480:"Our group has as its objective the birth of a feminine literature. We are animated by an ardent sincerity and our ambition is to express and produce feminine genius; we will succeed through a concentration of spirit. That genius, which is of mysterious essence is an important part of universal genius, which has no sex! When Japan was born, woman was the sun, the true human being. Now she is the moon! She lives in the light on a mother star. This is the first cry of the Bluestockings! We are the mind and the hand of the woman of new Japan. We expose ourselves to men’s laughter, but know that which is hidden that mockery. Let us reveal our hidden sun, our recognized genius! Let it come from behind the clouds! That is the cry of our faith, of our personality, of our instinct, which is the master of all the instincts. At that moment, we will see the shining throne of our divinity."
232:. New reforms instituted legal codes that required a patriarchal head-of-house, ensuring that even the lowest male member of the household always had more legal power than any female member. Marriage meant that wives lost authority over their property. Political participation was banned for women. Industrialisation meant that more workers needed to be produced and new laws reflected that need. Adultery for men was excused but adultery for women was now a 2-year jail-able offence. Abortion was criminalised and divorce, while technically possible, was a source of great shame. The result was an
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592:, who over two issues wrote about liqueur as though she had consumed it and then later implied she was Hiratsuka's young lover. Soon after, Otake's uncle bought members of the Bluestockings admission to the red-light district as he thought they should be aware of women purchased for prostitution. Otake later told a magazine about these women, but this only served to paint the Bluestockings as "
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146:) and used the magazine to promote the equal rights of women through literature and education. The magazine they developed was designed to articulate women’s self-awareness and the gender-based societal limitations they faced, but its promotion of early feminist beliefs through controversial publications caused it to be banned by the Japanese
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of mid-18th century
England, where women would gather for academic discussions about literature and philosophy to forgo social evenings spent playing cards and dancing, and would often invite intellectual men to join them. The original English Bluestocking Society is credited with starting first-wave
612:
During this era, members of the
Bluestocking Society were translating plays about gender and sexologists' definitions of lesbianism, which increased public anxieties about lesbian love. At the time, the prevalent discourse on female same-sex desire was that it was "revolting" and "ill". These facts
599:
While the
Bluestockings members saw themselves as serious intellectuals, these incidents cemented them as regular subjects in Tokyo newspapers and every aspect of their personal lives was criticised and mocked. Love affairs, children out of wedlock, divorces, were all seen as shameful and the press
580:
The very first issue was banned for a short story dealing with the break-up of arranged marriage and the April 1912 edition was banned for an erotic short story where a woman remembered having sex the previous night with a man she met at a tavern. The outright expression of female sexuality shocked
539:
with more aggressive opinions about women's rights. For almost a year, Itō ran the magazine, making contribution by readers more accessible and placing a greater emphasis on societal problems. The last issue was published in
February 1916. The journal folded due to a lack of sales, which was caused
646:
all together after censors banned entire publishing runs as "injurious to public morals". To make such charges stick, the authorities provoked public attention, which in turn resulted in police inquiries, which brought shame to the member's families and instigated fear of losing marriage proposals
659:
had over 110 members and contributors. As a submission-based magazine, writers were free to submit their work for review and publication. Supporting
Members were recruited at the founding of the society as female authorities on literature and were the wives or sisters of eminent Japanese authors.
171:
feminism and its name has been adopted to represent various feminist movements all over the world. Universally, the term is associated with feminist theory, women's education, and intelligent debate. Japanese references to the
English Bluestocking movement was originally called
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because of the magazine's explicit criticism of Japan's private capital system. The government censored the magazine for its upfront depiction of female sexuality, going as far as to ban and remove the magazine from the shelves. Prominent educator
Ishigaki Iyako called the
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was complex and diverse ranging from pieces spanning many genres written by
Japanese women to translations of pertinent Western texts. Through its 52 issues, it covered all forms of writing popular in Japanese literature at the time such as essays, plays, short stories,
604:
used this opportunity to speak frankly to their readers about their experiences and choices, others were not pleased with the societal pressure. With marriage prospects, job opportunities, and familial pressure on the line, many members resigned by 1913.
496:"The day has arrived when the mountains are about to become active. People do not believe me when I say this: The mountains have simply been dormant for awhile … Believe only this: Now all the women who lay dormant are rousing themselves."
443:'s first edition was released in September 1911. The first issue sold 1,000 copies in the first month and the editorial office received over 3,000 letters in that time asking for subscriptions and personal advice. The founders of
504:." While the media used this term negatively, many of the Bluestockings embraced this new title. Though originally focusing on women's literature, the magazine soon shifted focus towards women’s liberation, and the pages of
608:
The April 1913 issue was banned for an article calling for women to marry for love. The
February 1914 edition was banned for a short story where a woman flees an arranged marriage, only to be betrayed by her lover.
664:) a month to contribute to the magazine's upkeep, though they also received that month's issue. Many of the "Members" quit as of 1913 due to backlash, however, there were those who joined because of the backlash.
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was banned for an article calling for abortion to be legalized in Japan and the authorities' restriction of the magazine became much more harsh. Local bookstores were pressured by the government to stop carrying
1617:
946:, women's rights organizations fought for suffrage and against fascism, but they were soon muffled by growing nationalistic and militaristic values pre-World War II that called for a resurgence in the “
243:" The academic content in these schools was of lower calibre than the male equivalent but it did produce literate middle-class women, creating a market for women's magazines. Popular magazines such as
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and other women's magazines released issues about the inequalities women faced while using less radical tones, reflective of the general trend towards a more democratic society in the
1573:
1243:
SHIORI, N. I. (2019). Japanese Women in the US and the
Formation of Japanese Gender Discourses: Depictions of Ryōsai-Kenbo (Good Wife and Wise Mother) in Japanese Womenʼs Magazines.
1234:
Burdick, L., & and Mortensen, D. (n.d.) "The “Woman Problem”: The Deconstruction of Gender Roles and the Construction of the Japanese ‘New Woman’by the Seito Society, 1911-1916."
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In the summer of 1912, two incidents occurred that all-but confirmed the Bluestocking's negative influence on society. The "5-Colour Liqueur Incident" and the "Trip to
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was celebrated globally for the first time, two incidents of love-suicides involving lesbians circulated in newspapers across Japan, and the biggest actress in Tokyo,
427:, motivational calls-to-action, and more. Responses and debates between members on these subjects and the featured translations could be found in the issues as well.
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921:(New Women's Association), an organization which fought for extra divorce rights, equal political participation, and women's right to vote. On top of this, after
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for being "disruptive to society". Members of The Bluestockings were berated by the press, and their private lives were a source of outrage for the public.
262:
was one such group, which criticised Japanese governmental and social policies that undervalued women as keeping Japan from advancing to the world stage.
258:
Although it is suggested that the Bluestockings are responsible for the Japanese women's movement, there are groups and movements that predate them. The
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The first years of the magazine were groundbreaking for both the feminist movement and women's literature. Many members referred to themselves as "
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Curran, B., & Welker, J. (2005). From the well of loneliness to the akarui rezubian: Western translations and Japanese lesbian identities. In
263:
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came after the Meiji 6 and supported women's suffrage. They even accepted women from different social classes into their ranks (of which future
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The publication received a steady increase in governmental push back and threats from the government. Despite attempts to censor the magazine,
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142:, Yasumochi Yoshiko, Mozume Kazuko, Kiuchi Teiko, and Nakano Hatsuko. The group called themselves the Japanese Bluestocking Society (青鞜社
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and mainly discussed how women could become more ideal mothers, work harder as wives, or incorporate Christian values into their lives.
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While the publication was never revamped, different members continued to be activists for women's rights. For example, from 1919-1922,
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Molony, B. (2008). Hiratsuka Haruko (Raichō). In B. G. Smith (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Oxford University Press.
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The magazine was never translated into English during the time of its publication as international works were highly censored. The
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473:. Her intent was to start a women’s spiritual revolution by examining how women had lost their spiritual independence over time.
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continued to publish unfiltered social commentaries. At its height in 1915, the magazine was selling 3,000 copies a month.
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455:, Japan’s first all-women literary magazine was developed out of inspiration from the writings of Swedish feminist author
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was a member of), whereas the Meiji 6 only accepted formally-educated upper-class men. Additionally, women writers like
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Wu, P. (2007). Performing gender along the lesbian continuum: the politics of sexual identity in the Seito Society. In
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Barcus, F. N. (2006). A Women's Place: Social Change in Wartime and Postwar Japan and the United States (Her-Story).
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Mackie, V. C. (2013). New women, modern girls and the shifting semiotics of gender in early twentieth century Japan.
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The publication was forced to close, but not before establishing itself as a leader in Japan’s women's movement.
224:" led to a number of changes in law and household structure. The government implemented a family-state with the
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were filled with essays and editorials on the question of gender equality and gender-based social problems.
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MODERNISM IN THE PROSE WORKS OF YOSHIYUKI EISUKE, MURAYAMA TOMOYOSHI, YUMENO KYOSAKU, AND OKAMOTO KANOKO
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400:
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Daughters of the affluent enjoyed an increase in girls schools, constructed to produce women that were "
867:— her article "The Solution to the Woman Question" caused sales of the Feb 1913 issue to be prohibited.
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had been using their higher education to raise the consciousness of other women as early as the 1890s.
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combined meant that the media heavily attacked the lesbian relationships of some of the writers of
492:. Yosano's words penned for the first issue became a battle-cry for the Japanese feminist movement:
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381:
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328:, as well as experimental forms of writing. It featured translations of Western writers such as
989:— called "atarashii onna," it is also an ideal among members/a source of derision from critics.
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596:" who drink alcohol, engage in same-sex love, and freely enter districts meant only for men.
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threatening to fine any distributors for carrying the magazine, which was deemed a threat to
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1367:"'In the Beginning, Woman Was the Sun' and the Foundation of Japan's First Feminist Journal"
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its audience. The story was called "The Letter" written by one of the members, Araki Ikuko.
181:
were worn less frequently than western socks. Unlike their English counterparts, members of
139:
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1309:
Reich, Pauline C.; Fukuda, Atsuko (1976). "Japan's Literary Feminists: The "Seito" Group".
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2008:
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produced 52 issues with over 110 contributors. It is credited as an influence for modern
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2013:
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In the beginning, woman was the sun : the autobiography of a Japanese feminist
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807:
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485:
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Hiratsuka penned a manifesto for the society publication, spelling out its purpose:
460:
365:
349:
74:
1201:
The bluestockings of Japan : new woman essays and fiction from Seitō, 1911-16
708:
Koganei Kimiko (not listed in "The Guiding Principles of the Bluestockings", 1911)
572:
a blight upon society and urged her female students to abscond from their ideals.
39:
2045:
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217:
973:— founding member, editor-in-chief from 1911-1914, and early Japanese Feminist.
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gave women legal rights, women still faced a double standard in society that
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1015:— the full history of the Feminist movement in Japan to give context to how
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would bring shame to the Japanese male establishment if published abroad.
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Bulletin of the Institute of Women's Culture, Showa Women's University
1039:
Modern Girls, Shining Stars, the Skies of Tokyo: Five Japanese Women
138:, was a literary magazine created in 1911 by a group of five women:
1322:
1257:
Wieringa, Saskia E.; Blackwood, Evelyn; Bhaiya, Abha, eds. (2007).
995:
society — the 18th century English namesake origin of the Japanese
958:
have been combating since the 1960s, many taking inspiration from
660:
Members (and Supporting Members) paid 30 sen (1 sen being 1/100th
317:
205:
1446:
Matsui, M. (1990). Evolution of the feminist movement in Japan.
404:
396:
177:
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had been slowly becoming more politicized since its inception,
1460:
1429:
Reese, L. (2003). Teaching about women in China and Japan.
1401:
Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific
1353:
Women’s Sexualities and Masculinities in a Globalizing Asia
1259:
Women’s Sexualities and Masculinities in a Globalizing Asia
1120:
Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Bluestocking."
245:
Shinnjokai (New Women's World), Fujin-Club (Women's Club),
208:"sei" for "blue" and the character "tō" for "stocking."
979:— editor-in-chief from 1915-1916 and famous Japanese
1574:
Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)
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3084:
2763:
2468:
2152:
2085:
1982:
1702:
1691:
1583:
1550:
1507:
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1124:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Oct. 2011. Web.
281:Earlier in the same year that the first edition of
104:
96:
88:
80:
70:
56:
873:— Hiratsuka's college and adviser to the magazine.
166:The name of the publication is a reference to the
1299:(Publication No. 9834098) . UMI Company. pp. 223.
447:were recent graduates of the newly established
236:that was especially contentious towards women.
228:as the head of the "family" in order to foster
115:
1284:Genders, transgenders and sexualities in Japan
588:" both revolved around contributor and artist
423:, motherhood, childcare, sociological theory,
175:However, this word felt dated to Hiratsuka as
1476:
563:quickly caught the attention of the Japanese
535:was an anarchist and responsible for filling
8:
3277:Defunct women's magazines published in Japan
1147:Hiratsuka Raichō and early Japanese feminism
884:— prolific author of early "lesbian" fiction
688:Yasumochi Yoshiko (pen name Yasumochi Hakuu)
459:and the intelligent and domestic heroine of
30:
523:Hiratsuka turned editorial control over to
3088:
2239:African-American women's suffrage movement
1699:
1504:
1483:
1469:
1461:
1355:(pp. 77-99). Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
38:
29:
1041:. Columbia University Press. p. 79.
925:started the trend, major publishers like
484:Early contributors included beloved poet
2184:Discrimination against transgender women
264:The Freedom and People's Rights Movement
1092:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1037:Birnbaum, Phyllis (January 22, 2015) .
1029:
898:believed the controversial content of
3307:Literary magazines published in Japan
2533:Post-structuralist discourse analysis
1799:Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary
1278:
1276:
1194:
249:Shufuno-tomo (Friends for Housewives)
132:, also known by its translated title
7:
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1228:
1192:
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1136:
1134:
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1130:
1081:
1079:
1060:
1058:
942:After the end of the publication of
1365:Stannard, Polly (1 December 2009).
185:generally did not wear blue socks.
25:
600:publicised it all. While many of
3302:News magazines published in Asia
3297:Magazines disestablished in 1916
3240:
3231:
3230:
3218:
2778:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2194:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
950:” standard for women. While the
3272:1916 disestablishments in Japan
391:Subjects covered included the "
1003:List of Japanese women writers
999:society and literary magazine.
647:and employment opportunities.
1:
3292:Magazines established in 1911
3267:1911 establishments in Japan
3140:Suffragists and suffragettes
909:, after recruiting educator
655:Throughout its 5 year run,
116:
48:with cover illustration by
3323:
1086:Hiratsuka, Raichō (2006).
27:Japanese feminist magazine
3212:
2214:Female genital mutilation
1618:Majority-Muslim countries
637:The June 1915 edition of
576:1911–1914 (Hiratsuka Era)
436:1911–1914 (Hiratsuka Era)
311:The writing contained in
287:International Women's Day
241:good wives, wise mothers.
126:
37:
3187:Women's studies journals
3145:Women's rights activists
1694:Movements and ideologies
1145:Tomida, Hiroko. (2004).
651:Members and contributors
449:Japan Women's University
370:Charlotte Perkins Gilman
293:, performed the role of
2730:International relations
1286:(pp. 81-96). Routledge.
1122:Encyclopædia Britannica
200:with the assistance of
3160:Conservative feminisms
2458:Women in the workforce
2426:Violence against women
2401:Sexual objectification
2361:Opposition to feminism
1558:Bicycling and feminism
948:good wife, wise mother
498:
482:
222:catch up with the west
188:The Japanese word for
168:Blue Stockings Society
18:Bluestocking (journal)
3200:Women in peacekeeping
2740:Revisionist mythology
2177:Children's literature
1295:Williams, J. (1998).
1267:10.1057/9780230604124
1009:are also listed here.
1005:— several members of
956:Second Wave Feminists
494:
478:
212:Historical background
140:Haru Raichō Hiratsuka
2642:Pathways perspective
2487:Gender mainstreaming
2406:Substantive equality
2386:Reproductive justice
2336:Matriarchal religion
2189:Diversity (politics)
858:Notable contributors
32:Seitō (Bluestocking)
3225:Feminism portal
3105:Ecofeminist authors
2955:Trinidad and Tobago
2895:Republic of Ireland
2755:Composition studies
2436:Women's empowerment
2391:Sex workers' rights
2316:Feminist capitalism
2296:Internalized sexism
2229:Feminism in culture
2107:Kurdish (Jineology)
1067:"The Bluestockings"
633:1915–1916 (Itō Era)
512:1915–1916 (Itō Era)
382:George Bernard Shaw
374:Mary Wollstonecraft
204:, by combining the
44:The first issue of
34:
3287:Feminist magazines
2600:Literary criticism
2477:Complementarianism
2199:Effects on society
2167:Complementarianism
1974:Women's liberation
1403:, (32 July), 1-13.
1261:. pp. 77–99.
766:editor after 1914)
694:Supporting members
3282:Feminism in Japan
3254:
3253:
3208:
3207:
2617:Political ecology
2523:Écriture féminine
2421:Triple oppression
2411:Toxic masculinity
2396:Sexual harassment
2256:Feminist stripper
2234:Feminist movement
2148:
2147:
2086:Ethnic and racial
1687:
1686:
1210:978-1-929280-44-5
1149:. Boston: Brill.
1048:978-0-231-50002-9
1013:Japanese Feminism
952:1947 Constitution
919:Shin Fujin Kyokai
621:, Otake Kokichi,
602:The Bluestockings
405:arranged marriage
378:Hermann Sudermann
334:Guy de Maupassant
307:Magazine contents
196:, was created by
183:The Bluestockings
156:Japanese feminism
112:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3314:
3244:
3243:
3234:
3233:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3089:
3072:History of women
2548:Political theory
2448:
2441:Women-only space
2326:Likeability trap
2291:Invisible labour
2209:Female education
1700:
1695:
1655:African-American
1585:Women's suffrage
1576:
1563:Feminist history
1505:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1462:
1455:
1444:
1438:
1431:Social Education
1427:
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1280:
1271:
1270:
1254:
1248:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1196:
1169:
1168:
1142:
1125:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1034:
981:anarcha-feminist
971:Hiratsuka Raichō
907:Hiratsuka Raicho
803:Nishizaki Hanayo
749:Harada Satsuki (
701:Hasegawa Shigure
675:Hiratsuka Raichō
619:Hiratsuka Raicho
559:The writings of
540:by the Japanese
453:Hiratsuka Raichō
425:anarchist theory
198:Hiratsuka Raichō
130:
128:
119:
61:Raichō Hiratsuka
42:
35:
21:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3241:
3219:
3217:
3204:
3148:
3080:
3079:
3078:
2987:Northern Cyprus
2759:
2750:Science fiction
2543:Oedipus complex
2503:Women's studies
2464:
2463:
2462:
2446:
2356:Oedipus complex
2346:Men in feminism
2311:Language reform
2286:Ideal womanhood
2266:Gender equality
2261:Formal equality
2224:Feminationalism
2162:Cognitive labor
2144:
2112:Native American
2081:
2080:
2079:
1978:
1888:Post-structural
1693:
1683:
1579:
1572:
1568:Women's history
1546:
1494:
1489:
1459:
1458:
1445:
1441:
1428:
1424:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1350:
1346:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1290:
1281:
1274:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1247:, (59), 87-111.
1242:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1211:
1199:Bardsley, Jan.
1198:
1197:
1172:
1157:
1144:
1143:
1128:
1119:
1115:
1100:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1026:
967:
892:
887:
860:
855:
837:Sakamoto Makoto
784:Kobayashi Katsu
775:Kanzaki Tsuneko
730:
725:
711:Kunikida Haruko
696:
691:
670:
653:
635:
627:Naganuma Chieko
578:
557:
546:national polity
527:in 1915. While
514:
438:
433:
362:Olive Schreiner
358:Sonya Kovalesky
338:Edgar Allan Poe
309:
260:Meiji 6 Society
214:
164:
120:
52:
50:Chieko Naganuma
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3320:
3318:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3259:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3228:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3193:SCUM Manifesto
3189:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3064:
3062:United Kingdom
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2735:Existentialism
2732:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2691:Existentialism
2688:
2687:
2686:
2684:Justice ethics
2676:
2671:
2666:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2482:Gender studies
2479:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2453:Women's rights
2450:
2447:Women's health
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2331:Male privilege
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2300:International
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1657:
1652:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1633:United Kingdom
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1465:
1457:
1456:
1439:
1422:
1405:
1392:
1383:
1357:
1344:
1323:10.1086/493355
1317:(1): 280–291.
1301:
1288:
1272:
1249:
1236:
1224:
1209:
1170:
1155:
1126:
1113:
1098:
1075:
1065:S.L. Sievers,
1054:
1047:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1010:
1000:
990:
984:
974:
966:
963:
911:Ichikawa Fusae
891:
888:
886:
885:
882:Yoshiya Nobuko
879:
874:
868:
861:
859:
856:
854:
853:
852:Yamamoto Ryūko
850:
847:
846:Sugimoto Masao
844:
841:
838:
835:
834:Tozawa Hatsuko
832:
830:Tamura Toshiko
827:
824:
821:
819:Okamoto Kanoko
816:
813:
812:Ogasawara Sada
810:
805:
800:
797:
796:Mikajima Yoshi
794:
791:
788:
787:Ogasawara Sada
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
757:
756:Hayase Chitose
754:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
731:
729:
726:
724:
723:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
697:
695:
692:
690:
689:
686:
685:Nakano Hatsuko
683:
680:
677:
671:
669:
666:
652:
649:
634:
631:
623:Tamura Toshiko
577:
574:
556:
553:
513:
510:
490:Nobuko Yoshiya
466:A Doll’s House
437:
434:
432:
429:
413:class struggle
386:Frank Wedekind
342:Havelock Ellis
308:
305:
300:A Doll's House
285:was released,
276:Ichiyo Higuchi
220:'s desire to "
213:
210:
163:
160:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
84:September 1911
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
58:
54:
53:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3319:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3247:
3239:
3237:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3067:United States
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2915:Latin America
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2745:Technoscience
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Art criticism
2593:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2508:Men's studies
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:Transmisogyny
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:Purplewashing
2374:
2372:
2371:Protofeminism
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:Honor killing
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1952:Transnational
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:Individualist
1819:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1720:Anti-abortion
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1645:United States
1643:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1454:(3), 435-449.
1453:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1203:. Ann Arbor.
1202:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1156:90-04-13298-8
1152:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
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3135:Rhetoricians
3125:Philosophers
3017:Saudi Arabia
2813:South Africa
2674:Epistemology
2627:Anthropology
2622:Architecture
2585:Legal theory
2492:Gynocentrism
2431:War on women
2366:Pro-feminism
2321:Gender-blind
2271:Gender quota
2244:Art movement
2036:Dianic Wicca
1915:Sex-positive
1878:Postcolonial
1745:Conservative
1725:Anti-fascist
1451:
1448:NWSA Journal
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923:Bluestocking
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913:and student
904:
900:Bluestocking
899:
893:
843:Shibata Kayo
823:Otake Masako
815:Ojima Kikuko
808:Nogami Yaeko
799:Mizuno Senko
793:Makino Kimie
790:Omura Kayoko
772:Iwano Kiyoko
763:
750:
746:Chino Masako
721:Yosano Akiko
714:Mori Shigeko
679:Kiuchi Teiko
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505:
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486:Akiko Yosano
483:
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461:Henrik Ibsen
445:Bluestocking
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441:Bluestocking
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401:prostitution
390:
388:, and more.
366:Henrik Ibsen
350:Emma Goldman
313:Bluestocking
312:
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283:Bluestocking
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270:contributor
268:Bluestocking
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162:Name meaning
152:Bluestocking
151:
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135:Bluestocking
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113:
75:Newsmagazine
45:
31:
3175:Comic books
3100:Art critics
3022:South Korea
3002:Philippines
2982:New Zealand
2977:Netherlands
2708:Pornography
2696:Metaphysics
2637:Criminology
2632:Archaeology
2605:Film theory
2306:Women's Day
2046:Ecofeminist
1905:Reactionary
1853:Materialist
1628:Switzerland
1623:New Zealand
1542:Fourth-wave
1525:Second-wave
1437:(1), 38-43.
1071:Meiji Japan
877:Yamada Waka
871:Ikuta Chōkō
849:Ueda Kimiko
826:Tahara Yūko
781:Katō Midori
778:Katano Tama
740:Araki Ikuko
705:Kato Kazuko
488:and author
471:Nora Helmer
395:" concept,
346:Lester Ward
295:Nora Helmer
230:nationalism
202:Ikuta Chōkō
89:Final issue
81:First issue
3261:Categories
3165:Literature
3110:Economists
2830:Bangladesh
2764:By country
2713:Psychology
2669:Empiricism
2664:Aesthetics
2659:Philosophy
2518:Patriarchy
2498:Matriarchy
2302:Girl's Day
2276:Girl power
2249:In hip hop
2172:Literature
2102:Indigenous
2041:Reclaiming
1937:Standpoint
1910:Separatism
1883:Postmodern
1777:Vegetarian
1767:Difference
1710:Analytical
1537:Third-wave
1520:First-wave
1420:, 101-122.
1024:References
928:Chūō Kōron
917:, founded
762:(eventual
743:Asano Tomo
173:Kontabito.
71:Categories
2920:Argentina
2880:Indonesia
2870:Hong Kong
2825:Australia
2725:Seriality
2649:Geography
2575:Sociology
2528:Economics
2513:Kyriarchy
2004:Christian
1984:Religious
1925:Socialist
1715:Anarchist
1660:States of
1598:Australia
1331:0097-9740
1219:172521673
987:New Woman
915:Oku Mumeo
737:Aoki Jōko
594:New Women
586:Yoshiwara
502:New Women
457:Ellen Key
451:. Led by
393:New Woman
354:Ellen Key
251:predated
218:Meiji era
192:, 青鞜, or
144:Seitō-sha
3236:Category
3170:American
3042:Thailand
2997:Pakistan
2967:Malaysia
2950:Paraguay
2940:Honduras
2788:Ethiopia
2654:Pedagogy
2580:Rhetoric
2570:Sexology
2563:Womanist
2558:Thealogy
2553:Theology
2351:Misogyny
2219:Femicide
2204:Equality
2153:Concepts
2068:Orthodox
2031:Neopagan
2019:Womanist
1999:Buddhist
1967:Africana
1962:Womanism
1858:Maternal
1848:Lipstick
1814:Activism
1784:Equality
1750:Cultural
1735:Carceral
1670:Virginia
1650:Timeline
1593:Timeline
1530:timeline
1515:Timeline
1492:Feminism
1376:18 March
1165:53045006
1108:62732710
1019:fits in.
965:See also
668:Founders
617:such as
421:adultery
409:abortion
123:Japanese
108:Japanese
105:Language
3182:Parties
3057:Ukraine
3052:Vietnam
2962:Lebanon
2860:Germany
2850:Finland
2845:Denmark
2820:Albania
2808:Senegal
2803:Nigeria
2718:Therapy
2701:Science
2612:Biology
2129:Mizrahi
2097:Chicana
2058:Islamic
1994:Atheist
1930:Marxist
1900:Radical
1836:Liberal
1831:Lesbian
1809:Hip hop
1789:Eugenic
1730:Atheist
1703:General
1675:Wyoming
1508:General
1500:History
1339:3173444
977:Itō Noe
896:kokutai
760:Itō Noe
753:Yasuda)
728:Members
533:Itō Noe
525:Itō Noe
431:History
326:I novel
226:Emperor
97:Country
65:Noe Ito
3196:(1967)
3120:Muslim
3115:Jewish
3093:People
3047:Turkey
3037:Taiwan
3027:Sweden
3012:Russia
3007:Poland
2992:Norway
2945:Mexico
2925:Brazil
2900:Israel
2865:Greece
2855:France
2835:Canada
2773:Africa
2679:Ethics
2538:Method
2470:Theory
2381:Racism
2136:Romani
2124:Jewish
2063:Jewish
2009:Mormon
1957:Victim
1920:Social
1893:French
1841:Equity
1804:Global
1740:Choice
1613:Kuwait
1603:Canada
1551:Social
1337:
1329:
1245:英語英米文学
1217:
1207:
1163:
1153:
1106:
1096:
1045:
933:Taiyō,
890:Legacy
625:, and
57:Editor
3246:Index
3153:Other
3130:Poets
3085:Lists
3032:Syria
2972:Nepal
2935:Haiti
2930:Chile
2910:Japan
2905:Italy
2875:India
2840:China
2793:Ghana
2783:Egypt
2341:Media
2141:White
2092:Black
2053:Hindu
2024:Asian
1947:Trans
1942:State
1873:Post-
1826:Labor
1755:Cyber
1638:Wales
1608:Japan
1335:JSTOR
1311:Signs
657:Seitō
318:haiku
206:Kanji
194:Seitō
117:Seitō
100:Japan
46:Seitō
2890:Iraq
2885:Iran
2798:Mali
2304:and
2117:Sámi
2075:Sikh
1863:Neo-
1665:Utah
1378:2016
1327:ISSN
1215:OCLC
1205:ISBN
1161:OCLC
1151:ISBN
1104:OCLC
1094:ISBN
1043:ISBN
397:rape
322:waka
247:and
216:The
178:tabi
2590:Art
2014:New
1868:New
1794:Fat
1772:Eco
1760:HCI
1319:doi
1263:doi
751:née
662:yen
463:’s
297:in
234:era
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1435:67
1433:,
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129:)
121:(
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