2312: 2308: 2288: 2276: 2260: 2248: 2224: 2146: 2124:from the original on 21 January 2019. 2060: 2056: 2028: 2004: 1973: 1969: 1928: 1897: 1719: 1368:, British foreign secretary 1940–1945 183:, Hungary, that smuggled Jews out of 7: 4224:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 4066:. New York: Henry Holt and Company. 3966:Kadar, Gabor; Vagi, Zoltan (2004) . 3948:The Destruction of the European Jews 3795:. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. 3471:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2773:, pp. 136–137; for the German, 2734: 2722: 2646: 2118:"The unloading ramps and selections" 1707:. It appeared in English in 1958 as 1334:(Revisionist Zionist) party and the 942:The Destruction of the European Jews 225: 132: 4457:Burials at Nahalat Yitzhak Cemetery 3286: 3262: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3166: 3078: 3007: 2710: 2698: 2336: 2292: 2120:. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. 2104: 2064: 4255:Timetable: The Story of Joel Brand 3188:Wilkinson, Tracy (19 April 2000). 2604:Breitman and Aronson 1992, p. 177. 2514:Hansi Brand testimony, 30 May 1961 1385:, British prime minister 1940–1945 25: 3793:Churchill and the Jews, 1900–1948 2759:Joel Brand testimony, 30 May 1961 2593:Joel Brand testimony, 30 May 1961 2526:Joel Brand testimony, 29 May 1961 2033:Joel Brand testimony, 29 May 1961 1989:Joel Brand testimony, 29 May 1961 1879:Haraszti, György (27 July 2020). 4422:Hungarian people of World War II 1601:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp 1595:. The committee paid SS officer 1571:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp 1375: 1358: 578:, one of Eichmann's assistants. 231:Nothing came of the idea, which 4362:Weitz, Yechiam (1 March 2009). 4188:. 1961 – via youtube.com. 4174:. 1961 – via youtube.com. 2063:, p. 2; for January 1943, 1944:Golden, Harry (21 April 1961). 1881:"Zsidó embermentők 1944/45-ben" 1189:History of the Jews in Slovakia 919:Michtavim el haveray be'Mizrahi 415:, a lawyer and journalist from 3834:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 3444:. Westport: Meckler. pp. 2761:, session 57, parts 1 and 2/4. 2178:(Press release). 28 June 2017. 1946:"A Stranger to the Human Race" 1750:. The eulogy was delivered by 880:History of the Jews in Hungary 1: 4427:Jews from Mandatory Palestine 3649:"The Trial of Adolf Eichmann" 3638:Die Geschichte von Joel Brand 3587:Braham, Randolph L. (2016b). 3568:Braham, Randolph L. (2016a). 3378:"Mass Murderer of Jews Found" 2059:, pp. 152–153; also see 1705:Die Geschichte von Joel Brand 1695:Eichmann and Frankfurt trials 4238:Bi-Shelihut nidonim la-mavet 3664:Brand, Hansi (30 May 1961). 1701:Bi-sheliḥut nidonim la mavet 1473:Germany's Foreign Minister, 1199:Joint Distribution Committee 863:Auschwitz concentration camp 429:Va'adat Ha-Ezrah ve'Hatzalah 402:Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre 197:Auschwitz concentration camp 44:when mentioning individuals. 4226:. 27(1), pp. 162–166. 4192:Geva, Sharon (March 2010). 3791:Cohen, Michael J. (2013) . 3754:. New York: Da Capo Press. 3690:Brand, Joel (30 May 1961). 3677:Brand, Joel (29 May 1961). 3178:Porter 2007, p. 233ff. 2618:Breitman & Aronson 1992 2489:, pp. 95–96; also see 1913:Breitman & Aronson 1992 1458: 626:First meeting with Eichmann 4478: 3640:, 1956; also published as 2839:Brand & Weissberg 1958 2827:Brand & Weissberg 1958 2803:Brand & Weissberg 1958 2787:Brand & Weissberg 1958 2771:Brand & Weissberg 1958 2697:, pp. 119, 120, 122; 2695:Brand & Weissberg 1958 2683:Brand & Weissberg 1958 2671:Brand & Weissberg 1958 2659:Brand & Weissberg 1958 2487:Brand & Weissberg 1958 2444:Brand & Weissberg 1958 2428:Brand & Weissberg 1958 2416:Brand & Weissberg 1958 2392:Brand & Weissberg 1958 2377:Brand & Weissberg 1958 2349:Brand & Weissberg 1958 2297:Brand & Weissberg 1958 2237:Brand & Weissberg 1958 2093:Brand & Weissberg 1958 2001:Brand & Weissberg 1958 1966:Brand & Weissberg 1958 1844:Brand & Weissberg 1958 1637: 1539: 1415:On 11 July Prime Minister 1269:World Zionist Organization 748:Meeting with Jewish Agency 521:Reich Security Head Office 476: 419:(Cluj, Transylvania), and 332:Communist Party of Germany 217:Reich Security Head Office 31: 4352:"Israel: Jews for Trucks" 4334:. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. 4285:Florence, Ronald (2010). 4180:"Hansi Brand's testimony" 4036:10.1017/S0018246X00017350 3906:. New York: Milah Press. 3817:. New York: Basic Books. 3724:10.1017/s0008938900020318 3626:. London: Andre Deutsch. 3412:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 1703:and in German in 1956 as 1573:, August or December 1944 732:Brand leaves for Istanbul 385:Haynalka "Hansi" Hartmann 56: 4452:The Holocaust in Hungary 4364:"Hansi Brand (Hartmann)" 4166:"Joel Brand's testimony" 4081:Szita, Szabolcs (2005). 3712:Central European History 3097:15 December 2008 at the 2291:, p. 260; also see 2019:, pp. 231–232, 239. 1593:by train on 30 June 1944 1160:Bratislava Working Group 1076:Kastner train passengers 921:, weekly pamphlet, 1952) 799:Aid and Rescue Committee 744:and the Western Allies. 599:Slovakian Jewish Council 479:The Holocaust in Hungary 425:Aid and Rescue Committee 364:Aid and Rescue Committee 165:Aid and Rescue Committee 40:. This article uses 32:The native form of this 3213:For the testimony, see 2990:"A Monstrous 'Offer'". 2595:, session 57, part 5/5. 2559:, p. xxvi, note 3. 2528:, session 56, part 4/4. 2516:, session 58, part 2/5. 2430:, p. 15; also see 2035:, session 56, part 1/4. 1991:, session 56, part 1/4. 1689:Supreme Court of Israel 1553:die Muehle laufen lasse 1438:New York Herald Tribune 711:Mass deportations begin 483:Hungary in World War II 193:Germany invaded Hungary 4368:Jewish Women's Archive 4257:. London: Hutchinson. 4212:. Stuttgart: Seewald. 4208:Biss, Andreas (1966). 4160:– via ushmm.org. 4024:The Historical Journal 3488:Women in the Holocaust 3463:Bauer, Yehuda (1994). 2311:, pp. 79–90, 99; 1679: 1581: 1574: 1475:Joachim von Ribbentrop 1470: 1319: 1170:Michael Dov Weissmandl 724: 665: 638: 591:Michael Dov Weissmandl 565: 554:Meeting with Wisliceny 499: 383:In 1935 Brand married 380: 340:sworn in as Chancellor 288: 285:German-occupied Europe 185:German-occupied Europe 160: 144:Haynalka "Hansi" Brand 3702:on 18 September 2018. 2569:Kadar & Vagi 2004 2557:Kadar & Vagi 2004 1817:Sondereinsatzkommando 1677: 1638:Further information: 1576: 1565: 1540:Further information: 1466: 1459:Himmler's involvement 1314: 718: 660: 633: 561: 494: 477:Further information: 462:his factory in Poland 371: 283: 215:, head of the German 4289:. New York: Viking. 4236:Brand, Joel (1956). 4101:Wasserstein, Bernard 3253:, pp. 259, 261. 3165:, pp. 198–199; 3022:, pp. 167, 192. 3006:, pp. 176–177; 2981:, pp. 192, 194. 2841:, pp. 154–162; 1671:and Hermann Krumey. 1586:invasion of Normandy 1336:World Agudath Israel 764:a series of articles 644:Untersturmbannführer 620:mandatory government 597:(a group within the 487:Operation Margarethe 358:Jewish National Fund 4064:The Seventh Million 4020:Rose, Paul Lawrence 3992:. London: Pimlico. 3846:10.1093/hgs/8.2.164 3685:on 29 October 2018. 3672:on 30 October 2018. 3636:First published as 3528:Braham, Randolph L. 3265:, pp. 239–241. 3241:, pp. 250–251. 3229:, pp. 243–244. 3217:, pp. 218–247. 3153:, pp. 170–171. 3117:22 May 2016 at the 3034:, pp. 167–168. 2912:, pp. 186–188. 2872:, pp. 185–186. 2845:, pp. 184–185. 2829:, pp. 142–143. 2789:, pp. 138–139. 2737:, pp. 912–913. 2685:, pp. 118–119. 2673:, pp. 114–115. 2406:, pp. 164–165. 2355:, pp. 204–205. 2263:, pp. 75, 79; 1931:, pp. 167–168. 1496:Obersturmbannführer 1449:Vrba-Wetzler report 1307:Arrested by British 1281:Vrba-Wetzler report 1267:, president of the 873:Vrba–Wetzler report 868:Auschwitz Protocols 589:and Orthodox Rabbi 513:Obersturmbannführer 473:Invasion of Hungary 209:Obersturmbannführer 4442:People from Năsăud 3770:Churchill, Winston 3506:Berenbaum, Michael 3360:Gerald, Reitlinger 3169:, pp. 50, 97. 3063:The New York Times 2941:, p. 597 and 2351:, pp. 71–72; 1866:The New York Times 1811:Edmund Veesenmayer 1680: 1646:Malchiel Gruenwald 1575: 1484:Edmund Veesenmayer 1471: 1320: 1010:Arrows in the Dark 959:Randolph L. Braham 915:Malchiel Gruenwald 725: 639: 566: 500: 381: 295:family in Naszód, 289: 175:), an underground 42:Western name order 4432:Jewish socialists 4268:Eichmann, Adolf. 3977:978-963-9241-53-4 3867:978-1-107-06279-5 3802:978-0-7146-3254-4 3761:978-0-306-81539-3 3752:Becoming Eichmann 3708:Breitman, Richard 3194:Los Angeles Times 2299:, pp. 67–72. 2295:, p. 56 and 2239:, pp. 67–72. 2137:, pp. 36–37. 2107:, pp. 54–56. 2067:, p. 52 and 1846:, pp. 16–17. 1417:Winston Churchill 1398:War Refugee Board 1383:Winston Churchill 1350:Proposal rejected 1287:Interim agreement 1261: 1260: 1118:Reuven Schmeltzer 977:The Kastner Trial 742:Sicherheitsdienst 719:Jews arriving at 687:Sicherheitsdienst 649:, an emissary of 593:, leaders of the 226:"blood for goods" 150: 149: 133:"Blood for goods" 16:(Redirected from 4469: 4375: 4324: 4300: 4281: 4189: 4175: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4152: 4118: 4096: 4077: 4055: 4015: 4012:Kasztner's Train 4003: 3981: 3962: 3938: 3917: 3893: 3871: 3854:Fleming, Michael 3849: 3828: 3806: 3787: 3765: 3743: 3703: 3686: 3673: 3660: 3659:on 23 July 2019. 3635: 3614: 3602: 3583: 3564: 3545: 3523: 3501: 3482: 3470: 3459: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3170: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3131:Hansi Brand 1979 3128: 3122: 3108: 3102: 3088: 3082: 3072: 3066: 3056: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3001: 2995: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2935:Wasserstein 1999 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2846: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2621: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2545: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2502: 2493:, p. 1258; 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3073: 3069: 3057: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3002: 2998: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2884:, p. 292; 2880: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2849: 2837: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2817:, p. 1223. 2813: 2809: 2801:, p. 180; 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2777:, p. 1222. 2769: 2765: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2624: 2616:, p. 166; 2612: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2571:, p. xxii. 2567: 2563: 2555: 2548: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2505: 2497:, p. 163; 2485: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2454: 2442: 2438: 2426: 2422: 2414: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2390: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2307: 2303: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2259: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2103: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2055: 2051: 2043: 2039: 2031:, p. 152; 2027: 2023: 2015: 2011: 1999: 1995: 1987: 1980: 1964: 1957: 1943: 1942: 1935: 1927:, p. 236; 1923: 1919: 1911: 1904: 1896: 1892: 1887:(in Hungarian). 1878: 1877: 1873: 1868:. 15 July 1964. 1860: 1859: 1850: 1842: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1808: 1804: 1788: 1784: 1776: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1735: 1697: 1642: 1636: 1619: 1614: 1544: 1538: 1525: 1514: 1461: 1430:Michael Fleming 1426: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1380: 1371: 1370: 1369: 1363: 1352: 1328:Zeev Jabotinsky 1309: 1289: 1257: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1206: 1179: 1154: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1133:Joel Teitelbaum 1098:Esther Jungreis 1088:Avraham Deutsch 1077: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1060:Paul Bogdanor ( 1049:Jeremy Davidson 909: 901: 900: 899: 857: 849: 848: 847: 792: 775:Blood for goods 767: 750: 734: 713: 708: 682: 652:Reichsführer-SS 628: 602:had succeeded. 556: 535:Randolph Braham 525:Jewish question 489: 475: 470: 454:Oskar Schindler 427:, known as the 373:Oskar Schindler 366: 301:Austria-Hungary 278: 273: 238:Reichsführer-SS 113: 104: 100: 91: 84:Austria-Hungary 80: 74: 72: 64: 52: 45: 28: 23: 22: 18:Blood for goods 15: 12: 11: 5: 4475: 4473: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4417:Hungarian Jews 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4384: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4359: 4358:, 9 June 1961. 4349: 4342: 4340:978-9653084438 4325: 4320:978-0299175504 4319: 4305:Friling, Tuvia 4301: 4296:978-0670020720 4295: 4282: 4265: 4263:978-0091442309 4248: 4234: 4220: 4205: 4198: 4197: 4190: 4185:Eichmann trial 4176: 4171:Eichmann trial 4162: 4136:Brand, Hansi. 4132: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4119: 4114:978-0718501587 4113: 4097: 4091: 4078: 4072: 4056: 4030:(4): 909–929. 4016: 4004: 3999:978-1845950088 3998: 3986:Löb, Ladislaus 3982: 3976: 3963: 3958:978-0300095579 3957: 3939: 3929:(2): 259–266. 3918: 3913:978-0964688636 3912: 3894: 3889:978-0814330876 3888: 3872: 3866: 3850: 3829: 3824:978-0465002535 3823: 3807: 3801: 3788: 3766: 3760: 3744: 3718:(2): 177–203. 3704: 3687: 3674: 3661: 3653:Nizkor Project 3645: 3615: 3603: 3598:978-0880337113 3597: 3584: 3579:978-0880337113 3578: 3565: 3559: 3546: 3540: 3524: 3518: 3502: 3496: 3483: 3477: 3460: 3454: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3425: 3414:. 23 July 1964 3399: 3397:, p. 183. 3387: 3384:. 24 May 1960. 3369: 3351: 3336: 3321: 3306: 3291: 3279: 3277:, p. 282. 3267: 3255: 3243: 3231: 3219: 3206: 3180: 3171: 3155: 3143: 3123: 3121:, 5 July 1961. 3103: 3101:, 31 May 1961. 3083: 3081:, p. 250. 3067: 3065:, 21 May 1964. 3048: 3046:, p. 168. 3036: 3024: 3012: 2996: 2983: 2971: 2969:, p. 231. 2959: 2957:, p. 292. 2947: 2945:, p. 291. 2939:Churchill 1953 2926: 2924:, p. 186. 2914: 2902: 2900:, p. 170. 2890: 2888:, p. 170. 2874: 2862: 2860:, p. 194. 2847: 2831: 2819: 2807: 2805:, p. 140. 2791: 2779: 2763: 2751: 2749:, p. 177. 2739: 2727: 2725:, p. 911. 2715: 2703: 2687: 2675: 2663: 2661:, p. 114. 2651: 2649:, p. 910. 2639: 2637:, p. 172. 2622: 2620:, p. 177. 2606: 2597: 2585: 2573: 2561: 2546: 2544:, p. 775. 2538:Berenbaum 2002 2530: 2518: 2503: 2501:, p. 260. 2479: 2477:, p. 164. 2467: 2465:, p. 165. 2452: 2450:, p. 220. 2436: 2434:, p. 231. 2420: 2408: 2396: 2381: 2369: 2367:, p. 175. 2357: 2341: 2329: 2327:, p. 100. 2317: 2301: 2281: 2279:, p. 259. 2269: 2267:, p. 170. 2253: 2251:, p. 344. 2241: 2229: 2217: 2215:, p. 597. 2205: 2203:, p. 591. 2193: 2191:, p. 111. 2181: 2163: 2151: 2139: 2127: 2109: 2097: 2085: 2083:, p. 260. 2073: 2049: 2047:, p. 241. 2037: 2021: 2009: 2003:, p. 18; 1993: 1978: 1976:, p. 152. 1972:, p. 66; 1968:, p. 17; 1955: 1933: 1917: 1915:, p. 177. 1902: 1890: 1871: 1848: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1822: 1809:Telegram from 1802: 1796:Einsatzgruppen 1782: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1752:Gideon Hausner 1734: 1731: 1696: 1693: 1657:Kasztner train 1650:Rezső Kasztner 1640:Kasztner trial 1635: 1632: 1622:he joined the 1618: 1617:Move to Israel 1615: 1613: 1610: 1567:Kasztner train 1557:Claude Lanzman 1542:Kasztner train 1537: 1536:Kasztner train 1534: 1512:Hermann Krumey 1460: 1457: 1425: 1422: 1394:Ira Hirschmann 1381: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1364: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1308: 1305: 1288: 1285: 1265:Chaim Weizmann 1259: 1258: 1256: 1255: 1248: 1241: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1128:Léopold Szondi 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1058: 1046: 1034: 1024: 1021:Rezső Kasztner 1014: 1002: 992: 980: 966: 956: 946: 934: 922: 911: 910: 907: 906: 903: 902: 898: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 876: 875: 865: 859: 858: 855: 854: 851: 850: 846: 845: 844: 843: 838: 836:Adolf Eichmann 833: 823: 822: 821: 816: 814:Rezső Kasztner 811: 806: 794: 793: 790: 789: 786: 785: 777: 776: 772: 771: 749: 746: 738:Jewish Council 733: 730: 712: 709: 707: 704: 681: 678: 635:Adolf Eichmann 627: 624: 563:Rezső Kasztner 555: 552: 519:, head of the 517:Adolf Eichmann 504:Sonderkommando 474: 471: 469: 468:March–May 1944 466: 413:Rezső Kasztner 365: 362: 344:Reichstag fire 277: 274: 272: 269: 213:Adolf Eichmann 148: 147: 146:(née Hartmann) 141: 137: 136: 130: 129:Known for 126: 125: 119: 115: 114: 105: 103:(aged 58) 97: 93: 92: 81: 70: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4474: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4447:Romanian Jews 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4437:Kastner train 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4380: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4357: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4123: 4116: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4092:963-7326-30-8 4088: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4073:0-8050-6660-8 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3950: 3949: 3944: 3943:Hilberg, Raul 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3618:Brand, Joel; 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3560:0-8143-2737-0 3556: 3552: 3547: 3543: 3541:0-8143-2691-9 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3519:0-8143-2737-0 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3497:0-300-07354-2 3493: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3478:0-300-05913-2 3474: 3469: 3468: 3461: 3457: 3455:0-88736-265-6 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3438:Bauer, Yehuda 3435: 3434: 3429: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3370: 3366:. p. 12. 3365: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3347: 3340: 3337: 3332: 3325: 3322: 3317: 3310: 3307: 3302: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3013: 3010:, p. 70. 3009: 3005: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2716: 2713:, p. 67. 2712: 2707: 2704: 2701:, p. 67. 2700: 2696: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2586: 2583:, p. 72. 2582: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2540:, p. 9; 2539: 2534: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2421: 2418:, p. 85. 2417: 2412: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2394:, p. 85. 2393: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2379:, p. 83. 2378: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2365:Cesarani 2007 2361: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2342: 2339:, p. 56. 2338: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2230: 2227:, p. 57. 2226: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2161:, p. 32. 2160: 2155: 2152: 2149:, p. 68. 2148: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2074: 2071:, p. 44. 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2010: 2007:, p. 67. 2006: 2002: 1997: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1960: 1956: 1952:. p. 46. 1951: 1950:Life magazine 1947: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1875: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1826: 1820: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1803: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1740:Zalman Shazar 1732: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1676: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1641: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1628:Givat Brenner 1625: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1580: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1543: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1480:Brigadeführer 1476: 1469: 1465: 1456: 1454: 1453:Miklós Horthy 1450: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1424:Leak to media 1423: 1421: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1384: 1378: 1367: 1361: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1317: 1316:Moshe Sharett 1313: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1296: 1293: 1292:Ladislaus Löb 1286: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1277:Moshe Sharett 1272: 1270: 1266: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1235: 1234: 1232: 1231: 1223: 1220: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1194:Jewish Agency 1192: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1150: 1149: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1123:Yonasan Steif 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1103:Ladislaus Löb 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1093:Dezső Ernster 1091: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1083:Kastner train 1081: 1080: 1073: 1072: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1017:Ladislaus Löb 1015: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1005:Tuvia Friling 1003: 1000: 996: 993: 990: 989: 984: 981: 978: 974: 970: 967: 964: 960: 957: 954: 950: 947: 944: 943: 938: 935: 932: 931: 926: 923: 920: 916: 913: 912: 905: 904: 896: 895:Kastner trial 893: 891: 890:Kastner train 888: 886: 885:The Holocaust 883: 881: 878: 874: 871: 870: 869: 866: 864: 861: 860: 853: 852: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 828: 827: 824: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 801: 800: 796: 795: 788: 787: 783: 779: 778: 773: 770: 769:the Holocaust 765: 761: 760: 757: 755: 747: 745: 743: 739: 731: 729: 722: 717: 710: 705: 703: 700: 696: 691: 689: 688: 679: 677: 675: 671: 670:Jewish Agency 664: 659: 657: 654: 653: 648: 645: 636: 632: 625: 623: 621: 617: 611: 609: 603: 600: 596: 595:Working Group 592: 588: 583: 579: 577: 574: 573: 564: 560: 553: 551: 549: 543: 541: 536: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 515: 514: 510: 505: 497: 493: 488: 484: 480: 472: 467: 465: 463: 459: 458:Kraków ghetto 455: 451: 448: 444: 443: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 405: 403: 398: 396: 395: 390: 386: 378: 374: 370: 363: 361: 359: 355: 351: 350: 345: 341: 337: 333: 328: 326: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 286: 282: 275: 270: 268: 265: 264: 257: 255: 254:Jewish Agency 251: 247: 243: 240: 239: 234: 229: 227: 223: 218: 214: 211: 210: 206: 200: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 145: 142: 138: 134: 131: 127: 123: 120: 118:Resting place 116: 112: 108: 107:Bad Kissingen 98: 94: 89: 85: 79:25 April 1906 71: 67: 63:Brand in 1961 60: 55: 48: 43: 39: 35: 34:personal name 30: 27:Rescue worker 19: 4379: 4367: 4355: 4331: 4309: 4286: 4278:the original 4273: 4254: 4237: 4223: 4209: 4201: 4200: 4183: 4169: 4154:. Retrieved 4143: 4138: 4128: 4127: 4104: 4082: 4063: 4027: 4023: 4011: 4008:Porter, Anna 3989: 3967: 3947: 3926: 3922: 3902: 3879: 3857: 3837: 3833: 3814: 3792: 3774: 3751: 3715: 3711: 3700:the original 3695: 3683:the original 3670:the original 3657:the original 3641: 3637: 3623: 3607:Brand, Hansi 3588: 3569: 3550: 3531: 3509: 3487: 3466: 3441: 3416:. Retrieved 3411: 3402: 3390: 3382:The Guardian 3381: 3372: 3364:The Observer 3363: 3354: 3348:. p. 6. 3346:The Observer 3345: 3339: 3333:. p. 4. 3331:The Observer 3330: 3324: 3318:. p. 4. 3316:The Observer 3315: 3309: 3303:. p. 6. 3301:The Observer 3300: 3294: 3282: 3270: 3258: 3246: 3234: 3222: 3209: 3197:. 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The 437:Łódź ghetto 421:Ottó Komoly 389:hachscharah 379:, mid-1960s 377:Hansi Brand 4386:Categories 4274:nizkor.org 4251:Elon, Amos 4148:transcript 4060:Segev, Tom 3898:Hecht, Ben 3696:nizkor.org 3395:Gouri 2004 3275:Segev 2000 3215:Hecht 1999 3163:Bauer 1994 3151:Bauer 1994 3135:Transcript 3075:Bauer 1994 3044:Bauer 1994 3032:Bauer 1994 3020:Bauer 1994 3004:Bauer 1994 2979:Bauer 1994 2955:Cohen 2013 2943:Cohen 2013 2922:Bauer 1994 2910:Bauer 1994 2898:Bauer 1994 2886:Bauer 1994 2882:Cohen 2013 2870:Bauer 1994 2858:Bauer 1994 2843:Bauer 1994 2799:Bauer 1994 2747:Bauer 1989 2635:Bauer 1994 2614:Bauer 1994 2581:Szita 2005 2495:Bauer 1994 2475:Bauer 1994 2463:Bauer 1994 2448:Hecht 1999 2404:Bauer 1994 2325:Bauer 1994 2313:Bauer 1999 2309:Bauer 1994 2289:Bauer 1999 2277:Bauer 1999 2261:Bauer 1994 2249:Crowe 2007 2225:Szita 2005 2147:Bauer 1989 2061:Szita 2005 2057:Bauer 1994 2029:Bauer 1994 2005:Bauer 1989 1974:Bauer 1994 1970:Bauer 1989 1929:Bauer 1994 1898:Szita 2005 1720:Gouri 2004 1624:Stern Gang 1612:Later life 1204:Saly Mayer 1138:Béla Zsolt 1113:Peter Munk 1108:Egon Mayer 809:Joel Brand 409:Poale Zion 349:Poale Zion 276:Early life 271:Background 161:Brand Jenő 153:Joel Brand 90:, Romania) 75:1906-04-25 51:Joel Brand 38:Brand Jenő 4330:(2014) . 4218:220604837 4103:(1999) . 4062:(2000) . 4052:159565197 3988:(2009) . 3945:(2003) . 3900:(1999) . 3813:(2007) . 3784:317641286 3740:146636290 2992:The Times 2735:Rose 1991 2723:Rose 1991 2647:Rose 1991 1885:Restancia 1827:Citations 1778:The Times 1685:Tom Segev 1634:Testimony 1559:in 1979: 1442:The Times 988:Perdition 983:Jim Allen 925:Ben Hecht 797:Budapest 754:Paul Rose 695:Waffen-SS 608:Grossplan 417:Kolozsvár 354:Palestine 325:Comintern 313:Mukacheve 233:The Times 189:Holocaust 179:group in 157:Hungarian 4372:Archived 4307:(2005). 4253:(1981). 4246:50387635 4232:30195175 4156:3 August 4010:(2007). 3935:41274108 3878:(2004). 3856:(2014). 3772:(1953). 3750:(2007). 3622:(1958). 3609:(1979). 3530:(2000). 3418:3 August 3287:Löb 2009 3263:Löb 2009 3251:Löb 2009 3239:Löb 2009 3227:Löb 2009 3199:3 August 3167:Löb 2009 3115:Archived 3112:part 3/5 3095:Archived 3079:Löb 2009 3008:Löb 2009 2711:Löb 2009 2699:Löb 2009 2337:Löb 2009 2293:Löb 2009 2122:Archived 2105:Löb 2009 2065:Löb 2009 1789:Braham ( 1332:Hatzohar 975:, 1985; 762:Part of 699:tungsten 674:Istanbul 181:Budapest 135:proposal 124:, Israel 122:Tel Aviv 82:Naszód, 4044:2639587 3903:Perfidy 3732:4546259 3632:1199641 1758:Sources 1153:Related 1064:, 2016) 1057:, 2009) 1045:, 2008) 1033:, 2008) 1023:, 2008) 1013:, 1998) 1001:, 1994) 991:, 1987) 979:, 1994) 973:Kastner 965:, 1981) 955:, 1963) 945:, 1961) 933:, 1961) 930:Perfidy 908:Writers 616:pogroms 506:led by 394:kibbutz 317:Ukraine 309:Romania 303:(today 191:. When 177:Zionist 4338: 4317: 4293: 4261: 4244: 4230: 4216: 4111: 4089: 4070: 4050: 4042: 3996: 3974: 3955: 3933: 3910: 3886: 3864: 3821: 3799: 3782: 3758: 3738: 3730: 3630: 3595: 3576: 3557: 3538: 3516: 3494: 3475: 3452: 3446:65–125 1742:, and 856:Issues 485:, and 447:Va'ada 433:Va'ada 305:Năsăud 293:Jewish 287:, 1942 250:Aleppo 173:Va'ada 140:Spouse 88:Năsăud 4228:JSTOR 4151:(PDF) 4144:Shoah 4129:Video 4048:S2CID 4040:JSTOR 3931:JSTOR 3736:S2CID 3728:JSTOR 3139:Shoah 1763:Notes 1733:Death 1530:] 1519:] 1215:] 1184:] 86:(now 4356:Time 4336:ISBN 4315:ISBN 4291:ISBN 4259:ISBN 4242:OCLC 4214:OCLC 4158:2023 4109:ISBN 4087:ISBN 4068:ISBN 3994:ISBN 3972:ISBN 3953:ISBN 3908:ISBN 3884:ISBN 3862:ISBN 3819:ISBN 3797:ISBN 3780:OCLC 3756:ISBN 3628:OCLC 3593:ISBN 3574:ISBN 3555:ISBN 3536:ISBN 3514:ISBN 3492:ISBN 3473:ISBN 3450:ISBN 3420:2023 3201:2023 1725:Life 1521:and 375:and 338:was 263:Life 96:Died 69:Born 4032:doi 3842:doi 3720:doi 3092:6/6 1330:'s 431:or 319:). 228:). 224:" ( 171:or 36:is 4388:: 4370:. 4366:. 4354:. 4272:. 4182:. 4168:. 4142:. 4046:. 4038:. 4028:34 4026:. 3927:62 3925:. 3836:. 3734:. 3726:. 3716:25 3714:. 3694:. 3651:. 3448:. 3410:. 3380:. 3192:. 3137:, 3133:; 3061:. 3051:^ 2850:^ 2625:^ 2549:^ 2506:^ 2455:^ 2384:^ 2174:. 1981:^ 1958:^ 1948:. 1936:^ 1905:^ 1864:. 1851:^ 1834:^ 1770:^ 1667:, 1528:de 1517:de 1213:he 1211:; 1209:de 1182:he 826:SS 766:on 509:SS 481:, 360:. 315:, 307:, 299:, 205:SS 159:: 109:, 4323:. 4299:. 4117:. 4095:. 4076:. 4054:. 4034:: 4002:. 3980:. 3961:. 3937:. 3916:. 3892:. 3870:. 3848:. 3844:: 3838:8 3827:. 3805:. 3786:. 3764:. 3742:. 3722:: 3644:. 3634:. 3601:. 3582:. 3563:. 3544:. 3522:. 3500:. 3481:. 3458:. 3422:. 3203:. 1252:e 1245:t 1238:v 1051:( 1039:( 1029:( 1019:( 1007:( 997:( 985:( 971:( 961:( 951:( 939:( 927:( 917:( 511:- 207:- 167:( 155:( 77:) 73:( 20:)

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