Blood pressure - Knowledge (XXG)

1301:(the numerical difference between systolic and diastolic pressures) are risk factors. Elevated pulse pressure has been found to be a stronger independent predictor of cardiovascular events, especially in older populations, than has systolic, diastolic, or mean arterial pressure. In some cases, it appears that a decrease in excessive diastolic pressure can actually increase risk, probably due to the increased difference between systolic and diastolic pressures (ie. widened pulse pressure). If systolic blood pressure is elevated (>140 mmHg) with a normal diastolic blood pressure (<90 mmHg), it is called 1226: 1848:

pressures, at any given systolic blood pressure the risk of major cardiovascular end points increases, rather than decreases, with lower diastolic levels. This suggests that interventions that lower diastolic pressure without also lowering systolic pressure (and thus lowering pulse pressure) could actually be counterproductive. There are no drugs currently approved to lower pulse pressure, although some antihypertensive drugs may modestly lower pulse pressure, while in some cases a drug that lowers overall blood pressure may actually have the counterproductive side effect of raising pulse pressure.

2527: 192:—that healthcare professionals use in evaluating a patient's health. Normal resting blood pressure in an adult is approximately 120 millimetres of mercury (16 kPa) systolic over 80 millimetres of mercury (11 kPa) diastolic, denoted as "120/80 mmHg". Globally, the average blood pressure, age standardized, has remained about the same since 1975 to the present, at approximately 127/79 mmHg in men and 122/77 mmHg in women, although these average data mask significantly diverging regional trends. 2519: 1549: 1688: 47: 1639:, the impedance to blood flow presented by the circulation. In the short-term, the greater the blood volume, the higher the cardiac output. This has been proposed as an explanation of the relationship between high dietary salt intake and increased blood pressure; however, responses to increased dietary sodium intake vary between individuals and are highly dependent on autonomic nervous system responses and the 1529: 1652:(resistance∝1/radius). Hence, the smaller the radius, the higher the resistance. Other physical factors that affect resistance include: vessel length (the longer the vessel, the higher the resistance), blood viscosity (the higher the viscosity, the higher the resistance) and the number of vessels, particularly the smaller numerous, arterioles and capillaries. The presence of a severe arterial 1669:) increase the caliber of blood vessels, thereby decreasing arterial pressure. In the longer term a process termed remodeling also contributes to changing the caliber of small blood vessels and influencing resistance and reactivity to vasoactive agents. Reductions in capillary density, termed capillary rarefaction, may also contribute to increased resistance in some circumstances. 753: 2550:, by penetrating the arterial wall to take the measurement, is much less common and usually restricted to a hospital setting. Novel methods to measure blood pressure without penetrating the arterial wall, and without applying any pressure on patient's body are being explored, for example, cuffless measurements that uses only optical sensors. 737:

cardiovascular disease and there is evidence that night-time blood pressure is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events than day-time blood pressure. Blood pressure varies over longer time periods (months to years) and this variability predicts adverse outcomes. Blood pressure also changes in response to temperature, noise, emotional

1537: 749:, and disease. The variability in blood pressure and the better predictive value of ambulatory blood pressure measurements has led some authorities, such as the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in the UK, to advocate for the use of ambulatory blood pressure as the preferred method for diagnosis of hypertension. 3205:"2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension: Developed by the task force on the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and endorsed by the European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) and the European Stroke Organisation (ESO)" 4657:

The CAFE Investigators; CAFE Steering Committee and Writing Committee; Williams, Bryan; Lacy, Peter S.; Thom, Simon M.; Cruickshank, Kennedy; Stanton, Alice; Collier, David; Hughes, Alun D.; Thurston, H.; O’Rourke, Michael (2006-03-07). "Differential Impact of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs on Central

1194:

If the heart is stopped, blood pressure falls, but it does not fall to zero. The remaining pressure measured after cessation of the heart beat and redistribution of blood throughout the circulation is termed the mean systemic pressure or mean circulatory filling pressure; typically this is proximally

922:

In adults in most societies, systolic blood pressure tends to rise from early adulthood onward, up to at least age 70; diastolic pressure tends to begin to rise at the same time but start to fall earlier in mid-life, approximately age 55. Mean blood pressure rises from early adulthood, plateauing in

810:, it is the fetal heart and not the mother's heart that builds up the fetal blood pressure to drive blood through the fetal circulation. The blood pressure in the fetal aorta is approximately 30 mmHg at 20 weeks of gestation, and increases to approximately 45 mmHg at 40 weeks of gestation. 1831:

as well as other complications such as eye and kidney disease. Pulse pressure is considered low if it is less than 25% of the systolic. (For example, if the systolic pressure is 120 mmHg, then the pulse pressure would be considered low if it is less than 30 mmHg, since 30 is 25% of 120.) A very low

1519:

Older individuals and those who had received blood pressure medications are more likely to exhibit larger fluctuations in pressure, and there is some evidence that different antihypertensive agents have different effects on blood pressure variability; whether these differences translate to benefits

1839:

Elevated pulse pressure has been found to be a stronger independent predictor of cardiovascular events, especially in older populations, than has systolic, diastolic, or mean arterial pressure. This increased risk exists for both men and women and even when no other cardiovascular risk factors are

1847:

in 2000 showed that a 10 mmHg increase in pulse pressure was associated with a 20% increased risk of cardiovascular mortality, and a 13% increase in risk for all coronary end points. The study authors also noted that, while risks of cardiovascular end points do increase with higher systolic

1647:

may also be important. In the longer-term the relationship between volume and blood pressure is more complex. In simple terms, systemic vascular resistance is mainly determined by the caliber of small arteries and arterioles. The resistance attributable to a blood vessel depends on its radius as

1179:

Certain researchers have argued for physicians to begin using aortic pressure, as opposed to peripheral blood pressure, as a guide for clinical decisions. The way antihypertensive drugs impact peripheral blood pressure can often be very different from the way they impact central aortic pressure.

2577:

As in humans, blood pressure in animals differs by age, sex, time of day, and environmental circumstances: measurements made in laboratories or under anesthesia may not be representative of values under free-living conditions. Rats, mice, dogs and rabbits have been used extensively to study the

2565:

Blood pressure levels in non-human mammals may vary depending on the species. Heart rate differs markedly, largely depending on the size of the animal (larger animals have slower heart rates). The giraffe has a distinctly high arterial pressure of about 190 mm Hg, enabling blood perfusion

1672:

In practice, each individual's autonomic nervous system and other systems regulating blood pressure, notably the kidney, respond to and regulate all these factors so that, although the above issues are important, they rarely act in isolation and the actual arterial pressure response of a given

222:

or home blood pressure measurements have also influenced this trend. Early automated alternatives to mercury-tube sphygmomanometers were often seriously inaccurate, but modern devices validated to international standards achieve an average difference between two standardized reading methods of

732:

Observational studies demonstrate that people who maintain arterial pressures at the low end of these pressure ranges have much better long-term cardiovascular health. There is an ongoing medical debate over what is the optimal level of blood pressure to target when using drugs to lower blood

218:. Auscultation is still generally considered to be the gold standard of accuracy for non-invasive blood pressure readings in clinic. However, semi-automated methods have become common, largely due to concerns about potential mercury toxicity, although cost, ease of use and applicability to 736:

Blood pressure fluctuates from minute to minute and normally shows a circadian rhythm over a 24-hour period, with highest readings in the early morning and evenings and lowest readings at night. Loss of the normal fall in blood pressure at night is associated with a greater future risk of

1556:

During each heartbeat, blood pressure varies between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure. The blood pressure in the circulation is principally due to the pumping action of the heart. However, blood pressure is also regulated by neural regulation from the brain (see

227:

of less than 8 mm Hg. Most of these semi-automated methods measure blood pressure using oscillometry (measurement by a pressure transducer in the cuff of the device of small oscillations of intra-cuff pressure accompanying heartbeat-induced changes in the volume of each pulse).

1515:

has also linked variation in blood pressure to mortality, stroke, heart failure, and cardiac changes that may give rise to heart failure. These data have prompted discussion of whether excessive variation in blood pressure should be treated, even among normotensive older adults.

4878:

Mitchell, Gary F.; Izzo, Joseph L.; Lacourcière, Yves; Ouellet, Jean-Pascal; Neutel, Joel; Qian, Chunlin; Kerwin, Linda J.; Block, Alan J.; Pfeffer, Marc A. (25 Jun 2002). "Omapatrilat Reduces Pulse Pressure and Proximal Aortic Stiffness in Patients With Systolic Hypertension".

2328:

retention and potassium excretion by the kidneys and the consequent salt and water retention increases plasma volume, and indirectly, arterial pressure. Aldosterone may also exert direct pressor effects on vascular smooth muscle and central effects on sympathetic nervous system

2379:

These different mechanisms are not necessarily independent of each other, as indicated by the link between the RAS and aldosterone release. When blood pressure falls many physiological cascades commence in order to return the blood pressure to a more appropriate level.

1561:), as well as osmotic regulation from the kidney. Differences in mean blood pressure drive the flow of blood around the circulation. The rate of mean blood flow depends on both blood pressure and the resistance to flow presented by the blood vessels. In the absence of 3299:"2023 ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension: Endorsed by the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) and the European Renal Association (ERA)" 913:

In children the normal ranges for blood pressure are lower than for adults and depend on height. Reference blood pressure values have been developed for children in different countries, based on the distribution of blood pressure in children of these countries.

768:, also influence a person's blood pressure. Differences between left-arm and right-arm blood pressure measurements tend to be small. However, occasionally there is a consistent difference greater than 10 mmHg which may need further investigation, e.g. for 5406:

Chiriacò M, Pateras K, Virdis A, Charakida M, Kyriakopoulou D, Nannipieri M, et al. (December 2019). "Association between blood pressure variability, cardiovascular disease and mortality in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

3818:"Associations Between Systolic Interarm Differences in Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes and Mortality: Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis, Development and Validation of a Prognostic Algorithm: The INTERPRESS-IPD Collaboration" 4457:

Roman, Mary J.; Devereux, Richard B.; Kizer, Jorge R.; Lee, Elisa T.; Galloway, James M.; Ali, Tauqeer; Umans, Jason G.; Howard, Barbara V. (2007). "Central Pressure More Strongly Relates to Vascular Disease and Outcome Than Does Brachial Pressure".

1581:. Pulsatility also diminishes in the smaller elements of the arterial circulation, although some transmitted pulsatility is observed in capillaries. Gravity affects blood pressure via hydrostatic forces (e.g., during standing), and valves in veins, 1313:

regurgitation, a change in its severity may be associated with a change in diastolic pressure. In a study of people with heart valve regurgitation that compared measurements two weeks apart for each person, there was an increased severity of

1656:

increases resistance to flow, however this increase in resistance rarely increases systemic blood pressure because its contribution to total systemic resistance is small, although it may profoundly decrease downstream flow. Substances called

923:

mid-life, while pulse pressure rises quite markedly after the age of 40. Consequently, in many older people, systolic blood pressure often exceeds the normal adult range, if the diastolic pressure is in the normal range this is termed

2207: 1305:

and may present a health concern. According to the 2017 American Heart Association blood pressure guidelines state that a systolic blood pressure of 130–139 mmHg with a diastolic pressure of 80–89 mmHg is "stage one hypertension".

4572:

Chen, Chen-Huan; Nevo, Erez; Fetics, Barry; Pak, Peter H.; Yin, Frank C.P.; Maughan, W. Lowell; Kass, David A. (1997). "Estimation of Central Aortic Pressure Waveform by Mathematical Transformation of Radial Tonometry Pressure".

1172:. Elevated aortic pressure has been found to be a more accurate predictor of both cardiovascular events and mortality, as well as structural changes in the heart, than has peripheral blood pressure (such as measured through the 2268:, adjusts the mean arterial pressure by altering both the force and speed of the heart's contractions, as well as the systemic vascular resistance. The most important arterial baroreceptors are located in the left and right 295:

Blood pressure measurements can be influenced by circumstances of measurement. Guidelines use different thresholds for office (also known as clinic), home (when the person measures their own blood pressure at home), and

1970: 270:, and normal pressure is called normotension. Both hypertension and hypotension have many causes and may be of sudden onset or of long duration. Long-term hypertension is a risk factor for many diseases, including 3466:

Table2: Comparison of ambulatory blood pressures and urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion measured at work, home, and during sleep between European–American (n = 110) and African–American (n = 51)

1773: 1282:. At severely high pressures, mean arterial pressures 50% or more above average, a person can expect to live no more than a few years unless appropriately treated. For people with high blood pressure, higher 7192:

Brøndum E, Hasenkam JM, Secher NH, Bertelsen MF, Grøndahl C, Petersen KK, et al. (October 2009). "Jugular venous pooling during lowering of the head affects blood pressure of the anesthetized giraffe".

1826:

A healthy pulse pressure is around 40 mmHg. A pulse pressure that is consistently 60 mmHg or greater is likely to be associated with disease, and a pulse pressure of 50 mmHg or more increases the risk of

2055: 5090:

Gottdiener JS, Panza JA, St John Sutton M, Bannon P, Kushner H, Weissman NJ (July 2002). "Testing the test: the reliability of echocardiography in the sequential assessment of valvular regurgitation".

6353:

Guyton AC, Coleman TG, Cowley AV, Scheel KW, Manning RD, Norman RA (May 1972). "Arterial pressure regulation. Overriding dominance of the kidneys in long-term regulation and in hypertension".

6417:

Liaw SY, Scherpbier A, Klainin-Yobas P, Rethans JJ (September 2011). "A review of educational strategies to improve nurses' roles in recognizing and responding to deteriorating patients".

783:

There is no accepted diagnostic standard for hypotension, although pressures less than 90/60 are commonly regarded as hypotensive. In practice blood pressure is considered too low only if

3242:"Harmonization of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association and European Society of Cardiology/European Society of Hypertension Blood Pressure/Hypertension Guidelines" 1176:). Traditionally it involved an invasive procedure to measure aortic pressure, but now there are non-invasive methods of measuring it indirectly without a significant margin of error. 2546:

method. Fully automated oscillometric measurement has been available since 1981. This principle has recently been used to measure blood pressure with a smartphone. Measuring pressure

2557:

is common. According to one study, approximately 40% of recorded measurements ended with the digit zero, whereas "without bias, 10%–20% of measurements are expected to end in zero"

1087:, which is a good approximation of right atrial pressure, which is a major determinant of right ventricular end diastolic volume. (However, there can be exceptions in some cases.) 7481: 4154:

Franklin SS, Gustin W, Wong ND, Larson MG, Weber MA, Kannel WB, Levy D (July 1997). "Hemodynamic patterns of age-related changes in blood pressure. The Framingham Heart Study".

2134: 1511:

and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease brain small vessel disease, and dementia independent of the average blood pressure level. Recent evidence from

1414:(venous pooling) causes ~500 ml of blood to be relocated from the chest and upper body. This results in a rapid decrease in central blood volume and a reduction of ventricular 2106: 7569: 4748: 3914: 4307: 6941: 1489:. A similar effect is observed following the experience of excessive gravitational forces (G-loading), such as routinely experienced by aerobatic or combat pilots ' 7178: 6696:

Bos WJ, Verrij E, Vincent HH, Westerhof BE, Parati G, van Montfrans GA (April 2007). "How to assess mean blood pressure properly at the brachial artery level".

2141: 1465:'. Together these mechanisms normally stabilize blood pressure within a minute or less. If these compensatory mechanisms fail and arterial pressure and blood 1243:

Levels of arterial pressure put mechanical stress on the arterial walls. Higher pressures increase heart workload and progression of unhealthy tissue growth (

6534:

Khilnani P, Singhi S, Lodha R, Santhanam I, Sachdev A, Chugh K, Jaishree M, Ranjit S, Ramachandran B, Ali U, Udani S, Uttam R, Deopujari S (January 2010).

1691:

A schematic representation of the arterial pressure waveform over one cardiac cycle. The notch in the curve is associated with closing of the aortic valve.

4933:

Benetos, Athanase; Safar, Michel; Rudnichi, Annie; Smulyan, Harold; Richard, Jacques-Lucien; Ducimetière, Pierre; Guize, Louis (1997). "Pulse Pressure".

2241:

regulation of arterial pressure is not completely understood, but the following mechanisms of regulating arterial pressure have been well-characterized:

7792: 1418:

which in turn reduces stroke volume, and mean arterial pressure. Normally this is compensated for by multiple mechanisms, including activation of the

1247:) that develops within the walls of arteries. The higher the pressure, the more stress that is present and the more atheroma tend to progress and the 2893:"Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19·1 million participants" 6894:

Forouzanfar M, Dajani HR, Groza VZ, Bolic M, Rajan S, Batkin I (2015-01-01). "Oscillometric Blood Pressure Estimation: Past, Present, and Future".

243:, and varies depending on person's situation, emotional state, activity and relative health or disease state. In the short term, blood pressure is 7562: 2570:

snakes, blood pressure is higher than in non-arboreal snakes. A heart near to the head (short heart-to-head distance) and a long tail with tight

1922: 6587:"A widened pulse pressure: a potential valuable prognostic indicator of mortality in patients with sepsis. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect" 1507:

Some fluctuation or variation in blood pressure is normal. Variation in blood pressure that is significantly greater than the norm is known as

5129: 5028: 7373: 7154: 7049:

Sola J, Bertschi M, Krauss J (September 2018). "Measuring Pressure: Introducing oBPM, the Optical Revolution for Blood Pressure Monitoring".

7022: 6651: 5830: 5805: 5159: 4779: 4441: 4291: 3621: 3172: 4408: 4019: 1619:(the inverse of arterial compliance). Cardiac output is the product of stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume is influenced by 1) the 6242:

Korner PI, Angus JA (1992). "Structural determinants of vascular resistance properties in hypertension. Haemodynamic and model analysis".

6004:

Caplea A, Seachrist D, Dunphy G, Ely D (April 2001). "Sodium-induced rise in blood pressure is suppressed by androgen receptor blockade".

2372: 1859:

compromise. A pulse pressure of over 70 mmHg in sepsis is correlated with an increased chance of survival and a more positive response to

6855:"Aldosterone and blood pressure regulation: recent milestones on the long and winding road from electrocortin to KCNJ5, GPER, and beyond" 4379: 4001: 2774:

have higher blood pressures than most other dog breeds; a systolic pressure greater than 180 mmHg is considered abnormal in these dogs.

1721: 2492:; the antihypertensive effect of diuretics is due to its effect on blood volume. Generally, the baroreceptor reflex is not targeted in 2442:

Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor that will increase blood flow to the heart and subsequently the preload, ultimately increasing the

1398:

A large fall in blood pressure upon standing (typically a systolic/diastolic blood pressure decrease of >20/10 mmHg) is termed

8166: 7555: 7473: 5625:"Association Between Visit-to-Visit Blood Pressure Variability in Early Adulthood and Myocardial Structure and Function in Later Life" 4332:

Tkachenko BI, Evlakhov VI, Poyasov IZ (October 2002). "Independence of changes in right atrial pressure and central venous pressure".

2481: 1577:

losses of energy. Mean blood pressure drops over the whole circulation, although most of the fall occurs along the small arteries and

5846:

Mahler F, Muheim MH, Intaglietta M, Bollinger A, Anliker M (June 1979). "Blood pressure fluctuations in human nailfold capillaries".

1840:

present. The increased risk also exists even in cases in which diastolic pressure decreases over time while systolic remains steady.

1340:. This is a medical concern if it causes signs or symptoms, such as dizziness, fainting, or in extreme cases in medical emergencies, 7504:"ACVIM consensus statement: Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats" 6793: 6671: 6392: 2891:

Zhou B, Bentham J, Di Cesare M, Bixby H, Danaei G, Cowan MJ, et al. (NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)) (January 2017).

2566:

through the 2 metres (6 ft 7 in)-long neck to the head. In other species subjected to orthostatic blood pressure, such as

5036: 931:. An age-related rise in blood pressure is not considered healthy and is not observed in some isolated unacculturated communities. 2021: 8171: 4744: 1236:

can be an indicator of other problems and may have long-term adverse effects. Sometimes it can be an acute problem, such as in a

3391:

Smolensky MH, Hermida RC, Portaluppi F (June 2017). "Circadian mechanisms of 24-hour blood pressure regulation and patterning".

2542:, to reflect the blood pressure by auscultation. The most common automated blood pressure measurement technique is based on the 1094:(JVP) is the indirectly observed pressure over the venous system. It can be useful in the differentiation of different forms of 5772: 5517:"Visit-to-Visit Variability of Blood Pressure and Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, Heart Failure, and Mortality: A Cohort Study" 2770:

Hypertension in cats and dogs is generally diagnosed if the blood pressure is greater than 150 mm Hg (systolic), although

1225: 31: 1302: 924: 474: 358: 7028: 4311: 3481:"Relationship between waking-sleep blood pressure and catecholamine changes in African-American and European-American women" 3428:"Relationship between waking-sleep blood pressure and catecholamine changes in African-American and European-American women" 1649: 6831: 3884: 3356:

Yusuf S, Lonn E (November 2016). "The SPRINT and the HOPE-3 Trial in the Context of Other Blood Pressure-Lowering Trials".

3203:

McEvoy, John William; McCarthy, Cian P; Bruno, Rosa Maria; Brouwers, Sofie; Canavan, Michelle D; et al. (2024-08-30).

564: 7705: 6318:

de Moraes R, Tibirica E (2017). "Early Functional and Structural Microvascular Changes in Hypertension Related to Aging".

3660: 2432: 2321: 2261: 1322:

when diastolic blood pressure increased, whereas when diastolic blood pressure decreased, there was a decreased severity.

8082: 6937: 5313:"Association Between Blood Pressure Variability and Cerebral Small-Vessel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 2279: 2228: 1640: 7837: 7815: 2253: 1889: 236: 185: 8077: 7822: 2336: 2317: 560: 5460:"Baseline blood pressure modifies the role of blood pressure variability in mortality: Results from the ACCORD trial" 3240:

Whelton, Paul K; Carey, Robert M; Mancia, Giuseppe; Kreutz, Reinhold; Bundy, Joshua D; Williams, Bryan (2022-09-14).

4197:

Franklin SS (2008-05-01). "Beyond blood pressure: Arterial stiffness as a new biomarker of cardiovascular disease".

2324:

to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II then signals to the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone. Aldosterone stimulates

7903: 2543: 2513: 2385: 1558: 1486: 362: 4658:

Aortic Pressure and Clinical Outcomes: Principal Results of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFE) Study".

3722:

Agarwal R, Bunaye Z, Bekele DM (March 2008). "Prognostic significance of between-arm blood pressure differences".

3297:

Mancia, Giuseppe; Kreutz, Reinhold; Brunström, Mattias; Burnier, Michel; Grassi, Guido; et al. (2023-12-01).

8107: 8064: 8054: 7930: 7910: 7874: 7797: 7757: 7578: 2554: 1168:, also called central aortic blood pressure, or central blood pressure, is the blood pressure at the root of the 1123: 769: 342: 297: 219: 5672:

Parati G, Ochoa JE, Lombardi C, Bilo G (March 2013). "Assessment and management of blood-pressure variability".

4608:

McEniery, Carmel M.; Cockcroft, John R.; Roman, Mary J.; Franklin, Stanley S.; Wilkinson, Ian B. (23 Jan 2014).

3648:

Hypertension: The Clinical Management of Primary Hypertension in Adults: Update of Clinical Guidelines 18 and 34

2282:(RAS): This system is generally known for its long-term adjustment of arterial pressure. This system allows the 7925: 7915: 7805: 2465: 2265: 1833: 1632: 1427: 1419: 1013: 324: 61: 3906: 3651:. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Guidance. London: Royal College of Physicians (UK). 8161: 8112: 8044: 7989: 7890: 7810: 7694: 7672: 2783: 2547: 2497: 1893: 1439: 1399: 1393: 1091: 1084: 1055: 958: 742: 312: 7652: 4498:"Viewpoint: The Case for Non-Invasive Central Aortic Pressure Monitoring in the Management of Hypertension" 1624: 8049: 8039: 7953: 7699: 7657: 3731: 2526: 2518: 2485: 2406:

volume. Further, the macula densa releases adenosine which causes constriction of the afferent arterioles.

1877: 1872: 1828: 1802:, i.e. the heartbeat. The magnitude of the pulse pressure is usually attributed to the interaction of the 1607:(MAP) and pulse pressure. Most influences on blood pressure can be understood in terms of their effect on 1604: 1283: 1275: 1237: 1189: 1140: 1106: 773: 166: 7399:"Guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats" 1585:, and pumping from contraction of skeletal muscles also influence blood pressure, particularly in veins. 7898: 4979:

Franklin, Stanley S.; Khan, Shehzad A.; Wong, Nathan D.; Larson, Martin G.; Levy, Daniel (27 Jul 1999).

3128:

Alpert BS, Quinn D, Gallick D (December 2014). "Oscillometric blood pressure: a review for clinicians".

2410: 1541: 1263: 1233: 1051: 950: 150: 94: 2111: 729:

The risk of cardiovascular disease increases progressively above 90 mmHg, especially among women.

7438:

Lerman LO, Chade AR, Sica V, Napoli C (September 2005). "Animal models of hypertension: an overview".

7281:"Heart place and tail length evaluation in Naja oxiana, Macrovipera lebetina, and Montivipera latifii" 6495:"Pulse Pressure Changes With Six Classes of Antihypertensive Agents in a Randomized, Controlled Trial" 4853: 4234:"Does blood pressure inevitably rise with age?: longitudinal evidence among forager-horticulturalists" 3777:"Prevalence and clinical implications of the inter-arm blood pressure difference: A systematic review" 2083: 7647: 7630: 7237: 5515:

Muntner P, Whittle J, Lynch AI, Colantonio LD, Simpson LM, Einhorn PT, et al. (September 2015).

2352: 1620: 1458: 1415: 1369: 1319: 1315: 1047: 1024: 968: 154: 4797:"Higher heart rate variability as a predictor of atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertensione" 4537:

Avolio, Alberto (2008). "Central Aortic Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Risk: A Paradigm Shift?".

3935:

Struijk PC, Mathews VJ, Loupas T, Stewart PA, Clark EB, Steegers EA, Wladimiroff JW (October 2008).

3736: 1806:

of the heart, the compliance (ability to expand) of the arterial system—largely attributable to the

1493:' where the extreme hydrostatic pressures exceed the ability of the body's compensatory mechanisms. 7994: 7832: 7827: 7662: 7635: 5125: 4100:"Life course trajectories of systolic blood pressure using longitudinal data from eight UK cohorts" 2567: 2484:(also known as angiotensin receptor blockers; ARB). The aldosterone system is directly targeted by 2245: 1612: 1508: 1502: 1410:

pressure in the blood vessels of the lower limbs. The consequent distension of the veins below the

1341: 1287: 8102: 7967: 7720: 7261: 7172: 7074: 6919: 6721: 6029: 5697: 5497: 5440: 4912: 4801: 4400: 4357: 4179: 4080: 4023: 3966: 3757: 3594: 1616: 1566: 1482: 1466: 1443: 1411: 1294: 928: 741:, consumption of food or liquid, dietary factors, physical activity, changes in posture (such as 240: 224: 126: 114: 6454:"Pulse pressure not mean pressure determines cardiovascular risk in older hypertensive patients" 3241: 1687: 1473:

of the brain becomes critically compromised (i.e., the blood supply is not sufficient), causing

7228:

Seymour RS, Lillywhite HB (December 1976). "Blood pressure in snakes from different habitats".

1540:

Blood flow velocity waveforms in the central retinal artery (red) and vein (blue), measured by

7738: 7710: 7690: 7533: 7455: 7420: 7379: 7369: 7343: 7302: 7253: 7210: 7160: 7150: 7127: 7066: 7018: 6993: 6911: 6876: 6823: 6770: 6713: 6647: 6616: 6567: 6516: 6475: 6434: 6370: 6335: 6300: 6259: 6224: 6197: 6156: 6115: 6064: 6021: 5986: 5945: 5904: 5863: 5826: 5801: 5746: 5689: 5654: 5623:

Nwabuo CC, Yano Y, Moreira HT, Appiah D, Vasconcellos HD, Aghaji QN, et al. (July 2020).

5605: 5546: 5489: 5432: 5388: 5342: 5293: 5244: 5209: 5165: 5155: 5107: 5066: 5010: 5002: 4958: 4950: 4904: 4896: 4828: 4775: 4713: 4675: 4629: 4590: 4554: 4519: 4475: 4437: 4349: 4287: 4263: 4214: 4171: 4131: 4072: 4035:(The median blood pressure is given by the 50th percentile and hypertension is defined by the 3958: 3876: 3849: 3798: 3749: 3704: 3652: 3627: 3617: 3586: 3551: 3510: 3457: 3408: 3373: 3338: 3330: 3279: 3261: 3222: 3178: 3168: 3145: 3110: 3058: 3009: 2974: 2922: 2873: 2815: 2257: 1860: 1644: 1357: 1271: 801: 777: 738: 212: 5715:

Brickman AM, Reitz C, Luchsinger JA, Manly JJ, Schupf N, Muraskin J, et al. (May 2010).

4375: 3998: 3816:

Clark CE, Warren FC, Boddy K, McDonagh ST, Moore SF, Goddard J, et al. (February 2021).

8087: 7682: 7523: 7515: 7447: 7410: 7333: 7292: 7245: 7202: 7117: 7109: 7058: 6983: 6975: 6903: 6866: 6760: 6752: 6705: 6639: 6606: 6598: 6557: 6547: 6506: 6493:

Cushman, William C.; Materson, Barry J.; Williams, David W.; Reda, Domenic J. (1 Oct 2001).

6465: 6426: 6362: 6327: 6290: 6251: 6187: 6146: 6105: 6095: 6056: 6013: 5976: 5935: 5894: 5855: 5736: 5728: 5681: 5644: 5636: 5595: 5585: 5577: 5536: 5528: 5479: 5471: 5424: 5416: 5378: 5332: 5324: 5283: 5275: 5264:"Blood pressure variability and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis" 5236: 5199: 5099: 4992: 4942: 4888: 4818: 4810: 4705: 4696:

Rothe CF (February 1993). "Mean circulatory filling pressure: its meaning and measurement".

4667: 4637: 4621: 4582: 4546: 4509: 4467: 4341: 4253: 4245: 4206: 4163: 4121: 4111: 4098:

Wills AK, Lawlor DA, Matthews FE, Sayer AA, Bakra E, Ben-Shlomo Y, et al. (June 2011).

4062: 3948: 3839: 3829: 3788: 3741: 3694: 3578: 3541: 3500: 3492: 3447: 3439: 3400: 3365: 3320: 3310: 3269: 3253: 3212: 3137: 3100: 3092: 3048: 3040: 3001: 2964: 2956: 2912: 2904: 2863: 2855: 2535: 2398:

The macula densa causes an increase in Na reabsorption, which causes water to follow in via

1695:

The pulse pressure is the difference between the measured systolic and diastolic pressures,

1462: 1431: 1402:(postural hypotension) and represents a failure of the body to compensate for the effect of 1377: 1129: 1070: 989: 757: 256: 215: 189: 177: 52: 7502:

Acierno MJ, Brown S, Coleman AE, Jepson RE, Papich M, Stepien RL, Syme HM (November 2018).

2431:

Angiotensin I flows in the bloodstream until it reaches the capillaries of the lungs where

46: 7937: 7667: 7547: 6741:"Formula and nomogram for the sphygmomanometric calculation of the mean arterial pressure" 5262:

Stevens SL, Wood S, Koshiaris C, Law K, Glasziou P, Stevens RJ, McManus RJ (August 2016).

4005: 3569:

Rothwell PM (June 2011). "Does blood pressure variability modulate cardiovascular risk?".

2421: 2344: 2305: 2291: 1658: 1548: 1474: 1373: 1279: 1173: 1165: 1160: 1148: 830: 133:, where it is most commonly measured. Blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the 130: 6964:"Smartphone-based blood pressure monitoring via the oscillometric finger-pressing method" 6789: 6675: 6396: 6082:

Kanbay M, Aslan G, Afsar B, Dagel T, Siriopol D, Kuwabara M, et al. (October 2018).

6060: 5311:

Tully PJ, Yano Y, Launer LJ, Kario K, Nagai M, Mooijaart SP, et al. (January 2020).

2202:{\displaystyle \!{\text{MAP}}\approxeq P_{\text{dias}}+k(P_{\text{sys}}-P_{\text{dias}})} 129:. When used without qualification, the term "blood pressure" refers to the pressure in a 17: 7241: 6452:

Blacher J, Staessen JA, Girerd X, Gasowski J, Thijs L, Liu L, et al. (April 2000).

2256:

detect changes in arterial pressure. These baroreceptors send signals ultimately to the

8097: 8022: 7608: 7595: 7528: 7503: 7415: 7398: 7279:

Nasoori A, Taghipour A, Shahbazzadeh D, Aminirissehei A, Moghaddam S (September 2014).

7122: 7097: 6988: 6963: 6765: 6740: 6643: 6611: 6586: 6562: 6535: 6110: 6083: 5741: 5717:"Long-term blood pressure fluctuation and cerebrovascular disease in an elderly cohort" 5716: 5649: 5624: 5600: 5565: 5541: 5516: 5484: 5459: 5337: 5312: 5288: 5263: 4892: 4873: 4871: 4823: 4796: 4642: 4609: 4550: 4471: 4258: 4249: 4233: 4126: 4099: 3844: 3817: 3745: 3546: 3529: 3505: 3480: 3452: 3427: 3274: 3105: 3080: 3053: 3028: 2969: 2944: 2917: 2892: 2868: 2843: 2443: 2436: 2384:

The blood pressure fall is detected by a decrease in blood flow and thus a decrease in

2368: 2348: 2309: 2295: 1885: 1811: 1799: 1682: 1608: 1512: 1361: 1298: 279: 252: 232: 162: 7297: 7280: 6871: 6854: 6331: 6017: 4671: 3834: 2908: 8155: 7715: 7625: 7618: 7603: 6430: 6366: 6295: 6278: 5859: 5501: 5444: 3598: 2539: 2477: 2454: 2425: 2269: 1881: 1844: 1815: 1803: 1666: 1562: 1447: 1267: 1095: 275: 208: 158: 146: 138: 7078: 6725: 6033: 5764: 5701: 4928: 4926: 4361: 4183: 3970: 1073:. It is much lower than arterial pressure, with common values of 5 mmHg in the 8129: 8119: 8092: 7981: 7972: 7769: 7743: 7093: 6923: 5367:"Risk Factor Variability and Cardiovascular Outcome: JACC Review Topic of the Week" 4916: 4084: 3761: 3681:

Eguchi K, Yacoub M, Jhalani J, Gerin W, Schwartz JE, Pickering TG (February 2007).

2493: 2403: 2392: 2364: 2332: 2287: 2249: 1628: 1600: 1594: 1485:. Usually this failure of compensation is due to disease, or drugs that affect the 1407: 1255: 1220: 1204: 1099: 1074: 267: 248: 196: 118: 7265: 7195:

American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology

4008:, p. 6. Revised 6/10. By Theresa Kirkpatrick and Kateri Tobias. UCLA Health System 1995:

In practice, the contribution of CVP (which is small) is generally ignored and so

1528: 81: 7098:"Digit Preference in Office Blood Pressure Measurements, United States 2015-2019" 7012: 6979: 6962:

Chandrasekhar A, Kim CS, Naji M, Natarajan K, Hahn JO, Mukkamala R (March 2018).

6709: 5640: 4431: 4116: 4067: 4050: 3496: 3443: 3369: 3315: 3298: 67: 8134: 8124: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7753: 7397:

Brown S, Atkins C, Bagley R, Carr A, Cowgill L, Davidson M, et al. (2007).

6815: 6470: 6453: 5204: 5187: 4709: 3868: 3257: 3217: 3204: 2807: 2530:

Measuring systolic and diastolic blood pressure using a mercury sphygmomanometer

2450: 2360: 2340: 2301: 2273: 2238: 1856: 1662: 1570: 1454: 1349: 1337: 1331: 1310: 1208: 1136: 1110: 784: 263: 244: 200: 173: 75: 7206: 6215:

Coffman JD (December 1988). "Pathophysiology of obstructive arterial disease".

6151: 6134: 5732: 5383: 5366: 5240: 5058: 4814: 4625: 4514: 4497: 4210: 3699: 3682: 3646: 3404: 3141: 3005: 2960: 161:(kPa). The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is known as 8072: 7857: 7747: 7730: 7613: 7451: 7062: 6907: 6585:

Al-Khalisy H, Nikiforov I, Jhajj M, Kodali N, Cheriyath P (11 December 2015).

4345: 4036: 3582: 3096: 2771: 2571: 2234: 1578: 1423: 1248: 746: 195:

Traditionally, a health-care worker measured blood pressure non-invasively by

181: 7383: 7347: 7164: 5899: 5882: 5566:"Blood Pressure Variability and Risk of Heart Failure in ACCORD and the VADT" 5169: 5006: 4997: 4980: 4974: 4972: 4954: 4946: 4900: 4679: 4633: 4594: 4586: 4558: 4523: 4479: 3631: 3334: 3265: 3226: 3182: 8004: 7775: 7642: 6602: 6552: 5981: 5964: 5940: 5923: 5685: 5328: 5103: 4167: 2859: 2313: 1636: 1582: 1574: 1478: 1470: 807: 7537: 7459: 7424: 7306: 7214: 7131: 7070: 6997: 6915: 6880: 6827: 6774: 6717: 6620: 6571: 6520: 6479: 6438: 6339: 6304: 6192: 6175: 6160: 6119: 6025: 5750: 5693: 5658: 5609: 5550: 5493: 5436: 5392: 5346: 5297: 5248: 5213: 5111: 5070: 5014: 4908: 4832: 4353: 4267: 4218: 4135: 4076: 3962: 3880: 3853: 3802: 3793: 3776: 3753: 3708: 3683:"Consistency of blood pressure differences between the left and right arms" 3656: 3590: 3555: 3528:

Hansen TW, Li Y, Boggia J, Thijs L, Richart T, Staessen JA (January 2011).

3514: 3461: 3412: 3377: 3342: 3283: 3149: 3114: 3062: 3013: 2992:

Grim CE, Grim CM (March 2016). "Auscultatory BP: still the gold standard".

2926: 2877: 2819: 1965:{\displaystyle \!{\text{MAP}}=({\text{CO}}\cdot {\text{SVR}})+{\text{CVP}}} 1450:

tone in response to the elevated pressure in the veins of the lower body.

7338: 7321: 7257: 7113: 6756: 6511: 6494: 6374: 6263: 6228: 6201: 6084:"Acute effects of salt on blood pressure are mediated by serum osmolality" 6068: 5949: 5908: 4962: 4717: 4175: 8032: 7763: 5990: 5867: 5365:

Messerli FH, Hofstetter L, Rimoldi SF, Rexhaj E, Bangalore S (May 2019).

4981:"Is Pulse Pressure Useful in Predicting Risk for Coronary Heart Disease?" 4286:. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 4232:

Gurven M, Blackwell AD, Rodríguez DE, Stieglitz J, Kaplan H (July 2012).

3044: 2978: 2501: 2489: 2320:. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is converted by 1653: 1353: 1244: 1059: 110: 5590: 5428: 3325: 1661:

reduce the caliber of blood vessels, thereby increasing blood pressure.

8027: 7519: 4491: 4489: 2469: 2399: 1490: 1403: 1381: 1365: 6255: 6100: 5581: 5475: 5420: 5279: 5152:

Braunwald's heart disease : a textbook of cardiovascular medicine

2312:

in response to activation of the renin-angiotensin system, high serum

1211:, and blood pressure that shows excessive or maladaptive fluctuation. 752: 7867: 7862: 7249: 6536:"Pediatric Sepsis Guidelines: Summary for resource-limited countries" 5532: 3953: 3936: 2325: 2283: 1852: 1345: 1259: 271: 204: 2080:

MAP is often estimated from measurements of the systolic pressure,

282:. Long-term hypertension is more common than long-term hypotension. 6739:

Meaney E, Alva F, Moguel R, Meaney A, Alva J, Webel R (July 2000).

1798:

The pulse pressure is a consequence of the pulsatile nature of the

1536: 7999: 7586: 6634:

Granger JP, Hall JE (2007). "Role of the Kidney in Hypertension".

5883:"The relationship of cardiac output and arterial pressure control" 5458:

Nuyujukian DS, Newell MS, Zhou JJ, Koska J, Reaven PD (May 2022).

4610:"Central blood pressure: current evidence and clinical importance" 2525: 2517: 2414: 2356: 1807: 1768:{\displaystyle \!P_{\text{pulse}}=P_{\text{sys}}-P_{\text{dias}}.} 1686: 1547: 1535: 1527: 1278:. Even moderate elevation of arterial pressure leads to shortened 1224: 1169: 1144: 751: 122: 89: 6176:"The role of rheological and haemostatic factors in hypertension" 5188:"Orthostatic Hypotension: Epidemiology, Prognosis, and Treatment" 1229:

Overview of main complications of persistent high blood pressure.

1050:. However, measurement of pressures in the venous system and the 927:. The rise in pulse pressure with age is attributed to increased 6047:

Houston MC (January 1986). "Sodium and hypertension. A review".

6006:

American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology

5564:

Nuyujukian DS, Koska J, Bahn G, Reaven PD, Zhou JJ (July 2020).

4436:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Hanley & Belfus. p. 210. 1435: 1066: 1046:

Blood pressure generally refers to the arterial pressure in the

316: 165:, while the average pressure during a cardiac cycle is known as 27:

Pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of arteries

7551: 6135:"Speculations on salt and the genesis of arterial hypertension" 5227:

Franco Folino A (2007). "Cerebral autoregulation and syncope".

4774:(11th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 220. 3937:"Blood pressure estimation in the human fetal descending aorta" 2837: 2835: 1565:

effects (e.g. standing), mean blood pressure decreases as the

765: 6790:"Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts – Arterial Baroreceptors" 6672:"Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts – Mean Arterial Pressure" 4407:. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. September 2008. 3775:

Clark CE, Campbell JL, Evans PH, Millward A (December 2006).

1442:. Decreased venous compliance also results from an intrinsic 4887:(25). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 2955–2961. 4496:

Kesten, Steven; Qasem, Ahmad; Avolio, Alberto (2022-10-20).

2391:

Decrease in GFR is sensed as a decrease in Na levels by the

2050:{\displaystyle \!{\text{MAP}}={\text{CO}}\cdot {\text{SVR}}} 5128:. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. September 2008. 4941:(6). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 1410–1415. 4581:(7). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 1827–1836. 4376:"Esophageal Varices : Article Excerpt by: Samy A Azer" 4051:"The quest for blood pressure reference values in children" 3479:

van Berge-Landry HM, Bovbjerg DH, James GD (October 2008).

3426:

van Berge-Landry HM, Bovbjerg DH, James GD (October 2008).

2290:

or drops in arterial pressure by activating an endogenous

1453:

Other compensatory mechanisms include the veno-arteriolar

733:

pressure with hypertension, particularly in older people.

4991:(4). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 354–360. 4466:(1). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 197–203. 3081:"Principles and techniques of blood pressure measurement" 2449:

Angiotensin II also causes an increase in the release of

4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 1147:

if the pressure increases to above 20 mmHg, and to

4282:

Goers TA, Klingensmith ME, Chen LE, Glasgow SC (2008).

1851:

Pulse pressure can both widen or narrow in people with

1673:

individual can vary widely in the short and long term.

1251:

tends to thicken, enlarge and become weaker over time.

3913:. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 3167:(32nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. 2844:"Cardiac and vascular pathophysiology in hypertension" 2801: 2799: 2538:, which uses the height of a column of mercury, or an 1058:

but requires invasive measurement of pressure using a

207:

as the artery is squeezed, closer to the heart, by an

7474:"AKC Canine Health Foundation | Hypertension in Dogs" 6393:"Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts – Pulse Pressure" 5825:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 93–94. 2144: 2114: 2086: 2024: 1925: 1832:

pulse pressure can be a symptom of disorders such as

1724: 1406:

on the circulation. Standing results in an increased

51:

A healthcare worker measuring blood pressure using a

6386: 6384: 5186:

Ricci F, De Caterina R, Fedorowski A (August 2015).

4020:"Blood pressure tables for children and adolescents" 3988:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. 476. 2351:) result in feedback by regulating the secretion of 1623:

or filling pressure of the ventricle acting via the

8063: 8013: 7980: 7966: 7946: 7883: 7785: 7729: 7681: 7594: 7585: 6938:"Apparatus and method for measuring blood pressure" 5029:"Isolated systolic hypertension: A health concern?" 300:(using an automated device over a 24-hour period). 266:, pressure that is consistently too high is called 88: 74: 60: 39: 7014:The Handbook of Cuffless Blood Pressure Monitoring 6665: 6663: 6283:Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology 3616:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2534:Arterial pressure is most commonly measured via a 2201: 2128: 2100: 2049: 1964: 1767: 813:The average blood pressure for full-term infants: 5965:"Salt, volume and the prevention of hypertension" 3530:"Predictive role of the nighttime blood pressure" 2806:Homan TD, Bordes SJ, Cichowski E (12 July 2022). 2582:Blood pressure and heart rate of various mammals 2413:sense the decrease in blood pressure and release 2145: 2115: 2087: 2025: 1926: 1725: 145:(minimum pressure between two heartbeats) in the 7368:(3rd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer. p. 5. 7322:"Scaling of cardiovascular physiology in snakes" 4620:(26). Oxford University Press (OUP): 1719–1725. 3645:National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK) (2011). 3614:Temporal Variations of the Cardiovascular System 7440:The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 7147:The design of mammals : a scaling approach 5065:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 4199:Journal of the American Society of Hypertension 3130:Journal of the American Society of Hypertension 2994:Journal of the American Society of Hypertension 2945:"A short history of blood pressure measurement" 2814:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2496:because if blocked, individuals may experience 1569:moves away from the heart through arteries and 1240:when blood pressure is more than 180/120 mmHg. 6822:. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. 1880:(MAP) is the average of blood pressure over a 1603:of systemic arterial pressure is based around 1065:Venous pressure is the vascular pressure in a 7563: 5924:"Arterial impedance as ventricular afterload" 5371:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 5192:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 5126:"Diseases and conditions index – hypotension" 4334:Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 2522:Taking blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer 2375:, in turn increasing arterial blood pressure. 8: 2949:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1203:Disorders of blood pressure control include 3907:"Low blood pressure (hypotension) – Causes" 2938: 2936: 1336:Blood pressure that is too low is known as 251:, which act via the brain to influence the 7977: 7591: 7570: 7556: 7548: 7285:Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 7177:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6279:"Small artery remodelling in hypertension" 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 2580: 2460:Aldosterone further increases the Na and H 1344:. Causes of low arterial pressure include 286:Classification, normal and abnormal values 45: 7527: 7414: 7337: 7296: 7121: 6987: 6870: 6764: 6610: 6561: 6551: 6510: 6469: 6294: 6191: 6150: 6109: 6099: 5980: 5939: 5898: 5740: 5648: 5599: 5589: 5540: 5483: 5382: 5336: 5317:Journal of the American Heart Association 5287: 5203: 4996: 4822: 4641: 4513: 4257: 4125: 4115: 4066: 4018:National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. 3952: 3941:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 3843: 3833: 3792: 3735: 3698: 3545: 3504: 3451: 3324: 3314: 3273: 3216: 3104: 3079:Ogedegbe G, Pickering T (November 2010). 3052: 3029:"Blood pressure measurement is changing!" 2968: 2916: 2867: 2488:. The fluid retention may be targeted by 2476:The RAS is targeted pharmacologically by 2190: 2177: 2158: 2146: 2143: 2120: 2113: 2092: 2085: 2042: 2034: 2026: 2023: 1957: 1946: 1938: 1927: 1924: 1756: 1743: 1730: 1723: 1552:Schematic of pressures in the circulation 1544:in the eye fundus of a healthy volunteer. 262:Blood pressure that is too low is called 121:. Most of this pressure results from the 7366:Animal Models in Cardiovascular Research 5765:"Normal Blood Pressure Ranges in Adults" 5154:(9th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4405:From Diseases and Conditions Index (DCI) 3165:Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary 938: 828: 302: 7579:Physiology of the cardiovascular system 7508:Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 7403:Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 6816:"Physiology, Renin Angiotensin System." 5791: 5789: 3986:Foundations of Maternal-Newborn Nursing 2795: 1822:Clinical significance of pulse pressure 1434:to preserve blood pressure and elicits 802:Fetal circulation § Blood pressure 764:Various other factors, such as age and 7359: 7357: 7170: 6896:IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 6814:Fountain J, Lappin SL (January 2022). 2553:In office blood pressure measurement, 1497:Variable or fluctuating blood pressure 36: 7096:, Alexander GC, Selvin E (May 2021). 7017:. Springer International Publishing. 5360: 5358: 5356: 5181: 5179: 4745:"The facts about high blood pressure" 4691: 4689: 4149: 4147: 4145: 2402:and leads to an ultimate increase in 1469:decrease beyond a certain point, the 1080:Variants of venous pressure include: 565:International Society of Hypertension 7: 6591:J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect 6061:10.1001/archinte.1986.00360130217028 5800:. Oxford : Oxford University Press. 4747:. American Heart Association. 2023. 4308:"Central Venous Catheter Physiology" 3074: 3072: 2842:Mayet J, Hughes A (September 2003). 2435:(ACE) acts on it to convert it into 1438:vasoconstriction to decrease venous 1077:and 8 mmHg in the left atrium. 833:for blood pressure (BP) in children 5229:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 3612:Engel BT, Blümchen G, eds. (1992). 2574:favor blood perfusion to the head. 2482:angiotensin II receptor antagonists 2264:(RVLM). The medulla, by way of the 1810:and large elastic arteries—and the 7416:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03005.x 7011:Solà J, Delgado-Gonzalo R (2019). 6834:from the original on 29 April 2019 6644:10.1016/b978-0-323-03961-1.50026-x 5848:The American Journal of Physiology 5823:Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts 5464:Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 5409:Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 4893:10.1161/01.cir.0000020500.77568.3c 4551:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.108910 4472:10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.089078 4411:from the original on 27 April 2012 4250:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.189100 4039:for a given age, height, and sex.) 3867:Sharma S, Bhattacharya PT (2018). 3746:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.104943 3547:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.133900 2318:adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 2215:= 0.333 although other values for 1014:Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 791:Systemic arterial pressure and age 25: 7092:Foti KE, Appel LJ, Matsushita K, 6872:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01251 6332:10.2174/1573402113666170413095508 6018:10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.4.H1793 4672:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.595496 4401:"What Is Pulmonary Hypertension?" 3835:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15997 2129:{\displaystyle \!P_{\text{dias}}} 1151:at pressures above 25 mmHg. 760:used for measuring blood pressure 7102:American Journal of Hypertension 6431:10.1111/j.1466-7657.2011.00915.x 6355:The American Journal of Medicine 6296:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00758.x 6088:Journal of Clinical Hypertension 5860:10.1152/ajpheart.1979.236.6.H888 5798:The Mechanics of The Circulation 4856:. Cleveland Clinic. 28 July 2021 4795:Kim SH, Lim KR, Chun KJ (2022). 4751:from the original on 14 May 2023 4284:The Washington Manual of Surgery 3905:Mayo Clinic staff (2009-05-23). 2101:{\displaystyle \!P_{\text{sys}}} 1135:Increased blood pressure in the 561:European Society of Hypertension 231:Blood pressure is influenced by 7484:from the original on 2022-10-03 7031:from the original on 2021-06-17 6944:from the original on 2022-10-26 6796:from the original on 2009-12-23 5775:from the original on 2023-03-16 5132:from the original on 2012-04-27 5039:from the original on 2013-12-28 4430:Adair OV (2001). "Chapter 41". 4382:from the original on 2008-10-07 3917:from the original on 2021-11-17 3887:from the original on 2020-03-17 3663:from the original on 2022-08-12 2373:Frank–Starling law of the heart 1258:is one of the risk factors for 1132:is about 15 mmHg at rest. 1113:. It is normally 5–10 mmHg 304:Blood pressure classifications 32:Blood pressure (disambiguation) 6968:Science Translational Medicine 6638:. Elsevier. pp. 241–263. 6133:Titze J, Luft FC (June 2017). 5150:Braunwald E, Bonow RO (2012). 4772:Textbook of Medical Physiology 2578:regulation of blood pressure. 2196: 2170: 1951: 1935: 1303:isolated systolic hypertension 1274:, and is the leading cause of 1128:Normally, the pressure in the 925:isolated systolic hypertension 475:European Society of Cardiology 359:American College of Cardiology 1: 7706:Aortic valve area calculation 7298:10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60220-0 6458:Archives of Internal Medicine 6180:Journal of Human Hypertension 6049:Archives of Internal Medicine 4698:Journal of Applied Physiology 3781:Journal of Human Hypertension 3687:Archives of Internal Medicine 2909:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31919-5 2766:Hypertension in cats and dogs 2433:angiotensin-converting enzyme 2322:angiotensin converting enzyme 2262:rostral ventrolateral medulla 2108:and the diastolic pressure, 1109:is the blood pressure in the 172:Blood pressure is one of the 151:millimeters of mercury (mmHg) 137:(maximum pressure during one 6980:10.1126/scitranslmed.aap8674 6710:10.1097/HJH.0b013e32803fb621 6419:International Nursing Review 6367:10.1016/0002-9343(72)90050-2 6320:Current Hypertension Reviews 6244:Journal of Vascular Research 5641:10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0799 4117:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000440 4068:10.1097/HJH.0000000000000109 3984:Sharon SM, Emily SM (2006). 3571:Current Hypertension Reports 3497:10.1097/MBP.0b013e3283078f45 3444:10.1097/MBP.0b013e3283078f45 3370:10.1001/jamacardio.2016.2169 3316:10.1097/HJH.0000000000003480 2808:"Physiology, Pulse Pressure" 2363:. The resultant increase in 2254:high pressure receptor zones 2223:Regulation of blood pressure 1890:systemic vascular resistance 1613:systemic vascular resistance 1532:Cardiac systole and diastole 774:obstructive arterial disease 237:systemic vascular resistance 223:5 mm Hg or less, and a 7823:Effective refractory period 7702:) / End-diastolic dimension 6951:– via Google patents. 6853:Feldman RD (January 2014). 6471:10.1001/archinte.160.8.1085 6277:Mulvany MJ (January 2012). 5881:Guyton AC (December 1981). 5521:Annals of Internal Medicine 5205:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.06.1084 4710:10.1152/jappl.1993.74.2.499 2828:– via NCBI Bookshelf. 2337:low pressure receptor zones 2136: using the equation: 1855:depending on the degree of 1650:Hagen-Poiseuille's equation 1286:(HRV) is a risk factor for 1199:Disorders of blood pressure 1054:plays an important role in 770:peripheral arterial disease 8188: 7207:10.1152/ajpregu.90804.2008 7145:Prothero JW (2015-10-22). 6636:Comprehensive Hypertension 6152:10.1016/j.kint.2017.02.034 5733:10.1001/archneurol.2010.70 5674:Nature Reviews. Cardiology 5384:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.02.063 5241:10.1016/j.pcad.2007.01.001 4815:10.1038/s41598-022-07783-3 4515:10.1007/s44200-022-00023-z 4211:10.1016/j.jash.2007.09.002 3700:10.1001/archinte.167.4.388 3405:10.1016/j.smrv.2016.02.003 3142:10.1016/j.jash.2014.08.014 3027:O'Brien E (January 2001). 3006:10.1016/j.jash.2016.01.004 2961:10.1177/003591577707001112 2514:Blood pressure measurement 2511: 2386:glomerular filtration rate 2286:to compensate for loss in 2226: 1870: 1680: 1592: 1559:Hypertension and the brain 1500: 1487:sympathetic nervous system 1391: 1329: 1218: 1187: 1158: 1143:, leading to interstitial 1121: 969:Right ventricular pressure 870:Toddlers and preschoolers 799: 363:American Heart Association 291:Systemic arterial pressure 125:pumping blood through the 29: 8167:Cardiovascular physiology 8108:Tubuloglomerular feedback 8055:Critical closing pressure 7875:Hexaxial reference system 7798:Cardiac electrophysiology 7452:10.1016/j.lab.2005.05.005 7063:10.1109/MPUL.2018.2856960 6908:10.1109/RBME.2015.2434215 5057:Tan JL, Thakur K (2022). 4049:Chiolero A (March 2014). 3875:. StatPearls Publishing. 3583:10.1007/s11906-011-0201-3 3485:Blood Pressure Monitoring 3432:Blood Pressure Monitoring 3258:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac432 3218:10.1093/eurheartj/ehae178 3097:10.1016/j.ccl.2010.07.006 2943:Booth J (November 1977). 2594: 2589: 2586: 2555:terminal digit preference 2258:medulla of the brain stem 1884:and is determined by the 1520:in outcome is uncertain. 1124:Pulmonary artery pressure 1025:Left ventricular pressure 1023: 1009: 990:Pulmonary artery pressure 988: 967: 957: 941: 929:stiffness of the arteries 897: 883: 869: 855: 848: 843: 840: 837: 820:Diastolic 30–60 mmHg 559: 473: 357: 323: 320: 311: 298:ambulatory blood pressure 220:ambulatory blood pressure 44: 18:Blood pressure regulation 8083:Renin–angiotensin system 6174:Lee AJ (December 1997). 5900:10.1161/01.cir.64.6.1079 4998:10.1161/01.cir.100.4.354 4947:10.1161/01.hyp.30.6.1410 4626:10.1093/eurheartj/eht565 4587:10.1161/01.cir.95.7.1827 2466:distal convoluted tubule 2367:results in an increased 2280:Renin–angiotensin system 2266:autonomic nervous system 2229:Renin–angiotensin system 1834:congestive heart failure 1641:renin–angiotensin system 1625:Frank–Starling mechanism 1428:myocardial contractility 1420:autonomic nervous system 935:Systemic venous pressure 817:Systolic 65–95 mmHg 325:Diastolic blood pressure 203:for sounds in one arm's 8172:Mathematics in medicine 8113:Cerebral autoregulation 8078:Kinin–kallikrein system 8045:Jugular venous pressure 7695:End-diastolic dimension 7673:Pressure volume diagram 6698:Journal of Hypertension 6603:10.3402/jchimp.v5.29426 6553:10.4103/0972-5229.63029 5982:10.1161/01.CIR.53.4.589 5963:Freis ED (April 1976). 5941:10.1161/01.res.36.5.565 5686:10.1038/nrcardio.2013.1 5329:10.1161/JAHA.119.013841 5104:10.1067/mhj.2002.123139 5059:"Systolic Hypertension" 4346:10.1023/A:1021931508946 4168:10.1161/01.CIR.96.1.308 4055:Journal of Hypertension 3303:Journal of Hypertension 3163:Newman WA, ed. (2012). 2860:10.1136/heart.89.9.1104 2784:History of hypertension 2498:orthostatic hypotension 2486:aldosterone antagonists 2409:At the same time, the 1894:central venous pressure 1627:—this is influenced by 1400:orthostatic hypotension 1394:Orthostatic hypotension 1388:Orthostatic hypotension 1092:jugular venous pressure 1085:Central venous pressure 1056:intensive care medicine 959:Central venous pressure 313:Systolic blood pressure 8050:Portal venous pressure 8040:Mean arterial pressure 7954:Ventricular remodeling 7700:End-systolic dimension 7658:Cardiac function curve 6540:Indian J Crit Care Med 6193:10.1038/sj.jhh.1000556 5922:Milnor WR (May 1975). 5092:American Heart Journal 4614:European Heart Journal 3999:Pediatric Age Specific 3794:10.1038/sj.jhh.1002093 3393:Sleep Medicine Reviews 3246:European Heart Journal 3209:European Heart Journal 2531: 2523: 2464:O reabsorption in the 2260:, specifically to the 2203: 2130: 2102: 2051: 1966: 1878:Mean arterial pressure 1873:Mean arterial pressure 1867:Mean arterial pressure 1829:cardiovascular disease 1769: 1692: 1605:mean arterial pressure 1553: 1545: 1533: 1430:and systemic arterial 1368:abnormalities such as 1284:heart rate variability 1276:chronic kidney failure 1238:hypertensive emergency 1230: 1190:Mean systemic pressure 1184:Mean systemic pressure 1141:pulmonary hypertension 1107:portal venous pressure 761: 702:Hypertension, grade 3 676:Hypertension, grade 2 650:Hypertension, grade 1 448:Hypertension, stage 2 422:Hypertension, stage 1 199:(listening) through a 167:mean arterial pressure 153:above the surrounding 7691:Fractional shortening 6757:10.1136/heart.84.1.64 6512:10.1161/hy1001.096212 5721:Archives of Neurology 2529: 2521: 2411:juxtaglomerular cells 2308:is released from the 2219:have been advocated. 2204: 2131: 2103: 2052: 1967: 1770: 1690: 1633:cardiac contractility 1599:A simple view of the 1551: 1542:laser Doppler imaging 1539: 1531: 1234:Arterial hypertension 1228: 800:Further information: 755: 117:against the walls of 7631:End-diastolic volume 6788:Klabunde RE (2007). 6670:Klabunde RE (2007). 6391:Klabunde RE (2007). 6139:Kidney International 5928:Circulation Research 3045:10.1136/heart.85.1.3 2353:antidiuretic hormone 2316:levels, or elevated 2142: 2112: 2084: 2022: 1923: 1722: 1621:end-diastolic volume 1459:skeletal muscle pump 1320:mitral regurgitation 1048:systemic circulation 796:Fetal blood pressure 155:atmospheric pressure 149:. It is measured in 30:For other uses, see 7995:Vascular resistance 7833:Electrocardiography 7828:Pacemaker potential 7758:Conduction velocity 7663:Venous return curve 7636:End-systolic volume 7339:10.1093/icb/27.1.97 7320:Seymour RS (1987). 7242:1976Natur.264..664S 7114:10.1093/ajh/hpaa196 5821:Klabunde R (2005). 2583: 2424:(inactive form) to 2355:(ADH/vasopressin), 2246:Baroreceptor reflex 1509:labile hypertension 1503:Labile hypertension 1446:increase in venous 1288:atrial fibrillation 1215:High blood pressure 1205:high blood pressure 1139:of the lung causes 834: 305: 239:, blood volume and 8103:Myogenic mechanism 7721:Left atrial volume 7653:Frank–Starling law 7520:10.1111/jvim.15331 7326:American Zoologist 7201:(4): R1058–R1065. 6012:(4): H1793–H1801. 4802:Scientific Reports 4770:Guyton AC (2006). 4433:Cardiology secrets 4004:2017-05-16 at the 3085:Cardiology Clinics 2581: 2532: 2524: 2199: 2126: 2098: 2047: 1962: 1765: 1693: 1617:arterial stiffness 1554: 1546: 1534: 1326:Low blood pressure 1297:pressure and high 1272:arterial aneurysms 1231: 1209:low blood pressure 1118:Pulmonary pressure 1071:atria of the heart 829: 762: 303: 241:arterial stiffness 225:standard deviation 143:diastolic pressure 127:circulatory system 8149: 8148: 8145: 8144: 7962: 7961: 7802:Action potential 7793:Conduction system 7739:Cardiac pacemaker 7711:Ejection fraction 7375:978-0-387-95962-7 7364:Gross DR (2009). 7236:(5587): 664–666. 7156:978-1-107-11047-2 7024:978-3-030-24701-0 6974:(431): eaap8674. 6653:978-0-323-03961-1 6256:10.1159/000158945 6101:10.1111/jch.13374 6094:(10): 1447–1454. 5832:978-0-7817-5030-1 5807:978-0-19-263323-1 5582:10.2337/dc19-2540 5476:10.1111/dom.14649 5421:10.1111/dom.13828 5415:(12): 2587–2598. 5377:(20): 2596–2603. 5280:10.1136/bmj.i4098 5161:978-1-4377-0398-6 4781:978-0-7216-0240-0 4443:978-1-56053-420-4 4293:978-0-7817-7447-5 3623:978-3-662-02748-6 3309:(12): 1874–2071. 3252:(35): 3302–3311. 3174:978-1-4160-6257-8 2763: 2762: 2597:beats per minute 2193: 2180: 2161: 2149: 2123: 2095: 2045: 2037: 2029: 1960: 1949: 1941: 1930: 1759: 1746: 1733: 1648:described by the 1645:plasma osmolarity 1567:circulating blood 1370:Addison's disease 1358:cardiogenic shock 1342:circulatory shock 1052:pulmonary vessels 1044: 1043: 911: 910: 778:aortic dissection 727: 726: 186:oxygen saturation 135:systolic pressure 115:circulating blood 100: 99: 16:(Redirected from 8179: 8088:Vasoconstrictors 8065:Regulation of BP 7978: 7911:pulmonary artery 7884:Chamber pressure 7592: 7572: 7565: 7558: 7549: 7542: 7541: 7531: 7514:(6): 1803–1822. 7499: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7489: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7435: 7429: 7428: 7418: 7394: 7388: 7387: 7361: 7352: 7351: 7341: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7300: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7250:10.1038/264664a0 7225: 7219: 7218: 7189: 7183: 7182: 7176: 7168: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7125: 7089: 7083: 7082: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7037: 7036: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6991: 6959: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6934: 6928: 6927: 6891: 6885: 6884: 6874: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6768: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6693: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6683: 6674:. Archived from 6667: 6658: 6657: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6614: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6565: 6555: 6531: 6525: 6524: 6514: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6473: 6464:(8): 1085–1089. 6449: 6443: 6442: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6404: 6395:. Archived from 6388: 6379: 6378: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6298: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6195: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6154: 6145:(6): 1324–1335. 6130: 6124: 6123: 6113: 6103: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5984: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5943: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5902: 5893:(6): 1079–1088. 5878: 5872: 5871: 5854:(6): H888–H893. 5843: 5837: 5836: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5796:Caro CG (1978). 5793: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5744: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5652: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5603: 5593: 5576:(7): 1471–1478. 5561: 5555: 5554: 5544: 5533:10.7326/M14-2803 5512: 5506: 5505: 5487: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5386: 5362: 5351: 5350: 5340: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5291: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5207: 5183: 5174: 5173: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5000: 4976: 4967: 4966: 4930: 4921: 4920: 4875: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4854:"Pulse pressure" 4850: 4837: 4836: 4826: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4741: 4722: 4721: 4693: 4684: 4683: 4666:(9): 1213–1225. 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4545:(6): 1470–1471. 4534: 4528: 4527: 4517: 4493: 4484: 4483: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4387: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4319: 4310:. Archived from 4304: 4298: 4297: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4261: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4151: 4140: 4139: 4129: 4119: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4070: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4032: 4031: 4022:. Archived from 4015: 4009: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3956: 3954:10.1002/uog.6137 3932: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3892: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3847: 3837: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3796: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3739: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3702: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3642: 3636: 3635: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3549: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3508: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3455: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3328: 3318: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3277: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3220: 3200: 3187: 3186: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3108: 3076: 3067: 3066: 3056: 3024: 3018: 3017: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2972: 2940: 2931: 2930: 2920: 2903:(10064): 37–55. 2888: 2882: 2881: 2871: 2854:(9): 1104–1109. 2839: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2826: 2803: 2584: 2536:sphygmomanometer 2208: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2191: 2182: 2181: 2178: 2163: 2162: 2159: 2150: 2147: 2135: 2133: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2107: 2105: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2096: 2093: 2056: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2038: 2035: 2030: 2027: 1971: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1950: 1947: 1942: 1939: 1931: 1928: 1774: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1735: 1734: 1731: 1659:vasoconstrictors 1463:respiratory pump 1432:vasoconstriction 1422:which increases 1378:anorexia nervosa 1374:eating disorders 1130:pulmonary artery 1010:Pulmonary vein/ 939: 841:Approximate age 835: 831:Reference ranges 758:sphygmomanometer 306: 216:sphygmomanometer 190:body temperature 178:respiratory rate 84: 70: 53:sphygmomanometer 49: 37: 21: 8187: 8186: 8182: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8177: 8176: 8152: 8151: 8150: 8141: 8059: 8009: 7971: 7968:Vascular system 7958: 7942: 7879: 7781: 7766:(Contractility) 7725: 7677: 7668:Wiggers diagram 7581: 7576: 7546: 7545: 7501: 7500: 7496: 7487: 7485: 7472: 7471: 7467: 7437: 7436: 7432: 7396: 7395: 7391: 7376: 7363: 7362: 7355: 7319: 7318: 7314: 7278: 7277: 7273: 7227: 7226: 7222: 7191: 7190: 7186: 7169: 7157: 7144: 7143: 7139: 7091: 7090: 7086: 7048: 7047: 7043: 7034: 7032: 7025: 7010: 7009: 7005: 6961: 6960: 6956: 6947: 6945: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6893: 6892: 6888: 6852: 6851: 6847: 6837: 6835: 6813: 6812: 6808: 6799: 6797: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6738: 6737: 6733: 6695: 6694: 6690: 6681: 6679: 6669: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6584: 6583: 6579: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6451: 6450: 6446: 6416: 6415: 6411: 6402: 6400: 6390: 6389: 6382: 6352: 6351: 6347: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6241: 6240: 6236: 6214: 6213: 6209: 6186:(12): 767–776. 6173: 6172: 6168: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6081: 6080: 6076: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5962: 5961: 5957: 5921: 5920: 5916: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5845: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5808: 5795: 5794: 5787: 5778: 5776: 5763: 5762: 5758: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5629:JAMA Cardiology 5622: 5621: 5617: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5364: 5363: 5354: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5185: 5184: 5177: 5162: 5149: 5148: 5144: 5135: 5133: 5124: 5123: 5119: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5075: 5073: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5042: 5040: 5027: 5026: 5022: 4978: 4977: 4970: 4932: 4931: 4924: 4877: 4876: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4852: 4851: 4840: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4754: 4752: 4743: 4742: 4725: 4695: 4694: 4687: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4536: 4535: 4531: 4502:Artery Research 4495: 4494: 4487: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4414: 4412: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4385: 4383: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4317: 4315: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4281: 4280:Table 30-1 in: 4279: 4275: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4153: 4152: 4143: 4110:(6): e1000440. 4097: 4096: 4092: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4037:95th percentile 4029: 4027: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4006:Wayback Machine 3997: 3993: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3934: 3933: 3929: 3920: 3918: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3890: 3888: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3787:(12): 923–931. 3774: 3773: 3769: 3737:10.1.1.540.5836 3721: 3720: 3716: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3666: 3664: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3624: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3425: 3424: 3420: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3358:JAMA Cardiology 3355: 3354: 3350: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3202: 3201: 3190: 3175: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3136:(12): 930–938. 3127: 3126: 3122: 3078: 3077: 3070: 3026: 3025: 3021: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2955:(11): 793–799. 2942: 2941: 2934: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2841: 2840: 2833: 2824: 2822: 2805: 2804: 2797: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2736:Rhesus monkeys 2596: 2591: 2563: 2516: 2510: 2463: 2422:angiotensinogen 2420:Renin converts 2345:pulmonary veins 2339:(mainly in the 2306:steroid hormone 2292:vasoconstrictor 2270:carotid sinuses 2231: 2225: 2186: 2173: 2154: 2140: 2139: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2020: 2019: 1921: 1920: 1875: 1869: 1824: 1814:to flow in the 1752: 1739: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1685: 1679: 1597: 1591: 1526: 1513:clinical trials 1505: 1499: 1475:lightheadedness 1396: 1390: 1376:– particularly 1334: 1328: 1309:For those with 1280:life expectancy 1223: 1217: 1201: 1192: 1186: 1174:brachial artery 1166:Aortic pressure 1163: 1161:Aortic pressure 1157: 1155:Aortic pressure 1149:pulmonary edema 1126: 1120: 1011: 948: 947:pressure range 946: 937: 920: 850: 845: 827: 804: 798: 793: 353:24h ambulatory 293: 288: 176:—together with 131:brachial artery 80: 66: 56: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8185: 8183: 8175: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8162:Blood pressure 8154: 8153: 8147: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8117: 8116: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8098:Autoregulation 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8069: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8036: 8035: 8030: 8023:Pulse pressure 8019: 8017: 8015:Blood pressure 8011: 8010: 8008: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7986: 7984: 7975: 7964: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7956: 7950: 7948: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7940: 7935: 7934: 7933: 7928: 7920: 7919: 7918: 7908: 7907: 7906: 7901: 7893: 7891:Central venous 7887: 7885: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7877: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7819: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7800: 7795: 7789: 7787: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7779: 7773: 7772:(Excitability) 7767: 7761: 7751: 7741: 7735: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7697: 7687: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7623: 7622: 7621: 7616: 7609:Cardiac output 7606: 7600: 7598: 7596:Cardiac output 7589: 7583: 7582: 7577: 7575: 7574: 7567: 7560: 7552: 7544: 7543: 7494: 7478:www.akcchf.org 7465: 7446:(3): 160–173. 7430: 7409:(3): 542–558. 7389: 7374: 7353: 7312: 7271: 7220: 7184: 7155: 7137: 7108:(5): 521–530. 7084: 7041: 7023: 7003: 6954: 6929: 6886: 6845: 6806: 6780: 6731: 6704:(4): 751–755. 6688: 6659: 6652: 6626: 6577: 6526: 6505:(4): 953–957. 6485: 6444: 6425:(3): 296–303. 6409: 6380: 6361:(5): 584–594. 6345: 6310: 6269: 6250:(4): 293–312. 6234: 6223:(6): 343–350. 6207: 6166: 6125: 6074: 6055:(1): 179–185. 6039: 5996: 5975:(4): 589–595. 5955: 5934:(5): 565–570. 5914: 5873: 5838: 5831: 5813: 5806: 5785: 5771:. 2023-03-16. 5756: 5727:(5): 564–569. 5707: 5680:(3): 143–155. 5664: 5635:(7): 795–801. 5615: 5556: 5527:(5): 329–338. 5507: 5470:(5): 951–955. 5450: 5398: 5352: 5323:(1): e013841. 5303: 5254: 5219: 5198:(7): 848–860. 5175: 5160: 5142: 5117: 5098:(1): 115–121. 5082: 5049: 5033:MayoClinic.com 5020: 4968: 4922: 4867: 4838: 4787: 4780: 4762: 4723: 4704:(2): 499–509. 4685: 4649: 4600: 4564: 4529: 4508:(4): 128–139. 4485: 4449: 4442: 4422: 4392: 4367: 4340:(4): 318–320. 4324: 4299: 4292: 4273: 4224: 4205:(3): 140–151. 4189: 4162:(1): 308–315. 4141: 4090: 4061:(3): 477–479. 4041: 4010: 3991: 3976: 3947:(5): 673–681. 3927: 3911:MayoClinic.com 3897: 3859: 3828:(2): 650–661. 3808: 3767: 3730:(3): 657–662. 3714: 3693:(4): 388–393. 3673: 3637: 3622: 3604: 3577:(3): 177–186. 3561: 3520: 3491:(5): 257–262. 3471: 3438:(5): 257–262. 3418: 3383: 3364:(8): 857–858. 3348: 3289: 3232: 3188: 3173: 3155: 3120: 3091:(4): 571–586. 3068: 3019: 3000:(3): 191–193. 2984: 2932: 2883: 2831: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2786: 2779: 2776: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2590:Blood pressure 2588: 2562: 2559: 2512:Main article: 2509: 2506: 2478:ACE inhibitors 2474: 2473: 2461: 2458: 2455:adrenal glands 2447: 2444:cardiac output 2440: 2437:angiotensin II 2429: 2428:(active form). 2418: 2407: 2396: 2389: 2377: 2376: 2369:cardiac output 2330: 2310:adrenal cortex 2304:release: This 2299: 2296:angiotensin II 2277: 2224: 2221: 2198: 2189: 2185: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2157: 2153: 2119: 2091: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2041: 2033: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1956: 1953: 1945: 1937: 1934: 1886:cardiac output 1871:Main article: 1868: 1865: 1823: 1820: 1800:cardiac output 1796: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1764: 1755: 1751: 1742: 1738: 1729: 1683:Pulse pressure 1681:Main article: 1678: 1677:Pulse pressure 1675: 1609:cardiac output 1593:Main article: 1590: 1587: 1525: 1522: 1501:Main article: 1498: 1495: 1481:, weakness or 1392:Main article: 1389: 1386: 1362:reflex syncope 1330:Main article: 1327: 1324: 1299:pulse pressure 1219:Main article: 1216: 1213: 1200: 1197: 1195:~7 mmHg. 1188:Main article: 1185: 1182: 1159:Main article: 1156: 1153: 1122:Main article: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1103: 1088: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1007: 1006: 1003: 999: 998: 995: 992: 986: 985: 982: 978: 977: 974: 971: 965: 964: 961: 955: 954: 943: 936: 933: 919: 916: 909: 908: 905: 902: 899: 895: 894: 891: 888: 885: 881: 880: 877: 874: 871: 867: 866: 863: 860: 857: 853: 852: 847: 842: 839: 826: 823: 822: 821: 818: 797: 794: 792: 789: 725: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 709: 706: 703: 699: 698: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 673: 672: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 647: 646: 643: 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 625: 621: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 595: 594: 591: 588: 585: 582: 579: 576: 573: 569: 568: 557: 556: 553: 550: 547: 544: 541: 538: 535: 531: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 512: 509: 505: 504: 501: 498: 495: 492: 489: 486: 483: 479: 478: 471: 470: 467: 464: 461: 458: 455: 452: 449: 445: 444: 441: 438: 435: 432: 429: 426: 423: 419: 418: 415: 412: 409: 406: 403: 400: 397: 393: 392: 389: 386: 383: 380: 377: 374: 371: 367: 366: 355: 354: 351: 348: 345: 339: 336: 333: 329: 328: 322: 319: 310: 292: 289: 287: 284: 280:kidney failure 233:cardiac output 163:pulse pressure 103:Blood pressure 98: 97: 92: 86: 85: 78: 72: 71: 64: 58: 57: 50: 42: 41: 40:Blood pressure 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8184: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8159: 8157: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8121: 8118: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8100: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8066: 8062: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8025: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8016: 8012: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7983: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7969: 7965: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7945: 7939: 7936: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7912: 7909: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7882: 7876: 7873: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7784: 7777: 7774: 7771: 7768: 7765: 7762: 7759: 7755: 7752: 7749: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7732: 7728: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7716:Cardiac index 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7680: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7626:Stroke volume 7624: 7620: 7619:Stroke volume 7617: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7604:Cardiac cycle 7602: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7573: 7568: 7566: 7561: 7559: 7554: 7553: 7550: 7539: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7498: 7495: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7469: 7466: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7434: 7431: 7426: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7393: 7390: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7371: 7367: 7360: 7358: 7354: 7349: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7332:(1): 97–109. 7331: 7327: 7323: 7316: 7313: 7308: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7291:: S137–S142. 7290: 7286: 7282: 7275: 7272: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7224: 7221: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7188: 7185: 7180: 7174: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7152: 7149:. Cambridge. 7148: 7141: 7138: 7133: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7088: 7085: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7045: 7042: 7030: 7026: 7020: 7016: 7015: 7007: 7004: 6999: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6958: 6955: 6943: 6939: 6933: 6930: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6890: 6887: 6882: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6849: 6846: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6810: 6807: 6795: 6791: 6784: 6781: 6776: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6735: 6732: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6692: 6689: 6678:on 2009-10-02 6677: 6673: 6666: 6664: 6660: 6655: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6627: 6622: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6581: 6578: 6573: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6530: 6527: 6522: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6489: 6486: 6481: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6448: 6445: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6413: 6410: 6399:on 2009-10-18 6398: 6394: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6349: 6346: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6311: 6306: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6273: 6270: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6238: 6235: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6211: 6208: 6203: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6170: 6167: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6129: 6126: 6121: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6075: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6043: 6040: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6000: 5997: 5992: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5959: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5918: 5915: 5910: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5877: 5874: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5842: 5839: 5834: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5814: 5809: 5803: 5799: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5757: 5752: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5708: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5668: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5619: 5616: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5570:Diabetes Care 5567: 5560: 5557: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5508: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5454: 5451: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5402: 5399: 5394: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5307: 5304: 5299: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5223: 5220: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5153: 5146: 5143: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5118: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5086: 5083: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5050: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5024: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4855: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4791: 4788: 4783: 4777: 4773: 4766: 4763: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4650: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4604: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4568: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4453: 4450: 4445: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4426: 4423: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4393: 4381: 4378:. eMedicine. 4377: 4371: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4325: 4314:on 2008-08-21 4313: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4277: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4104:PLOS Medicine 4101: 4094: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4026:on 2014-06-18 4025: 4021: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3995: 3992: 3987: 3980: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3928: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3898: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3869:"Hypotension" 3863: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3674: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3641: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3521: 3517:. NIHMS90092. 3516: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2887: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2765: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2585: 2579: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2544:oscillometric 2541: 2540:aneroid gauge 2537: 2528: 2520: 2515: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2426:angiotensin I 2423: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2347:, and in the 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2333:Baroreceptors 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2250:Baroreceptors 2247: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2230: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2187: 2183: 2174: 2167: 2164: 2155: 2151: 2137: 2117: 2089: 2039: 2031: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2010: 2009: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2005: 2004: 2003: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1954: 1943: 1932: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1882:cardiac cycle 1879: 1874: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1846: 1845:meta-analysis 1841: 1837: 1835: 1830: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1816:arterial tree 1813: 1809: 1805: 1804:stroke volume 1801: 1762: 1753: 1749: 1740: 1736: 1727: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1689: 1684: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1667:nitroglycerin 1664: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1643:, changes in 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1596: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1550: 1543: 1538: 1530: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1448:smooth muscle 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1395: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1333: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1268:heart failure 1265: 1264:heart attacks 1261: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1227: 1222: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1198: 1196: 1191: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1125: 1117: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1016: 1015: 1008: 1004: 1001: 1000: 996: 993: 991: 987: 983: 980: 979: 975: 972: 970: 966: 962: 960: 956: 952: 944: 940: 934: 932: 930: 926: 917: 915: 906: 903: 900: 896: 892: 889: 886: 882: 878: 875: 872: 868: 864: 861: 858: 854: 849:Diastolic BP, 836: 832: 824: 819: 816: 815: 814: 811: 809: 803: 795: 790: 788: 787:are present. 786: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 759: 754: 750: 748: 744: 740: 734: 730: 722: 719: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 700: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 675: 674: 670: 667: 664: 661: 658: 655: 652: 649: 648: 644: 641: 638: 635: 632: 629: 626: 623: 622: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 597: 596: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 551: 548: 545: 542: 539: 536: 534:Hypertension 533: 532: 528: 525: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 506: 502: 499: 496: 493: 490: 487: 484: 482:Non-elevated 481: 480: 476: 472: 468: 465: 462: 459: 456: 453: 450: 447: 446: 442: 439: 436: 433: 430: 427: 424: 421: 420: 416: 413: 410: 407: 404: 401: 398: 395: 394: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 349: 346: 344: 340: 337: 334: 331: 330: 326: 318: 314: 308: 307: 301: 299: 290: 285: 283: 281: 277: 276:heart disease 273: 269: 265: 260: 258: 254: 250: 249:baroreceptors 246: 242: 238: 234: 229: 226: 221: 217: 214: 210: 209:aneroid gauge 206: 202: 198: 193: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 170: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 147:cardiac cycle 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 119:blood vessels 116: 112: 108: 104: 96: 93: 91: 87: 83: 79: 77: 73: 69: 65: 63: 59: 54: 48: 43: 38: 33: 19: 8130:Carotid body 8093:Vasodilators 8014: 7973:hemodynamics 7778:(Relaxation) 7770:Bathmotropic 7744:Chronotropic 7511: 7507: 7497: 7486:. Retrieved 7477: 7468: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7406: 7402: 7392: 7365: 7329: 7325: 7315: 7288: 7284: 7274: 7233: 7229: 7223: 7198: 7194: 7187: 7146: 7140: 7105: 7101: 7087: 7057:(5): 31–33. 7054: 7050: 7044: 7033:. Retrieved 7013: 7006: 6971: 6967: 6957: 6946:. Retrieved 6932: 6899: 6895: 6889: 6865:(1): 19–21. 6862: 6859:Hypertension 6858: 6848: 6836:. Retrieved 6819: 6809: 6798:. Retrieved 6783: 6748: 6744: 6734: 6701: 6697: 6691: 6680:. Retrieved 6676:the original 6635: 6629: 6597:(6): 29426. 6594: 6590: 6580: 6546:(1): 41–52. 6543: 6539: 6529: 6502: 6499:Hypertension 6498: 6488: 6461: 6457: 6447: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6401:. Retrieved 6397:the original 6358: 6354: 6348: 6326:(1): 24–32. 6323: 6319: 6313: 6289:(1): 49–55. 6286: 6282: 6272: 6247: 6243: 6237: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6183: 6179: 6169: 6142: 6138: 6128: 6091: 6087: 6077: 6052: 6048: 6042: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5972: 5968: 5958: 5931: 5927: 5917: 5890: 5886: 5876: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5822: 5816: 5797: 5777:. Retrieved 5768: 5759: 5724: 5720: 5710: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5632: 5628: 5618: 5591:10150/641980 5573: 5569: 5559: 5524: 5520: 5510: 5467: 5463: 5453: 5429:11568/996646 5412: 5408: 5401: 5374: 5370: 5320: 5316: 5306: 5271: 5267: 5257: 5235:(1): 49–80. 5232: 5228: 5222: 5195: 5191: 5151: 5145: 5134:. Retrieved 5120: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5074:. Retrieved 5062: 5052: 5041:. Retrieved 5032: 5023: 4988: 4984: 4938: 4935:Hypertension 4934: 4884: 4880: 4858:. Retrieved 4806: 4800: 4790: 4771: 4765: 4753:. Retrieved 4701: 4697: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4617: 4613: 4603: 4578: 4574: 4567: 4542: 4539:Hypertension 4538: 4532: 4505: 4501: 4463: 4460:Hypertension 4459: 4452: 4432: 4425: 4413:. Retrieved 4404: 4395: 4384:. Retrieved 4370: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4316:. Retrieved 4312:the original 4302: 4283: 4276: 4244:(1): 25–33. 4241: 4238:Hypertension 4237: 4227: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4159: 4155: 4107: 4103: 4093: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4028:. Retrieved 4024:the original 4013: 3994: 3985: 3979: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3919:. Retrieved 3910: 3900: 3889:. Retrieved 3872: 3862: 3825: 3822:Hypertension 3821: 3811: 3784: 3780: 3770: 3727: 3724:Hypertension 3723: 3717: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3665:. Retrieved 3647: 3640: 3613: 3607: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3537: 3534:Hypertension 3533: 3523: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3465: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3326:11379/603005 3306: 3302: 3292: 3249: 3245: 3235: 3208: 3164: 3158: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3088: 3084: 3036: 3032: 3022: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2952: 2948: 2900: 2896: 2886: 2851: 2847: 2823:. Retrieved 2811: 2772:sight hounds 2769: 2666:Guinea-pigs 2576: 2564: 2552: 2533: 2494:hypertension 2475: 2393:macula densa 2378: 2365:blood volume 2288:blood volume 2232: 2216: 2212: 2210: 2138: 2079: 1994: 1876: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1825: 1797: 1694: 1671: 1663:Vasodilators 1629:blood volume 1601:hemodynamics 1598: 1595:Hemodynamics 1589:Hemodynamics 1555: 1518: 1506: 1452: 1397: 1335: 1308: 1292: 1256:hypertension 1253: 1249:heart muscle 1242: 1232: 1221:Hypertension 1202: 1193: 1178: 1164: 1134: 1127: 1100:lung disease 1079: 1075:right atrium 1064: 1045: 1012: 921: 918:Aging adults 912: 898:Adolescents 844:Systolic BP, 812: 805: 782: 763: 735: 731: 728: 624:High normal 294: 268:hypertension 261: 230: 213:mercury-tube 197:auscultation 194: 171: 142: 134: 106: 102: 101: 8135:Glomus cell 8125:Aortic body 8120:Paraganglia 7931:ventricular 7904:ventricular 7853:QT interval 7848:QRS complex 7843:PR interval 7816:ventricular 7754:Dromotropic 6838:18 November 5969:Circulation 5887:Circulation 5769:svollop.com 4985:Circulation 4881:Circulation 4860:10 February 4809:(1): 3702. 4660:Circulation 4575:Circulation 4156:Circulation 3540:(1): 3–10. 2812:StatPearls 2508:Measurement 2451:aldosterone 2361:aldosterone 2341:venae cavae 2302:Aldosterone 2274:aortic arch 2272:and in the 2239:homeostatic 1892:(SVR), and 1857:hemodynamic 1571:capillaries 1563:hydrostatic 1455:axon reflex 1408:hydrostatic 1350:hypovolemia 1338:hypotension 1332:Hypotension 1311:heart valve 1254:Persistent 1137:capillaries 1111:portal vein 901:13–18 years 884:School age 859:0–12 months 743:standing-up 309:Categories 264:hypotension 201:stethoscope 174:vital signs 159:kilopascals 76:MedlinePlus 8156:Categories 8073:Baroreflex 7990:Compliance 7982:Blood flow 7858:ST segment 7786:Conduction 7776:Lusitropic 7748:Heart rate 7731:Heart rate 7683:Ultrasound 7614:Heart rate 7488:2022-10-03 7051:IEEE Pulse 7035:2020-01-29 6948:2019-01-12 6820:StatPearls 6800:2008-09-09 6682:2008-09-29 6403:2008-10-02 5779:2023-03-21 5136:2008-09-16 5076:2022-10-03 5063:StatPearls 5043:2018-01-25 4386:2011-08-22 4318:2009-02-27 4030:2008-09-23 3921:2010-10-19 3891:2018-12-23 3873:StatPearls 3667:2019-01-28 3039:(1): 3–5. 2825:2019-07-21 2790:References 2605:Diastolic 2595:Heart rate 2572:integument 2561:In animals 2548:invasively 2235:endogenous 2227:See also: 1812:resistance 1579:arterioles 1524:Physiology 1491:pulling Gs 1440:compliance 1424:heart rate 1293:Both high 1069:or in the 887:6–12 years 756:A digital 343:ambulatory 182:heart rate 8033:Diastolic 8005:Perfusion 7764:Inotropic 7643:Afterload 7384:432709394 7348:0003-1569 7173:cite book 7165:907295832 6902:: 44–63. 6751:(1): 64. 5502:245896131 5445:195829708 5274:: i4098. 5170:671465395 5007:0009-7322 4955:0194-911X 4901:0009-7322 4680:0009-7322 4634:1522-9645 4595:0009-7322 4559:0194-911X 4524:1876-4401 4480:0194-911X 3732:CiteSeerX 3632:851391490 3599:207331784 3335:1473-5598 3266:0195-668X 3227:0195-668X 3183:706780870 2602:Systolic 2490:diuretics 2453:from the 2329:activity. 2314:potassium 2294:known as 2184:− 2152:≊ 2040:⋅ 1944:⋅ 1861:IV fluids 1750:− 1665:(such as 1637:afterload 1635:; and 3) 1583:breathing 1479:dizziness 1471:perfusion 1412:diaphragm 1037:diastolic 1002:diastolic 981:diastolic 873:1–5 years 825:Childhood 808:pregnancy 508:Elevated 396:Elevated 259:systems. 257:endocrine 245:regulated 139:heartbeat 109:) is the 8028:Systolic 7806:cardiac 7538:30353952 7482:Archived 7460:16131455 7425:17552466 7307:25312108 7215:19657096 7132:33246327 7094:Coresh J 7079:52893219 7071:30273141 7029:Archived 6998:29515001 6942:Archived 6916:25993705 6881:24191283 6832:Archived 6828:29261862 6794:Archived 6775:10862592 6726:23155959 6718:17351365 6621:26653692 6572:20606908 6521:11641316 6480:10789600 6439:21848774 6340:28412915 6305:21733124 6161:28501304 6120:30232829 6034:12069178 6026:11247793 5773:Archived 5751:20457955 5702:22425558 5694:23399972 5659:32293640 5610:32327422 5551:26215765 5494:35014154 5437:31282073 5393:31118154 5347:31870233 5298:27511067 5249:17631437 5214:26271068 5130:Archived 5112:12094197 5071:29494079 5037:Archived 5015:10421594 4909:12081987 4833:35260686 4749:Archived 4409:Archived 4380:Archived 4362:23726657 4354:12533747 4268:22700319 4219:20409896 4184:40209177 4136:21695075 4077:24477093 4002:Archived 3971:23575926 3963:18816497 3915:Archived 3885:Archived 3881:29763136 3854:33342236 3803:17036043 3754:18212263 3709:17325301 3661:Archived 3657:22855971 3591:21465141 3556:21079049 3515:18799950 3462:18799950 3413:27076261 3399:: 4–16. 3378:27602555 3343:37345492 3284:36100239 3150:25492837 3115:20937442 3063:11119446 3014:26839183 2927:27863813 2878:12923045 2820:29494015 2778:See also 2745:180–210 2731:305–500 2717:205–306 2708:Rabbits 2689:580–680 2675:240–300 2633:100–259 2587:Species 2568:arboreal 2502:fainting 2343:and the 1654:stenosis 1483:fainting 1444:myogenic 1366:hormonal 1354:bleeding 1295:systolic 1245:atheroma 1060:catheter 1032:100–140 1029:systolic 994:systolic 973:systolic 856:Infants 785:symptoms 691:100–109 679:160–179 653:140–159 627:130–139 601:120–129 575:<120 572:Optimal 517:115–129 514:120–134 511:120–139 491:<115 488:<120 485:<120 431:125–129 428:130–134 425:130–139 405:115–124 402:120–129 399:120–129 379:<115 376:<120 373:<120 255:and the 157:, or in 111:pressure 7648:Preload 7529:6271319 7258:1004612 7238:Bibcode 7123:8628654 6989:6039119 6924:8940215 6766:1729401 6612:4677588 6563:2888329 6375:4337474 6264:1391553 6229:3061915 6202:9468002 6111:8030773 6069:3510595 5950:1122568 5909:6794930 5742:2917204 5650:7160747 5601:7305004 5542:5021508 5485:8986598 5338:6988154 5289:4979357 4963:9403561 4917:7092379 4824:8904557 4718:8458763 4643:4155427 4415:6 April 4259:3392307 4176:9236450 4127:3114857 4085:1949314 3845:7803446 3762:1101762 3506:2655229 3453:2655229 3275:9470378 3106:3639494 3054:1729570 2970:1543468 2918:5220163 2869:1767863 2759:63–210 2703:74–116 2661:80–120 2647:62–170 2619:75–146 2610:Calves 2470:nephron 2468:of the 2400:osmosis 2371:by the 2252:in the 1896:(CVP): 1575:viscous 1573:due to 1461:' and ' 1457:, the ' 1416:preload 1404:gravity 1382:bulimia 1260:strokes 945:Normal 714:and/or 688:and/or 662:and/or 636:and/or 610:and/or 598:Normal 587:<80 567:(2023) 503:<65 500:<70 497:<70 477:(2024) 417:<75 414:<80 411:<80 391:<75 388:<80 385:<80 370:Normal 365:(2017) 347:Office 335:Office 332:Method 327:, mmHg 321:and/or 253:nervous 141:) over 95:35094-2 68:D001795 7938:Aortic 7926:atrial 7899:atrial 7895:Right 7868:U wave 7863:T wave 7838:P wave 7811:atrial 7536: 7526: 7458: 7423: 7382: 7372: 7346: 7305: 7266:555576 7264: 7256: 7230:Nature 7213: 7163: 7153: 7130: 7120: 7077: 7069: 7021: 6996: 6986: 6922: 6914: 6879: 6826: 6773: 6763: 6724: 6716: 6650: 6619: 6609: 6570: 6560: 6519: 6478: 6437: 6373: 6338: 6303: 6262: 6227: 6200: 6159: 6118: 6108: 6067: 6032: 6024: 5991:767020 5989: 5948: 5907: 5868:443454 5866: 5829: 5804: 5749: 5739: 5700: 5692: 5657: 5647: 5608: 5598: 5549: 5539: 5500: 5492: 5482: 5443: 5435: 5391: 5345: 5335: 5296: 5286: 5247: 5212: 5168: 5158: 5110: 5069: 5013: 5005: 4961: 4953: 4915: 4907: 4899: 4831: 4821: 4778: 4755:14 May 4716: 4678: 4640: 4632: 4593: 4557: 4522: 4478: 4440: 4360: 4352: 4290: 4266: 4256: 4217: 4182: 4174: 4134: 4124: 4083: 4075: 3969: 3961: 3879: 3852: 3842: 3801: 3760: 3752: 3734: 3707: 3655: 3630: 3620: 3597: 3589: 3554: 3513: 3503: 3460: 3450: 3411: 3376: 3341: 3333: 3282: 3272: 3264: 3225: 3181: 3171: 3148: 3113: 3103: 3061: 3051: 3012: 2979:341169 2977: 2967: 2925: 2915: 2897:Lancet 2876: 2866: 2818: 2750:Sheep 2652:Goats 2592:mm Hg 2404:plasma 2388:(GFR). 2326:sodium 2284:kidney 2211:where 1888:(CO), 1853:sepsis 1436:venous 1346:sepsis 1316:aortic 1270:, and 997:15–30 976:15–30 907:60–90 904:95–140 893:50–80 890:85–120 879:50–80 876:80–110 865:50–70 862:75–100 838:Stage 739:stress 665:90–99 639:85–89 613:80–84 529:65–79 526:70–84 523:70–89 443:75–79 440:80–84 437:80–89 278:, and 272:stroke 205:artery 188:, and 82:007490 8000:Pulse 7947:Other 7922:Left 7916:wedge 7587:Heart 7262:S2CID 7075:S2CID 6920:S2CID 6745:Heart 6722:S2CID 6051:. 1. 6030:S2CID 6008:. 4. 5698:S2CID 5498:S2CID 5441:S2CID 4913:S2CID 4358:S2CID 4180:S2CID 4081:S2CID 3967:S2CID 3758:S2CID 3595:S2CID 3467:women 3033:Heart 2848:Heart 2722:Rats 2694:Pigs 2680:Mice 2638:Dogs 2624:Cats 2415:renin 2357:renin 2349:atria 1808:aorta 1732:pulse 1631:; 2) 1615:, or 1170:aorta 1145:edema 1096:heart 1040:3–12 1019:2–15 1005:4–12 851:mmHg 846:mmHg 747:drugs 717:≥110 705:≥180 659:≥130 656:≥135 543:≥130 540:≥135 537:≥140 457:≥130 454:≥135 451:≥140 350:Home 338:Home 211:or a 123:heart 90:LOINC 7534:PMID 7456:PMID 7421:PMID 7380:OCLC 7370:ISBN 7344:ISSN 7303:PMID 7254:PMID 7211:PMID 7179:link 7161:OCLC 7151:ISBN 7128:PMID 7067:PMID 7019:ISBN 6994:PMID 6912:PMID 6877:PMID 6840:2022 6824:PMID 6771:PMID 6714:PMID 6648:ISBN 6617:PMID 6568:PMID 6517:PMID 6476:PMID 6435:PMID 6371:PMID 6336:PMID 6301:PMID 6260:PMID 6225:PMID 6217:Herz 6198:PMID 6157:PMID 6116:PMID 6065:PMID 6022:PMID 5987:PMID 5946:PMID 5905:PMID 5864:PMID 5827:ISBN 5802:ISBN 5747:PMID 5690:PMID 5655:PMID 5606:PMID 5547:PMID 5490:PMID 5433:PMID 5389:PMID 5343:PMID 5294:PMID 5245:PMID 5210:PMID 5166:OCLC 5156:ISBN 5108:PMID 5067:PMID 5011:PMID 5003:ISSN 4959:PMID 4951:ISSN 4905:PMID 4897:ISSN 4862:2023 4829:PMID 4776:ISBN 4757:2023 4714:PMID 4676:ISSN 4630:ISSN 4591:ISSN 4555:ISSN 4520:ISSN 4476:ISSN 4438:ISBN 4417:2009 4350:PMID 4288:ISBN 4264:PMID 4215:PMID 4172:PMID 4132:PMID 4073:PMID 3959:PMID 3877:PMID 3850:PMID 3799:PMID 3750:PMID 3705:PMID 3653:PMID 3628:OCLC 3618:ISBN 3587:PMID 3552:PMID 3511:PMID 3458:PMID 3409:PMID 3374:PMID 3339:PMID 3331:ISSN 3280:PMID 3262:ISSN 3223:ISSN 3179:OCLC 3169:ISBN 3146:PMID 3111:PMID 3059:PMID 3010:PMID 2975:PMID 2923:PMID 2874:PMID 2816:PMID 2753:140 2742:125 2739:160 2725:153 2711:118 2697:169 2683:120 2669:140 2655:140 2641:161 2627:155 2613:140 2500:and 2480:and 2359:and 2233:The 2192:dias 2160:dias 2122:dias 1758:dias 1467:flow 1380:and 1318:and 1105:The 1098:and 1090:The 1067:vein 984:3–8 963:3–8 951:mmHg 949:(in 942:Site 671:≥80 668:≥85 584:and 555:≥80 552:≥85 549:≥90 520:and 494:and 469:≥80 466:≥85 463:≥90 408:and 382:and 341:24h 317:mmHg 62:MeSH 7693:= ( 7524:PMC 7516:doi 7448:doi 7444:146 7411:doi 7334:doi 7293:doi 7289:7S1 7246:doi 7234:264 7203:doi 7199:297 7118:PMC 7110:doi 7059:doi 6984:PMC 6976:doi 6904:doi 6867:doi 6761:PMC 6753:doi 6706:doi 6640:doi 6607:PMC 6599:doi 6558:PMC 6548:doi 6507:doi 6466:doi 6462:160 6427:doi 6363:doi 6328:doi 6291:doi 6287:110 6252:doi 6188:doi 6147:doi 6106:PMC 6096:doi 6057:doi 6053:146 6014:doi 6010:280 5977:doi 5936:doi 5895:doi 5856:doi 5852:236 5737:PMC 5729:doi 5682:doi 5645:PMC 5637:doi 5596:PMC 5586:hdl 5578:doi 5537:PMC 5529:doi 5525:163 5480:PMC 5472:doi 5425:hdl 5417:doi 5379:doi 5333:PMC 5325:doi 5284:PMC 5276:doi 5272:354 5268:BMJ 5237:doi 5200:doi 5100:doi 5096:144 4993:doi 4989:100 4943:doi 4889:doi 4885:105 4819:PMC 4811:doi 4706:doi 4668:doi 4664:113 4638:PMC 4622:doi 4583:doi 4547:doi 4510:doi 4468:doi 4342:doi 4338:134 4254:PMC 4246:doi 4207:doi 4164:doi 4122:PMC 4112:doi 4063:doi 3949:doi 3840:PMC 3830:doi 3789:doi 3742:doi 3695:doi 3691:167 3579:doi 3542:doi 3501:PMC 3493:doi 3448:PMC 3440:doi 3401:doi 3366:doi 3321:hdl 3311:doi 3270:PMC 3254:doi 3213:doi 3138:doi 3101:PMC 3093:doi 3049:PMC 3041:doi 3002:doi 2965:PMC 2957:doi 2913:PMC 2905:doi 2901:389 2864:PMC 2856:doi 2756:80 2728:51 2714:67 2700:55 2686:75 2672:90 2658:90 2644:51 2630:68 2616:70 2335:in 2179:sys 2148:MAP 2094:sys 2044:SVR 2028:MAP 1959:CVP 1948:SVR 1929:MAP 1745:sys 806:In 776:or 766:sex 745:), 546:or 460:or 434:or 247:by 113:of 8158:: 7532:. 7522:. 7512:32 7510:. 7506:. 7480:. 7476:. 7454:. 7442:. 7419:. 7407:21 7405:. 7401:. 7378:. 7356:^ 7342:. 7330:27 7328:. 7324:. 7301:. 7287:. 7283:. 7260:. 7252:. 7244:. 7232:. 7209:. 7197:. 7175:}} 7171:{{ 7159:. 7126:. 7116:. 7106:34 7104:. 7100:. 7073:. 7065:. 7053:. 7027:. 6992:. 6982:. 6972:10 6970:. 6966:. 6940:. 6918:. 6910:. 6898:. 6875:. 6863:63 6861:. 6857:. 6830:. 6818:. 6792:. 6769:. 6759:. 6749:84 6747:. 6743:. 6720:. 6712:. 6702:25 6700:. 6662:^ 6646:. 6615:. 6605:. 6593:. 6589:. 6566:. 6556:. 6544:14 6542:. 6538:. 6515:. 6503:38 6501:. 6497:. 6474:. 6460:. 6456:. 6433:. 6423:58 6421:. 6383:^ 6369:. 6359:52 6357:. 6334:. 6324:13 6322:. 6299:. 6285:. 6281:. 6258:. 6248:29 6246:. 6221:13 6219:. 6196:. 6184:11 6182:. 6178:. 6155:. 6143:91 6141:. 6137:. 6114:. 6104:. 6092:20 6090:. 6086:. 6063:. 6028:. 6020:. 5985:. 5973:53 5971:. 5967:. 5944:. 5932:36 5930:. 5926:. 5903:. 5891:64 5889:. 5885:. 5862:. 5850:. 5788:^ 5767:. 5745:. 5735:. 5725:67 5723:. 5719:. 5696:. 5688:. 5678:10 5676:. 5653:. 5643:. 5631:. 5627:. 5604:. 5594:. 5584:. 5574:43 5572:. 5568:. 5545:. 5535:. 5523:. 5519:. 5496:. 5488:. 5478:. 5468:24 5466:. 5462:. 5439:. 5431:. 5423:. 5413:21 5411:. 5387:. 5375:73 5373:. 5369:. 5355:^ 5341:. 5331:. 5319:. 5315:. 5292:. 5282:. 5270:. 5266:. 5243:. 5233:50 5231:. 5208:. 5196:66 5194:. 5190:. 5178:^ 5164:. 5106:. 5094:. 5061:. 5035:. 5031:. 5009:. 5001:. 4987:. 4983:. 4971:^ 4957:. 4949:. 4939:30 4937:. 4925:^ 4911:. 4903:. 4895:. 4883:. 4870:^ 4841:^ 4827:. 4817:. 4807:12 4805:. 4799:. 4726:^ 4712:. 4702:74 4700:. 4688:^ 4674:. 4662:. 4636:. 4628:. 4618:35 4616:. 4612:. 4589:. 4579:95 4577:. 4553:. 4543:51 4541:. 4518:. 4506:28 4504:. 4500:. 4488:^ 4474:. 4464:50 4462:. 4403:. 4356:. 4348:. 4336:. 4262:. 4252:. 4242:60 4240:. 4236:. 4213:. 4201:. 4178:. 4170:. 4160:96 4158:. 4144:^ 4130:. 4120:. 4106:. 4102:. 4079:. 4071:. 4059:32 4057:. 4053:. 3965:. 3957:. 3945:32 3943:. 3939:. 3909:. 3883:. 3871:. 3848:. 3838:. 3826:77 3824:. 3820:. 3797:. 3785:20 3783:. 3779:. 3756:. 3748:. 3740:. 3728:51 3726:. 3703:. 3689:. 3685:. 3659:. 3626:. 3593:. 3585:. 3575:13 3573:. 3550:. 3538:57 3536:. 3532:. 3509:. 3499:. 3489:13 3487:. 3483:. 3464:. 3456:. 3446:. 3436:13 3434:. 3430:. 3407:. 3397:33 3395:. 3372:. 3360:. 3337:. 3329:. 3319:. 3307:41 3305:. 3301:. 3278:. 3268:. 3260:. 3250:43 3248:. 3244:. 3221:. 3211:. 3207:. 3191:^ 3177:. 3144:. 3132:. 3109:. 3099:. 3089:28 3087:. 3083:. 3071:^ 3057:. 3047:. 3037:85 3035:. 3031:. 3008:. 2998:10 2996:. 2973:. 2963:. 2953:70 2951:. 2947:. 2935:^ 2921:. 2911:. 2899:. 2895:. 2872:. 2862:. 2852:89 2850:. 2846:. 2834:^ 2810:. 2798:^ 2504:. 2248:: 2237:, 2036:CO 1940:CO 1863:. 1843:A 1836:. 1818:. 1611:, 1477:, 1426:, 1384:. 1372:, 1364:, 1360:, 1356:, 1352:, 1348:, 1290:. 1266:, 1262:, 1207:, 1062:. 953:) 780:. 772:, 723:— 720:— 711:— 708:— 697:— 694:— 685:— 682:— 645:— 642:— 633:— 630:— 619:— 616:— 607:— 604:— 593:— 590:— 581:— 578:— 315:, 274:, 235:, 184:, 180:, 169:. 107:BP 7970:/ 7760:) 7756:( 7750:) 7746:( 7571:e 7564:t 7557:v 7540:. 7518:: 7491:. 7462:. 7450:: 7427:. 7413:: 7386:. 7350:. 7336:: 7309:. 7295:: 7268:. 7248:: 7240:: 7217:. 7205:: 7181:) 7167:. 7134:. 7112:: 7081:. 7061:: 7055:9 7038:. 7000:. 6978:: 6926:. 6906:: 6900:8 6883:. 6869:: 6842:. 6803:. 6777:. 6755:: 6728:. 6708:: 6685:. 6656:. 6642:: 6623:. 6601:: 6595:5 6574:. 6550:: 6523:. 6509:: 6482:. 6468:: 6441:. 6429:: 6406:. 6377:. 6365:: 6342:. 6330:: 6307:. 6293:: 6266:. 6254:: 6231:. 6204:. 6190:: 6163:. 6149:: 6122:. 6098:: 6071:. 6059:: 6036:. 6016:: 5993:. 5979:: 5952:. 5938:: 5911:. 5897:: 5870:. 5858:: 5835:. 5810:. 5782:. 5753:. 5731:: 5704:. 5684:: 5661:. 5639:: 5633:5 5612:. 5588:: 5580:: 5553:. 5531:: 5504:. 5474:: 5447:. 5427:: 5419:: 5395:. 5381:: 5349:. 5327:: 5321:9 5300:. 5278:: 5251:. 5239:: 5216:. 5202:: 5172:. 5139:. 5114:. 5102:: 5079:. 5046:. 5017:. 4995:: 4965:. 4945:: 4919:. 4891:: 4864:. 4835:. 4813:: 4784:. 4759:. 4720:. 4708:: 4682:. 4670:: 4646:. 4624:: 4597:. 4585:: 4561:. 4549:: 4526:. 4512:: 4482:. 4470:: 4446:. 4419:. 4389:. 4364:. 4344:: 4321:. 4296:. 4270:. 4248:: 4221:. 4209:: 4203:2 4186:. 4166:: 4138:. 4114:: 4108:8 4087:. 4065:: 4033:. 3973:. 3951:: 3924:. 3894:. 3856:. 3832:: 3805:. 3791:: 3764:. 3744:: 3711:. 3697:: 3670:. 3634:. 3601:. 3581:: 3558:. 3544:: 3495:: 3442:: 3415:. 3403:: 3380:. 3368:: 3362:1 3345:. 3323:: 3313:: 3286:. 3256:: 3229:. 3215:: 3185:. 3152:. 3140:: 3134:8 3117:. 3095:: 3065:. 3043:: 3016:. 3004:: 2981:. 2959:: 2929:. 2907:: 2880:. 2858:: 2472:. 2462:2 2457:. 2446:. 2439:. 2417:. 2395:. 2298:. 2276:. 2217:k 2213:k 2197:) 2188:P 2175:P 2171:( 2168:k 2165:+ 2156:P 2118:P 2090:P 2032:= 1955:+ 1952:) 1936:( 1933:= 1763:. 1754:P 1741:P 1737:= 1728:P 1102:. 563:/ 361:/ 105:( 55:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.