410:
170:
186:. With mechanical slots, the natural boundary layer limits the boundary layer control pressure to the freestream total head. Blowing with a small proportion of engine airflow (internal blown flap) increases the lift. Using much higher quantities of gas from the engine exhaust, which increases the effective chord of the flap (the jet flap), produces supercirculation, or forced circulation up to the theoretical potential flow maximum. Surpassing this limit requires the addition of direct thrust.
20:
277:
106:. They generally fell from favour because they imposed a significant maintenance overhead in keeping the ductwork clean and various valve systems working properly, along with the disadvantage that an engine failure reduced lift in precisely the situation where it is most desired. The concept reappeared in the form of upper and lower blowing in several
395:. There is a limit to how much air the flaps can deflect overall. There are ways to improve this, through better flap design; modern airliners use complex multi-part flaps for instance. However, large flaps tend to add considerable complexity, and take up room on the outside of the wing, which makes them unsuitable for use on a fighter.
307:
aircraft. Lachmann states the Arado and
Dornier aircraft used an ejector-driven single flow of air which was sucked over part of the trailing edge span and blown over the remainder. The ejector was chemically powered using high pressure vapour. The Bf 109 used engine-driven blowers for flap blowing.
74:
may refer specifically to those systems that use internal ductwork within the wing to direct the airflow, or more broadly to systems like upper surface blowing or nozzle systems on conventional underwing engine that direct air through the flaps. Blown flaps are one solution among a broader category
177:
high altitude Mach 3 reconnaissance aircraft proposal with a wing that would be used for both lift and propulsion: two turbojets would have been positioned in the wing roots for take-off (and landing) and to attain a speed where a bank of ramjets, fed by the slot intakes in the leading edge of the
387:
One serious downside to these higher wing loadings is at low speed, when there is not enough wing left to provide lift to keep the plane flying. Even huge flaps could not offset this to any large degree, and as a result many aircraft landed at fairly high speeds, and were noted for accidents as a
507:
Some aircraft currently (2015) in service that require a STOL performance use external flap blowing and, in some cases, also use internal flap blowing on flaps as well as on control surfaces such as the rudder to ensure adequate control and stability at low speeds. External blowing concepts are
429:
One of the first production aircraft with blown flaps was the
Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, which entered service in January 1958. After prolonged development problems, the BLCS proved to be enormously useful in compensating for the Starfighter's tiny wing surface. The
206:
system arranges the engines over the wing and relies completely on the CoandÄ effect to redirect the airflow. Although not as effective as direct blowing, these "powered lift" systems are nevertheless quite powerful and much simpler to build and maintain.
476:
changed thinking considerably. Instead of aircraft designed for outright speed, general maneuverability and load capacity became more important in most designs. The result is an evolution back to larger planforms to provide more lift. For instance the
197:
arranges the engine to blow across the flaps at the rear of the wing. Some of the jet exhaust is deflected downward directly by the flap, while additional air travels through the slots in the flap and follows the outer edge due to the
531:
Powered high-lift systems, such as externally blown flaps, are not used for civil transport aircraft for reasons given by
Reckzeh, which include complexity, weight, cost, sufficient existing runway lengths and certification rules.
315:. after the war with combined sucking at le of first flap section and blowing at second flap section using a jet engine compressor bleed ejector to give both sucking and blowing. Flight testing was done on a
333:
was modified with flap blowing based on work done by John
Attinello in 1951. Engine compressor bleed was used. The system was known as "Supercirculation Boundary Layer Control" or BLC for short.
406:
speed to only 32 mph (51 km/h), a number most light aircraft cannot match. The jet flap used a large percentage of the engine exhaust, rather than compressor bleed air, for blowing.
886:"Aerodynamiic Design of Airbus High-Lift Wings in a Multidisciplinary Environment" Daniel Reckzeh, European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering ECCOMAS 2004
646:
Control of High-Reynolds-Number
Turbulent Boundary Layer Separation Using Counter-Flow Fluid Injection, B.E. Wake, G. Tillman, S.S. Ochs, J.S. Kearney, 3rd AIAA Flow Control Conference, 2006
828:"United States Army and Air Force Fighter 1916-1961" produced by D.A. Russell, Harleyford Publications Limited, Letchworth 1961, Library of Congress Card No.61-16739(United States) page 132
56:
to improve their low-speed flight characteristics. They use air blown through nozzles to shape the airflow over the rear edge of the wing, directing the flow downward to increase the
402:(NGTE) and thereafter investigated by the NGTE and the Royal Aircraft Establishment. The concept was first tested at full-scale on the experimental Hunting H.126. It reduced the
391:
The major reason flaps were not effective is that the airflow over the wing could only be "bent so much" before it stopped following the wing profile, a condition known as
434:, with blown flaps, had entered service in May 1957 but was to have persistent maintenance problems with the BLCS which led to its early retirement. In June 1958, the
805:
936:
658:"Aerodynamic issues in the Design of High-Lift Systems for Transport Aircraft" Figure 1. Trends in Boeing Transport High Lift System Development, Agard CP-365
1513:
806:"Synergistic Airframe-Propulsion Interactions and Integrations - A White Paper Prepared by the 1996-1997 Langley Aeronautics Technical Committee"
225:
to the surface but with a forward direction. During the operation of such a flow control system two different effects are present. One effect,
768:
478:
214:
to global flows using low energy modifications to key flow regions. In this case, the air blow slit is located at the pressure side near the
1553:
347:
generally evolved towards smaller wings in order to reduce drag at high speeds. Compared to the fighters of a generation earlier, they had
233:
levels away from the wall region thus transporting higher-energy outer flow into the wall region. In addition to that another effect, the
874:
683:
122:
is "bled" off at the compressor stage and piped to channels running along the rear of the wing. There, it is forced through slots in the
1508:
1453:
1318:
1573:
399:
166:
to the wall surface of the airfoil reverses the boundary layer friction deceleration; thus, the boundary layer separation is delayed.
929:
837:
American
Military Training Aircraft' E.R. Johnson and Lloyd S. Jones, McFarland & Co. Inc. Publishers, Jefferson, North Carolina
763:"U.S. Naval Air Superiority Development of Shipborne Jet Fighters 1943-1962" Tommy H. Thomason, Midland Publishing, Hincklet 2007,
450:
252:
In general, blown flaps can improve the lift of a wing by two to three times. Whereas a complex triple-slotted flap system on a
1543:
1159:
1141:
1897:
812:
667:
634:
1826:
1667:
922:
292:
509:
295:
before the Second World War, and that extensive tests were done during the war in
Germany including flight tests with
210:
A more recent and promising blow-type flow control concept is the counter-flow fluid injection which is able to exert
465:
had blown flaps. Petrov states long-term operation of these aircraft showed high reliability of the BLC systems. The
409:
1887:
1548:
1503:
1194:
869:"TSR2 with Hindsight" edited by Air Vice-Marshal A F C Hunter CBE AFC DL, Royal Air Force Historical Society 1998,
496:, including approach and landing. Some later combat aircraft achieved the required low-speed characteristics using
374:
1734:
1578:
1528:
398:
The principle of the jet flap, a type of internally blown flap, was proposed and patented in 1952 by the
British
151:
139:
226:
1892:
1518:
1071:
1001:
556:
88:
1563:
730:"Investigations of the boundary-layer control on a full scale swept wing with air bled off from the turbojet"
60:. There are a variety of methods to achieve this airflow, most of which use jet exhaust or high-pressure air
1846:
1821:
1583:
1488:
1378:
1348:
1323:
1189:
1154:
462:
458:
439:
234:
211:
103:
1861:
1662:
1558:
1383:
1343:
1199:
546:
489:
147:
80:
714:
1841:
1759:
1749:
1254:
966:
903:
747:
729:
174:
169:
748:"Discussion of the paper, Some Aspects of Propulsion for the Augmenter-Wing Concept, by D. C. Whittley"
1806:
1609:
1403:
1214:
1169:
435:
431:
363:
352:
304:
183:
94:
Internal blown flaps were used on some land and carrier-based fast jets in the 1960s, including the
1785:
1692:
1408:
1116:
945:
811:. Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA: NASA. March 1998. p. 18. TM-1998-20764. Archived from
454:
446:
414:
330:
280:
257:
99:
1493:
1473:
1468:
1442:
1353:
1294:
1066:
65:
1801:
1538:
1483:
1463:
1393:
1388:
1373:
1061:
870:
780:"Cessna Wings for the World, the Single-Engine Development Story" by William D. Thompson, 1991
764:
690:
619:
323:
1856:
1739:
1413:
1308:
1031:
1006:
949:
599:
561:
551:
501:
422:
344:
242:
218:
199:
135:
57:
45:
846:"British Naval Aircraft Since 1912" Owen Thetford, Putnam & Co. Ltd.London, 1962, p.318
1866:
1836:
1831:
1682:
1603:
1568:
1533:
1328:
976:
493:
418:
392:
246:
131:
123:
684:"An Analysis of Aerodynamic Data on Blowing Over Trailing Edge Flaps for Increasing Lift"
126:
of the aircraft when the flaps reach certain angles. Injecting high energy air into the
19:
1851:
1711:
1428:
986:
981:
858:
668:
http://cafefoundation.org/v2/pdf_tech/Drag.Reduction/NASA.Synergistic.Airframe.1998.pdf
635:
http://cafefoundation.org/v2/pdf_tech/Drag.Reduction/NASA.Synergistic.Airframe.1998.pdf
541:
525:
403:
316:
159:
127:
107:
95:
1881:
1780:
1719:
1523:
1458:
1096:
1076:
991:
521:
517:
513:
442:
300:
265:
24:
193:
in the 1950s and 1960s, leading to simplified systems with similar performance. The
1816:
1744:
1707:
1687:
1677:
1652:
1617:
1398:
1368:
1338:
1304:
1284:
1274:
1269:
1239:
1174:
1041:
1011:
971:
580:
Aerodynamics for
Engineering Students, E.L. Houghton & P.W. Carpenter, Elsevier
348:
296:
261:
222:
215:
118:
In a conventional blown flap, a small amount of the compressed air produced by the
76:
914:
500:. Internal flap blowing is still used to supplement externally blown flaps on the
1764:
1647:
1363:
1219:
162:. Therefore, injecting a high velocity air mass into the air stream essentially
42:
1754:
1642:
1637:
1593:
1588:
1423:
1358:
1289:
1264:
1249:
1184:
1046:
1036:
898:
894:
497:
337:
253:
230:
119:
84:
1811:
1729:
1657:
1632:
1622:
1478:
1259:
1244:
1224:
1179:
1164:
1121:
1106:
1101:
1091:
1026:
996:
469:, which was cancelled before it entered service, had full-span blown flaps.
61:
276:
1724:
1697:
1672:
1438:
1418:
1279:
1209:
1126:
1051:
1021:
957:
53:
1498:
1149:
1131:
1056:
473:
284:
238:
163:
143:
64:
of a jet engine's compressor and then redirected to follow the line of
178:
wings, would ignite and then be the primary propulsion for the mission
1234:
1204:
1111:
1086:
1016:
520:) and "vectored slipstream", or "over the wing blowing", used on the
603:
1627:
1229:
1081:
466:
417:
with the blowing slots visible on the leading edges. The extended
408:
312:
155:
18:
190:
49:
918:
438:
with blown flaps entered service. Blown flaps were used on the
678:
676:
326:
by W.H. Paine after the war with reports dated 1950 and 1951.
264:) improves this to about 7, and internal blowing (jet flap on
260:
of about 2.45, external blowing (upper surface blowing on a
620:
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/arc/rm/3304.pdf
287:", intended to direct the discharged airflow over the wing
311:
Rebuffet and
Poisson-Quinton describe tests in France at
291:
Williams states some flap blowing tests were done at the
182:
The lift of a wing can be greatly increased with blowing
336:
Between 1951 and 1955, Cessna did flap blowing tests on
728:
Rebuffet, Pierre; Poisson-Quinton, P. H. (April 1952).
472:
Starting in the 1970s, the lessons of air combat over
800:
798:
1794:
1773:
1706:
1602:
1437:
1303:
1140:
956:
154:by supplying additional energy to the particles of
590:o. Smith, A. M. (1975). "High-Lift Aerodynamics".
508:known as the "externally blown flap" (used on the
245:. Both these effects help to delay or eliminate
189:Development of the general concept continued at
221:location and the control air-flow is directed
930:
237:, is utilized to aerodynamically thicken the
8:
492:to provide considerably more lift at higher
854:
852:
351:about four times as high; for instance the
937:
923:
915:
615:
613:
340:and 319 aircraft using the Arado system.
715:"1954 | 3066 | Flight Archive"
512:), "upper surface blowing" (used on the
283:used for blown-wing research. Note the "
275:
168:
654:
652:
573:
16:High-lift device on some aircraft wings
630:
628:
479:General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon
150:by mass injecting (blowing) prevents
130:produces an increase in the stalling
7:
400:National Gas Turbine Establishment
14:
451:McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
158:which are being retarded in the
83:systems, systems using directed
366:had the "very high" loading of
110:, both turboprop and turbofan.
1847:In-flight entertainment system
1544:Horizontal situation indicator
79:, which also includes various
1:
524:and the Shin Meiwa US-1A and
229:, is caused by the increased
1827:Environmental control system
293:Royal Aircraft Establishment
102:and certain versions of the
1914:
1504:Course deviation indicator
1195:Electro-hydraulic actuator
904:"Blow, blow thou BLC wind"
449:variants E(FN) and J, the
375:Lockheed F-104 Starfighter
343:During the 1950s and 60s,
227:boundary layer enhancement
1735:Conventional landing gear
746:Schmitt, H. (July 1985).
152:boundary layer separation
140:boundary layer separation
89:circulation control wings
1519:Flight management system
557:Circulation control wing
421:are contributing to the
373:, whereas the 1950s-era
329:In the United States, a
322:Tests were also done at
1822:Emergency oxygen system
1584:Turn and slip indicator
1379:Leading-edge droop flap
1349:Drag-reducing aerospike
1324:Adaptive compliant wing
1319:Active Aeroelastic Wing
510:Boeing C-17 Globemaster
490:leading edge extensions
463:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23
459:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21
440:North American Aviation
104:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21
1862:Passenger service unit
1663:Self-sealing fuel tank
1559:Multi-function display
547:Boundary layer control
481:has a wing loading of
426:
425:airflow over the wing.
355:had a wing loading of
288:
235:virtual shaping effect
212:high-authority control
179:
148:Boundary layer control
81:boundary layer control
27:
1842:Ice protection system
1760:Tricycle landing gear
1750:Landing gear extender
967:Aft pressure bulkhead
412:
279:
204:upper-surface blowing
195:externally blown flap
175:English Electric P.10
172:
22:
1898:Aircraft wing design
1807:Auxiliary power unit
1215:Flight control modes
908:Flight International
790:Flight International
436:Supermarine Scimitar
432:Lockheed T2V SeaStar
364:Messerschmitt Bf 109
353:Supermarine Spitfire
305:Messerschmitt Bf 109
1786:Escape crew capsule
1693:War emergency power
1564:Pitotāstatic system
1409:Variable-sweep wing
1117:Vertical stabilizer
592:Journal of Aircraft
455:Blackburn Buccaneer
447:Vought F-8 Crusader
331:Grumman F9F Panther
281:Ball-Bartoe Jetwing
258:coefficient of lift
100:Blackburn Buccaneer
66:trailing-edge flaps
23:Blown flaps of the
1494:Attitude indicator
1474:Airspeed indicator
1469:Aircraft periscope
427:
289:
180:
108:transport aircraft
28:
1888:Aircraft controls
1875:
1874:
1802:Aircraft lavatory
1539:Heading indicator
1484:Annunciator panel
1464:Air data computer
1374:Leading-edge cuff
769:978-1-58007-110-9
324:Westland Aircraft
46:high-lift devices
1905:
1857:Navigation light
1837:Hydraulic system
1812:Bleed air system
1740:Drogue parachute
1414:Vortex generator
1032:Interplane strut
939:
932:
925:
916:
911:
887:
884:
878:
867:
861:
856:
847:
844:
838:
835:
829:
826:
820:
819:
818:on Nov 30, 2010.
817:
810:
802:
793:
787:
781:
778:
772:
761:
755:
754:
752:
743:
737:
736:
734:
725:
719:
718:
711:
705:
704:
702:
701:
695:
689:. Archived from
688:
680:
671:
665:
659:
656:
647:
644:
638:
632:
623:
617:
608:
607:
587:
581:
578:
562:Thrust vectoring
502:Shin Meiwa US-1A
494:angles of attack
487:
484:
383:
380:
372:
369:
361:
358:
345:fighter aircraft
243:angles of attack
219:stagnation point
136:lift coefficient
58:lift coefficient
1913:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1893:Boundary layers
1878:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1867:Ram air turbine
1832:Flight recorder
1790:
1769:
1702:
1683:Thrust reversal
1607:
1598:
1569:Radar altimeter
1534:Head-up display
1444:
1433:
1329:Anti-shock body
1311:
1299:
1160:Artificial feel
1142:Flight controls
1136:
1002:Fabric covering
952:
948:components and
943:
902:
891:
890:
885:
881:
868:
864:
857:
850:
845:
841:
836:
832:
827:
823:
815:
808:
804:
803:
796:
788:
784:
779:
775:
762:
758:
750:
745:
744:
740:
732:
727:
726:
722:
713:
712:
708:
699:
697:
693:
686:
682:
681:
674:
666:
662:
657:
650:
645:
641:
633:
626:
618:
611:
604:10.2514/3.59830
589:
588:
584:
579:
575:
570:
538:
485:
482:
393:flow separation
381:
378:
370:
367:
359:
356:
274:
247:flow separation
132:angle of attack
116:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1911:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1852:Landing lights
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1774:Escape systems
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1712:arresting gear
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1668:Splitter plate
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
987:Cruciform tail
984:
982:Crack arrestor
979:
974:
969:
963:
961:
954:
953:
944:
942:
941:
934:
927:
919:
913:
912:
900:
896:
889:
888:
879:
862:
848:
839:
830:
821:
794:
782:
773:
756:
738:
720:
706:
672:
660:
648:
639:
624:
609:
582:
572:
571:
569:
566:
565:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
542:Boundary layer
537:
534:
526:ShinMaywa US-2
317:Breguet Vultur
273:
270:
202:. The similar
160:boundary layer
128:boundary layer
115:
112:
96:Lockheed F-104
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1910:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:Other systems
1793:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:Ejection seat
1779:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1725:Arrestor hook
1723:
1721:
1720:Aircraft tire
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1699:
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1524:Glass cockpit
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875:0-9519824 8 6
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696:on 2015-10-01
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552:CoandÄ effect
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522:Antonov An-70
519:
518:Antonov An-74
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514:Antonov An-72
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443:A-5 Vigilante
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424:
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349:wing loadings
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309:
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301:Dornier Do 24
298:
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266:Hunting H.126
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200:CoandÄ effect
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173:Model of the
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36:
32:
26:
25:Hunting H.126
21:
1817:Deicing boot
1745:Landing gear
1688:Townend ring
1678:Thrust lever
1653:NACA cowling
1618:Autothrottle
1610:fuel systems
1608:devices and
1399:Stall strips
1369:Krueger flap
1339:Channel wing
1333:
1285:Wing warping
1275:Stick shaker
1270:Stick pusher
1190:Dual control
1175:Centre stick
1042:Leading edge
1012:Flying wires
972:Cabane strut
907:
882:
865:
859:ICAS Archive
842:
833:
824:
813:the original
789:
785:
776:
759:
741:
723:
709:
698:. Retrieved
691:the original
663:
642:
595:
591:
585:
576:
530:
506:
471:
428:
397:
390:
386:
342:
335:
328:
321:
310:
297:Arado Ar 232
290:
262:Boeing YC-14
251:
223:tangentially
216:leading edge
209:
203:
194:
188:
184:flow control
181:
138:by delaying
134:and maximum
117:
93:
77:powered lift
71:
70:
48:used on the
41:are powered
38:
34:
30:
29:
1765:Tundra tire
1648:Intake ramp
1579:Transponder
1364:Gurney flap
1305:Aerodynamic
1220:Fly-by-wire
1102:Triple tail
498:swing-wings
488:, and uses
256:produces a
72:Blown flaps
52:of certain
43:aerodynamic
31:Blown flaps
1882:Categories
1755:Oleo strut
1643:Inlet cone
1638:Gascolator
1604:Propulsion
1594:Yaw string
1589:Variometer
1445:instrument
1424:Wing fence
1359:Gouge flap
1334:Blown flap
1290:Yaw damper
1265:Stabilator
1250:Side-stick
1185:Dive brake
1072:Stabilizer
1047:Lift strut
1037:Jury strut
877:, page 181
700:2015-12-04
598:(6): 508.
568:References
486:(383 kg/m)
483:78.5 lb/ft
382:(542 kg/m)
371:(146 kg/m)
360:(117 kg/m)
338:Cessna 309
319:aircraft.
254:Boeing 747
231:turbulence
124:wing flaps
120:jet engine
35:blown wing
1730:Autobrake
1658:NACA duct
1633:Fuel tank
1623:Drop tank
1606:controls,
1489:Astrodome
1479:Altimeter
1344:Dog-tooth
1309:high-lift
1260:Spoileron
1245:Servo tab
1225:Gust lock
1180:Deceleron
1165:Autopilot
1122:Wing root
1107:Twin tail
1092:Tailplane
1027:Hardpoint
997:Empennage
960:structure
792:1963 p454
771:, page 81
415:Buccaneer
379:111 lb/ft
313:O.N.E.R.A
285:augmentor
142:from the
114:Mechanism
85:prop wash
75:known as
39:jet flaps
1698:Wet wing
1673:Throttle
1419:Vortilon
1280:Trim tab
1210:Flaperon
1200:Elevator
1155:Airbrake
1127:Wing tip
1052:Longeron
1022:Fuselage
958:Airframe
946:Aircraft
536:See also
453:and the
388:result.
368:30 lb/ft
362:and the
357:24 lb/ft
268:) to 9.
241:at high
62:bled off
54:aircraft
1708:Landing
1499:Compass
1447:systems
1439:Avionic
1429:Winglet
1312:devices
1255:Spoiler
1150:Aileron
1132:Wingbox
1057:Nacelle
1007:Fairing
950:systems
474:Vietnam
272:History
239:airfoil
164:tangent
144:airfoil
1443:flight
1404:Strake
1235:Rudder
1205:Elevon
1170:Canard
1112:V-tail
1087:T-tail
1017:Former
977:Canopy
910:, 1971
873:
767:
457:. The
445:, the
423:Coanda
87:, and
1628:FADEC
1514:EICAS
1389:Slats
1230:HOTAS
1082:Strut
816:(PDF)
809:(PDF)
751:(PDF)
733:(PDF)
694:(PDF)
687:(PDF)
467:TSR-2
419:flaps
404:stall
156:fluid
50:wings
1710:and
1574:TCAS
1554:ISIS
1509:EFIS
1454:ACAS
1441:and
1394:Slot
1354:Flap
1307:and
1295:Yoke
1067:Spar
992:Dope
871:ISBN
765:ISBN
670:p.18
637:p.22
516:and
461:and
377:had
303:and
191:NASA
1549:INS
1529:GPS
1384:LEX
1062:Rib
622:p.1
600:doi
37:or
1884::
906:,
851:^
797:^
675:^
651:^
627:^
612:^
596:12
594:.
528:.
504:.
413:A
384:.
299:,
249:.
146:.
98:,
91:.
68:.
33:,
938:e
931:t
924:v
753:.
735:.
717:.
703:.
606:.
602::
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