757:. Trees began to defoliate early in the spring and eventually 25,000 trees died by the end of the growing season. This was 10 percent of Pennsylvania's cherry tree acreage at the time. Some trees were sprayed in 1945 at the end of the growing season and some trees were not. All of the trees that were sprayed in the fall of 1945 survived and produced fruit in 1946. Yields for the unsprayed trees that survived were 36 pounds per tree. Sprayed trees yielded nearly three times more than the controls with 107 pounds per tree. Additional research conducted in the 1940s demonstrated that it was absolutely necessary to monitor and control leaf spot through preventative sprays and measures. These experiments showed that poor control of the pathogen resulted in a 72 percent loss of tree branches for the growers who did not spray. Growers who used fungicides regularly and persistently commonly suffered no or very little loss from cherry leaf spot each year. More recent research studies have continued to support these findings. Work done by
542:, Canada, and various parts of the world where humid conditions occur. The cherry leaf spot fungus prefers moderately wet conditions, with temperatures above 60 °F (16 °C). Optimal temperature range for the spread of this fungus is between 60–68 °F (16–20 °C). Serious infection of a tree occurs in years with many rainy periods and cooler summers. Very few ascospores are ejected from the apothecia if the temperature is less than 46 °F (8 °C). This disease thrives in areas that do not use any type of sanitation practice as a preventative measure to prevent disease spread. When selecting a site for an orchard, use areas that have well drained soils, much sunlight, and good air circulation.
492:(natural openings) on the underside of the leaf. Hyphae cannot invade immature stomata very effectively. After invasion, the hyphae grow in the intercellular spaces in the leaf, killing and feeding on leaf tissues. Incubation times vary with available moisture and temperature. The small purple lesions can appear within 5 days if there are damp conditions and the temperature remains steady between 60–68 °F (16–20 °C), or up to 15 days in lower temperatures and drier conditions. Leaves become less susceptible to infection as they age. The first sign of disease may be on the
439:
appear as small purple spots which turn red to brown and then black. Most spots are circular but can amalgamate to form large, irregular dead patches. These spots tend to enlarge and separate from healthy tissue. Lastly, they drop out of the leaf giving a "shot-hole" appearance. This shot hole effect is more common on sour than on sweet cherries. In more severe and advanced cases, lesions are found on the fruit, petioles, and stems. Leaves with lesions present typically fall off early in the growing season and it is common for seriously affected trees to be defoliated by
525:. These conidia are horn-shaped and have hydrophilic outer cell walls that make them easily miscible in water. When spread during rain or by wind they can cause new leaf infections. Each conidium can multiply to form many additional conidia relatively quickly. When conditions are favorable, additional infections caused by conidia may overwhelm plant defenses, leading the plant to shed badly infected leaves. These secondary infections allow the disease to escalate into an
67:
651:
the fungus is evolving and becoming resistant to certain fungicide treatments. Control programs will need to be altered to keep up with the genetic advancement of the fungus. These earlier infections are a concern because once infection occurs; more spores will be produced from the lesions (conidia) than the leaf debris (ascospores) on the ground. These conidia are much more potent than ascospores in terms of infection rate.
501:
49:
623:(Bravo and generics). This fungicide is a multi-site protectant and is excellent for leaf spot control and is not at risk for fungicide resistance development. At least two applications of chlorothalonil should be made before shuck split with the goal to minimize the potential of infection at this early stage.
459:, decreased fruit size and set, and eventual death of the tree. If the disease has significantly infected the leaves enough in early spring it is possible that the fruit will fail to mature in that year. This fruit will typically remain light colored, soft, and very low in soluble solids and sugar.
650:
Significant infection was also found in the bract leaves in mid- to late June 2012. This was particularly surprising because the weather conditions were not notably conductive to the super development of cherry leaf spot infection. These early and significantly strong infection rates indicate that
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close to the ground. Sexual reproduction is associated with the primary infection cycle of cherry leaf spot. Infection levels in this primary cycle are low, but essential for the success of the pathogen. Because the ascospores are produced through sexual reproduction, this part of the life cycle can
768:
Typical individual tree yields in 1992 in
Michigan were approximately 80 pounds per tree, showing that spraying for the pathogen is definitely a worthwhile endeavor. The year 2012 was problematic for Michigan growers as the early warm weather and untimely rains caused the infection to take off much
635:
Fungicide applications should begin at petal fall or shortly after leaves have unfolded. These sprays should continue on a schedule of every 7–10 days until harvest. Upon harvest, one or two postharvest applications should be administered, beginning 2–3 weeks after harvest. It is suggested that
575:
For small or backyard growers, collecting and destroying all leaf debris on the ground is an absolute necessity due to the potency of this disease because the fungus overwinters in this leftover leaf litter. This is its main form of survival. By removing and destroying these leaves, a grower can
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integrity of the leaves which in turn decreases the number of fruits per shoot, fresh fruit weight, and soluble solids concentration of the mature fruit. It has been scientifically proven that the standard application of copper based fungicides does not have any adverse effects on the developing
646:
leaf stage with chlorothalonil (Bravo and generics). These bract leaves open prior to bloom, which means bract leaves could be infected early, before petal fall. Typically the first fungicide application is recommended around petal fall, but due to the early and epidemic levels of infection in
438:
mainly affects and is most noticeable on the leaves of cherry trees. The most obvious symptom of this disease is the yellowing of leaves before they drop in the early spring. Infected leaves are filled with numerous black lesions that cover an obvious portion of the leaf. These lesions first
382:. It has also been estimated to infect 80 percent of orchards in the Eastern states. It must be controlled yearly to avoid a significant loss of the crop. If not controlled properly, the disease can dramatically reduce yields by nearly 100 percent. The disease is also known as
529:
very quickly. The conidia form through an asexual process, so all the conidia formed in one leaf spot are genetically identical. The fungus overwinters in diseased leaves on the ground, producing sexual spores in the Spring that infect the emerging leaves.
631:
For commercial growers, the disease is primarily controlled by use of fungicide sprays. Fungicides are much more effective when applied early in the season when the inoculum load is low as cherry leaf spot is a prolific, unrelenting, tireless disease.
590:
When planting, growers should select locations which have a large amount of direct sunlight such as a south facing slope. Proper pruning should also be completed to increase the amount of sunlight penetration and air circulation through the
1085:
McManus, P. S., Proffer, T. J., Berardi, R., Gruber, B. R., Nugent, J. E., Ehret, G. R., Ma, Z., and Sundin, G. W. 2007. Integration of copper-based and reduced risk fungicides for control of
Blumeriella jaapii on sour cherry. Plant Dis.
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based fungicides can be used with great efficacy to battle the fungus. However, the copper application is associated with noticeable leaf bronzing. There has been great concern that this bronzing causes a highly negative effect on the
446:
If the disease is not controlled and allowed to persist for several years there could be various adverse effects to the overall cherry production of a tree primarily due to the cycle of early season and repeated
1067:
McManus, P. S., Stasiak, M., Schauske, B., and
Weidman, R. 2003. Evaluation of fungicides for control of sour cherry diseases in Wisconsin, 2002. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests (online) Report 58:STF017.
1147:
Jones, A.L., G.R. Ehret and S.M Garcia. 1993. Control of cherry leaf spot and powdery mildew on sour cherry with alternate-side applications of
Fenarimol, Myclobutanil, and Tebuconazole. Plant Disease.
654:
In addition, spores from the lesions are much closer to new uninfected leaves than the spores from the leaf debris on the ground. Due to the smaller distance, infection will occur much quicker.
576:
significantly decrease the amount of primary inoculum available in the spring. It will greatly decrease the apparent infection rate. There has also been a study done on the addition of a
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removal is not very practical for large commercial growers due labor needs and number of trees but if at all possible, a majority of the old leaves should try to be collected.
1009:
Sundin, G. (2012, December 3). Evaluation of SDHIs for the control of Cherry Leaf Spot, Powdery Mildew, and
American Brown Rot. (M. S. University, Interviewer) Retrieved from
1104:
Gruber, B., Davies, L., & McManus, P. (January 2010). A Copper-based
Fungicide Has Minimal Effects on Tart Cherry Fruit Quantity and Quality. HortScience. 45 (1):48-53.
982:
Holb, I. J. 2013. Effect of sanitation treatments on leaf litter density and leaf spot incidence in integrated and organic sour cherry orchards. Plant Dis. 97:891-896.
950:
Sundin, G. (2013, June 7). Fungicide considerations for cherry leaf spot control at first cover. Retrieved
December 3, 2013, from Michigan State University Extension:
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produced in the apothecia are forcibly discharged into the air starting at petal fall. They can start new infections in new, green leaves and serve as the primary
1095:
Gruber, B.R., L.R.R. Davies, E.L. Kruger, and P.S. McManus. 2009. Effects of copper-based fungicides on foliar gas exchange in tart cherry. Plant Dis. 93:512–518.
724:
were used immensely in the 1980s and 1990s. The efficacy of DMI fungicides has decreased dramatically in recent years and have not been used greatly since 2002.
1352:
934:
Erin
Lizotte, George Sundin. Michigan State University Extension. Cherry leaf spot management and resistance considerations for 2011. MSU, February 15, 2011.
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in each new growing season. The ascospores can stick to the leaf and, given a film of water and optimal temperature, germinate within hours of adhesion. Upon
906:
1416:
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Gianessi, L., Williams, & Ashley. (2011, May). Crop Life
Foundation. Retrieved from Fungicides Prevent Defoliation of Cherry Trees in Eastern States:
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In an effort to keep a high level of diversity in the cherry fungicide programs and reduce the amount of resistance building up to the DMI fungicides,
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suggests getting an early start on protection before the fungus starts infecting for the production year. This means that growers should spray at the
875:
595:. Any practice that increases the faster drying of leaves will help reduce the risk of infection. Growers may also consider making an after harvest
799:
Hickey, K.D. 1991. Fungicide
Benefits Assessment Fruit and Nut Crops – East. USDA National Agricultural Pesticide Impact Assessment Program. January.
427:
are produced in these fungal fruiting bodies and are forcibly ejected during rainy periods for about 6–8 weeks, starting at petal fall. This is the
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are susceptible to the disease, being most prevalent in sour cherries. The variety of sour cherries that is the most susceptible are the English
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Eisensmith, S.P. and A.L. Jones. 1981. Infection model for timing fungicide applications to control cherry leaf spot. Plant Disease. 65(12):955
871:
Travis, J., Rytter, J., & Biggs, A. (n.d.). Cherry Leaf Spot. Kearneysville, WV: West Virginia University, Fruit Pathology. Retrieved from
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Lewis, F.H. and A.B. Groves. 1948. Cherry Leaf Spot Control in the Cumberland – Shenandoah Valley. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station
997:
963:
674:). This has been indicated effective at a rate of 10.5 oz/acre. Other SDHIs that may be effective in cherry leaf spot control include
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bedding to the ground after all the leaves have been picked up. The addition of this mulch further reduced the spring infection rate.
1421:
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since the 1990s. The severity of the disease is very variable from year to year. In 1945 there was a serious outbreak in southern
951:
451:. These effects include dwarfed and unevenly ripened fruit which has poor taste, trees more susceptible to winter injury, death of
935:
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This fungus overwinters in dead leaves on the ground. In early spring (at the time of petal fall), fungal fruiting bodies called
636:
spraying alternate sides of trees on a 7-day program is more effective than spraying both sides of trees on a 10-day schedule.
854:
Ellis, M. A. (2008). Cherry Leaf Spot. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University, Department of Plant Pathology. Retrieved from
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to cherry growers due to the characteristic yellowing leaves and shot holes present in the leaves upon severe infection.
66:
705:
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662:(SDHIs) are also effective in controlling cherry leaf spot. "Pristine" was registered in 2004. It is a premix of
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of water. This will help reduce the rate at which pathogens may develop resistance to Benomyl products. Prior to
658:, a professor and fruit extension specialist from Michigan State University advocates that the new chemistries of
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639:
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Farmer, B. (n.d.). UNL Extension: Controlling Cherry Leaf Spot. Retrieved from University of Nebraska-Lincoln:
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There are no resistant varieties available on the commercial market yet. However, researchers have found the a
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also introduce genetic variation that may be important, for example, in the evolution of fungicide resistance.
371:
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Me-Nsope, Nathalie Monge. Tart Cherry Yield and Economic Response to Alternative Planting Densities. 2009.
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Keil, Harry L. Cherry Leaf-Spot and its control. s.l. : United States Department of Agriculture, 1961.
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1426:
1190:
872:
922:
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161:
419:). This fungus overwinters in dead leaves on the ground as its main form of survival. In the spring,
128:
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Society, Royal Horticultural. Royal Horticultural Society. Cherry leaf scorch and leaf spot. 2011.
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Society, Royal Horticultural. Royal Horticultural Society. Cherry leaf scorch and leaf spot. 2011.
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http://www.leelanaunews.com/news/2013-02-07/Life_in_Leelanau/Research_may_help_control_leaf_spot.html
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http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/fungicide_considerations_for_cherry_leaf_spot_control_at_first_cover
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http://msue.anr.msu.edu/news/cherry_leaf_spot_management_and_resistance_considerations_for_2011
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Cherry leaf spot: get an early start on protection before the fungus gets started on infection
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Carlson, Eric. Research may help control leaf spot. Leelanau Enterprise. February 7, 2013.
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form in whitish patches on the undersides of leaves in tiny, concave fruiting bodies called
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Sundin, G. (2013, January 21). Michigan State University. Retrieved from cherries.msu.edu:
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Agrios, G. N. (1997). Plant Pathology (4 ed.). San Diego, California, US: Academic Press.
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or sexual stage and results in new genetic recombination and variation for the disease.
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Once these lesions from the primary infection have formed, there is the potential for
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443:. Leaves severely infected by the disease turn very yellow before falling off.
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http://extension.psu.edu/plants/gardening/fphg/stone/diseases/cherry-leaf-spot
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Ogawa, J.M., et al., eds. 1995. Compendium of Stone Fruit Diseases. APS Press.
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http://www.ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/54502/2/2009Me-NsopeThesisc.pdf
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since the 19th century. It has only become common and a problem in the
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http://www.caf.wvu.edu/kearneysville/disease_descriptions/omchlfsp.html
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applications reduced defoliation from 80% to 0.3% and from 98% to 3%.
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923:
https://archive.org/stream/cherryleafspotit489keil_0#page/n9/mode/2up
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http://croplifefoundation.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/14-cherries.pdf
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and beginning to carry out field trials. No data is available yet.
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For the other fungal plant disease called 'shot hole disease', see
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found in 2012, the first application should be applied earlier.
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Cherry Leaf Spot. (2013). Retrieved from Penn State Extension:
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1000:". Retrieved from Michigan State University Extension News.
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Cherry leaf spot has been present in the United States and
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http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/3000/pdf/HYG_3021_08.pdf
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http://apps.rhs.org.uk/advicesearch/Profile.aspx?pid=567
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http://apps.rhs.org.uk/advicesearch/Profile.aspx?pid=567
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The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
619:, the recommended fungicide for cherry leaf spot is
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The disease is generally distributed throughout the
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559:gene linked to the resistance. They are currently
996:Sundin, G., & Rothwell, N. (2013, May 14). "
761:in the 1980s and 1990s further quantified that
370:. This is considered a serious disease in the
8:
1011:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eb6mbHfIY9k
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1053:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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517:. Secondary or summer spores called
7:
1368:a6a9f964-08dc-4b59-9d4b-d18088819fee
488:, hyphae can grow into the leaf via
611:and 2 Tablespoons respectively per
599:application using a combination of
1417:Fungal tree pathogens and diseases
660:succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors
398:Cherry leaf spot is caused by the
25:
769:earlier compared to most years.
292:(B.B. Higgins) K. Põldmaa (1967)
204:(B.B. Higgins) K. Põldmaa (1967)
65:
563:the wild lines with commercial
816:"Controlling Cherry Leaf Spot"
706:Sterol demethylation inhibitor
1:
284:(B.B. Higgins) Nannf. (1932)
276:(B.B. Higgins) Nannf. (1932)
260:(B.B. Higgins) Nannf. (1932)
212:(B.B. Higgins) Becer. (1983)
708:(DMI) fungicides including
686:under the name "Luna") and
504:Conidia of cherry leaf spot
56:Lesions on diseased leaves
1448:
423:develop on these leaves.
29:
1422:Stone fruit tree diseases
702:under the name Merivon).
640:Michigan State University
571:Small or backyard growers
476:develop in these leaves.
308:(P. Karst.) Petr. (1920)
189:
182:
167:
160:
62:Scientific classification
60:
55:
46:
41:
241:Cylindrosporium hiemalis
607:(50% WP) at rates of ¼
289:Phloeosporella hiemalis
209:Blumeriella prunophorae
505:
233:Coccomyces prunophorae
503:
281:Higginsia prunophorae
515:secondary infections
509:Asexual reproduction
268:(Rehm) Nannf. (1932)
249:Cylindrosporium padi
236:B.B. Higgins (1914)
225:Coccomyces lutescens
201:Blumeriella hiemalis
27:Plant fungal disease
468:Sexual reproduction
417:Phloeosporella padi
410:Coccomyces hiemalis
408:(formerly known as
364:ornamental cherries
324:(Lib.) Thüm. (1874)
313:Pseudopeziza jaapii
297:Phloeosporella padi
273:Higginsia lutescens
244:B.B. Higgins (1914)
228:B.B. Higgins (1914)
220:B.B. Higgins (1913)
217:Coccomyces hiemalis
1199:Blumeriella jaapii
1176:2013-11-13 at the
969:2013-11-13 at the
909:2013-10-29 at the
878:2013-09-23 at the
627:Commercial growers
546:Disease management
506:
405:Blumeriella jaapii
339:Blumeriella jaapii
257:Higginsia hiemalis
171:Blumeriella jaapii
18:Blumeriella jaapii
1432:Drepanopezizaceae
1404:
1403:
1389:Open Tree of Life
1191:Taxon identifiers
455:, small and weak
394:Host and symptoms
331:
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300:(Lib.) Arx (1961)
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252:P. Karst. (1884)
245:
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129:Drepanopezizaceae
42:Cherry leaf spot
32:Shot hole disease
16:(Redirected from
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388:shothole disease
368:morello cherries
334:Cherry leaf spot
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198:
193:Ascochyta padi
187:
186:
180:
179:
176:
165:
164:
158:
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153:B. jaapii
150:
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136:
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26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1444:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:Leaf diseases
1425:
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1120:
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1036:on 2013-10-29
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822:on 2013-10-29
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723:
719:
715:
714:fenbuconazole
711:
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669:
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656:George Sundin
652:
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603:(50% WP) and
602:
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582:
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566:
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561:crossbreeding
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162:Binomial name
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109:Leotiomycetes
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19:
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1081:
1074:10.1094/FN58
1063:
1038:. Retrieved
1031:the original
1017:
1005:
978:
958:
930:
917:
886:
824:. Retrieved
820:the original
795:
767:
755:Pennsylvania
744:
726:
722:tebuconazole
718:myclobutanil
704:
688:fluxapyroxad
653:
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139:
36:
1327:NatureServe
1288:iNaturalist
1086:91:294-300.
759:A. L. Jones
696:carboxamide
672:strobilurin
666:(SDHI) and
617:shuck split
585:Leaf litter
534:Environment
486:germination
453:fruit spurs
449:defoliation
384:yellow leaf
376:New England
316:Rehm (1907)
196:Lib. (1832)
140:Blumeriella
1411:Categories
1148:73(7):703.
1040:2013-10-24
826:2013-10-24
773:References
741:Importance
609:Tablespoon
551:Resistance
478:Ascospores
457:fruit buds
429:teleomorph
425:Ascospores
400:ascomycete
119:Helotiales
99:Ascomycota
95:Division:
1332:2.1085572
1214:Q10431598
763:fungicide
710:fenarimol
676:fluopyram
597:fungicide
565:cultivars
557:wild type
474:apothecia
441:midsummer
421:apothecia
147:Species:
85:Kingdom:
79:Eukaryota
1314:MycoBank
1306:11110611
1262:Fungorum
1208:Wikidata
1174:Archived
1049:cite web
967:Archived
907:Archived
876:Archived
692:pyrazole
680:pyramide
664:boscalid
527:epidemic
523:acervuli
482:inoculum
436:pathogen
414:anamorph
348:cherries
184:Synonyms
125:Family:
75:Domain:
1280:2581196
737:fruit.
601:Benomyl
519:conidia
494:suckers
490:stomata
402:fungus
372:Midwest
342:) is a
135:Genus:
115:Order:
105:Class:
1394:289347
1365:NZOR:
1358:373115
1319:327015
1293:479622
1267:327015
1254:BLUMJA
1241:193773
729:copper
720:, and
613:gallon
605:Captan
593:canopy
380:Canada
362:, and
1381:27981
1301:IRMNG
1034:(PDF)
1027:(PDF)
684:Bayer
644:bract
581:mulch
578:straw
434:This
356:Sweet
352:plums
89:Fungi
1353:NCBI
1275:GBIF
1249:EPPO
1228:M7Q5
1055:link
700:BASF
540:U.S.
360:sour
350:and
1340:NBN
1236:EoL
1223:CoL
1070:doi
690:(a
678:(a
386:or
1413::
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1122:^
1051:}}
1047:{{
987:^
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716:,
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412:;
374:,
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354:.
1117:.
1072::
1057:)
1043:.
973:.
938:.
925:.
829:.
694:-
670:(
336:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
