635:
Corrective visual aides and personalized vision therapy provided by Low Vision
Specialists may help patients correct glare and optimize their remaining visual acuity. Tinted lenses for photophobia allow for greater visual comfort. A magenta (mixture of red and blue) tint allows for best visual acuity
440:
Originating from a recent duplication event, the two opsins are highly homologous (very similar), having only 19 dimorphic sites (amino acids that differ), and are therefore 96% similar. Furthermore, only 7 of these dimorphic sites lead to a functional difference between the genes, i.e. that tune the
564:
Data from the BCM International
Patient Registry shows that about 35% of Blue cone monochromacy stems from this 2-step process, where both genes are each affected by one of the above mutations. The remaining 55% of Blue cone monochromats are caused by a deletion of the LCR. In the absence of LCR,
698:...could never do more than guess the name of any color; yet he could distinguish white from black, or black from any light or bright color...He had 2 brothers in the same circumstances as to sight; and 2 brothers and sisters who, as well as his parents, had nothing of this defect.
720:, and at the same time, several studies demonstrated that Blue cone monochromats retain some Blue yellow color vision. A significant discovery was announced in 1989 (and 1993) by Nathans et al. who identified the genes which cause Blue cone monochromacy.
802:
Nathans, J; Maumenee, I H; Zrenner, E; Sadowski, B; Sharpe, L T; Lewis, R A; Hansen, E; Rosenberg, T; Schwartz, M; Heckenlively, J R; Trabulsi, E; Klingaman, R; Bech-Hansen, N T; LaRoche, G R; Pagon, R A; Murphey, W H; Weleber, R G (1993).
670:– into the cone cells. In 2015, a team at the University of Pennsylvania evaluated possible outcome measures of BCM gene therapy. Since 2011, several studies have performed gene therapy for BCM on mouse and rat models.
847:
Gardner, J C; Webb, T R; Kanuga, N; Robson, A G; Holder, G E; Stockman, A; Ripamonti, C; Ebenezer, N D; Ogun, O; Devery, S; Wright, G A; Maher, E R; Cheetham, M E; Moore, A T; Michaelides, M; Hardcastle, A J (2010).
743:
Nathans, J; Davenport, C M; Maumenee, I H; Lewis, R A; Hejtmancik, J F; Litt, M; Lovrien, E; Weleber, R; Bachynski, B; Zwas, F; Klingaman, R; Fishman, G (1989). "Molecular genetics of human blue cone monochromacy".
309:
deviated from other forms of achromatopsia. While other forms (ACHM) follow autosomal inheritance, BCM is X-Linked. Once the molecular biological basis of BCM was understood, the more descriptive term
712:
In 1942, Sloan first distinguished typical and atypical achromatopsia, differentiated mainly on the inheritance patterns. In 1953, Weale theorized that the atypical achromatopsia must stem from
1492:
Luo, X; Cideciyan, AV; Iannaccone, A; Roman, A J; Ditta, L C; Jennings, B J; Yatsenko, S; Sheplock, R; Sumaroka, A; Swider, M; Schwartz, S B; Wissinger, B; Kohl, S; Jacobson, S G (2015).
1207:
Winderickx J, Sanocki E, Lindsey DT, Teller DY, Motulsky AG, Deeb SS (July 1992). "Defective colour vision associated with a missense mutation in the human green visual pigment gene".
540:
genotype: inactivation through homologous recombination that ends with Exon 3 of the hybrid opsin gene containing the following amino acids in the positions indicated: 153
615:, which measures the electrical response of photoreceptors to a visual stimulus of known wavelength. This can demonstrate the loss of function of the LWS and MWS cones.
2940:
1158:
Gardner, Jessica C.; Michaelides, Michel; Holder, Graham E.; Kanuga, Naheed; Webb, Tom R.; Mollon, John D.; Moore, Anthony T.; Hardcastle, Alison J. (1 May 2009).
2337:
3009:
2935:
3500:
1810:
3495:
1949:
2957:
2952:
2777:
716:, but estimated a prevalence of only 1 in 100 million. In the early 1960s, the inheritance of atypical achromatopsia led to a name change to
1551:
Zhang, Y; Deng, WT; Du, W; Zhu, P; Li, J; Xu, F; Sun, J; Gerstner, C D; Baehr, W; Boye
Sanford, L; Zhao, C; Hauswirth, W W; Pang, J (2017).
2817:
654:
treatments which are currently being evaluated for safety and efficacy. Gene therapy is a general treatment for genetic disorders; it uses
2930:
904:"Blue cone monochromatism: a phenotype and genotype assessment with evidence of progressive loss of cone function in older individuals"
2925:
2812:
2379:
209:. Blue cone monochromacy is a severe condition in which the cones sensitive to red or green light are missing or defective, and only
2540:
2680:
1457:
Berson EL, Sandberg MA, Rosner B, Sullivan PL (June 1983). "Color plates to help identify patients with blue cone monochromatism".
2645:
645:
3220:
2738:
2650:
2640:
2369:
1719:
Blackwell, H R; Blackwell, O M (1961). "Rod and cone receptor mechanisms in typical and atypical congenital achromatopsia".
592:
Children 2 months and older can be identified as possible Blue cone monochromats from observing an aversion to light and/or
2733:
2624:
2490:
1398:
568:
Another disease of the retina that is associated with the position Xq28 is
Bornholm Eye Disease (BED). The point mutation
3131:
2822:
2807:
1803:
2019:
1977:
1942:
494:
2947:
2743:
2717:
2675:
2670:
2535:
2408:
2396:
2352:
329:
Xq28, at the end of the q arm of the X chromosome. The genes in the cluster are summarized in the following table:
3014:
2413:
943:
Reitner, A; Sharpe, L T; Zrenner, E (1991). "Is colour vision possible with only rods and Blue sensitive cones?".
3126:
2920:
2767:
2612:
2359:
666:). It may be possible to restore color vision by adding missing opsin genes – or a functional copy of the entire
272:
of Blue cone monochromats is severely impaired. However, interaction of the blue cones and rod photoreceptors in
2665:
2636:
2260:
2225:
902:
Michaelides, M; Johnson, S; Simunovic, M P; Bradshaw, K; Holder, G; Mollon, J D; Moore, A T; Hunt, D M (2005).
1250:
Ladekjaer-Mikkelsen, A S; Rosenberg, T; Jørgensen, A L (1996). "A new mechanism in blue cone monochromatism".
678:
BCM affects approximately 1/100,000 individuals. The disease affects males much more than females due to its
3136:
2890:
2690:
2210:
2203:
1796:
694:. The first detailed description of achromatopsia was given in 1777, where the subject of the description:
3405:
3375:
3310:
3305:
3032:
2310:
2175:
1935:
597:
85:
3505:
3490:
3348:
3024:
1397:
Ayyagari, R; Kakuk, L E; Bingham, E L; Szczesny, J J; Kemp, J; Toda, Y; Felius, J; Sieving, P A (2000).
3121:
2707:
2702:
2660:
2475:
2391:
1882:
1849:
1564:
1505:
952:
753:
636:
since it protects the rods from saturation while allowing the blue cones to be maximally stimulated.
466:
454:
442:
358:
184:
3426:
3300:
3100:
2983:
2975:
2763:
2727:
2712:
2567:
2347:
2127:
1839:
612:
3037:
2787:
2695:
2619:
2572:
2384:
2320:
2305:
2165:
2114:
1625:
1439:
1275:
1232:
976:
777:
623:
172:
153:
56:
489:
the genetic causes of protanopia and deuteranopia. These include (affecting either opsin gene):
3380:
3277:
3042:
2902:
2685:
2342:
2248:
1844:
1763:
1701:
1590:
1533:
1474:
1431:
1376:
1324:
1267:
1224:
1189:
1171:
1123:
1082:
1028:
968:
925:
879:
826:
769:
622:, either general in nature like the Farnsworth D-15 or Farnsworth Munsell 100 Hue test or the
619:
573:
522:
507:
134:
46:
477:
Since BCM is caused by non-functional M- and L-cones, it can result from the intersection of
3168:
3158:
3004:
2979:
2912:
2878:
2797:
2428:
2418:
2315:
2170:
2057:
2047:
1889:
1755:
1728:
1691:
1683:
1652:
1643:
Sloan, LL; Newhall, SM (1942). "Comparison of cases of atypical and typical achromatopsia".
1617:
1580:
1572:
1523:
1513:
1466:
1421:
1413:
1366:
1358:
1316:
1259:
1216:
1179:
1113:
1072:
1064:
1018:
1010:
960:
915:
869:
861:
816:
761:
348:
326:
260:
BCM symptoms are usually stationary, but some studies show evidence of disease progression.
1494:"Blue cone monochromacy: visual function and efficacy outcome measures for clinical trials"
3235:
3199:
3163:
2782:
2607:
2594:
2528:
2485:
2403:
2215:
2147:
2067:
2052:
1872:
202:
176:
130:
1759:
1293:
201:
MWS and LWS cones are most responsible for visual acuity as they are concentrated in the
1568:
1509:
1399:"Spectrum of color gene deletions and phenotype in patients with blue cone monochromacy"
956:
757:
3465:
3317:
3262:
3105:
2873:
2802:
2584:
2554:
2500:
2454:
2325:
2198:
2132:
2122:
1696:
1671:
1585:
1552:
1528:
1493:
1371:
1346:
1184:
1159:
1077:
1052:
1023:
998:
874:
849:
821:
804:
577:
273:
1656:
17:
3484:
3385:
3240:
3180:
2897:
2845:
2792:
2722:
2631:
2518:
2495:
2423:
2332:
2137:
2042:
1909:
1904:
1877:
1831:
1823:
1746:
Spivey, B E (1965). "The X-linked recessive inheritance of atypical monochromatism".
1732:
1629:
1470:
1320:
691:
601:
294:
234:
91:
62:
1307:
Alpern, M; Falls, H F; Lee, G B (1960). "The enigma of typical total monochromacy".
1279:
1236:
781:
3250:
3078:
2459:
2374:
2282:
2160:
2155:
2100:
2095:
1899:
1864:
1854:
1687:
1443:
1014:
980:
667:
655:
651:
482:
322:
269:
206:
180:
1788:
608:
through reconstructing the family history to establish a x-linked mode of heredity
1518:
1068:
626:, which is specifically designed to differentiate BCM from typical achromatopsia.
3449:
3400:
3343:
3338:
3295:
3273:
3184:
3175:
3095:
3073:
2885:
2857:
2655:
2523:
2364:
2185:
2062:
2014:
1961:
1914:
679:
247:
243:
157:
146:
142:
126:
70:
1576:
1118:
1101:
865:
3370:
3333:
3257:
3245:
3189:
3150:
3056:
2992:
2971:
2861:
2220:
2085:
1894:
1819:
1608:
Huddart, J (1777). "An account of persons who could not distinguish colours".
545:
478:
277:
1175:
850:"X-Linked Cone Dystrophy Caused by Mutation of the Red and Green Cone Opsins"
3421:
3395:
3269:
3215:
3203:
3088:
3083:
3068:
3064:
2602:
2300:
2277:
2090:
2037:
2032:
2009:
1927:
765:
663:
659:
650:
There is no cure for Blue cone monochromacy. However, there are prospective
593:
462:
450:
431:
406:
253:
168:
150:
138:
66:
1767:
1705:
1621:
1594:
1537:
1435:
1380:
1328:
1193:
1127:
1086:
929:
920:
903:
883:
682:
nature, while females usually remain unaffected carriers of the BCM trait.
1478:
1417:
1362:
1271:
1263:
1228:
1032:
972:
830:
773:
3460:
3225:
2759:
2562:
2193:
1426:
306:
218:
214:
123:
445:. In comparison, these opsin genes are only 40% homologous (similar) to
210:
3287:
3230:
2772:
2579:
2510:
2480:
2470:
2077:
1220:
1160:"Blue cone monochromacy: Causative mutations and associated phenotypes"
557:
549:
541:
690:
Prior to the 1960s, Blue cone monochromacy was treated as a subset of
3390:
2292:
2269:
1989:
964:
553:
446:
422:
397:
194:
MWS (middle wave sensitive) cones are most sensitive to green light.
368:
297:, it was historically treated as a subset of achromatopsia, called
3362:
581:
500:
point mutations that lead to non-functional (inactivated) opsins:
381:
377:
197:
SWS (short wave sensitive) cones are most sensitive to blue light.
305:. Both of these names differentiated BCM specifically by how its
2442:
2004:
531:
417:
392:
363:
343:
338:
191:
LWS (long wave sensitive) cones are most sensitive to red light.
3447:
2843:
2246:
1975:
1931:
1792:
1783:
1553:"Gene-based Therapy in a Mouse Model of Blue Cone Monochromacy"
596:, but are not sufficient for diagnosis, and especially not the
205:
region of the retina, which constitutes the very center of the
1102:"Molecular Genetics of Color Vision and Color Vision Defects"
485:(no functional M-cones). Therefore the genetic causes of BCM
604:. The differential diagnosis can be achieved in a few ways:
997:
Alpern M, Lee GB, Maaseidvaag F, Miller SS (January 1971).
1347:"Clinical utility gene card for: blue cone monochromatism"
293:
Because Blue cone monochromacy shares many symptoms with
565:
neither of the following two opsin genes are expressed.
325:
responsible for BCM comprises 3 genes and is located at
705:
An account of persons who could not distinguish colours
380:
genes thereafter, and ensures that only one of the two
149:
due to the absence of functional red (L) and green (M)
61:
poor ability or inability to distinguish colours, poor
662:) that are not able to express functional genes (e.g.
160:
disease and almost exclusively affects XY karyotypes.
805:"Genetic heterogeneity among blue cone monochromats"
384:(LWS or MWS) is expressed exclusively in each cone.
3414:
3361:
3326:
3286:
3198:
3149:
3114:
3055:
3023:
2991:
2970:
2911:
2856:
2752:
2593:
2553:
2509:
2450:
2441:
2291:
2268:
2259:
2184:
2146:
2113:
2076:
1997:
1988:
1863:
1830:
1053:"The genetics of normal and defective color vision"
105:
97:
84:
76:
55:
45:
37:
32:
2936:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
376:Acts as a promoter of the expression of the two
240:Poor ability or inability to distinguish colours
696:
469:). OPN1SW and rhodopsin are unaffected in BCM.
183:. The cones are categorized according to their
1943:
1804:
897:
895:
893:
842:
840:
8:
3010:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
1046:
1044:
1042:
797:
795:
793:
791:
738:
736:
734:
732:
2338:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
1294:"Patient Registry – Blue Cone Monochromacy"
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
999:"Colour vision in blue cone 'monochromacy'"
175:in the retina that are responsible for the
3444:
3208:
2997:
2988:
2866:
2853:
2840:
2447:
2265:
2256:
2243:
1994:
1985:
1972:
1950:
1936:
1928:
1811:
1797:
1789:
29:
1695:
1584:
1527:
1517:
1425:
1370:
1183:
1117:
1076:
1022:
919:
873:
820:
493:deletions of the opsin genes, often from
1392:
1390:
992:
990:
658:to carry typical genes into cells (e.g.
331:
229:A variety of symptoms characterize BCM:
1340:
1338:
728:
7:
2818:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
1784:OMIM page for Blue cone monochromacy
1760:10.1001/archopht.1965.00970040329007
276:(twilight) may enable some level of
2941:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
2778:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
313:became dominant in the literature.
2813:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
237:- ranging between 20/60 and 20/200
25:
3501:Visual disturbances and blindness
2541:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
1645:American Journal of Ophthalmology
303:atypical incomplete achromatopsia
217:which are responsible for night (
2646:Central retinal artery occlusion
646:Gene therapy for color blindness
2651:Branch retinal artery occlusion
2380:Terrien's marginal degeneration
250:) - sensitivity to bright light
3496:Genetic diseases and disorders
2681:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
2641:Central retinal vein occlusion
2370:Pellucid marginal degeneration
1688:10.1113/jphysiol.1953.sp004964
1015:10.1113/jphysiol.1971.sp009318
256:- an involuntary eye movement.
1:
2734:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
2625:Posterior vitreous detachment
2491:Persistent pupillary membrane
1657:10.1016/S0002-9394(42)90594-4
1100:Neitz, Maureen (1 May 2000).
703:J. Huddart, "Article Title",
530:intragenic deletion of whole
3221:Leber's congenital amaurosis
3132:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
2823:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
2808:Persistent fetal vasculature
2739:Leber's congenital amaurosis
1733:10.1016/0042-6989(61)90022-0
1519:10.1371/journal.pone.0125700
1471:10.1016/0002-9394(83)90058-2
1345:Kohl, S; Hamel, C P (2011).
1321:10.1016/0002-9394(60)90353-6
1069:10.1016/j.visres.2010.12.002
481:(no functional L-cones) and
213:sensitive to blue light and
2020:Meibomian gland dysfunction
1051:Neitz, J; Neitz, M (2011).
495:nonhomologous recombination
3522:
2744:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
2718:Central serous retinopathy
2536:Focal choroidal excavation
2409:Corneal neovascularization
2226:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
1577:10.1038/s41598-017-06982-7
1119:10.1001/archopht.118.5.691
866:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.05.019
643:
3456:
3443:
3211:
3127:Convergence insufficiency
3000:
2869:
2852:
2839:
2768:Primary juvenile glaucoma
2613:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
2255:
2242:
2028:
1984:
1971:
1962:Diseases of the human eye
1676:The Journal of Physiology
1106:Archives of Ophthalmology
264:Poor Color Discrimination
221:) vision are functional.
2637:Ocular ischemic syndrome
430:Encodes the MWS (green)
156:in the retina. BCM is a
3137:One and a half syndrome
2891:Foster Kennedy syndrome
766:10.1126/science.2788922
613:electroretinogram (ERG)
3376:Argyll Robertson pupil
2176:Periorbital cellulitis
1622:10.1098/rstl.1777.0015
921:10.1038/sj.eye.6701391
718:x-linked achromatopsia
710:
598:differential diagnosis
405:Encodes the LWS (red)
311:Blue cone monochromacy
299:x-linked achromatopsia
177:photopic visual system
116:Blue cone monochromacy
86:Differential diagnosis
41:X-linked achromatopsia
33:Blue cone monochromacy
18:Blue cone monochromacy
3349:Scintillating scotoma
3015:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
2958:Toxic and nutritional
2931:posterior (PION)
2414:Kayser–Fleischer ring
1672:"Cone Monochromatism"
1610:Philos. Trans. R. Soc
1418:10.1007/s004390000338
1363:10.1038/ejhg.2010.232
1264:10.1007/s004390050229
580:when present on both
3122:Conjugate gaze palsy
2993:Paralytic strabismus
2926:anterior (AION)
2708:Retinitis pigmentosa
2703:Macular degeneration
2476:Intermediate uveitis
2392:Keratoconjunctivitis
1850:Intraocular pressure
443:spectral sensitivity
359:Locus Control Region
185:spectral sensitivity
3427:Childhood blindness
3406:Parinaud's syndrome
2976:Extraocular muscles
2764:Ocular hypertension
2728:Epiretinal membrane
2713:Retinal haemorrhage
2568:Congenital cataract
1569:2017NatSR...7.6690Z
1510:2015PLoSO..1025700L
957:1991Natur.352..798R
758:1989Sci...245..831N
714:cone-monochromatism
307:inheritance pattern
154:photoreceptor cells
129:that causes severe
2953:Leber's hereditary
2620:Retinal detachment
2573:Childhood cataract
2385:Post-LASIK ectasia
2166:Orbital cellulitis
2115:Lacrimal apparatus
1670:Weale, RA (1953).
1557:Scientific Reports
1351:Eur. J. Hum. Genet
1221:10.1038/ng0792-251
680:recessive X-linked
449:(encoding the SWS
173:photoreceptor cell
158:recessive X-linked
135:poor visual acuity
3478:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3381:Marcus Gunn pupil
3357:
3356:
3278:Visual impairment
3145:
3144:
3051:
3050:
3038:Fourth-nerve (IV)
2966:
2965:
2903:Optic disc drusen
2835:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2549:
2548:
2437:
2436:
2343:Corneal dystrophy
2238:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2109:
2108:
1925:
1924:
1459:Am. J. Ophthalmol
1309:Am. J. Ophthalmol
951:(6338): 798–800.
854:Am. J. Hum. Genet
809:Am. J. Hum. Genet
752:(4920): 831–838.
620:color vision test
574:missense mutation
523:nonsense mutation
508:missense mutation
465:, and located on
438:
437:
113:
112:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3513:
3445:
3209:
3200:Vision disorders
3159:Refractive error
3101:Brown's syndrome
3057:Other strabismus
3043:Sixth-nerve (VI)
3033:Oculomotor (III)
3005:Ophthalmoparesis
2998:
2989:
2980:Binocular vision
2913:Optic neuropathy
2879:optic papillitis
2867:
2854:
2841:
2730:(Macular pucker)
2448:
2429:Band keratopathy
2266:
2257:
2244:
2171:Orbital lymphoma
2058:Blepharophimosis
2048:Blepharochalasis
1995:
1986:
1973:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1929:
1890:Opponent process
1813:
1806:
1799:
1790:
1772:
1771:
1748:Arch. Ophthalmol
1743:
1737:
1736:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1699:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1521:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1429:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1187:
1164:Molecular Vision
1155:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1080:
1048:
1037:
1036:
1026:
994:
985:
984:
965:10.1038/352798a0
940:
934:
933:
923:
899:
888:
887:
877:
844:
835:
834:
824:
799:
786:
785:
740:
708:
332:
246:(and associated
171:are one kind of
30:
21:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3470:
3452:
3431:
3410:
3353:
3322:
3282:
3236:Color blindness
3202:
3194:
3141:
3115:Other binocular
3110:
3047:
3019:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2962:
2907:
2860:
2848:
2827:
2783:Ocular hypotony
2748:
2608:Chorioretinitis
2589:
2545:
2529:Chorioretinitis
2505:
2486:Rubeosis iridis
2464:
2433:
2404:Corneal opacity
2360:Corneal ectasia
2287:
2251:
2230:
2216:Pseudopterygium
2180:
2142:
2105:
2072:
2068:Ankyloblepharon
2024:
1980:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1926:
1921:
1873:Color blindness
1859:
1826:
1817:
1780:
1775:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1727:(1–2): 62–107.
1718:
1717:
1713:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1504:(4): e0125700.
1491:
1490:
1486:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1315:(5): 996–1012.
1306:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1157:
1156:
1135:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1050:
1049:
1040:
996:
995:
988:
942:
941:
937:
901:
900:
891:
846:
845:
838:
815:(5): 987–1000.
801:
800:
789:
742:
741:
730:
726:
709:
702:
688:
676:
648:
642:
633:
590:
475:
453:and located on
319:
291:
286:
266:
227:
203:fovea centralis
166:
131:color blindness
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3519:
3517:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3483:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3466:Onchocerciasis
3463:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3318:Quadrantanopia
3315:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3263:Oguchi disease
3255:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3155:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3106:Duane syndrome
3103:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3076:
3071:
3061:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2986:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2874:Optic neuritis
2870:
2864:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2803:Phthisis bulbi
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2686:Coats' disease
2683:
2678:
2676:of prematurity
2673:
2668:
2663:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2585:Ectopia lentis
2582:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2559:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2443:Vascular tunic
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2326:Photokeratitis
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2297:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2263:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2199:Conjunctivitis
2196:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2133:Dacryocystitis
2130:
2125:
2123:Dacryoadenitis
2119:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1992:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1883:Köllner's rule
1880:
1869:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1778:External links
1776:
1774:
1773:
1754:(3): 327–333.
1738:
1711:
1682:(3): 548–569.
1662:
1651:(8): 945–961.
1635:
1600:
1563:(6690): 6690.
1543:
1484:
1449:
1386:
1334:
1299:
1285:
1258:(4): 403–408.
1242:
1199:
1133:
1112:(5): 691–700.
1092:
1063:(7): 633–651.
1038:
986:
935:
889:
836:
787:
727:
725:
722:
700:
687:
684:
675:
672:
644:Main article:
641:
638:
632:
629:
628:
627:
616:
609:
589:
586:
578:cone dystrophy
562:
561:
535:
528:
527:
526:
516:
511:
498:
474:
471:
436:
435:
428:
425:
420:
415:
411:
410:
403:
400:
395:
390:
386:
385:
374:
371:
366:
361:
355:
354:
351:
346:
341:
336:
318:
315:
290:
287:
285:
282:
274:mesopic vision
265:
262:
258:
257:
251:
241:
238:
226:
223:
199:
198:
195:
192:
165:
162:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
88:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
59:
53:
52:
49:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3518:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3386:Adie syndrome
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3241:Achromatopsia
3239:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3181:Anisometropia
3179:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:Accommodation
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2898:Optic atrophy
2896:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2838:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2798:Keratomycosis
2796:
2794:
2793:Globe rupture
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2723:Macular edema
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:Retinoschisis
2630:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2519:Choroideremia
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2496:Iridodialysis
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:Arcus senilis
2422:
2420:
2419:Haab's striae
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2333:Corneal ulcer
2331:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2311:acanthamoebic
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:Fibrous tunic
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2138:Xerophthalmia
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2043:Lagophthalmos
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:Tetrachromacy
1908:
1906:
1905:Pentachromacy
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:Achromatopsia
1876:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Accommodation
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:visual system
1821:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1427:2027.42/42266
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:(1): 211–33.
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
991:
987:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
939:
936:
931:
927:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
898:
896:
894:
890:
885:
881:
876:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
843:
841:
837:
832:
828:
823:
818:
814:
810:
806:
798:
796:
794:
792:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
739:
737:
735:
733:
729:
723:
721:
719:
715:
706:
699:
695:
693:
692:achromatopsia
685:
683:
681:
673:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:viral vectors
653:
647:
639:
637:
630:
625:
621:
617:
614:
610:
607:
606:
605:
603:
602:achromatopsia
599:
595:
587:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
536:
533:
529:
524:
520:
517:
515:
512:
509:
505:
502:
501:
499:
496:
492:
491:
490:
488:
484:
480:
472:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
433:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
413:
412:
408:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
388:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
334:
333:
330:
328:
324:
316:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:achromatopsia
288:
283:
281:
279:
275:
271:
263:
261:
255:
252:
249:
245:
242:
239:
236:
235:visual acuity
232:
231:
230:
224:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
196:
193:
190:
189:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
163:
161:
159:
155:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
125:
121:
117:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
92:achromatopsia
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
63:visual acuity
60:
58:
54:
51:Ophthalmology
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3506:Color vision
3491:Eye diseases
3276: /
3272: /
3251:Monochromacy
3183: /
3079:Heterophoria
3067: /
2766: /
2762: /
2666:hypertensive
2639: /
2460:Ciliary body
2375:Keratoglobus
2283:Episcleritis
2161:Enophthalmos
2156:Exophthalmos
2101:Trichomegaly
2096:Distichiasis
1998:Inflammation
1900:Monochromacy
1865:Color vision
1855:Visual field
1751:
1747:
1741:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1465:(6): 741–7.
1462:
1458:
1452:
1412:(1): 75–82.
1409:
1405:
1354:
1350:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1288:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1215:(4): 251–6.
1212:
1208:
1202:
1167:
1163:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1060:
1056:
1006:
1002:
948:
944:
938:
911:
907:
860:(1): 26–39.
857:
853:
812:
808:
749:
745:
717:
713:
711:
704:
697:
689:
677:
674:Epidemiology
668:gene complex
652:gene therapy
649:
640:Gene therapy
634:
591:
576:that causes
569:
567:
563:
537:
518:
513:
503:
486:
483:deuteranopia
476:
467:chromosome 3
458:
455:chromosome 7
439:
323:gene cluster
320:
310:
302:
298:
292:
270:color vision
267:
259:
228:
207:visual field
200:
181:color vision
179:and mediate
167:
119:
115:
114:
109:1 in 100,000
3401:Cycloplegia
3344:Photophobia
3339:Hemeralopia
3296:Hemianopsia
3274:Vision loss
3185:Aniseikonia
3176:Astigmatism
3096:Cyclotropia
3074:Hypertropia
2886:Papilledema
2858:Optic nerve
2691:Sickle cell
2671:Purtscher's
2656:Retinopathy
2524:Choroiditis
2365:Keratoconus
2186:Conjunctiva
2063:Xanthelasma
2015:Blepharitis
1915:Trichromacy
1170:: 876–884.
914:(1): 2–10.
624:Berson test
248:photophobia
244:Hemeralopia
147:photophobia
143:hemeralopia
127:eye disease
101:dark lenses
90:incomplete
77:Usual onset
71:hemeralopia
38:Other names
3485:Categories
3450:Infections
3371:Anisocoria
3334:Asthenopia
3327:subjective
3311:homonymous
3306:bitemporal
3258:Nyctalopia
3246:Dichromacy
3190:Presbyopia
3151:Refraction
2972:Strabismus
2862:Optic disc
2221:Pinguecula
2086:Trichiasis
1895:Dichromacy
1820:Physiology
1721:Vision Res
1406:Hum. Genet
1357:(6): 732.
1252:Hum. Genet
1209:Nat. Genet
1057:Vision Res
1003:J. Physiol
908:Eye (Lond)
724:References
664:photopsins
660:cone cells
546:Isoleucine
479:protanopia
461:(encoding
278:dichromacy
169:Cone cells
80:congenital
3422:Nystagmus
3396:Mydriasis
3270:Blindness
3216:Amblyopia
3204:Blindness
3164:Hyperopia
3089:Exophoria
3084:Esophoria
3069:Exotropia
3065:Esotropia
2603:Retinitis
2301:Keratitis
2278:Scleritis
2211:Pterygium
2091:Madarosis
2038:Ectropion
2033:Entropion
2010:Chalazion
1630:186212155
1176:1090-0535
631:Treatment
594:nystagmus
588:Diagnosis
473:Mutations
463:rhodopsin
451:photopsin
434:protein.
432:photopsin
414:MWS opsin
409:protein.
407:photopsin
389:LWS opsin
254:Nystagmus
139:nystagmus
124:inherited
106:Frequency
98:Treatment
67:nystagmus
47:Specialty
3461:Trachoma
3226:Diplopia
2921:Ischemic
2846:Pathways
2760:Glaucoma
2661:diabetic
2563:Cataract
2501:Synechia
2353:Meesmann
2321:Exposure
2306:herpetic
2204:allergic
2194:Chemosis
2128:Epiphora
1768:14338644
1706:13097391
1595:28751656
1538:25909963
1498:PLOS ONE
1436:10982039
1381:21267011
1329:13682677
1280:11799731
1237:23127406
1194:19421413
1128:10815162
1087:21167193
930:15094734
884:20579627
782:13093786
701:—
611:with an
556:and 180
441:opsin's
353:Purpose
327:position
289:Heredity
284:Genetics
225:Symptoms
219:scotopic
122:) is an
57:Symptoms
3301:binasal
3288:Anopsia
3231:Scotoma
3025:palsies
2788:Red eye
2773:Floater
2580:Aphakia
2511:Choroid
2481:Hyphema
2471:Uveitis
2078:Eyelash
1822:of the
1697:1366097
1616:: 260.
1586:5532293
1565:Bibcode
1529:4409040
1506:Bibcode
1479:6602551
1444:8527902
1372:3110038
1272:8792812
1229:1302020
1185:2676201
1078:3075382
1033:5313219
1024:1395698
981:4328439
973:1881435
953:Bibcode
875:2896775
831:8213841
822:1682301
774:2788922
754:Bibcode
746:Science
686:History
618:with a
584:genes.
558:Alanine
550:Alanine
542:Leucine
487:include
211:S-cones
3391:Miosis
3169:Myopia
2948:Kjer's
2696:photic
2595:Retina
2348:Fuchs'
2316:fungal
2293:Cornea
2270:Sclera
2053:Ptosis
1990:Eyelid
1978:Adnexa
1832:Vision
1766:
1704:
1694:
1628:
1593:
1583:
1536:
1526:
1477:
1442:
1434:
1379:
1369:
1327:
1278:
1270:
1235:
1227:
1192:
1182:
1174:
1126:
1085:
1075:
1031:
1021:
979:
971:
945:Nature
928:
882:
872:
829:
819:
780:
772:
707:(1777)
554:Valine
552:, 178
548:, 174
544:, 171
457:) and
447:OPN1SW
423:OPN1MW
418:300821
398:OPN1LW
393:300822
382:opsins
364:300824
145:, and
3415:Other
3363:Pupil
2753:Other
2397:sicca
2249:Globe
2148:Orbit
1626:S2CID
1440:S2CID
1402:(PDF)
1276:S2CID
1233:S2CID
977:S2CID
778:S2CID
600:with
582:opsin
572:is a
570:W177R
538:LIAVA
519:R247X
514:P307L
504:C203R
459:"RHO"
378:opsin
349:Locus
317:Genes
164:Cause
2555:Lens
2455:Iris
2005:Stye
1845:Gaze
1764:PMID
1702:PMID
1591:PMID
1534:PMID
1475:PMID
1432:PMID
1377:PMID
1325:PMID
1268:PMID
1225:PMID
1190:PMID
1172:ISSN
1124:PMID
1083:PMID
1029:PMID
969:PMID
926:PMID
880:PMID
827:PMID
770:PMID
532:exon
521:: a
506:: a
427:Xq28
402:Xq28
373:Xq28
344:Gene
339:OMIM
335:Type
321:The
268:The
233:Low
215:rods
151:cone
1756:doi
1729:doi
1692:PMC
1684:doi
1680:121
1653:doi
1618:doi
1581:PMC
1573:doi
1524:PMC
1514:doi
1467:doi
1422:hdl
1414:doi
1410:107
1367:PMC
1359:doi
1317:doi
1260:doi
1217:doi
1180:PMC
1114:doi
1110:118
1073:PMC
1065:doi
1019:PMC
1011:doi
1007:212
961:doi
949:352
916:doi
870:PMC
862:doi
817:PMC
762:doi
750:245
369:LCR
301:or
120:BCM
3487::
1762:.
1752:74
1750:.
1723:.
1700:.
1690:.
1678:.
1674:.
1649:25
1647:.
1624:.
1614:67
1612:.
1589:.
1579:.
1571:.
1559:.
1555:.
1532:.
1522:.
1512:.
1502:10
1500:.
1496:.
1473:.
1463:95
1461:.
1438:.
1430:.
1420:.
1408:.
1404:.
1389:^
1375:.
1365:.
1355:19
1353:.
1349:.
1337:^
1323:.
1313:50
1311:.
1274:.
1266:.
1256:98
1254:.
1231:.
1223:.
1211:.
1188:.
1178:.
1168:15
1166:.
1162:.
1136:^
1122:.
1108:.
1104:.
1081:.
1071:.
1061:51
1059:.
1055:.
1041:^
1027:.
1017:.
1005:.
1001:.
989:^
975:.
967:.
959:.
947:.
924:.
912:19
910:.
906:.
892:^
878:.
868:.
858:87
856:.
852:.
839:^
825:.
813:53
811:.
807:.
790:^
776:.
768:.
760:.
748:.
731:^
280:.
187::
141:,
137:,
133:,
69:,
65:,
1951:e
1944:t
1937:v
1812:e
1805:t
1798:v
1770:.
1758::
1735:.
1731::
1725:1
1708:.
1686::
1659:.
1655::
1632:.
1620::
1597:.
1575::
1567::
1561:7
1540:.
1516::
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1481:.
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1446:.
1424::
1416::
1383:.
1361::
1331:.
1319::
1296:.
1282:.
1262::
1239:.
1219::
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1196:.
1130:.
1116::
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1067::
1035:.
1013::
983:.
963::
955::
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918::
886:.
864::
833:.
784:.
764::
756::
560:.
534:4
525:.
510:.
497:.
118:(
20:)
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