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for two reasons: one was that it blends in with the original span yet stands out on its own, and the other is lower maintenance costs because fewer spans are involved. The selection of the continuous-tied arch proposal was initially controversial as it did not have much public opinion support, and critics regarded this type as awkward. Consequently, the engineers changed design details to make it complement the existing bridge. For instance the use of concrete piers and steel tower supporting the anchor span, rather than the traditional concrete tower, gave the bridge a "less massive appearance, easing the difficult transition between the approach, anchor and main spans". The engineers also made "the main span attractive, but economical by settling on an innovative low arch design that merges the traffic deck with the bottom structural supporting steel for the portion of the bridge suspended over the water", which "eliminated the need for expensive bracing and contributes to the graceful appearance of the structure", while the flattened arch also better matches the old bridge. For the new bridge approaches the engineers selected concrete hammer-head piers over steel piers and deck trusses, not only for economical considerations, but it also "gives the new bridge a simpler look, making it easier to distinguish the old bridge from the new one" and "contributes to the clean lines of the new bridge and leaves the view of the old bridge's deck trusses uncluttered". Due to each country's manufacturing differences, the
Americans used large pre-cast concrete beams (six beams for each segment) for the approaches while the Canadians used concrete pre-cast box girders (three box girders per segment). Despite this, the differing approach spans are the same depth and appear identical from the side view. The twinning project was a combined effort between Modjeski & Masters (American engineers) and Buckland & Taylor Ltd. (Canadian engineers). During the construction, two temporary masts were erected to assist in the construction of the tied arch; the towers were painted red and lighted, enabling them to be seen from afar. The approaches to the new bridge use
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sought to ensure that the St. Clair River remain navigable for military and commercial vessels. Bridge construction could not interfere with navigation, bridge builders could not use floating platforms, and the completed span was required to clear the water by 150 ft (46 m). Originally, Modjeski proposed a mammoth suspension-style bridge with tall towers and massive cable anchorages; however, because of the 150 ft (46 m) vertical clearance requirement for shipping, he opted instead for a cantilevered through-truss design. The commission was approved by the United States
Congress in August 1935 (Public Law 411 of 1935). The law permitted the commission to sell bonds that would be repaid by the revenue from the tolls ($ 0.25 toll for travelers) collected within 30 years. The first bridge was fully opened to traffic on October 10, 1938. The lead engineer was Polish-born
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operate and maintain the structure and associated facilities. In July 1991, the
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) signed a "129A Agreement" with MDOT regarding the disposition of toll receipts. This agreement allowed the department to fund both the annual operating costs of the bridge and the state's matching share of the BWB Plaza Improvement Project. On the American side, the
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104:
99:
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649:, compared to the original which hold up the road deck with trusses. The second three-lane bridge, just south of the first bridge, opened on July 22, 1997. After the new bridge opened for traffic, the original bridge was restripped with three westbound lanes, and the flyover ramp was permanently closed and demolished.
575:
In 1970, the U.S. Congress passed a law permitting
Michigan to again collect tolls on the bridge. To comply with the law, the department had to repay the federal government $ 348,000 for the grant it received in 1938, which funded the approach road. That grant was repaid to the federal government and
545:
to design and build what would become the Blue Water Bridge. Ralph
Modjeski, a Polish-born engineer who would become known as "America's greatest bridge builder", served as lead engineer for the project. In developing a design, Modjeski faced obstacles posed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which
644:
had rejected both designs that topped public opinion, because the duplicate bridge would create a false sense of history, while the cable-stayed design would overshadow the existing bridge in height and proportion. The continuous-tied arch design, which was a distant third place in polls, was chosen
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In 1985, the U.S. Congress allowed
Michigan to increase the toll to create a state matching fund for proposed improvements to the bridge plaza. As a requirement for this authority, after the bonds for repayment of construction costs were retired, the tolls had to be reverted to levels sufficient to
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A US Port of Entry was established at the location in 1836, when a license to provide commercial ferry service between Port Huron and what then was known as Port Sarnia. The license was issued to a
Canadian man named Crampton who operated a sailboat. In the 1840s, a man named Davenport, also from
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used an executive order to cancel the toll. This forced layoffs of the toll workers, one of which was his father. In August 1962, the BWB Authority (BWBA) that operates the
Canadian side of the bridge began collecting tolls of $ 0.25 from eastbound traffic while continuing to collect tolls from
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In 1992, it was determined that traffic on the bridge had exceeded its rated capacity, so bridge authorities decided to add a second span in order to accommodate the higher traffic. During the debate over the form of the second span from 1994 to 1995, five possible designs were proposed. The
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would upgrade it on the
Canadian side. In 2011, the US side completed its plaza upgrades, and construction began to widen and improve both Highway 402 on the Canadian side and I-94/I-69 on the American side. In 2012, both the widening and the Canadian border upgrades were completed.
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In 1935, the
Michigan Legislature passed a law (Public Act 147 of 1935) creating a State Bridge Commission to finance the design and erection of the main bridge structure of the Blue Water Bridge. In 1937, after plans proposed in 1927 to build a bridge spanning the
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With the passage of the Executive Reorganization Act of 1965, the State Bridge Commission was abolished and its functions were transferred to the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) , then called the Department of State Highways.
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and the single-span tied-arch bridge proposals were the least popular as they were not visually appealing and dropped from further consideration. Over half of public opinion had favored a duplicate of the first bridge, while the
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619:, which also added a four-story customs office building in the center. On the Canadian side, the original booths were demolished; they had been in use since 1938; while they were positively noted for their
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Both the U.S. and Canadian governments had agreed to operate the bridge toll-free once bonds were paid off. The U.S. side of the bridge became toll-free in February 1962, after the Governor
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which previously had to be directed to the outside. The $ 55 million plaza improvement project was completed in November 1996, at which the toll was reverted back to its original cost.
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languished during the Great Depression, the Michigan Highway Commission and the Minister of Highways for Canada hired Ralph Modjeski and Frank H. Masters and their Canadian associates,
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On July 5th 2023, the westbound bridge was closed for blast cleaning, deck repairs, and other minor rehab work. It was reopened on October 3rd, 2 days ahead of schedule.
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https://www.michigan.gov/mdot/news-outreach/pressreleases/2024/03/18/eastbound-blue-water-bridge-improvements-shifting-all-traffic--to-westbound-bridge-starting-may-29
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10.8 million) in funding would be allocated toward upgrading the border crossing facilities at the Blue Water Bridge. The work was scheduled to begin in May 2009. The
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https://www.michigan.gov/mdot/news-outreach/pressreleases/2023/09/28/fbcl-completes-wb-blue-water-bridge-construction-ahead-of-schedule-traffic-shifts-expected-oct-3
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Trucks & buses: US$ 3.25 or C$ 4.25 per axle (to Canada) and US$ 3.50 or C$ 4.50 per axle (to US). C$ 4.25 per axle with Prepaid Account (to US).
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452:, one of the four shortest routes of land travel between the US Midwest and Northeast. They are the second-busiest commercial crossing on the
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came in second with around 21% thanks to its "dramatic appearance and appeal to engineers because of their high structural redundancy". The
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524:. Steam-powered vessels and paddle wheelers soon followed, but the first vessel capable of carrying automobiles did not arrive until 1921.
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with a total length of 6,178 ft (1,883 m) and a main span of 871 ft (265 m). The second, newer span is a continuous
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Starting on May 29, 2024, the eastbound bridge was closed for maintenance, and all traffic was shifted onto the westbound bridge.
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in terms of total number of vehicles at 4.7 million annually as of 2011. In Canada, they are the third-busiest bridges after the
433:(MDOT) is in charge of the US side. A toll is charged to cross the bridges, which is used to pay for maintenance and operations.
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westbound traffic. In June 1963, the State of Michigan appropriated funds for the operation of its part of the bridge.
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In 2018, the piers of the westbound bridge had protectors installed, additionally, new gusset plates were built.
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in September 1971, tolls were restored, however only collected in the eastbound direction on the Michigan side.
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upgraded its facilities in 2012. In 2017, inspectors at Port Huron processed 1,579,646 cars and 826,288 trucks.
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was completed, and the Canadian approach had already been modified. This provided a continuous freeway link to
441:
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requirements, the Blue Water Bridge Authority agreed on a name for the federal Crown corporate organization:
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on the Canadian side. Around this time, the bridge's sidewalk was also removed; this was done to add a third
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120:
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498:, at the Blue Water Bridge. Both the US and Canada border stations are open 24 hours per day. The
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with a total length of 6,109 ft (1,862 m) and a main span of 922 ft (281 m).
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was completed to Port Huron which meant that three freeways converged on the three-lane bridge.
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In the 1950s, the facilities were upgraded, and the bridge’s lighting was completely replaced.
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On April 1st 2015, the westbound span was closed to undergo resurfacing and waterproofing.
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The Blue Water Bridges are jointly owned and maintained by Canada and the United States:
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https://www.michigan.gov/mdot/programs/bridges-and-structures/blue-water-bridge/history
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1256:(Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. §§ K12–K14.
1224:(Map). c. 1:918,720. Lansing: Michigan Department of Transportation. §§ K12–K14.
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Blue Water Bridge, Spanning St. Clair River at I-69, I-94, & Canadian Route 402
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27:
Twin-span bridge between Point Edward, Ontario, Canada and Port Huron, Michigan, US
1714:
1029:
785:
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Michigan
323:
4.00 (to Canada) and US$ 3.25 or C$ 4.25 (to US) As of January 28, 2020
2114:
1283:"Ontario Highway 402 Photographs - Page 1 - History of Ontario's Kings Highways"
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17:
43:
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2094:
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724:
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Extra axles: US$ 3.00 or C$ 4.00 (to Canada) and US$ 3.25 or C$ 4.25 (to US)
76:
63:
2015:
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236:
550:. This bridge originally had two lanes for vehicles as well as sidewalks.
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was completed at the foot of the Blue Water Bridge on the American side.
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1726:
1609:"Blue Water Bridge Connecting U.S., Canada to Partially Close in April"
612:
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445:
437:
383:
1585:. Michigan Department of Transportation. July 14, 2011. Archived from
1685:
608:
591:
on the roadway, as long lineups on each side's crossing were common.
1722:(HAER) documentation, filed under Port Huron, St. Clair County, MI:
1623:"FBCL Blue Water Bridge rehabilitation project begins July 5, 2023"
1527:"Canadian PM announces funding for bridge connecting United States"
1064:"Official Program: Dedication and Opening of the Blue Water Bridge"
490:
The Port Huron–Point Edward Border Crossing connects the cities of
1680:
1648:"MDOT announces Blue Water Bridge to remain cashless indefinitely"
1455:"Just Another Day for Cars, Trucks as New Blue Water Bridge Opens"
349:
341:
1736:", 48 photos, 47 data pages, 4 photo caption pages
1729:", 43 photos, 35 data pages, 8 photo caption pages
1839:
1803:
1798:
1767:
464:, and the fourth-busiest overall international crossing in
908:
United Divide: A Linear Portrait of the USA/Canada Border
615:
crossing Pine Grove Avenue was replaced by a much wider
2397:
Buildings and structures in St. Clair County, Michigan
910:. The Center for Land Use Interpretation. Winter 2015.
852:. Federal Bridge Corporation Limited. January 30, 2015
663:
In March 2009, the Canadian government announced that
1710:
Information and Tons of Photos of the Original Bridge
1327:. Blue Water Bridge Canada. p. 9. Archived from
2212:
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2057:
2014:
1950:
1922:
1915:
1874:
1703:
PDF: Construction History of the Blue Water Bridges
1091:
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1070:. Sarnia, Ontario: The Herald. October 8, 1938. n.p
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53:
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1018:1935 PA 147: State Bridge Commission; Public Works
872:"Blue Water Bridge Canada 2013-2014 Annual Report"
123:(westbound span, 3 lanes; eastbound span, 3 lanes)
1221:Say Yes to Michigan!: Official Transportation Map
2422:Historic American Engineering Record in Michigan
502:upgraded its inspection facilities in 2011, and
1495:"Corporate Plan Summary 2010-2011 to 2014-2015"
1377:
1375:
623:style, they were too low to accommodate modern
429:, is in charge of the Canadian side, while the
1583:"I-94/I-69 Reconstruction in St. Clair County"
1384:Construction History of the Blue Water Bridges
1250:Michigan Department of Transportation (1985).
1218:Michigan Department of Transportation (1984).
696:. It was made permanent by January 1st, 2024.
1851:
1410:"Blue Water Bridge (Original/Westbound Span)"
1030:"Blue Water Bridge–First Span (Blue Water 1)"
48:Blue Water Bridge, newer bridge in foreground
8:
2502:Transportation in St. Clair County, Michigan
973:. United States Department of Transportation
945:"Port Huron: Gateway to Canada worth a stay"
823:. Federal Bridge Corporation. Archived from
1727:Blue Water Bridge Plaza, 410 Elmwood Street
1553:"Hwy. 402 construction closes on/off ramps"
1144:
1142:
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1138:
1919:
1858:
1844:
1836:
1764:
31:
2467:Through arch bridges in the United States
2189:Bay Metropolitan Transportation Authority
1253:Yes Michigan: Official Transportation Map
675:would upgrade it on the US side, and the
386:, Canada. The Blue Water Bridge connects
2387:Bridges on the Interstate Highway System
797:, a nearby international railroad tunnel
354:The Blue Water Bridge during the winter.
201:6,109 ft (1,862 m) (eastbound)
199:6,178 ft (1,883 m) (westbound)
2417:Cantilever bridges in the United States
2377:Box girder bridges in the United States
1322:"Corporate Plan 2011-2012 to 2015-2016"
1068:Blue Water Bridge: Commemorative Number
812:
2492:Tolled sections of Interstate Highways
2477:Tied arch bridges in the United States
1698:Michigan Blue Water Bridge Information
1681:Fishing Reports for the Bluewater Area
1007:– via Sarnia Historical Society.
2402:Canada–United States border crossings
2194:Capital Area Transportation Authority
1676:Aerial views of the Blue Water Bridge
969:Bureau of Transportation Statistics.
431:Michigan Department of Transportation
7:
2164:Capital Region International Airport
1720:Historic American Engineering Record
1354:"My Favourite Way to Leave Michigan"
1271:– via Michigan History Center.
1239:– via Michigan History Center.
943:Sheridan, Margaret (June 24, 2011).
231:922 ft (281 m) (eastbound)
229:871 ft (265 m) (westbound)
1433:"Bluewater Bridge Sarnia Ontario 1"
1412:. HistoricBridges.org. July 7, 2015
1119:. February 16, 1962. Archived from
692:In 2020, cash was banned after the
243:155 ft (47 m) (eastbound)
241:152 ft (46 m) (westbound)
221:233 ft (71 m) (eastbound)
219:210 ft (64 m) (westbound)
2522:Steel bridges in the United States
2512:Truss bridges in the United States
2392:Buildings and structures in Sarnia
1869:including the Tri-Cities and Thumb
1048:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
436:Together, the two bridges connect
211:51 ft (16 m) (eastbound)
209:38 ft (12 m) (westbound)
25:
2295:Soaring Eagle Casino & Resort
1431:Thoeun, Bun (December 20, 2010).
1390:. State of Michigan. pp. 4–6
1299:Bluewater Bridge Customs Building
564:In 1964, the eastern terminus of
486:Port Huron–Sarnia Border Crossing
2313:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1529:. March 21, 2009. Archived from
1479:
1203:
1173:. October 14, 1964. p. 12.
904:"Chapter 4: The Watery Boundary"
769:
755:
741:
727:
704:
673:US Customs and Border Protection
500:US Customs and Border Protection
366:international bridge across the
115:
102:
97:
42:
2362:1938 establishments in Michigan
2280:McLaren Health Care Corporation
1356:. April 3, 2005. Archived from
2462:Through arch bridges in Canada
2367:1938 establishments in Ontario
1461:. Port Huron, MI. p. 1A.
801:Trussed Concrete Steel Company
1:
1779:
677:Canada Border Services Agency
504:Canada Border Services Agency
2412:Cantilever bridges in Canada
2407:Canada–United States bridges
2372:Box girder bridges in Canada
2174:Grand Trunk Western Railroad
2154:Bishop International Airport
1453:Egan, Paul (July 23, 1997).
1166:The Holland Evening Sentinel
1161:"I-94 Terminus Is Dedicated"
971:"Border Crossing/Entry Data"
652:In 2007, in accordance with
2472:Tied arch bridges in Canada
1500:. p. 7. Archived from
1476:– via Newspapers.com.
998:Canada West’s Last Frontier
994:"Sarnia-Port Huron Ferries"
877:. p. 2. Archived from
642:Blue Water Bridge Authority
633:parallel chord truss Bridge
476:and the Ambassador Bridge.
454:Canada–United States border
2538:
2220:Ascension Genesys Hospital
1691:November 13, 2016, at the
1171:United Press International
483:
450:Northeastern United States
419:Federal Bridge Corporation
168:Federal Bridge Corporation
2382:Bridges completed in 1938
2308:
2179:MBS International Airport
1813:
1792:
1782:
1777:
790:List of bridges in Canada
336:
41:
2487:Toll bridges in Michigan
2452:Road bridges in Michigan
1753:Second Blue Water Bridge
1732:HAER No. MI-16-A, "
850:"Corporate Amalgamation"
658:Blue Water Bridge Canada
654:Federal Identity Program
520:Port Sarnia, operated a
442:Midwestern United States
2517:Steel bridges in Canada
2507:Truss bridges in Canada
2457:Road bridges in Ontario
2169:CSX Saginaw Subdivision
992:Elford, Jean Turnbull.
715:Blue Water Bridge, 2014
408:cantilever truss bridge
406:The original span is a
2482:Toll bridges in Canada
2437:Lake Huron Circle Tour
1725:HAER No. MI-16, "
355:
347:
271:; 27 years ago
258:; 85 years ago
2290:Quality Dairy Company
2260:Hurley Medical Center
2225:Auto-Owners Insurance
1589:on September 17, 2011
1308:Point Edward, Ontario
1296:Leiffer, Len (1967).
496:Point Edward, Ontario
412:bowstring arch bridge
390:in Ontario with both
378:, United States, and
353:
345:
256:October 10, 1938
146:Point Edward, Ontario
77:42.99861°N 82.42361°W
2447:Port Huron, Michigan
1924:Greater Lansing area
1867:Central/Mid-Michigan
1715:Live Traffic Cameras
1507:on December 26, 2010
1334:on November 13, 2016
884:on November 13, 2016
830:on November 14, 2016
543:Philip Louis Pratley
528:Planning and opening
492:Port Huron, Michigan
427:Government of Canada
398:(I-94) in Michigan.
142:Port Huron, Michigan
2497:Transport in Sarnia
2265:Koegel Meat Company
2130:Tittabawassee River
1557:The Sarnia Observer
1442:– via Flickr.
1360:on November 2, 2012
1123:on October 18, 2007
1097:"Blue Water Bridge"
924:. Blue Water Bridge
821:"Blue Water Bridge"
638:cable-stayed bridge
625:semi-trailer trucks
522:pony-powered vessel
82:42.99861; -82.42361
73: /
2331:Southeast Michigan
2285:Nexteer Automotive
2275:MidMichigan Health
1304:thekingshighway.ca
749:Engineering portal
356:
348:
269:July 22, 1997
2349:
2348:
2326:Northern Michigan
2159:Blue Water Bridge
2053:
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1830:
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1825:
1824:
1794:Blue Water Bridge
1769:Crossings of the
1742:Blue Water Bridge
1686:Blue Water Bridge
1625:. March 24, 2023.
1563:on March 23, 2012
694:COVID-19 pandemic
539:Charles Monsarrat
458:Ambassador Bridge
423:Crown corporation
360:Blue Water Bridge
340:
339:
155:Blue Water Bridge
36:Blue Water Bridge
16:(Redirected from
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2319:
2317:
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2184:Zilwaukee Bridge
1920:
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1819:St. Clair Tunnel
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1559:. Archived from
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1533:on June 27, 2009
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1032:. July 17, 2018.
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303:
301:14,700 (2014)
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297:
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291:Daily traffic
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2245:Dow Chemical
2158:
2147:
1832:
1814:
1793:
1783:
1756:
1745:
1656:
1642:
1631:
1617:
1603:
1591:. Retrieved
1587:the original
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1561:the original
1556:
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1531:the original
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1502:the original
1489:
1470:. Retrieved
1459:Times Herald
1458:
1448:
1438:February 27,
1436:. Retrieved
1426:
1416:February 27,
1414:. Retrieved
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1383:
1362:. Retrieved
1358:the original
1348:
1338:November 12,
1336:. Retrieved
1329:the original
1316:
1306:(postcard).
1303:
1298:
1291:
1277:
1265:. Retrieved
1252:
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1220:
1213:
1196:– via
1190:. Retrieved
1164:
1155:
1125:. Retrieved
1121:the original
1114:
1105:
1078:– via
1072:. Retrieved
1067:
1058:
1038:
1024:
1013:
1001:. Retrieved
997:
987:
975:. Retrieved
964:
952:. Retrieved
948:
938:
928:November 12,
926:. Retrieved
922:"Who We Are"
916:
907:
898:
888:November 12,
886:. Retrieved
879:the original
866:
856:November 14,
854:. Retrieved
844:
834:November 14,
832:. Retrieved
825:the original
815:
698:
691:
688:
685:
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662:
651:
629:
605:
593:
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570:
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555:
552:
531:
518:
489:
456:, after the
435:
416:
405:
380:Point Edward
359:
357:
324:
226:Longest span
196:Total length
29:
2115:Saginaw Bay
2090:Grand River
2085:Flint River
2070:Black River
1511:January 24,
1267:October 17,
1235:October 17,
1080:Archive.org
954:December 4,
647:box girders
585:Highway 401
581:Highway 402
402:Description
394:(I-69) and
388:Highway 402
370:that links
280:(eastbound)
267:(westbound)
191:(eastbound)
187:Continuous
185:(westbound)
121:Highway 402
96:6 lanes of
80: /
55:Coordinates
2356:Categories
2250:DTE Energy
2235:CMS Energy
2148:Blue Water
2105:Pine River
2095:Lake Huron
2075:Cass River
2006:Shiawassee
1951:Flint and
1815:Downstream
1788:Lake Huron
1758:Structurae
1747:Structurae
1472:August 26,
1394:August 26,
1003:August 22,
807:References
617:embankment
515:Background
372:Port Huron
346:North Span
285:Statistics
276:1997-07-22
263:1938-10-10
68:82°25′25″W
65:42°59′55″N
2065:Bad River
2058:Geography
2045:St. Clair
2016:The Thumb
1537:March 20,
1179:1050-4044
1074:August 3,
594:In 1984,
579:In 1982,
364:twin-span
189:tied arch
2321:Michigan
2240:Comerica
1991:Isabella
1916:Counties
1897:Bay City
1784:Upstream
1689:Archived
1467:36177739
1262:12701177
1230:12701177
1187:13440201
1127:July 15,
1111:"People"
977:March 1,
721:See also
621:Art Deco
613:overpass
474:Montreal
448:and the
440:and the
376:Michigan
332:Location
319:3.00 or
110: /
2213:Economy
2146:Amtrak
2040:Sanilac
2035:Tuscola
2001:Saginaw
1996:Midland
1986:Gratiot
1981:Gladwin
1976:Genesee
1932:Clinton
1902:Midland
1892:Saginaw
1882:Lansing
1044:Pub. L.
611:girder
510:History
466:Ontario
446:Toronto
438:Chicago
425:of the
384:Ontario
274: (
261: (
248:History
128:Crosses
93:Carries
2318:
2030:Lapeer
1961:Arenac
1942:Ingham
1465:
1364:May 1,
1260:
1228:
1192:May 3,
1185:
1177:
1052:74–411
1050:
609:I-beam
494:, and
315:Cars:
253:Opened
216:Height
179:Design
138:Locale
2204:STARS
2025:Huron
1971:Clare
1937:Eaton
1887:Flint
1505:(PDF)
1498:(PDF)
1388:(PDF)
1332:(PDF)
1325:(PDF)
882:(PDF)
875:(PDF)
828:(XLS)
444:with
362:is a
206:Width
2018:area
1595:2011
1569:2011
1539:2009
1513:2012
1474:2018
1463:OCLC
1440:2016
1418:2016
1396:2018
1366:2010
1340:2016
1269:2019
1258:OCLC
1237:2019
1226:OCLC
1194:2015
1183:OCLC
1175:ISSN
1129:2012
1116:Time
1076:2015
1005:2018
979:2019
956:2017
930:2016
890:2016
858:2016
836:2016
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