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1294:, which maintains those canisters, persuaded DEC to compromise, accepting ownership of them and some design changes in exchange for keeping them as, like the fire towers, structures that enhanced understanding of the Forest Preserve. This change was later written into the 2003 draft update to the Catskill State Land Master Plan.
1244:. Wilderness Areas are considered "untouched by man" and a firetower is viewed as a non-conforming structure. As such, the DEC wants it removed for this reason. However, residents of the area have been fighting to keep it since not only is it a popular and relatively easy hike, it is the only fire tower in the
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A Primitive Area is one that has much the same characteristics as wilderness area, but has some significant obstacles to receiving that status. It may have structures that cannot easily be removed within a given timeframe, or some other existing use that would complicate a wilderness designation. The
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The lands of the state, now owned or hereafter acquired, constituting the forest preserve as now fixed by law, shall be forever kept as wild forest lands. They shall not be leased, sold or exchanged, or be taken by any corporation, public or private, nor shall the timber thereon be sold, removed or
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But there is no corresponding agency for the
Catskills (largely due to the rough start experienced by the APA) and as a rule the practical impact of living within Blue Line is minor. Since the mid-1960s the state has regulated commercial highway signage within them in a manner similar to the federal
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Nonetheless, they would try. The new provision barely survived an attempt to gut it two years later when they again prevailed upon the legislature to approve an amendment requiring the state to "manage the land in accordance with sound timber management principles." Voters resoundingly rejected it,
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Similar campaigns were undertaken in the
Adirondacks, and hikers can now even receive a patch for their backpacks by visiting all the Forest Preserve firetowers. DEC even built a new trail to the tower on Red Hill in the Catskills, as the road to it crosses private land whose owner will not permit
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be removed and dismantled as nonconforming. He did this in the hope that someone would step forward to save not only this but the other four fire towers on state land in the
Catskill Park. At that time the towers had not been used for fire control for years, and some were no longer safe to climb.
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State law also allows DEC to classify land it acquires outside the Blue Lines, but in counties partially within the parks, as Forest
Preserve. These have usually been small detached parcels rarely organized into larger, named units. Article XIV's prohibition on further sale or transfer still
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The
Conservation Department became DEC in 1970. One of its new tasks was to implement more contemporary land management practices. But administration of the state land in both parks was (and still is) split between different regional offices, and it was hard to get them both following the same
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While no one talks seriously of rescinding
Article XIV anymore, that hasn't stopped some residents of the state from publicly chafing at its strictures. This is particularly common in the Adirondacks, since the many vast tracts of land under Forest Preserve protection limit certain economic
964:. A fee is charged between May 1 and October 1 for most of these activities, and sometimes just for entering the area. DEC manages 45 campgrounds in the Adirondacks and 7 in the Catskills, for a total of 52 (public campgrounds elsewhere in New York are under the authority of
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awareness grew in the later years of the 20th century. Recreational use of the Forest
Preserve began to rise to new levels, and newer methods of outdoor recreation became popular. These two factors led to a widespread realization that it was no long enough to simply rely on the language of
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Two temporary state commissions set up to consider the future course of the
Adirondacks and Catskills in the early 1970s both strongly recommended that master plans be created for state lands in both parks. They also called for classifying the large tracts of state land as either
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interests, however, and routinely approved dodges around the legislation to make sure logging would continue. In 1893 the legislature retroactively approved many of these practices by giving the commission the right to sell timber from the lands and trade them as it saw fit.
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Since then, over 2,000 amendments to
Article XIV have been introduced in the legislature. Of those, only 28 have made it to the ballot, and only 20 have passed. Many of those have been otherwise routine land transfers that enabled the construction or expansion of public
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Someone did, and after a matching challenge to raise the money, DEC was not only able to exempt them from removal on the grounds that they contributed to the public's understanding of the Forest
Preserve, but repaired all of them as well. In 1997 they were added to the
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While it takes only a simple majority vote of the legislature to amend either Blue Line to add land to the park, any diminution requires that two successive legislative sessions approve, consistent with the process for amending the constitution without the public vote.
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or wild forest, depending on the degree of previous human impact and the level of recreational use they could sustain. Both of these were ultimately adopted, along with intensive use area and administrative use area designations for smaller parcels.
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For the time being, the state is not seeking to expand the Forest Preserve as actively as it has in past years, since many of the most desired properties have been acquired. However, it remains publicly committed to working with any willing seller.
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In the Adirondacks, several additional classifications exist due to the more diverse character of lands in the extensive area of the park: primitive area; canoe area; travel corridor; wild, scenic, and recreational rivers; and historic area.
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There was also no serious planning involved. New trails were created, or allowed to be created by outside parties, with little thought to their environmental impact or regional role. Camping was permitted anywhere, and some of the sensitive
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As of 2022, the Forest Preserve covers nearly 3 million acres (12,000 km), about 61% of all land managed by DEC. Around 2.7 million acres (11,000 km) are in the Adirondacks while 288,000 acres (1,170 km) are in the Catskills.
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The only significant difference between New York's wilderness policy and the federal government's is that the former limits the classification to contiguous parcels of at least 10,000 acres (40 km), instead of 5,000 (20 km).
798:. Wilderness areas are those judged to have been far more affected by nature than humanity, to the extent that the latter is practically unnoticeable. As a result, the Forest Preserve's wildernesses boast extensive stands of virgin forest.
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The different outcome is largely because the Catskills' more open forests mean that its trailless peaks actually are trailless, whereas it has been hard to say that of the Adirondack trailless peaks for some time now.
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This section, Article VII of the 1894 constitution (which was later changed to Article XIV), is often referred to as the "forever wild" section even though those two words do not appear next to each other in the text.
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right-of-way and lands immediately adjacent to and visible from them. It results from a mid-1960s amendment to Article XIV that allowed such road construction and maintenance, primarily to complete the Northway.
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In 1902, when Article XIV was more a matter of settled law, the legislature realized it had to delimit where Forest Preserve would be acquired. Accordingly, that year the Adirondack Park was defined in terms of the
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Subsections were later added to allow the construction of reservoirs and make certain that use of the land remained free to the public beyond any reasonable fee the state could charge for a particular activity.
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enthusiasts have been lobbying DEC to allow them use of some Wild Forest trails in recent years. As of 2005 it appears that the former may be allowed to use some trails, particularly the old roads that lead to
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Many members felt these were an integral part of the club's identity and wanted to keep them. But in summer 2000, the 46ers' board decided to remove them as they did not feel it would be worth pursuing a
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While retaining an essentially wild character, Wild Forests are those areas which have seen higher human impact and can thus withstand a higher level of recreational use. Often these are lands which were
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They might best be described as wildernesses where, within limits, powered vehicles are allowed. The wide roads left behind by logging operations make excellent trails not only for foot travel but for
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Both parks have grown considerably since being created. The Catskill Park reached its present size in the late 1950s; the Adirondack Park did not cover its current domain until the early 1970s.
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were causing numerous remote fires. DEC still has that status in what the law calls "fire towns," which include every town entirely or partially within the parks (and the Ulster County town of
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on the Forest Preserve as if it were a commercial landowner. This has helped many local governments remain solvent as they have very little economic assets other than forest resources.
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641:. That proved to be a more effective and politically viable method, and accordingly the Adirondack Park Blue Line was redrawn shortly afterwards following the Catskills' example.
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classified by the DEC as the Hurricane Mountain Primitive Area. There has been speculation that the DEC would like to reclassify this 13,449-acre (5,443 ha) parcel into a
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issues approved by the public. One in the late 1920s proved to be of particular value as the state was able to acquire a great deal of property at minimal prices due to the
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This classification applies to a limited number of DEC-owned lands that are managed for other than Forest Preserve purposes. It covers a number of facilities devoted to
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at the summits of the 20 High Peaks that lacked official trails but were nevertheless climbed frequently by the growing number of hikers seeking membership in the
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Since they are relatively flat, and the severity of a typical Adirondack winter ensures that most bodies of water will freeze over, they are excellent places to
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rivers, or sections of rivers, are relatively inaccessible except by foot or horse, have no impoundments and are generally undeveloped except for foot bridges.
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This classification refers primarily to lands not really considered for recreational use but for those sections of the Forest Preserve constituting the
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had visited them and reported back to the legislature that it was not worth the effort as its streams did not appreciably affect the state's navigable
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followed suit. However, it was delineated not solely in terms of pre-existing political boundaries but instead through a combination of those and old
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requires the Forest Preserve to "be forever kept as wild forest lands", thus providing the highest degree of protection of wild lands in any state. A
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designation is also applied to areas of less than the minimum area that have environments sensitive enough to require wilderness-level protection.
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The establishment of the Forest Preserve in the 19th century was motivated primarily by economic considerations. Over time, its importance to
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Areas are lands with a wilderness character that have enough streams, lakes and ponds to provide ample opportunities for water-based recreation.
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There are three levels of classification for Forest Preserve lands around streams, depending on their levels of impoundment and public access.
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wilderness. A proposed update to the master plan for the park would not only make this formal but extend the limit to 2,700 feet (823 m).
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At the same time in the Catskills, however, the situation played out differently. The 1998 draft update to the Unit Management Plan for the
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are also excluded, despite being entirely or partially inside the Adirondack Blue Line, due to the large prison facilities located in them.
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for later recreationists. Special restrictions were recently imposed to limit impact on the largest and most popular wilderness area, the
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Most Administrative Use areas are located close to public roads and are generally in fairly developed areas of their respective parks.
562:, this put a severe damper on any efforts by the Forest Commission to placate the loggers while still claiming to be honoring the law.
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Also in the late 1990s, DEC, in its long-delayed management plan for the High Peaks Wilderness Complex, called for the removal of the
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In the Catskills, it has long been informal DEC policy to treat all Wild Forest lands above 3,100 feet (944.9 m) in elevation as
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debt a court had ruled they owed the state. Their solution was to convey some of the land on which they owed the taxes, mostly around
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The park boundaries became known as the Blue Line since they were drawn, as they have been ever since, in blue ink on state maps.
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New York's constitution is a deliberately cumbersome process that requires the approval of both Assembly and Senate in successive
491:. However, an amended version of the bill was passed, after many deals and compromises among members, that added lands in Ulster,
773:). Fires have become much less widespread than they used to be, however, thanks to a better-educated public and state oversight.
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rivers, or sections of rivers, may have limited road access, some low-impact human use and can be impounded by log jams.
836:, may be necessary to keep trails open but such use is permitted only with the express written authorization of the DEC
1343:"'A Rich Man's Paradise': Constitutional Preservation of New York State's Adirondack Forest, a Centenary Consideration"
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as well. Hunters prefer to seek game in wild forests because they can use cars or trucks to transport their kills out.
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however, and the principle of a "forever wild" Forest Preserve has remained inviolate in New York State to this day.
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in both parks, DEC and most other users feel that even Wild Forest trails could not absorb the impact of ATVs.
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Currently, approximately 1.1 million acres (4,400 km) of the Forest Preserve is designated as wilderness.
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The categories below are specific to Adirondack Forest Preserve lands; they are not used in the Catskills.
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in earnest. The Forest Preserve Act was passed three years later, prohibiting logging on state-owned land.
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For most practical purposes, then, there is no difference between a primitive area and a wilderness area.
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No powered vehicles are allowed in wilderness areas. Recreation is limited to passive activities such as
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have been or will be converted into small interpretive centers, with displays identifying nearby peaks.
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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and tries to use a distinctive, rustic gold-on-brown color scheme for all its own signage within them.
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The Catskills had actually been considered when the Forest Preserve legislation was first passed, but
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It seemed the Forest Preserve now existed only on paper. But the following year New York held a
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To manage the land, the state had created a Forest Commission, making New York second only to
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The original Forest Preserve legislation assigned the state the primary role in controlling
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was said to have had the idea for a park while viewing the Adirondacks from the summit of
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Article XIV and the state's Conservation Law (as it was called at the time) and the
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The law exempts some areas within the park boundaries. Land inside the territory of any
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regulations of the sometimes-controversial Adirondack Park Agency (APA). Even the state
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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heavily in the recent past (sometimes right before being transferred to the state).
466:'s representatives in the Assembly were trying to get the county out of a crushing
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The Adirondack (top) and Catskill parks within New York, delineated by the Blue Line
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There are five day-use areas in the Adirondacks and one (so far) in the Catskills.
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The Catskill Park is also the only place within the state's "Southern Zone" where
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applies, although the state may allow the timber on these lands to be harvested.
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These are the sites of buildings owned by the state that are significant to the
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Powered equipment may be used to maintain trails and roads within Wild Forests.
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395:. In the years that followed, New York's business community began to fear that
331:. A later amendment to Article XIV also made the lands important parts of
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which are themselves subject to some further restrictions to ensure that they
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New York State's wilderness areas are managed in a way essentially similar to
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to acquire Forest Preserve, but in practice it has rarely resorted to this.
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Areas of New York state where state-owned lands mostly remain "forever wild"
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One side effect of this deal is that the state pays all local and county
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does not have to be incorporated into the Forest Preserve. The towns of
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agency. Most of its members were either openly or covertly connected to
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must get APA approval of its management plans for the Forest Preserve.
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In the late 1990s a DEC forester writing a management plan for the
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would be required to transfer any of this land to another owner or
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or carrying or recommended for a similar state-level designation.
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in the Adirondacks — also fall under this classification as well.
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rivers, or sections of rivers, are readily accessible by road or
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within the parks, a great relief to many towns within it then as
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and may be or have been at some point in the past developed or
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Land use in the Adirondack Park is subject to the rules and
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of the legislature, followed by public approval at the next
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in the Adirondacks, since unlike the others it is within a
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other than those that facilitate recreational use, such as
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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to keep them, especially with little law on their side.
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New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
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Sign at bounds of New York State Forest Preserve land.
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The only fire tower still a subject of dispute is on
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The state could also theoretically use its power of
663:, over time the state bought huge tracts, aided by
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
780:do not have to wear their deer tags in the woods.
659:While many of the original holdings came from tax
702:and administrative opinions that relied on them.
706:principles since they did not communicate much.
790:List of Wilderness Areas in the Adirondack Park
686:Land classifications within the Forest Preserve
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1080:is the only such designated area in the park.
1073:and cross-country ski in that season as well.
502:to those eligible for Forest Preserve status.
411:and eliminate the state's economic advantage.
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1136:or culture of the Adirondacks, those on the
1290:Public comment, mostly from members of the
937:) without camping. There may be designated
898:Not all vehicle use is permitted, however.
769:, which has plenty of fire exposure on the
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
929:Intensive Use areas are places like state
594:in the Adirondacks. The latter includes a
1322:. NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation
1156:, other public highways in the Park, the
273:Learn how and when to remove this message
219:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
736:Department of Environmental Conservation
444:In 1882, businessmen began lobbying the
310:Department of Environmental Conservation
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1172:Forest Preserve lands outside the parks
1039:Land classifications in the Adirondacks
606:Acquisition of new Forest Preserve land
1204:in the Catskills recommended that the
933:or "day use" areas (more like a small
1412:"State Land Classifications - NYSDEC"
1084:Wild, scenic, and recreational rivers
854:, are generally not allowed, either.
7:
1219:National Register of Historic Places
1138:National Register of Historic Places
387:, which made the connection between
99:adding citations to reliable sources
1477:Protected areas of New York (state)
1462:Nature reserves in New York (state)
1221:. All five and their accompanying
308:parks. It is managed by the state
25:
1381:"Catskill State Land Master Plan"
45:This article has multiple issues.
1152:and roadbed for sections of the
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177:
75:
34:
1393:from the original on 2009-04-19
433:. He wrote to his superiors in
110:"Forest Preserve" New York
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
1492:New York (state) state forests
1285:Slide Mountain Wilderness Area
1:
1250:Hurricane Mountain fire tower
1196:Catskill Mountain fire towers
1113:impounded by artificial means
871:List of New York wild forests
827:High Peaks Wilderness Complex
1316:"New York's Forest Preserve"
1256:Hurricane Mountain Chapter.
1252:is also the insignia of the
1210:the similarly named mountain
1292:Catskill Mountain 3500 Club
832:Powered equipment, such as
655:Methods of land acquisition
335:in the state, particularly
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1341:Halper, Louise A. (1992).
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1165:Adirondack Scenic Railroad
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796:their federal counterparts
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748:Highway Beautification Act
718:were showing the effects.
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18:Blue Line (New York State)
535:constitutional convention
437:, who appointed him to a
403:in the Adirondacks could
244:This article needs to be
1254:Adirondack Mountain Club
1229:the public to cross it.
521:in having a state-level
325:constitutional amendment
319:Article XIV of the
1270:Adirondack Forty-Sixers
1202:Balsam Lake Wild Forest
994:Administrative use area
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598:to the summit as well.
485:Charles Sprague Sargent
1078:Saint Regis Canoe Area
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441:to study the problem.
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199:by rewriting it in an
1347:Ecology Law Quarterly
979:in the Catskills and
716:Adirondack High Peaks
623:Two years later, the
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333:water supply networks
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893:cross-country skiing
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379:George Perkins Marsh
95:improve this article
1422:on 29 November 2023
1154:Adirondack Northway
904:all-terrain vehicle
712:alpine environments
634:lines, streams and
1234:Hurricane Mountain
985:Whiteface Mountain
977:Belleayre Mountain
971:The state's three
925:Intensive use area
422:Five years later,
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151:December 2018
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93:Please help
88:verification
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47:Please help
44:
1482:Adirondacks
1326:17 November
1190:Fire towers
1162:Lake Placid
1134:archaeology
960:areas with
935:public park
931:campgrounds
909:fire towers
889:snowmobiles
865:Wild forest
580:ski centers
513:Article XIV
446:legislature
367:Adirondacks
1456:Categories
1416:dec.ny.gov
1397:2021-06-01
1302:References
1246:High Peaks
1208:on top of
1206:fire tower
1059:Canoe area
1008:hatcheries
962:lifeguards
869:See also:
844:Structures
788:See also:
767:Shawangunk
691:Ecological
572:cemeteries
546:destroyed.
519:California
409:Erie Canal
381:published
348:recreation
341:reservoirs
302:Adirondack
121:newspapers
50:improve it
1487:Catskills
1359:0046-1121
1266:canisters
1260:Canisters
1033:Dannemora
973:ski areas
939:campsites
834:chainsaws
611:Blue Line
596:toll road
592:Whiteface
584:Belleayre
489:waterways
452:Catskills
439:committee
377:In 1865,
256:June 2016
209:June 2016
56:talk page
1388:Archived
1367:24113132
1071:snowshoe
1000:research
958:swimming
947:charcoal
945:tables,
852:lean-tos
636:railroad
618:counties
576:airports
556:sessions
552:amending
523:forestry
500:counties
493:Sullivan
482:botanist
424:surveyor
306:Catskill
294:New York
1278:lawsuit
1126:history
1021:village
1004:prisons
1002:, some
848:bridges
819:angling
815:birding
811:hunting
807:camping
778:hunters
714:in the
479:Harvard
407:up the
401:logging
397:erosion
362:Origins
352:tourism
312:(DEC).
246:updated
195:Please
135:scholar
1426:2 June
1365:
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1223:cabins
1158:Remsen
1099:Scenic
1029:Altona
954:shower
950:grills
943:picnic
891:, and
885:horses
878:logged
803:hiking
732:zoning
629:survey
550:Since
527:timber
497:Greene
435:Albany
354:, and
329:lessee
137:
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1391:(PDF)
1384:(PDF)
1363:JSTOR
1064:Canoe
142:JSTOR
128:books
1428:2024
1355:ISSN
1328:2022
1160:-to-
1109:rail
1093:Wild
1031:and
1025:city
983:and
902:and
850:and
817:and
761:and
693:and
665:bond
590:and
588:Gore
495:and
405:silt
391:and
304:and
114:news
1023:or
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632:lot
582:at
574:or
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